Figure 2 1933.Ai

US Coast Guard Civil Engineering Unit, Cleveland, Ohio

U.S. Department of Homeland Security United States Coast Guard Engineering Services Division

URS Group Inc. Contract Number HSCG83-07-D- WF170 Task Order Number HSCG83-16-J-PCR191

ARCHITECTURAL/ENGINEERING SERVICES REPAIR REEDY ISLAND RANGE REAR LIGHT

U.S. Coast Guard Civil Engineering Unit, Rm 2179 1240 East Ninth Street Cleveland, Ohio 44199-2060

HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION SURVEY September 2016

1375 Euclid Avenue, Suite 600 Cleveland, OH 44115 Tel: 216.622.2400 Fax: 216.622.2428 Historical Overview Reedy Island Range Rear Light.……………………………………..1

Reedy Island Range Rear Light’s Historical Status………………………………………15

Primary and Secondary Spaces…..……………………………………………………….15

Non-Character Defining Features………………………………………………………..15

Character Defining Features……………………………………………………………..15

Primary Spaces..…………………………………………………………………………16

Secondary Spaces...……………………………………………………………………....16

Proposed Rehabilitation…………………………………………………………………..16

Summary of Section 106 Recommendations on Proposed Work…………………………19

Bibliography.……………………………………….……………….……………………26

Figures

Figure 1. Location Map for Reedy Island Range Rear Light ...... 2 Figure 2. Reedy Island Lighthouse, January 1933 (USCG) ...... 3 Figure 3. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, circa 1933 (USCG) ...... 6 Figure 4. Reedy Island Range Rear Light (Lankton 1976, Library of Congress [LOC] HAER DE-11) ...... 6 Figure 5. Reedy Island Range Rear Light (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11) ...... 7 Figure 6. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, Foundation (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11) ...... 8 Figure 7. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, Entrance (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11) ...... 9 Figure 8. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, Spiral Staircase (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11) ...... 10 Figure 9. Plan and Elevation (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11) ...... 11 Figure 10. Plans and Section (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11) ...... 12 Figure 11. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, 2016 (AECOM) ...... 13 Figure 12. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, 2016 (AECOM) ...... 14 Figure 13. Cracked Pier Foundation ...... 20 Figure 14. Cracked Grout on Pier Foundation ...... 20 Figure 15. Spalling Paint on Tower ...... 21 Figure 16. Spalling Paint on Tower ...... 21 Figure 17. Spalling Paint Inside and Outside of Center Column ...... 22 Figure 18. Spalling Paint in Watch Room ...... 23 Figure 19. Cracked Base Shoe, Southwest Corner ...... 24 Historical Overview Reedy Island Range Rear Light The Reedy Island Rear Range Light is one of a series of range lights that indicate the location of a safe, navigable dredged channel through the shoals and shallows of the Delaware Bay and the Delaware River between the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton, New Jersey, for a distance of 133 miles. Major ports served by this commercial route include Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Camden, New Jersey; and Wilmington, Delaware. Without dredging, the depths are limited to approximately 17 feet from the ocean to Philadelphia and 3 to 8 feet north to Trenton. Reedy Island is located on a reach of the Delaware River off the Port Penn, Delaware shoreline (Figure 1).1

To mark the shallows of Reedy Island, on March 3, 1837, Congress authorized the Reedy Island Lighthouse on the island’s southern end. The lighthouse was completed in 1839 and featured a 14 inch reflector. In 1855, a fog bell was constructed near the lighthouse. Due to the low shoreline, the lighthouse was prone to erosion from storm surges, flooding, and ice floes. The first embankment around the station was completed in 1858. The embankment needed periodic repairs and improvements, including raising its height and adding armor in the form of quarry stones and riprap.2

