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Onega t 4750 n S CANADA Hudson SWEDEN HELSINKI EA O Kronotskaya L. Ladoga u F Sopka Commander k O o RUSSIAN FEDERATION K Reindeer Lake Southern Bay OSLO TALLINN H Islands Pea British St Petersburg Nizhniy Perm' O OT c LABRADOR UNITED STOCKHOLM A M b SK Queen Indian Lake s ands y E Yaroslavl' Novgorod Yekaterinburg Tomsk Krasnoyarsk Isl l Am Aleutian Isles KINGDOM NORTH S RIGA Kazan' ur d Charlotte Is. Edmonton SEA COPENHAGEN Omsk Lake Baikal n C a Novosibirsk Edinburg SEA TI VILNIUS MOSCOW Ufa Chelyabinsk L r (1637 m) Lake BA Ryazan' Irkutsk a Barnaul l Belfast g Newcastle Hamburg MINSK l Samara I s Vancouver Winnipeg U s WARSAW Tula o M Vancouver DUBLIN Manchester BERLIN Penza h Sakhalin I BELARUS Khabarovsk V i ASTANA Island Winnipeg Orenburg l O Regina AMSTERDAM O 45 IRELAND Saratov i 45 Irtys r Seattle bia BRUSSELS PRAGUE POLAND KIEV Voronezh h ULAN BATOR Ma o n Colum Island of LONDON GERMANY chu u r M Volgograd i Portland Newfoundland UKRAINE L. Zaysan a K Lake Superior PARIS Munich VIENNA BRATISLAVA KAZAKHSTAN i u Québec s Rostov-na-Donu MONGOLIA Lake BUDAPEST s OTTAWA CHISINAU (KISHINEV) L. Balkhash St Pierre and Miquelon FRANCE o Astrakhan' Michigan L. Huron Montréal BERNE Aral Almaty G Vladivostok u Lyon LJUBLJANA Hokkaido n FRANCE ZAGREB ROMANIA obi Desert r Milwaukee Toronto 4808 BELGRADE C Sea (Alma-Ata) Shenyang L. Ontario Bordeaux Mt Blanc ITALY BUCHAREST 5642 A 7439 SEA OF Detroit SARAJEVO BLACK Elbrus S Pik Pobedy er Salt Lake City t L. Erie Nova Scotia Marseille Danube P UZBEKISTAN BISHKEK Riv N. 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KOREA n Balearic Is. u ASHGABAT YELLOW Etna Tabriz DUSHANBE K2 Osaka UNITED STATES OF AMERICA E un Shan Los Angeles Seville GREECE Mt Demavend Kunl SEA Hiroshima ALGIERS TUNIS T 5671 CHINA s MALTA ig KABUL s Constantine Crete NICOSIA SYRIA r Salt Desert KASHMIR Xi'an Shikoku i Memphis Oran TUNISIA i TEHRAN O San Diego s BEIRUT s O 30 Mexicali is Atlanta RABAT Fes ins MEDITERRANEAN SEA Qom AFGHANISTAN Nanjing 30 Ciudad Juárez Bermuda Madeira Islands nta DAMASCUS BAGHDAD ISLAMABAD Shanghai Kyushu M U.K Casablanca ou ISRAEL IRAN Dallas NORTH M TRIPOLI AMMAN Faisalabad Chengdu Wuhan PORTUGAL . Guadalupe I. Austin Marrakech las IRAQ Isfahan Lahore Himalaya t Alexandria JERUSALEM2 7756 EAST s MEXICO Houston A I New 4165 8848 NORTH R PAKISTAN Delhi Namjagbarwa ze CHINA MOROCCO Jebel Toubkal JORDAN KUWAIT Shiraz NEPAL Mt Everest gt u i Orleans Feng L n y PACIFIC o San Antonio ib CAIRO P NEW DELHI a Y SEA k G Canary Islands ALGERIA y e s BHUTAN JAPAN rs u KATHMANDU u r a ia THIMPHU y a SPAIN d n n G R Miami SAUDI ARABIA n TROPIC OF CANCER Monterrey n Gu I a TAIPEI Culiacán LIBYA lf ng M TROPIC OF CANCER Gulf of Mexico D es NASSAU R Arabian MANAMA DOHA Hyderabad BANGLADESH e E k Canton ATLANTIC EGYPT D Karachi e Medina MEXICO Greate o Shenzhen TAIWAN r An THE BAHAMAS WESTERN S ABU DHABI tille TROPIC OF CANCER s E n HAVANA s A RIYADH MUSCAT Hawaiian Islands Tampico SAHARA e