DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydrography and Phytoplankton Distribution in the Amundsen and Ross Seas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydrography and Phytoplankton Distribution in the Amundsen and Ross Seas W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2009 Hydrography and Phytoplankton Distribution in the Amundsen and Ross Seas Glaucia M. Fragoso College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Fragoso, Glaucia M., "Hydrography and Phytoplankton Distribution in the Amundsen and Ross Seas" (2009). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617887. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-kwnk-k208 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hydrography and phytoplankton distribution in the Amundsen and Ross Seas A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Glaucia M. Fragoso 2009 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UAA£ a Ck laucia M. Frago Approved by the Committee, November 2009 Walker O. Smith, Ph D. Commitfbe Chairman/Advisor eborah A. BronkfPh.D Deborah K. Steinberg, Ph Kam W. Tang ■ Ph.D. DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, Claudio and Vera Lucia Fragoso, and family for their encouragement, guidance and unconditional love. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... xiii INTRODUCTION...................................... 2 Phytoplankton and the Southern Ocean.. .................................................................... 2 The Southern Ocean and the climate change ............................................................. 6 The Ross and Amundsen Seas hydrography ............................................................. 8 Amundsen and Ross Seas phytoplankton .................................................................... 10 MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................................................... 16 Study area ......................................................................................................................... 16 Collection and analysis of water samples ................................................................... 19 Remote sensing ............................................................................................................... 20 Bloom definition ............................................................................................................... 21 Modes of taxonomic discrimination .............................................................................. 21 Phytoplankton blooms and mixed layer depth ........................................................... 23 P. antarctica and the MCDW ........................................................................................ 24 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and maximum photosynthetic quantum yield.. 24 RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 25 Remote sensing of the study regions ........................................................................... 25 Hydrographic data ........................................................................................................... 32 Chlorophyll a distributions .............................................................................................. 39 Phytoplankton bloom heterogeneity ............................................................................. 41 Approaches of taxonomic discrimination ......................................................... 41 Silicoflagellates distributions ............................................................................. 46 Blooms distributions ............................................................................................ 47 Diatoms and mixed layer depths .................................................................................... 49 MCDW and Phaeocystis antarctica distribution .......................................................... 54 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................. 61 iv Phaeocystis antarctica and diatoms blooms distribution ...................................... 61 Mixed layer depth ................................................................................................ 62 Algal seeding .................................................. 65 Zooplankton grazing ............................................................................................ 65 Fe ........................................................................................................................ 66 SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDICES.................................................................................................................. 72 LITERATURE CITED..................................................................................................... 