Developed in Great Britain, range lights marked the location of safe channels. They consisted of two lights that mariners would line up, one above the other. The front light was set low near the water’s edge while the rear light was placed on high tower set inland.3 When positioned correctly, both lights become aligned vertically and indicate that a vessel is on the correct bearing. Range lights were first installed along the Delaware River when the Deepwater Point and New Castle ranges began operating in 1876. The system quickly grew with the addition of the Liston and Finns Point ranges in 1877, the Cherry Island, Schooner Ledge, Tinicum Island, and Mifflin Bar Cut ranges in 1880, the Horseshoe East Group and West Group ranges in 1881, and the Delaware Bank range in 1885.4

The Liston range lights were intended to replace the Reedy Island Lighthouse. On April 2, 1877, the Liston range lights were lit and the Reedy Island Lighthouse was extinguished, although its fog bell continued in operation. On March 3, 1879, Congress appropriated $3,500 to reestablish the Reedy Island Light. Repairs were made to the embankment and the keeper’s dwelling. A tower was erected on the dwelling and the light was relit on July 1, 1879 (Figure 2). A new fog

1 U.S. Army, Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Delaware River, Trenton to the Sea and Schuylkill River and Wilmington Harbor Tributaries, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware: Project Maintenance. 1975, 1-1 and 1-7. 2 USCG, History of Reedy Island Light Station and Reedy Island Range Lights. n.d. USCG Historian’s Office, AtoN: Box 194 of 246: Reedy Island Range. 3 Bureau of Archaeology & Historic Preservation, Reedy Island Range Rear Light, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. 1989. Electronic document, http://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/89000288.pdf, accessed September13, 2016. 4 Candace Clifford, Light Stations in the United States, USDI/NPS NRHP Multiple Property Documentation Form. Electronic Document, https://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg4/cg47/docs/LIGHT%20STATIONS%20IN%20US%20MPDF%20pp%2041-60.pdf 2002:44-45.

Map Location

Reedy Island Lighthouse ^_

Reedy Island Range Front Light

Reedy Island Range Rear Light

0 3,400 6,800 Feet Source: ESRI 2016

CLIENT Reedy Island Range Rear Light TITLE Topographic Map of Project Location PROJ USCG REVISION NO 0 DR BY RXK 9/15/2016 PROJ NO 60515933 12420 Milestone Center Dr. SCALE 1:65,000 CHK BY BC 9/16/2016 FIGURE Germantown, MD 20876 Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\Amtrak - PMO 1-1 PM MRE ¹ office support 2016\E. Data\E.4 GIS Figure 2. Reedy Island Lighthouse, January 1933 (USCG)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Historic Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE USCG 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 2 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 3 bell was housed in the old light tower until 1883 when it was moved to the river bank. On October 1, 1884, red panels were placed in the lantern and used for the first time.5

Encouraged by maritime interests, on August 5, 1892, the Light House Board recommend erecting a rear light near Port Penn to be paired with the Reedy Island Lighthouse. This new range would mark the turning point of Baker’s Shoal. Surveys for the range were completed in 1894 and a site purchased the following year. The rear range light was lit on March 14, 1896 and two years later on July 26, the Reedy Island Lighthouse was changed to a twinkling light similar to other front range lights along the Delaware River.6

Throughout the nineteenth century, as commercial ships increased in size and draft, Philadelphia was increasingly placed at a competitive disadvantage to other major port cities along the east coast due to the shallow waters of the Delaware Bay and Delaware River. Philadelphia commercial organizations formed the “Joint Committee on the Improvement of the Harbor of Philadelphia and the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers” to lobby the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to dredge a 30-foot deep and 600-foot-wide channel in the Delaware River. Their reasoning was:

Ocean carriers already have a draft of from 27 to 32 feet, the latter draft much exceeding the depth carries over the shoal areas in the Delaware River at the present time.7

The importance of this improvement to the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, and the great West, can hardly be overstated. The Delaware River is the natural maritime outlet of an area of over 54,000 square miles, with a population of nearly 7,000,000 people. This area covers the manufacturing, coal, iron, steel, oil, and shipbuilding centers of the United States; and without a proper channel to the sea, the movement of these products to the markets of the world is embarrassed, and the cost of transportation is greatly increased.8, 9

