Hydrogeological Studies Along the Coastal Area of to Colachel After Tsunami, South

S.Bhagavathi Perumal, P.Thamarai and L. Elango The Rajaas Engineering College, Department of Civil Engineering, Vadakangulam, - 627116

INTRODUCTION

Hydrogeology of the Kanyakumari to Colachel aquifer was brought out by systematic hydrogeological, lithological and hydrological studies. Intensive field work was carried out to study the geomorphic and geologic variations within the study area. These studies included water level monitoring and surface and groundwater chemical analyses. Detailed lithological surveys were carried out to demarcate the vertical variations in aquifer lithology. Spatial and temporal analysis of the groundwater head revealed about the flow, recharge and discharge conditions of the aquifer. In this chapter, the hydrological aspects of the Kanyakumari Colachel study area derived from the interpretation of the results obtained from the above mentioned surveys are presented. These studies will form the basis to achieve the objectives of this research and will be utilised to develop a conceptual groundwater flow model of the Kanyakumari Colachel aquifer is presented.

Water Quality of Gurgaon Canal in Haryana

Meena Bhandari, Promilla Ahlawat and S. K. Garg Apeejay College of Engineering, Department of Applied Science, Sohna , Gurgaon-122 103

Gurgaon Canal is one of the main source of irrigation in Faridabad and Gurgaon district of Haryana. Water quality evaluation of canal water was carried out to assess the qualitative changes and possibility of point and non point pollution loads. Various physico-chemical properties, like pH, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphite, sulphate, fluoride and metal ions were analysed. Values of these parameters have been found to be within range but comparatively high values of BOD and COD reveal that significant amount of oxygen demanding wastes are entering into canal water.

Occurrence of Chromium and Copper in Ground- water Around Tanneries in Chromepet Area of Tamil Nadu

K. Brindha, L. Elango and V. G. Rajesh , Department of Geology, - 600 025

Effluent resulting due to various processes from tanning industries may lead to groundwater pollution when they are disposed off without proper treatment. This study was carried out with the objective of studying the impact of effluent let out by these industries on groundwater quality in Chromepet area of Chennai, Tamil Nadu which is the home town of a number of small and large scale leather tanning industries. 36 samples were collected during March 2008 and the groundwater samples were analysed for the concentration of chromium and copper using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. About 86% of the groundwater samples possessed concentration of chromium above the permissible limit while 28% of the groundwater samples had copper concentration above the limits. Thus this study indicates the impact of effluent from tanning industries on the deterioration of groundwater quality in this area.

KEYWORD Groundwater, Chromium, Copper, Tannery, Chromepet.

Groundwater Fluoride in Rajura Tehsil in Chand- rapur District, Maharashtra

Ashwini V. Chandekar and R. K. Kamble Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Department of Environmental Science, Ganj Ward, Chandrapur- 442 202

Groundwater sampling was carried out at 25 locations from dug wells and bore wells in Rajura tehsil in Chandrapur district during post monsoon season (October 2009) to assertion groundwater fluoride concentration. SPADNS method was used to estimate groundwater fluoride concentration. Results revealed that the groundwater fluoride concentration in 10 sampling locations (40 %) was within the limits of Indian standard (1.0-1.5 ppm) whereas in 6 sampling locations (24%) it was above the permissible limit (more than 1.5 ppm) and in 9 sampling locations (36 %) it was below the desirable limit (less than 1.0 ppm). Number of inhabitants from the study area showed known symptoms of dental fluorosis and the onset of skeletal fluorosis.

KEYWORD Fluorosis, Chandrapur, Maharashtra, Rajura, Chanda.

