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De La Contención Edilicia Al Valor Del Paisaje Susana López Varela

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De La Contención Edilicia Al Valor Del Paisaje Susana López Varela Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Departamento de Urbanismo y Ordenación del Territorio Directores: Miquel Corominas Ayala José Fariña Tojo EL GREEN BELT EN INGLATERRA De la contención edilicia al valor del paisaje Susana López Varela EL GREEN BELT EN INGLATERRA. De la contención edilicia al valor del paisaje. Autor: Susana López Varela Directores: Miquel Corominas Ayala José Fariña Tojo Doctorado en Urbanismo Departament d’Urbanisme i Ordenació del Territori (DUOT) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona, julio de 2013 Fotografía de Portada: Vista panorámica del Oxford Green Belt . Fuente: www.commons.wikipedia.org A Pablo, por ser o meu compañeiro de viaxe; sen o seu apoio, paciencia e ánimo constante, este longo camiño non podería terse feito realidade. Aos meus pais e avós, por estar o meu carón en cada un dos meus propósitos; por quererme. Índice_ EL GREEN BELT EN INGLATERRA DE LA CONTENCIÓN EDILICIA AL VALOR DEL PAISAJE Agradecimientos _11 Justificación _15 Primera parte_ El Green Belt. Evolución de una Idea Capítulo I_ Orígenes del Green Belt _29 1.- Nacimiento de la ordenación territorial moderna en Inglaterra. Período de Entreguerras _29 1.1.- Antecedentes. Ebenezer Howard: “Garden Cities of To-morrow”. _31 1.2.- Los Regional Planning Schemes. _39 1.3.- Raymon Unwin. El Method of Decentralization. _45 1.4.- Nacimiento del Green Belt en Inglaterra. La Green Belt Act 1938. _49 2.-Patrick Abercrombie. El Greater London Plan (1944) _51 Capítulo II_ Apogeo y críticas al Green Belt. Segunda mitad de siglo _65 1.- La Metropolización del territorio inglés _65 1.1.- La descentralización del territorio. La New Towns Act 1946. _67 1.2.- El control al desarrollo urbano. LaTown and Country Planning Act 1947. _68 1.3.- La generalización del Green Belt. La Circular 42/55. _71 2.- La crítica al Green Belt. South East Regional Study (1964) _75 Capítulo III_ Hacia un cambio de tendencia. Finales de siglo _79 1.- Nuevos hándicaps para el Green Belt. _83 1.1.- Demanda recreativa. _83 1.2.- Presión sobre la agricultura. _89 1.3.- Nuevos mecanismos de gestión para el countryside. _93 2.- El apoyo popular al Green Belt. La Circular 14/84. _99 3.- Realidad legislativa ante un cambio de tendencia. _103 La Planning Policy Guidance: Green Belts, PPG2 (1995). Segunda parte_ El Green Belt del siglo XXI Capítulo I_ Contexto actual _113 1.- Su aportación al contexto territorial vigente. _115 2.- Críticas al modelo continuista del Green Belt. _132 Capítulo II_ Nuevos desafíos _137 1.- El problema de la vivienda. _137 1.1.- Nuevos patrones de desarrollo. _139 1.2.- Nueva estrategia frente a la demanda de vivienda. El Sustainable Community Plan (2003). _139 1.3.- Cambio de posicionamiento del Green Belt. El Baker Report (2006). _142 1.4.- Situación tras el Baker Report. _147 2.- Nueva interpretación de los espacios abiertos. La Infraestructura Verde. _153 2.1.- La Infraestructura Verde en el panorama planificador inglés. _157 Capítulo III_ ¿Continuidad o Cambio? El London Green Belt como caso de estudio _161 1.- La integridad del London Green Belt frente a las growth areas. _165 2.- El Gran Londres y la Infraestructura Verde. _171 2.1- Los espacios abiertos como infraestructura. The All London Green Grid. _175 3.- La iniciativa Green Arc. ¿Camino hacia un futuro Green Belt? _183 3.1.- Identificación del área de actuación. _185 3.2.- Definición de una visión integral. _187 3.3.- Ejecución, gestión y financiación. _187 3.4.- Primeros pasos y evolución, ¿del Green Arc a la Infraestructura Verde? _191 Resumen y Conclusiones _199 Glosario _217 Anexo _221 Bibliografía _225 Agradecimientos_ EL GREEN BELT EN INGLATERRA DE LA CONTENCIÓN EDILICIA AL VALOR DEL PAISAJE Durante todo este tiempo de investigación fueron muchas las personas a quienes debo agradecer su interés y colaboración. Ante todo, quiero dar las gracias a mis directores de Tesis. A Miquel Corominas Ayala, por confiar en mí en otros muchos momentos y por haber sido el responsable de empujarme a realizar una hazaña como ésta. A José Fariña Tojo, por su enorme generosidad al haberme brindado su conocimiento y apoyo sin apenas conocerme. Gracias a ambos por haberme orientado y alentado de manera constante durante este largo trayecto, logrando con sus innumerables correos, que por momentos no perdiera la ilusión. A Isabel Castiñeira, Carles Castell, Jordi Franquesa y Juan Creus, pues sus comentarios y aportaciones en mi defensa de Máster fueron fundamentales para lograr encauzar eficientemente una investigación que por momentos parecía inabarcable. A Joaquim Sabaté, Carlos Verdaguer y Santiago R. Gimeno, por ofrecerme sus opiniones, puntos de vista, y recomendaciones, ayudando así a mejorar y completar el enfoque de mi trabajo. A Sinan Burat por haber compartido desinteresadamente su Tesina de Máster “Green Belt as a Planning Tool and Green Belt of Ankara”. A Alison Warner de Nacional Archives, a Andrew Baker de Natural England y al Department for Environment Food & Rural Affaire (DEFRA) por su eficiencia y disponibilidad absoluta a la hora de facilitarme la información requerida. A Joan Moreno por haber sido un gran apoyo durante esta dura aventura. A Marta Sogas, Encarnación Bayona, Teresa Salceda, Nuria Ambros, Luz Soro y Mª Antonia García por su paciencia. Sin su valiosísimo trabajo, esta Tesis no se habría hecho realidad. A mi familia de Barcelona. Evelin, Natalia, Katri, Mónica, Joan, Andrea, Jürgen, Carolina, María y Vilchez, cada visita ha sido un soplo de aire fresco y energía para continuar trabajando. 