In 1900, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers awarded a contract to dredge a new 30-foot-deep channel in the Delaware River “from a point nearly opposite Appoquinimik Creek, Delaware to deep water above Reedy Island, a distance of about 20,500 feet.”10 Since the new channel did not always coincide with the old channel, the range lights at Liston, Reedy Island, and Finns Point

5 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range. 6 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range. 7 Larry D. Lankton, 1976, Reedy Island Range Rear Light, 1910. HAER DE-11. Electronic Document, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/de0143/, accessed September 13, 2016: 2. 8 Lankton, 1976:2. 9 Lighthousefriends.com, 2001-2006. Reedy Island Rear Range, DE. Electronic document, http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=457, accessed September 12, 2016. 10 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range

4 needed to be moved. On March 3, 1901 and June 28, 1902, Congress appropriated $60,000 and $30,000, respectively for the task.11

New range lights in Taylor’s Bridge, Delaware and at the mouth of the Blackbird Creek, a distance 2.8 miles, marked the new channel between Reedy Island and Baker Shoal. These became known as the Reedy Island Range Lights with the rear light at Taylor’s Bridge (Figure 1). The land for the new light was purchased in 1901 as dredging continued. In 1904, temporary lantern posts were erected at both the front and rear Reedy Island Range Lights and the lights were lit on February 16, 1904. The rear light featured a “locomotive type reflector headlight hoisted to the top of a 100-foot wooden pole which carried a black, triangular slatted daymark.”12 On May 16, 1904, the old rear range light was discontinued and the old lighthouse site and buildings were sold at public auction on August 10, 1905.13

The lighthouse, boathouse, and oil house for the front range light were finished and the light was lit on October 25, 1906. However, work on the rear range light progressed more slowly. On September 26, 1905, bids were opened for a new dwelling, oil house, and barn on the new Reedy Island Range Rear Light. The bids were deemed too high and the job was advertised for a second time. Again the bids were deemed too high and the job was advertised a third time. A contract was awarded to the lowest bidder on May 7, 1906.14

Meanwhile, instead of moving the wrought iron Finn’s Point Range Light to the Reedy Island Range Rear Light site, the Lighthouse Board proposed to keep the Finn’s Point Range. Consequently, an additional $19,500 was requested on November 26, 1906 the purchase and erection of a new tower for the Reedy Island Range Rear Light. Congress appropriated the additional funding on May 27, 1908 for a skeletal lighthouse.15 Skeletal tubular towers were designed for locations with mud, sand, swamp, or coral, thereby requiring a relatively light pile structure. Skeletal towers were often standardized and used for range lights. The oldest surviving skeletal tower lighthouse is the Whitefish Point Lighthouse (1861) in Michigan.16

The Reedy Island Range Rear Light had a 5th order range lens lighted by a 4th order incandescent oil vapor light that was lit on July 27, 1910. The 125-foot tall cast iron skeletal tower has nine supports and a central cylinder resting on concrete piers (Figures 3-12). The central cylinder houses a spiral staircase that provides access to the watch room and octagonal lantern. The light

11 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range. 12 Lankton 1976:3. 13 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range.; Lighthousefriends.com, 2001-2006. 14 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range. 15 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range 16 URS Group, Inc. Historic Context Study of the United States Coast Guard in Sector Corpus Christi, From Port Aransas South to the Rio Grande, Brownsville, Texas. 2013:2-73.