A Case Study of Water Pollution of Kharnai River as Well as Ground Water With Special Reference to Heavy Metals

A.K. Jha T.M Bhagalpur University, Department of Chemistry, G.B. College, Naugachia, Bhagalpur- 853 204

Trivalent chromium occurs naturally in rocks, soil and plants. Cr(VI) is produced when Cr (III) is heated in the presence of mineral bases. Cr(VI) compounds are emitted into the air, water and soil by different industries. This form of chromium can generate diseases, like nausea, skin ulceration and lung cancer when the concentration reaches more than 0.05 ppb. The samples of the rivers as well as ground water were - collected in air-tight bottles. Tests have been carried out for total hardness, NO2 and pH values. They have been analyzed for the presence of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cr by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of Cd, Co and Pb were below detectable limit. Samples of the Kharnai river and the adjacent tubewell were found to contain Cr(VI). The water of the tubewell situated at greater distance from the river had chromium below detectable limit. The samples under investigation were - found to contain arsenic, NO2 below detectable limit. The population on the bank of this river is quite vulnerable to the hazards of Cr(VI). Drinking Cr(VI) contaminated water is very toxic because Cr(VI) gets converted to inactive trivalent chromium in the stomach.

KEYWORD Cr (VI), Inactive Cr(lll), Total hardness, Toxic.

Status of Marine Environment of the Coast of Kollam, Southern Coast of

Wilma Cyril Fatima Mata National College, P.G Department of Chemistry, Kollam-691 008

Studies on the marine environment of the Kollam coast, south-west coast of India were carried out from June 2006 to May 2008 incorporating seasonal variations from pre-monsoon through monsoon to post-monsoon. The parameters studied were surface water temperature, pH, salinity, DO, turbidity, petroleum hydrocarbon content, the nutrients, namely inorganic nitrate, inorganic phosphate and inorganic silicate, the biological parameters zooplankton number/m3, phytoplankton cell numbers/L, microbial parameters, total coliforms and E.coli. A note on the benthic population and diminishing sea-weeds was also made. The diminishing fish catches and sea-weeds, the increase in pathogenic microbes, petroleum hydrocarbon content in the coastal waters and marine debris in the coastal area combined with the weakening of mud banks and coastal erosion are indicators of degradation of marine environment of Kollam coast. Continued monitoring of the coast in imperative for sustainable development.

Cluster Analysis of Hydrographical Parameters in the Two Lakes of Mysore City

A. Padmanabha Maharani's Science College for Women, Department of Zoology, Mysore-570 005

Totally 19 hydrographical parameters are estimated in the Kamana and Karanji Lakes of Mysore city and subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis with the help of SYSTAT 7.0 software. Similarity of water quality in different months (variables) is used as measure in hierarchical cluster analysis. In cluster analysis, case 1 to 12 represents the water quality from June to May of corresponding year. In hierarchical cluster tree (Dendrogram), two variables which are closest and most similar joined in the 1st step, in the next step a 3rd variable joins the first two or two other variables are joined together to form 2nd cluster. This sequence continues until all variables in the given data are clustered together to form single cluster or group. Highest similar type or lowest dissimilar type of water quality in different months is clustered at lowest Euclidean distance. Lowest similar type or highest dissimilar type of water quality in different months is clustered at longest distance. The relationship between similarity of water quality and Euclidian distance is inversely proportional.

KEYWORD Kamana, Karanji, Cluster analysis, Dendrogram, Euclidian distance.

Physico-chemical Characterisation of Rani Talia- yya (Pond), Chhatarpur

L.N. Gupta, J.S. Parihar and G.S. Gupta Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Energy and Environment, Faculty of Science and Environment, Chitrakoot- 485 780, Satna

The Rani Taliayya (pond) is one of the famous water bodies of Chhatarpur district, M.P. The area of this pond is 3.035 ha. Monitoring of physico-chemical and biological analysis of water was carried out monthly during November, 2004 to January, 2005. The parameters investigated were air and water temperature, colour, odour, turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and feacal coliform. The water samples were analysed using standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (APHA, AWWA, 1992).

KEYWORD Water quality, Rani Taliayya (pond), TDS, DO, BOD, Feacal coliform.