88 VITA................................................................................................................................ 100 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Walker O. Smith for his support and guidance through my degree. To my committee Kam Tang, Debbie Steinberg and Debbie Bronk, I would like to show my gratitude to for their advice and expertise throughout the preparation of this Master’s thesis. Additionally, I would like to thank Amy Leventer for kindly sharing her data and helping to improve the quality of this work. I am grateful to Patrick Dickhudt, Xiao Liu, Yicheng Teng and Scott Polk for technical support. Special thanks go to my labmates and friends Jennifer Dreyer, Xiao Liu, Xiaodong Wang and Sasha Tozzi, for their help and entertainment. To Iris Anderson, Debbie Bronk, Mike Newman and Liz Canuel, I owe my deepest gratitude for their incentives and advice. Special thanks go to the scientists, captains and crew members of OSO-2007 cruise and LMG09-01 for their companionship during best months of my life. To Debbie Steinberg, I owe many thanks for the opportunity given, instruction and friendship. Additional thanks are extended to the National Science Foundation and Virginia Institute of Marine Science. This research was supported by NSF grants ANT-0741380 and ANT-0836112 to W. Smith, and grant ANT-04-40775 to S. Jacobs (Columbia University). It is a pleasure to thank all my friends that constantly encourage me through the completion of my work: Althea Moore, Christopher Lins, Liza Hernandez, Catarina Wor, Kate Ruck, Priscila dos Reis, Viviane Scumparin, Carolina Funkey, Amy Then, Gabrielle Saluta, Ana Verissimo and Theresa Davenport. Because of them, life as a graduate student was more amusing and friendly. My deepest gratitude goes to Althea Moore for being a true friend, which I will remember through my entire life. I would like to also thank my friends from Brazil, that even distant, have also been constantly present in my life. My deeply admiration goes to my best friends Vanessa Felix and Clara-Luz da Aurora for their loyalty and guardianship through my entire life. vi This thesis would not have been possible without the love and support of my family. They always believe in myself and always were present through the rough times. To them, I express my endless love, consideration and respect. LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1. Mean ± standard deviations, minimum and maximum Zmix and number of stations ................................................................................................................. 37 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1 Location of stations and transects from NBP07-02 and OSO-200 ............... 17 Figure 2 Ice coverage and distributions ........................................................................... 27 Figure 3 Weekly chlorophyll distributions derived from remote sensing ...................... 28 Figure 4 Monthly climatology of remote sensing chlorophyll distribution ..................... 30 Figure 5 Maximum chlorophyll from SeaWiFS .................................................................. 31 Figure 6 0-S diagram with depth in the Z axis .................. 33 Figure 7 Distribution of water masses along Ross Ice Shelf .......................................... 34 Figure 8 Distribution of water masses in the Amundsen Sea ........................................ 35 Figure 9 Distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Article Is Available On- J.: the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean Line At
    The Cryosphere, 14, 1399–1408, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Getz Ice Shelf melt enhanced by freshwater discharge from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Wei Wei1, Donald D. Blankenship1, Jamin S. Greenbaum1, Noel Gourmelen2, Christine F. Dow3, Thomas G. Richter1, Chad A. Greene4, Duncan A. Young1, SangHoon Lee5, Tae-Wan Kim5, Won Sang Lee5, and Karen M. Assmann6,a 1Institute for Geophysics and Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 2School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 3Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 4Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA 5Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea 6Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden apresent address: Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway Correspondence: Wei Wei ([email protected]) Received: 18 July 2019 – Discussion started: 26 July 2019 Revised: 8 March 2020 – Accepted: 10 March 2020 – Published: 27 April 2020 Abstract. Antarctica’s Getz Ice Shelf has been rapidly thin- 1 Introduction ning in recent years, producing more meltwater than any other ice shelf in the world. The influx of fresh water is The Getz Ice Shelf (Getz herein) in West Antarctica is over known to substantially influence ocean circulation and bi- 500 km long and 30 to 100 km wide; it produces more fresh ological productivity, but relatively little is known about water than any other source in Antarctica (Rignot et al., 2013; the factors controlling basal melt rate or how basal melt is Jacobs et al., 2013), and in recent years its melt rate has spatially distributed beneath the ice shelf.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Size, 12 Nm Pore Size; YMC Collision Energy 15, 22.5, and 30; Isolation Window 1.0 M/Z)