Figure 3. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, circa 1933 (USCG)

Figure 4. Reedy Island Range Rear Light (Lankton 1976, Library of Congress [LOC] HAER DE-11)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Historic Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE USCG; Lankton 1976 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 3 & 4 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 6 Figure 5. Reedy Island Range Rear Light (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Historic Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE Lankton 1976 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 5 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 7 Figure 6. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, Foundation (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Historic Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE Lankton 1976 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 6 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 8 Figure 7. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, Entrance (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Historic Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE Lankton 1976 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 7 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 9 Figure 8. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, Spiral Staircase (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Historic Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE Lankton 1976 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 8 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 10 Figure 9. Plan and Elevation (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light HAER Drawings SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE Lankton 1976 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 9 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 11 Figure 10. Plan and Section (Lankton 1976, LOC HAER DE-11)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light HAER Drawings SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE Lankton 1976 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 10 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 12 Figure 11. Reedy Island Range Rear Light, 2016 (URS)

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Project Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE AECOM 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 12 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 14 was manned until 1939, when the light was electrified.17 The 1949 Light List indicates that the light was 330,000 candlepower.18 The present optic is a DCB-224 aerobeacon designed by Carlisle & Finch Company. The unit is an aluminum drum with a 25-inch parabolic reflector.19, 20

Reedy Island Range Rear Light’s Historical Status

The Reedy Island Range Rear Light is currently listed in the National Register of Historical Places (NRHP). The light is historical significant under Criterion A for its association the Delaware River range lights and as part of the early twentieth century improvements to the Delaware River channel. The light is also significant under Criterion C an example of the second-generation of skeletal towers. Previous tower also had a central cast-iron stair tower, watch-room, and lantern, but their outside bracing consisted of girders riveted together at the joints. The pipe segments at Reedy Island could be fitted together into the junctions with only the tie rods needed to hold the structure together, simplifying the design and tower erection. The other building at the Reedy Island range Rear Light, while not part of this study, is the 1907 Barn.

Character Defining Features

 Cast-iron skeletal tower  Entrance door bad cast iron door surround  Cast iron stair tower, including stair treads, landings, and central cast iron column  Cast iron watch room, including cast iron plate floor, window muntin, wood cabinet, door to gallery, gallery decking and railing  Cast iron lantern room, including cast iron floor, light pane, metal conical roof with ventilator ball and lighting rod, door to outside and circular walk with railing

Non-character Defining Features

 Concrete foundations and base  Concrete entrance stairs  Electrical conduits, electric lights, and electrical panels  Polycarbonate-glass windows  Directional Code Beacon (DCB)-36 aerobeacon

17 Lankton 1976:4; Lighthousefriends.com, 2001-2006. 18 USCG n.d.: Reedy Island Range 19 National Park Service, Inventory of Historic Light Stations. Reedy Island Range Rear Light. Electronic document, https://www.nps.gov/maritime/inventories/lights/de.htm, accessed on September 2, 2016. 20 Terry Pepper, 2007, The DCB Series Aerobeacon., Electronic document, http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/closeups/illumination/aerobeacon/dcb224.htm, accessed September 12, 2016.

Primary and Secondary Spaces

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (SOI Standards) describe primary and secondary spaces for buildings. Primary spaces are those that are created to be the visual attraction or functioning core of a building. The SOI Standards identify public areas, such as entrance halls, living rooms, and assembly rooms, as primary spaces. Primary spaces should retain their essential proportions and distinctive finishes and features. Built-in features such as cabinets are considered distinctive features of these spaces. Secondary spaces are characterized as rooms that service the primary spaces, such as kitchens, bathrooms, hallways, and work spaces. Often, changes can be made to secondary spaces without detracting from the overall historic character of a building or structure. For this project, primary or secondary spaces have been limited to the tower of the Reedy Island Range Rear Light. This requires an understanding of the unique aspects of the building type and its primary function as an aid to navigation. Although many buildings have public spaces, a lighthouse tends to be an isolated structure, and its inhabitants had to be, to varying extents depending on the weather, self-sufficient. In defining primary and secondary space for the Light, the primary function of the buildings that served as a navigational aid should define which rooms or areas should be considered primary as opposed to secondary space.

The tower is an important space, as it raises the light the necessary height and provides access to the watch room and lantern. The watch room, where the lighthouse keepers viewed the navigation channel, is considered a primary space. The lantern is a primary space because it houses the light.

The following is a list of primary and secondary spaces in the tower.

