Uuden Sukupolven Autolautta

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Uuden Sukupolven Autolautta UUDEN SUKUPOLVEN AUTOLAUTTA Uudenlainen matkustaja•autolauttakonsepti Itämeren liikenteeseen Lapin yliopisto Taiteiden tiedekunta Teollinen muotoilu Kevät 2006 Jani Similä SISÄLLYS 1. JOHDANTO…………………………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Tausta..................................................................................................................................5 1.2 Tarkoitus ja tavoitteet… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .7 2. ITÄMEREN MATKUSTAJA•AUTOLAUTTALIIKENNE.............................................8 2.1 Historia ja kehitys...............................................................................................................8 2.2 Nykytilanne.......................................................................................................................11 2.3 Tulevaisuuden haasteita....................................................................................................14 2.3.1 Erikoistuminen........................................................................................................14 2.3.2 Yksilölliset tarpeet ja vaihteleva matkustamisen tarve...........................................20 2.3.3 Ympäristö................................................................................................................23 2.3.4 Energia• ja kustannustehokkuus..............................................................................25 3. MATKUSTAJA•AUTOLAUTTA.......................................................................................28 3.1 Autolautan kehitys.............................................................................................................28 3.2 Alustyyppi ja ominaispiirteet.............................................................................................33 3.2.1 Hotellitoiminnot.......................................................................................................34 3.2.1.1 Matkustajahytit............................................................................................35 3.2.1.2 Yleiset tilat...................................................................................................36 3.2.1.3 Miehistötilat.................................................................................................36 3.2.1.4 Autokansi ja rahtitilat...................................................................................37 3.2.2 Laivatoiminnot.........................................................................................................38 3.2.3 Autolauttatyypit.......................................................................................................39 3.3 Haasteet.............................................................................................................................42 4. NÄKÖKULMIA MATKAILUUN JA VAPAA•AJANVIETTOON................................43 4.1 Demografiset ja sosiokulttuuriset muutokset… … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..............43 4.1.1 Ikärakenteen muutos… … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...43 2 4.1.2 Koulutus• ja työrakenteen muutos… … … … … … … … … … … … … … ....................44 4.1.3 Perherakenteen muutos… … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...45 4.1.4 Sukupuolirakenteen muutos… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..............46 4.1.5 Etnisen rakenteen muutos… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .............46 4.2 Ympäristömuutokset… … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … .................47 4.3 Taloudelliset ja poliittiset muutokset… … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … … … … ............47 4.4 Teknologiset muutokset… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..48 4.5 Matkailussa ja vapaa•ajanvietossa vaikuttavat trendit… … … … … … … … … … … … … … 50 4.5.1 Vapaa•ajan lisääntyminen (”Leisure Time Boom”)…… … … … … … … … … … … .50 4.5.2 Liikematkailu… … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … ...51 4.5.3 Hyvinvointi… … … … … .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..................52 4.5.4 Seniorimatkailu… … … … … … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … … … … … ..53 4.5.5 Teemamatkailu… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..54 4.5.6 Virtuaalimatkailu… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..55 5. MUOTOILUKOHTEENA MATKUSTAJALAIVA… … … … … … … … … … … … … … .58 5.1 Laivamuotoilu tänään… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 58 5.2 Aluksen eksteriööri eli ulkopintojen muotoilu.................................................................61 5.3 Aluksen interiööri eli sisätilojen muotoilu........................................................................63 5.4 Aluksen linjat eli runkomuoto… … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … … … … … … 64 5.5 