    Biogeosciences, 18, 3485–3504, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3485-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Archaeal intact polar lipids in polar waters: a comparison between the Amundsen and Scotia seas Charlotte L. Spencer-Jones1, Erin L. McClymont1, Nicole J. Bale2, Ellen C. Hopmans2, Stefan Schouten2,3, Juliane Müller4, E. Povl Abrahamsen5, Claire Allen5, Torsten Bickert6, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand5, Elaine Mawbey5, Victoria Peck5, Aleksandra Svalova7, and James A. Smith5 1Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK 2NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands 3Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands 4Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 5British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK 6MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany 7School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK Correspondence: Charlotte L. Spencer-Jones ([email protected]) Received: 7 September 2020 – Discussion started: 5 November 2020 Revised: 3 March 2021 – Accepted: 23 March 2021 – Published: 11 June 2021 Abstract. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is one of compassing the sub-Antarctic front through to the southern the largest potential sources of future sea-level rise, with boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. IPL-GDGTs glaciers draining the WAIS thinning at an accelerating rate with low cyclic diversity were detected throughout the water over the past 40 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Change Along West Antarctica's Marie Byrd Land Sector
    Glacier change along West Antarctica’s Marie Byrd Land Sector and links to inter-decadal atmosphere-ocean variability Frazer D.W. Christie1, Robert G. Bingham1, Noel Gourmelen1, Eric J. Steig2, Rosie R. Bisset1, Hamish D. Pritchard3, Kate Snow1 and Simon F.B. Tett1 5 1School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 2Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA 3British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK Correspondence to: Frazer D.W. Christie ([email protected]) Abstract. Over the past 20 years satellite remote sensing has captured significant downwasting of glaciers that drain the West 10 Antarctic Ice Sheet into the ocean, particularly across the Amundsen Sea Sector. Along the neighbouring Marie Byrd Land Sector, situated west of Thwaites Glacier to Ross Ice Shelf, glaciological change has been only sparsely monitored. Here, we use optical satellite imagery to track grounding-line migration along the Marie Byrd Land Sector between 2003 and 2015, and compare observed changes with ICESat and CryoSat-2-derived surface elevation and thickness change records. During the observational period, 33% of the grounding line underwent retreat, with no significant advance recorded over the remainder 15 of the ~2200 km long coastline. The greatest retreat rates were observed along the 650-km-long Getz Ice Shelf, further west of which only minor retreat occurred. The relative glaciological stability west of Getz Ice Shelf can be attributed to a divergence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from the continental-shelf break at 135° W, coincident with a transition in the morphology of the continental shelf. Along Getz Ice Shelf, grounding-line retreat reduced by 68% during the CryoSat-2 era relative to earlier observations.
    [Show full text]
  • West Antarctic Ice Sheet Retreat in the Amundsen Sea Driven by Decadal Oceanic Variability
    1 West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability 2 Adrian Jenkins1*, Deb Shoosmith1, Pierre Dutrieux2, Stan Jacobs2, Tae Wan Kim3, Sang Hoon Lee3, Ho 3 Kyung Ha4 & Sharon Stammerjohn5 4 1British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K. 5 2Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, U.S.A. 6 3Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406‐840, Korea. 7 4Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea. 8 5Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, U.S.A. 9 10 Mass loss from the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has increased in recent 11 decades, suggestive of sustained ocean forcing or ongoing, possibly unstable response to a past 12 climate anomaly. Lengthening satellite records appear incompatible with either process, 13 however, revealing both periodic hiatuses in acceleration and intermittent episodes of thinning. 14 Here we use ocean temperature, salinity, dissolved‐oxygen and current measurements taken from 15 2000‐2016 near Dotson Ice Shelf to determine temporal changes in net basal melting. A decadal 16 cycle dominates the ocean record, with melt changing by a factor of ~4 between cool and warm 17 extremes via a non‐linear relationship with ocean temperature. A warm phase that peaked 18 around 2009 coincided with ice shelf thinning and retreat of the grounding line, which re‐ 19 advanced during a post‐2011 cool phase. Those observations demonstrate how discontinuous ice 20 retreat is linked with ocean variability, and that the strength and timing of decadal extremes is 21 more influential than changes in the longer‐term mean state.