Primary Spaces

 Tower  Watch room and exterior deck  Lantern room and exterior deck

Secondary Spaces

 None

Proposed Rehabilitation

Federal law requires that historic properties are managed in general accordance with Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (NHPA). The goal of such management is to avoid or minimize actions that would trigger an adverse effect under 36 CFR Part 800, “Protection of Historic Properties,” the regulations that implement Section 106 of the NHPA.

Adverse effects on historic properties such as the Reedy Island Range Rear Light could be triggered by new construction or building rehabilitation. The Criteria of Adverse Effect (§ 800.5) stipulate that adverse effects can result when an undertaking alters, either directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). These effects occur when actions diminish the integrity – the ability of a historic property to convey its significance – of the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling or association.

Generally, new construction has a greater potential to adversely affect historic properties because this work introduces visual, audible, or atmospheric effects that are out of character with a historic property or its setting. In particular, large additions to historic buildings that are affixed on primary facades or obscure important character-defining features may generate adverse effects because these changes damage significant elements or spaces.

Likewise, rehabilitation of historic properties also has the potential to adversely affect these resources. This treatment involves the removal of outdated systems, repair of existing features, and/or new construction. Rehabilitations of this type are often undertaken to address certain health or life/safety concerns, or to upgrade a structure to contemporary building standards.

To ensure that the proposed treatment of the Reedy Island Range Rear Light did not trigger adverse effects, the project team included two architectural historians who exceed the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards (36 CFR Part 61) in this discipline. These individuals have over 70 years of combined experience in designing historic preservation sensitive building treatments focused on preserving and enhancing historic building fabric and spaces. This group of specialists worked closely with other team architects and materials experts to design rehabilitation elements that protected historic fabric and spaces. The team used the list of character-defining features and spaces to ensure that no proposed work damaged these important elements of building design and construction.

The project team also considered the well-known Federal historic preservation standards—the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (36 CFR Part 68)— to ensure that proposed work did not damage the lighthouse. These preservation standards were developed by the National Park Service to advise Federal agencies on the proper treatment of historic properties that were listed in, or eligible for listing in, the NRHP.

In particular, the project team used the Rehabilitation Standards and the Historic Lighthouse Preservation Handbook to guide proposed work on the lighthouse. Under these standards, rehabilitation is defined as “the process of returning a property to a state of utility, through repair or alteration, which makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions and features of the property which are significant to its historic, architectural, and cultural values.” The Rehabilitation Standards encompass the exterior and interior of historic buildings, related landscape features and the building’s site and environment, as well as attached,

17 adjacent, or new construction. Importantly, the Standards are applied in a reasonable manner, taking into account economic and technical feasibility.

The ten Standards are:

1. A property shall be used for its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires minimal change to the defining characteristics of the building and its site and environment.

2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved. The removal of historic materials or alteration of features and spaces that characterize a property shall be avoided.

3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historic development, such as adding conjectural features or architectural elements from other buildings, shall not be undertaken.

4. Most properties change over time; those changes that have acquired historic significance in their own right shall be retained and preserved.

5. Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property shall be preserved.

6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than be replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence.

7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means possible.

8. Significant archaeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken.

9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction shall not destroy historic materials that characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment.

10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner that if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.

Other nationally-recognized preservation treatment technical guidance, such as the National Park Service’s Preservation Brief and Technical Brief publication series and the draft Guidelines on the Care and Maintenance of Historic Classical Fresnel Lenses Transferred with their

Associated Lighthouse under NHLPA (Danielson 2010), were also employed by the project team in developing treatment recommendations for the Reedy Island Range Rear Light. Per 36 CFR Part 800, the regulations that implement Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (NHPA), the project work that is carried out using the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (36 CFR Part 68) and their associated Guidelines, as well as related preservation technical materials, will ensure that a proposed undertaking will have no adverse effect on historic properties.