13 Justificación EL GREEN BELT EN INGLATERRA DE LA CONTENCIÓN EDILICIA AL VALOR DEL PAISAJE Figura 1. Mapa de espacios verdes y abiertos en la ciudad de Frankfurt (Alemania). (Fuente: www.frankfurt-greencity.de) 16 Justificación Cuatro de cada cinco europeos viven en ciudades1. Esta proporción hace que sea en las zonas urbanas donde se deban concentrar la mayor parte de los desafíos a los que se deba enfrentar nuestra sociedad. Garantizar la protección del medio ambiente y la calidad de vida de sus ciudadanos al tiempo que se asegura su crecimiento económico, debe ser el reto a perseguir por cualquier urbe a día de hoy. Es por esta razón que en las últimas décadas, los espacios abiertos periurbanos, escenario de la vida cotidiana de millones de personas, ocupan un lugar cada vez más destacado en el ámbito de las políticas urbanas de muchas ciudades y áreas metropolitanas. La necesidad cada vez más acuciante de valorar, utilizar y aprovechar esos espacios en beneficio de la población, ha originado que un destacado –pero todavía minoritario- número de modelos -Colonia, Oslo o Frankfurt entre otros- estén operando actualmente con mayor o menor éxito. La gran mayoría ha sido fruto de un cambio de discurso, que desde inicios de los 90 emerge en toda Europa en lo que al entendimiento territorial se refiere. Su eje de actuación persigue un objetivo común, establecer una relación armónica entre la ciudad y la naturaleza próxima a través de la revalorización de los espacios urbano-periféricos. Pero la puesta en práctica de estos nuevos métodos de planificación regidos por parámetros ecológicos, medioambientales y de sostenibilidad resulta en la mayoría de los casos una tarea harto difícil. La indiferencia con la han sido tratados estos espacios suburbanos por los círculos tradicionales políticos y urbanísticos del momento, unido a la continua e incontrolada expansión edilicia de la que han sido objeto la casi totalidad de las conurbaciones europeas, han supuesto la disolución tradicional entre ciudad y campo, eliminando y degradando en muchos casos casi de manera irreversible, el carácter de éste último. Nuestro país será un claro ejemplo de esta tendencia, donde la falta de un modelo emblemático, salvo contadas excepciones -destacando en este aspecto el caso de Vitoria- Gasteiz-, obliga a la necesaria búsqueda de sistemas comparados que aporten soluciones efectivas. 1 Según datos de la Unión Europea a fecha 2012. Véase: www.ec.europa.eu 17 Figura 2. Vista del Parque de Salburua, Anillo Verde de Vitoria-Gasteiz (España). (Fuente: www.disfrutavitoria.com) Figura 3. Plano del Anillo Verde de Vitoria-Gasteiz. (Fuente: www.paisajetransversal.org) 18 Sin embargo, el escenario territorial inglés podría definirse como un caso ciertamente insólito en este sentido. La implantación y permanencia desde hace más de 70 años del Green Belt o anillo verde como herramienta básica de planificación urbana, permite que podamos hablar quizá de una realidad más halagüeña. El Green Belt, concebido inicialmente como un cinturón agrícola que rodearía y controlaría el crecimiento de las urbes inglesas de posguerra, ha sido capaz de blindar frente al desarrollo edilicio un porcentaje de suelo muy parejo al destinado al desarrollo urbano. Los 14 Green Belts existentes actualmente en Inglaterra, con un cómputo de algo más de 1,6 millones de hectáreas, engloban a casi el 40% de la población del país, o lo que es lo mismo, permiten que 20 millones de personas puedan disfrutar de un medio rural próximo y todavía identificable. Longevidad y continuidad son un claro sinónimo de fortaleza, algo verdaderamente inusual sobre todo cuando nos referimos a herramientas en pro de la contención desarrollista y la salvaguarda del entorno rural circundante. Ha sido por ello, que no pocas experiencias se hayan quedado sólo en eso, en meras experiencias. Ésta será sin duda alguna, la circunstancia que ha hecho que mi interés por su figura haya ido in crescendo a lo largo de estos años de investigación. Pero todo proceso analítico es un elemento vivo, lleno de idas y venidas, y aunque el objeto siempre se ha mantenido constante, no así el enfoque del análisis en cuestión. El primer acercamiento, y que tuvo como resultado mi trabajo de Máster, constituye una profunda elaboración conceptual de la figura del Green Belt. En ella se desmenuza de manera descriptiva y ordenada, las piezas que han puesto en funcionamiento el engranaje de la figura que hoy conocemos, enfatizando sobre todo el análisis en su faceta legislativa, donde exposición explícita de todos y cada uno de los edictos que han enmarcado legalmente su figura, considero que ha sido una aportación notablemente interesante.
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