The Seasonal Variation Impact on the Physico- chemical Parameters of Rispana River and Under- ground Water in Eastern Doon Valley

Manish Kumar, I.P. Pandey and Vishal Aggarwal D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Department of Chemistry, Dehradun

This paper depict the seasonal variation impact on water quality of Eastern Doon Valley. Study was proposed to analyse various water samples of Raipur block including subareas in it for physico-chemical characteristics. Water quality parameter, such as pH, DO, alkalinity, hardness, BOD, COD, TS, TDS, TSS ,Mg, Mn and toxic elements, such as Pb and Fe in underground water and Rispana river of Doon Valley have been analysed. In Doon Valley, the industrial effluents are very low as there are no harmful industries around the study area. The main purpose of analysing the physico-chemical and toxicologicai parameters of water is to determine the pollution status. After analysing, it was concluded that ground water of sources were hygienic and safer in all senses to use for drinking or other domestic purpose but the surface water of Rispana river which is near the Raipur region need some treatment before use.

KEYWORD Industrial effluent, Toxicological, Pollution status, Anthropogenic activities.

Correlation and Regression Analysis of Some Physico-chemical Parameters of Bore Well Wat- ers of Industrial Areas of Visakhapatnam

A.K. Dash, R.N. Barik and T.N. Tiwari Padmanava College of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Rourkela - 769 002

Considering the extent of pollution and the rapid rate of depletion in both the quality and quantity of surface water, man has put his eyes on the groundwater for safe and immediate consumption. In the present study 15 physico-chemical parameters, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), Ca-hardness, Mg-hardness, chlorides, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and iron were taken into consideration. Correlation coefficients (r) have been calculated for every pair of parameter and to identify the highly correlated water quality parameters. Regression equations were also being formulated by taking high correlation coefficients, that is r ≥ 0.9. Comparison has been made between the observed value and the predicted value to monitor water quality. Percentage error (%e) has also been calculated followed by drawing scatter plots that provide an easy way and rapid method to estimate as well as to monitor the water quality.

Fluoride Characterization of Hard Rock Shallow Aquifers of Chittar Watershed, Tambaraparani riv- er, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu

T. Jeyavel Raja Kumar, A. Balasubramanian, R.S. Kumar, K. Manoharan and C. Dusyanthan Annamalai University, Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalainagar-608 002

For understanding the fluoride characterization, about 82 groundwater samples has been collected at different locations in the study area. Charnockite and biotite gneiss are the major lithounits of the area. The ground water samples were collected from both domestic and agricultural wells. Apart from fluoride, the analysis has been carried out for pH, electrical conductivity, major cations and anions. The fluoride concentration is varied from 0.2 to 2.8 mg/L in the groundwater samples. The common effects of fluoride pollution have discussed.

KEYWORD Fluoride pollution, Fluoride, Chittar sub basin, Tambaraparani river.

Studies on Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Krishna River During Post Monsoon for Drinking Purpose Around Narsinghpur Area of Sangli District, Maharashtra

R. M. Gejage, Janaki S. Pati and Manisha R. Gejage K.R.P. Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Islampur, Department of Zoology, Walwa, Sangli-415 409

Studies on physico-chemical characteristics of the Krishna river during post monsoon for drinking purpose around Narsinghpur area of Sangli district, Maharashtra have been analysed. Physico-chemical characteristics and bacterial status were undertaken between January 2009 to February 2009. Physical characteristics revealed colourless water, no odour, temperature 22.50 °C, turbidity 0.80 NTU and total dissolved solids 100 mg/L. Chemical characteristics showed pH 8.0, electrical conductivity 260 µ. mhos/cm, total alkalinity 72.80 mg/L, total hardness 59.59 mg/L, calcium 12.00 mg/L, magnesium 7.20 mg/L and chlorides 35.45 mg/L. Bacterial status showed 25 bacteria/100 mL of water sample. The observed values of various physico-chemical characterictics of water samples were compared with standard values recommended by WHO. All characteristics studied are not in high level and suitable for drinking purpose with some purification treatments. The probable reasons for the changes in different characteristics and their impact have been discussed in the present study.

KEYWORD Physico-chemical characteristics, Krishna river, Drinking purpose water.