L. Nasser Calcutta DACCA Hong Kong r Jeddah OMAN HANOI U.S.A Guadalajara Cancún CUBA t Mecca INDIA MYANMAR Mérida Santiago MEXICO CITY 5610 Cayman Is. de Cuba DOMINICAN Peninsula (BURMA) LAOS PACIFIC e ARABIAN SEA U.K HAITI l Hainan Orizaba Peak REP. Puerto Rico Sa i VIENTIANE Revillagigedo Is. MAURITANIA MALI ha OCEAN PORT-AU- r N MEXICO BELIZE JAMAICA STO DOMINGO U.S.A ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA OCEAN a Bombay (Mumbai) RANGOON Northern Mariana Is. Acapulco PRINCE Hyderabad Luzon M KINGSTON NOUAKCHOTT i O O s iger U.S.A c 15 BELMOPAN ST KITTS AND NEVIS N VIETNAM ro 15 e Quezon City ne GUATEMALA Guadeloupe FRA. l NIGER ERITREA YEMEN Bay of Bengal THAILAND s l PHILIPPINE ia HONDURAS i CAPE VERDE KHARTOUM B t GUATEMALA CITY CARIBBEAN SEA DOMINICA CHAD l ASMARA MANILA Guam Martinique FRA. u SOUTH n DAKAR SEA SENEGAL Sahel e SANAA BANGKOK SAN SALVADOR TEGUCIGALPA A PRAIA ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES ST LUCIA CHINA MARSHALL r N Bangalore CAMBODIA EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA 5775 GAMBIA BANJUL BURKINA NIAMEY SUDAN Madras Andaman BARBADOS e BAMAKO L. Chad il Socotra SEA Cristóbal Cólon s BISSAU e Gulf of Aden (Chennai) Islands ISLANDS MANAGUA GRENADA s FASO N'DJAMENA DJIBOUTI Lakshadweep PHNOM PENH PHILIPPINES L. Nicaragua Peak Maracaibo e OUGADOUGOU DJIBOUTI YEMEN INDIA FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA Clipperton Cartagena L GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA NIGERIA Islands Cebu FRANCE SAN JOSÉ TRINIDAD BENIN Ho Chi Minh City PANAMA CITY CARACAS AND TOBAGO CONAKRY INDIA (Saigon) Palawan OCEAN COSTA RICA Mérida GHANA ADDIS ABABA MAJURO FREETOWN CÔTE ABUJA Nicobar KOROR PANAMA TOGO W PALIKIR VENEZUELA GEORGETOWN SIERRA LEONE D'IVOIRE CENTRAL h ETHIOPIA COLOMBO Islands Medellín L. Volta PORTO-NOVO it YAMOUS. e INDIA Caroline Islands MONROVIA ACCRA AFRICAN REPUBLIC SRI LANKA O PARAMARIBO Coco Island N GUYANA LOME Lagos COSTA RICA Malpelo Island Cali CAMEROON BRUNEI Mindanao BOGOTÁ r LIBERIA i Lake Turkana SOMALIA MALE KUALA LUMPUR BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN COLOMBIA i FRENCH GUIANA ABIDJAN l PALAU noc Gulf of BANGUI o SURINAME MALABO YAOUNDE Medan COLOMBIA Guinea g KENYA MOGADISHU MALDIVES MALAYSIA s TARAWA Boa Vista Con a Kiritimati EQUAT. GUINEA c UGANDA c São Paulo SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE SINGAPORE u O EQUATOR EQUATOR LIBREVILLE 5199 EQUATOR l EQUATOR 0 Galapagos Islands BRAZIL SÃO TOMÉ DEM. REP. KAMPALA o 0O QUITO Mt Kenya o YAREN L. Victoria Chagos Archipelago e M M ECUADOR 6310 Belém GABON CONGO orn elan ECUADOR azon OF CONGO RWANDA U.K B esi KIRIBATI Chimborazo Am KIGALI NAIROBI Celebes a NAURU Guayaquil Manaus u São Luis 5895 Palembang N g Fernando de Noronha BUJUMBURA ew PAPUA NEW GUINEA n Fortaleza G i Kilimanjaro KIRIBATI A Iquitos Teresina BRAZIL BRAZZAVILLE BURUNDI Sumatra INDONESIA Buru uin New Ireland X KINSHASA Seram e T TANZANIA 5030 a SOUTH o Natal Zanzibar VICTORIA JAVA SEA Ujungpandang