    [Show full text]
  • I!Ij 1)11 U.S
    u... I C) C) co 1 USGS 0.. science for a changing world co :::2: Prepared in cooperation with the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Coastal-change and glaciological map of the (I) ::E Bakutis Coast area, Antarctica: 1972-2002 ;::+' ::::r ::J c:r OJ ::J By Charles Swithinbank, RichardS. Williams, Jr. , Jane G. Ferrigno, OJ"" ::J 0.. Kevin M. Foley, and Christine E. Rosanova a :;:,­..... CD ~ (I) I ("') a Geologic Investigations Series Map I- 2600- F (2d ed.) OJ ~ OJ '!; :;:,­ OJ ::J <0 co OJ ::J a_ <0 OJ n c; · a <0 n OJ 3 OJ "'C S, ..... :;:,­ CD a:r OJ ""a. (I) ("') a OJ .....(I) OJ <n OJ n OJ co .....,...... ~ C) .....,0 ~ b 0 C) b C) C) T....., Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) image of Ma rtin and Bea r Peninsulas and Dotson Ice Shelf, Bakutis Coast, CT> C) An tarctica. Path 6, Row 11 3, acquired 30 December 1972. ? "T1 'N 0.. co 0.. 2003 ISBN 0-607-94827-2 U.S. Department of the Interior 0 Printed on rec ycl ed paper U.S. Geological Survey 9 11~ !1~~~,11~1!1! I!IJ 1)11 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP I-2600-F (2d ed.) U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY COASTAL-CHANGE AND GLACIOLOGICAL MAP OF THE BAKUTIS COAST AREA, ANTARCTICA: 1972-2002 . By Charles Swithinbank, 1 RichardS. Williams, Jr.,2 Jane G. Ferrigno,3 Kevin M. Foley, 3 and Christine E. Rosanova4 INTRODUCTION areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)), RADARSAT images, and other data where available, to compare Background changes over a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer Changes in the area and volume of polar ice sheets are intri­ where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula).
    [Show full text]
  • Patricia L. Yager, Ph.D
    Patricia L. Yager, Ph.D. ADDRESS, TELEPHONE Department of Marine Sciences (706) 340-2273 University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-3636 [email protected] Researcher ID: K-8020-2014 Profile in Google Scholar ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8462-6427 Brazil Lattes: 8808128639645246 EDUCATION 1996 Doctor of Philosophy. Biological Oceanography. School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Major Professor: J. W. Deming. 1988 Master of Science. Marine Geology and Geophysics. School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Major Professor: A. R. M. Nowell. 1985 Bachelor of Science. Geology-Biology. Brown University, Department of Geology, Providence, Rhode Island. Advisor: W. L. Prell. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2016– Professor. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. 2013–16 Visiting Professor. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Science without Borders (Ciência sem Fronteiras). Host: F.L. Thompson. 2012– Affiliate Faculty. Latin American and Caribbean Studies Institute, University of Georgia. 2010– Director. Georgia Initiative for Climate and Society. University of Georgia 2007–16 Associate Professor. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia. 1999– Affiliate Faculty. Institute for Women's Studies (IWS), University of Georgia. 1998–07 Assistant Professor. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia. 1996–98 Assistant Professor. Department of Oceanography, Florida State University. 1996 Postdoctoral Fellow. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Postdoctoral Program in Ocean Modeling. Advisor: Dr. R. G. Wiegert. 1991–96 Graduate Fellow. Department of Energy, Graduate Fellowship for Global Change. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Major professor: Dr. J. W. Deming. 1989–91 Research Scientist (Oceanographer I, II). University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • From Pdf Wheaton FULL CV Mjevans
    Dr. Matthew J. Evans Department of Chemistry Wheaton College 26 E. Main St. Norton, MA 02766 Phone: (508) 286–3967 Email: [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D. (August 2002) Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Cornell University: Ithaca, New York Ph.D. in Geochemistry, minors in Atmospheric Sciences and Petrology Dissertation title: Geothermal fluxes of solutes, carbon, and heat to Himalayan rivers Committee members: Louis Derry (chair), William White, Kerry Cook M.S. (August 1997) Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Cornell University: Ithaca, New York M.S. in Geochemistry, minor in Petrology Thesis title: Geochemistry of an Early Proterozoic (Birimian) greenstone