Matkustaja•autolautta toiminnallisena ympäristönä.........................................................66 5.6 Matkustaja•autolautta muotoiltavana kokonaisuutena......................................................67 6. MATKUSTAJA•AUTOLAUTTAKONSEPTI… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..69 6.1 Lähtökohta… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ....69 6.2 Keskeiset ominaisuudet, toiminnot ja järjestelmät… … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...70 6.3 Matkustaja•autolauttakonsepti… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..71 6.3.1 Tilaerittely ja yleiskuva… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ........71 6.3.2 Ulkomuoto… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...............79 6.3.3 Palvelut… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 87 3 7. POHDINTA… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...93 7.1 Uudenlainen matkustaja•autolautta?..................................................................................93 7.2 Lopuksi..............................................................................................................................94 LÄHTEET.................................................................................................................................96 LIITTEET...............................................................................................................................100 4 1. JOHDANTO 1.1 TAUSTA Itämeren meriliikenteellä on pitkä historia aina 1000•luvulla merta kyntäneistä kauppalaivoista nykyaikaisiin loistoristeilijöihin. Suomesta käsin on toisen maailmansodan päättymisen jälkeen toiminut turvallinen, ympärivuotinen matkustajaliikenne muun muassa Tallinnaan, Ruotsiin ja Saksaan – ajoittain on risteilty myös Neuvostoliittoon. Matkustaja•autolautat yleistyivät Suomessa 1960•luvulla ja ne ovat säilyttäneet suosionsa nykypäiviin saakka. Perinteinen matkustaja•autolautalla matkustamisesta saavutettu hyöty muihin ulkomaille suuntautuviin julkisen matkustamisen muotoihin nähden on ollut oman auton saaminen mukaan matkalle ja ryhmissä tehdyt linja•automatkat. Matkustaja•autolautalla yhdistyvät kiireetön, viihtyisä ja monivirikkeinen ympäristö, sekä meri•ilmasto ja matkustaminen. Varustamot ovat 80•luvulta asti suuren suosion myötä vastanneet kysyntään nostamalla kapasiteettiaan. Tänä päivänä perinteisten ruotsinristeilyjen menettäessä suosiotaan, kysynnän hiipuessa ja Tallinnan liikenteen tullessa vahvasti mukaan kilpailuun, on tilanne johtanut nopeasti ylikapasiteettiin. Nykyisten arvioiden mukaan Itämerellä toimii aluksia reilusti yli tarpeen ja vähemmilläkin lähdöillä matkustajamäärät säilyisivät entisellään (Varsinais•Suomen Yrittäjä 2005). Risteilyjen suosiota on pitkän aikaa pidetty strategisesti yllä tarjoamalla matkustajille edullisia matkalippuja. Vaikka lipunmyyntitulot ovat tällaisen toiminnan seurauksena laskeneet, on myyntiä laivalla kuitenkin onnistuttu lisäämään. Puoli•ilmaiset risteilyt eivät kuitenkaan riitä enää kattamaan laivojen korkeita käyttökustannuksia, joita ovat pääasiassa nostaneet korkeat palkka• ja polttoainekustannukset. Esimerkiksi Silja Linen polttoainekustannukset ovat, edellisvuoteen verrattuna, viimeisen puolen vuoden aikana olleet 4,6 miljoonaa euroa aiempaa korkeammat (Varsinais•Suomen Yrittäjä 2005). Varustamojen toimintaa on kiristänyt myös verovapaan kaupankäynnin romahtaminen. Verovapaat ostokset ja alkoholijuomien hakeminen laivoilta on ollut suomalaisten keskuudessa suosittua ja monien syy käydä risteilyillä – verovapaa kauppa onkin ollut varustamoille yksi merkittävimmistä tulon lähteistä. Viime vuosina siihen liittyvissä lainsäädännöissä on kuitenkin tapahtunut muutoksia varustamoille epäedullisempaan suuntaan. Vuonna 1999 voimaan astunut lainsäädäntö kielsi verovapaan myynnin Itämeren Merenkurkussa. Helsingistä ja Turusta Tukholmaan lähtevillä laivoilla 5 verovapaa myynti saatiin pidettyä niiden poiketessa matkallaan Maarianhaminassa. Viron liittyessä EU:hun vuonna 2004, otettiin Suomessa käyttöön uusi alkoholiverotusta koskeva lainsäädäntö. Seurauksena alkoholijuomien hinta putosi tuntuvasti maissa, jolloin laivat edullisten alkoholijuomien hankintapaikkana menettivät suosiotaan. Tilanne pahenee edelleen Ruotsin alentaessa alkoholiverotustaan (Virkkunen 2005). Nykytilanne on varustamojen kannalta hankala, sillä matkalippujen hintoja on ylikapasiteetin ja kovan kilpailun vuoksi ollut vaikea lähteä nostamaan. Korottaessa hintoja tulevat matkustajat vaatimaan ajanmukaisempaa palvelua ja parempaa vastinetta rahoilleen. Esimerkiksi Silja Line ja Viking Line, juuri tilaamaansa XPRS•lauttaa lukuun ottamatta, eivät ole vuosikausiin investoineet uuteen kalustoon ja vanhentuneilla aluksilla matkustajien kehittyneisiin vaatimuksiin on vaikea vastata. Kynnys kaluston uusimiseen on suuri, sillä investoinnit tulevat hitaan reagoinnin vuoksi kalliiksi (Virkkunen 2005). Matkustaja•autolauttaa
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