Puncak Jaya c Lake DODOMA Amazon a João Pessoa Tanganyika JAKARTA PERU n Dar Es Salaam SEYCHELLES t Ascension Surabaya n i New SOLOMON ISLANDS n Recife Tokelau Trujillo Porto Velho U.K Flores Britain isco LUANDA INDIAN Java DILI N.Z nc Maceió FUNAFUTI TUVALU 6746 Basin ra Lake Malawi Bali F EAST TIMOR NEW ZEALAND Nev. Huascarán d Aracaju (Nyasa) Christmas I. HONIARA Marquesas Is. o Sumba ZAMBIA COMOROS TUVALU ã MORONI Cocos Islands AUST. Timor PORT C S SOUTH ANGOLA AUST. MORESBY SAMOA o LIMA eCusco BRAZIL Salvador MALAWI Wallis & o 6421 LILONGWE Mayotte Futuna k APIA Nev. Illampu FRANCE American Zambe FRA. I s Saint Helena z Samoa s Lake Titicaca Cuiabá BRASêLIA LUSAKA i CORAL l Fr PACIFIC LA PAZ U.K l G O a e e O n r 15 U.S.A c Arequipa n MADAGASCAR SEA 15 n h BOLIVIA Goiânia n e VANUATU FIJI d P HARARE a a o y s h G t l a y Arica C B n MAURITIUS u SUCRE ANTANANARIVO r FRANCE ZIMBABWE a TONGA Soc e g Belo Horizonte iet e y Arc s Vitória MOZAMBIQUE OCEAN r PORT VILA h a ATLANTIC . i Salar de Uyuni NAMIBIA PORT LOUIS r r a Iquique Great a i Niue Martin Vaz e SUVA FIJI a e Reunion r N.Z P Islands u t BOTSWANA R Sandy Desert Salar de Atacama BRAZIL q FRANCE Rio de Janeiro TROPIC OF CAPRICORN WINDHOEK i D e A 6739 PARAGUAY b e New u São Paulo i f s Antofagasta Llullaillaco m TROPIC OF CAPRICORN NUKU'ALOFA tra GABORONE v Caledonia l Is.
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    Biogeosciences, 18, 3485–3504, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3485-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Archaeal intact polar lipids in polar waters: a comparison between the Amundsen and Scotia seas Charlotte L. Spencer-Jones1, Erin L. McClymont1, Nicole J. Bale2, Ellen C. Hopmans2, Stefan Schouten2,3, Juliane Müller4, E. Povl Abrahamsen5, Claire Allen5, Torsten Bickert6, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand5, Elaine Mawbey5, Victoria Peck5, Aleksandra Svalova7, and James A. Smith5 1Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK 2NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands 3Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands 4Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 5British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK 6MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany 7School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK Correspondence: Charlotte L. Spencer-Jones ([email protected]) Received: 7 September 2020 – Discussion started: 5 November 2020 Revised: 3 March 2021 – Accepted: 23 March 2021 – Published: 11 June 2021 Abstract. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is one of compassing the sub-Antarctic front through to the southern the largest potential sources of future sea-level rise, with boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. IPL-GDGTs glaciers draining the WAIS thinning at an accelerating rate with low cyclic diversity were detected throughout the water over the past 40 years.
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