belt, West Africa Committee members: Kodjo Attoh (chair), William White B.A. cum laude (May 1994) Department of Geology Middlebury College: Middlebury, Vermont Thesis title: Geochemistry of meta-volcanic rocks of north-central Vermont PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS 2013–present Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science Program, Wheaton College Courses taught: Current Problems in Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Principles, Inorganic Reactions, Aqueous Equilibria, Chemistry of Natural Waters, Water (First-year seminar), Earth, Wind, and Fire: Science of the Earth System, Chemistry and Your Environment, Instrumental Analysis, Senior Seminar. 2007–2013 Assistant Professor, Wheaton College 2005–2007 Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Environmental Science and Policy Program, The College of William & Mary Courses Taught: Physical
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Moisture Sources for Austral Seas and Relationship with Sea Ice Concentration
    atmosphere Article Characterization of Moisture Sources for Austral Seas and Relationship with Sea Ice Concentration Michelle Simões Reboita 1, Raquel Nieto 2 , Rosmeri P. da Rocha 3, Anita Drumond 4, Marta Vázquez 2,5 and Luis Gimeno 2,* 1 Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), CIM-UVigo, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; [email protected] (R.N.); [email protected] (M.V.) 3 Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 August 2019; Accepted: 12 October 2019; Published: 17 October 2019 Abstract: In this study, the moisture sources acting over each sea (Weddell, King Haakon VII, East Antarctic, Amundsen-Bellingshausen, and Ross-Amundsen) of the Southern Ocean during 1980–2015 are identified with the FLEXPART Lagrangian model and by using two approaches: backward and forward analyses. Backward analysis provides the moisture sources (positive values of Evaporation minus Precipitation, E P > 0), while forward analysis identifies the moisture sinks (E P < 0). − − The most important moisture sources for the austral seas come from midlatitude storm tracks, reaching a maximum between austral winter and spring. The maximum in moisture sinks, in general, occurs in austral end-summer/autumn. There is a negative correlation (higher with 2-months lagged) between moisture sink and sea ice concentration (SIC), indicating that an increase in the moisture sink can be associated with the decrease in the SIC.
    [Show full text]
  • Getz Ice Shelf Melt Enhanced by Freshwater Discharge from Beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Getz Ice Shelf melt enhanced by freshwater discharge from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Citation for published version: Wei, W, Blankenship, DD, Greenbaum, JS, Gourmelen, N, Dow, CF, Richter, TG, Greene, CA, Young, DA, Lee, S, Kim, T, Lee, WS & Assmann, KM 2020, 'Getz Ice Shelf melt enhanced by freshwater discharge from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet', Cryosphere, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1399-1408. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc- 14-1399-2020 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Cryosphere Publisher Rights Statement: © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 The Cryosphere, 14, 1399–1408, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1399-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Map of the World, January 2011
    Political Map of the World, January 2011 AUSTRALIA Independent state Bermuda Dependency or area of special sovereignty Sicily / AZORES Island / island group 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Capital Alert FRANZ JOSEF ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN LAND SEVERNAYA ARCTIC OCEAN ZEMLYA Ellesmere Island QUEEN ELIZABETH Qaanaaq (Thule) Longyearbyen NEW SIBERIAN ISLANDS Scale 1:35,000,000 Svalbard NOVAYA Kara Sea ISLANDS Greenland Sea ZEMLYA Laptev Sea Robinson Projection Banks (NORWAY) Barents Sea Island Resolute East Siberian Sea standard parallels 38°N and 38°S Pond Inlet Baffin Greenland Wrangel Beaufort Sea (DENMARK) Island Barrow Victoria Bay Tiksi Island Baffin Jan Mayen Norwegian Pevek Chukchi Island (NORWAY) Noril'sk Sea Murmansk Cherskiy Sea Arctic Circle (66°33') Arctic Circle (66°33') NORWAY Fairbanks Great Nuuk White Sea Anadyr' Nome (Godthåb) ICELAND Provideniya U. S. Bear Lake Iqaluit Denmark SWEDEN Arkhangel'sk Davis Strait Faroe Reykjavík Islands FINLAND Strait (DEN.) Gulf Lake Yakutsk Ladoga R U S S I A Anchorage Great Tórshavn of Lake Whitehorse Slave Lake Bothnia Helsinki Onega 60 Hudson Oslo Magadan 60 Bay Stockholm Tallinn Saint Petersburg Rockall EST. Perm' Gulf of Alaska Juneau Churchill Baltic Kuujjuaq Labrador (U.K.) Yaroslavl' Tyumen' Bering Sea Fort McMurray Sea Riga¯ Nizhniy Izhevsk North LAT. Novgorod Tomsk Sea Glasgow DENMARK Moscow Kazan' Yekaterinburg Krasnoyarsk Sea Copenhagen LITH. Chelyabinsk Novosibirsk Lake Prince Belfast UNITED RUSSIA Vilnius Ufa Omsk Sea of C A N A D A Minsk Ul'yanovsk Baikal S George Happy Valley- Leeds ND Goose Bay Dublin Isle of Hamburg Samara Barnaul Okhotsk ISLA Edmonton Man BELARUS N Lake IRELAND (U.K.) KINGDOM Amsterdam Berlin Warsaw U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Stratigraphic Record of the Amundsen Sea Embayment Shelf from Pre-Glacial to Recent Times: Evidence for a Dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet
    Marine Geology 344 (2013) 115–131 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo Seismic stratigraphic record of the Amundsen Sea Embayment shelf from pre-glacial to recent times: Evidence for a dynamic West Antarctic ice sheet Karsten Gohl a,⁎, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben a, Robert D. Larter b, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand b, Katharina Hochmuth a, Thomas Kalberg a, Estella Weigelt a, Bryan Davy c, Gerhard Kuhn a, Frank O. Nitsche d a Alfred Wegener Institute,Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany b British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK c GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt, New Zealand d Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA article info abstract Article history: Studies of the sedimentary architecture and characteristics of the Antarctic continental margin provide clues about Received 27 February 2013 past ice sheet advance–retreat cycles and help improve constraints for paleo-ice dynamic models since early glacial Received in revised form 12 June 2013 periods. A first seismostratigraphic analysis of the Amundsen Sea Embayment shelf and slope of West Antarctica Accepted 18 June 2013 reveals insights into the structural architecture of the continental margin and shows stages of sediment deposition, Available online 26 June 2013 erosion and transport reflecting the history from pre-glacial times to early glaciation and to the late Pleistocene gla- – Communicated by J.T. Wells cial interglacial cycles. The shelf geometry consists of a large pre- and syn-rift basin in the middle shelf region be- tween basement cropping out on the inner shelf and buried basement ridge and highs on the outer shelf.
    [Show full text]
  • No Stopping the Collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheet
    NEWS&ANALYSIS chairs. “She is one of our young stars,” says society” and for “moral damage incurred Science, Maged Said, a senior associate in the Tarek Shawki, AUC’s dean of the School of [by] MUST.” Tahoun Law Offi ce, the Giza, Egypt–based Sciences and Engineering. The lawsuit, “[The case] seems completely un rea- fi rm representing MUST, repeated the initial however, cast a shadow. Rumors that she had sonable to me,” says Gregory Marczynski, a claim that Siam had violated her obligations stolen grant money were rife, Siam says. biochemist at McGill University in Montreal, to the university by depriving it of the grant. In November 2012, a court found in Canada, and Siam’s former graduate adviser, If the verdict is upheld, it would “seriously Siam’s favor, stating that because MUST who describes her work as “cutting-edge” and undermine researchers’ willingness to hadn’t given her an employment contract, “highly collaborative.” Although the order to fi le grants” if they were even considering she was free to leave. MUST appealed and on compensate MUST for missing out on the a career move, says Lisa Rasmussen, a 16 March, Cairo’s Court of Appeal grant may be in the “realm of reason,” adds research ethicist at the University of North overturned the lower court’s verdict, Aly El Shalakany, a partner at the Shalakany Carolina, Charlotte. If scientists are not ruling that Siam had nevertheless broken Law Offi ce in Cairo who is not involved in the free to leave a university, she says, they are “authentic academic values” in not fulfi lling case, “I don’t think it’s fair.” No hearing date merely “agents of their institutions, rather her research duties.
    [Show full text]