Summary of Section 106 Recommendations on Proposed Work

Because the proposed work on the Reedy Island Range Rear Light will be an undertaking as defined under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and its implementing regulations 36 CFR Part 800, “Protection of Historic Properties,” the project will be subject to review and comment from the Delaware State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The proposed project will be reviewed by the SHPO for conformance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (36 CFR Part 68).

URS analyzed the proposed work to determine the effect on existing historic fabric and identified considerations and requirements for Section 106 consultation.

The architectural repair recommendations include a number of maintenance issues: repair of concrete foundation piers under legs and center column of the tower (Figures 12 and 13), cleaning and painting entire tower (Figures 14-17), and a weld repair or replacement of cracked cast iron base plate on the southwest corner of the tower (Figure 18).

Figure 13. Cracked Pier Foundation

Figure 14. Cracked Grout on Pier Foundation

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Historic Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE AECOM 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 13 & 14 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 20 Figure 15. Spalling Paint on Tower

Figure 16. Spalling Paint on Tower

CLIENT USCG TITLE PROJ Reedy Island Range Rear Light Project Photographs SCALE N/A PROJ NO 60515933 SOURCE USCG 12420 Milestone Center Dr. FIGURE Q:\Projects\ENV\CRM\USCG - Reedy Island Light\900-GIS and Graphics\ Germantown, MD 20876 19 930 Graphics\931 Illustrator 24 The concrete foundations will require the repair or replacement of non-character-defining features. The SOI Standards relevant to these activities are:

 Standard 9. New construction shall not destroy historic materials that characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment.

These changes only impact the non-character-defining features of the lighthouse. The new features will match the old in size, scale, design, color, texture, and other visual qualities.

The cleaning and painting of the tower and a weld repair or replacement of cracked cast iron base plate on the southwest corner of the tower will impact character-defining features of the tower. The SOI Standards relevant to these activities are listed below.

 Standard 5. Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property shall be preserved.  Standard 6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than replaced.

Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence.

 Standard 7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means possible.

Emphasis is being placed on the retention and preservation of character-defining features, using the gentlest cleaning methods possible, and repair versus replacement of historic features. Components of the proposed work that may be of concern with respect to the SOI Standards are the replacement of the cracked cast iron base plate. According to the SOI Standards, where the severity of the deterioration requires the replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. The replacement of the missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence. The SHPO is expected to comment on the base shoe replacement and request that the work meet the SOI Standards listed above. Mitigation may be required before proceeding with these options.

Bibliography

Bureau of Archaeology & Historic Preservation 1989 Reedy Island Range Rear Light, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Electronic document, http://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/89000288.pdf, accessed September13, 2016.

Clifford, Candace 2002 Light Stations in the United States, USDI/NPS NRHP Multiple Property Documentation Form. Electronic Document, https://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg4/cg47/docs/LIGHT%20STATIONS%20IN%20US%20MPD F%20pp%2041-60.pdf.

Lankton, Larry D. 1976 Reedy Island Range Rear Light, 1910. HAER DE-11. Electronic Document, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/de0143/, accessed September 13, 2016.

Lighthousefriends.com 2001-2006 Reedy Island Rear Range, DE. Electronic document, http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=457, accessed September 12, 2016.

National Park Service n.d. Inventory of Historic Light Stations. Reedy Island Range Rear Light. Electronic document, https://www.nps.gov/maritime/inventories/lights/de.htm, accessed on September 2, 2016.

Pepper, Terry 2007 The DCB Series Aerobeacon., Electronic document, http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/closeups/illumination/aerobeacon/dcb224.htm, accessed September 12, 2016.

URS Group, Inc. 2013 Historic Context Study of the United States Coast Guard in Sector Corpus Christi, From Port Aransas South to the Rio Grande, Brownsville, Texas. Prepared for U.S. Coast Guard.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1976 Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Delaware River, Trenton to the Sea and Schuylkill River and Wilmington Harbor Tributaries, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware: Project Maintenance. 1975.

U.S. Coast Guard n.d. History of Reedy Island Light Station and Reedy Island Range Lights. USCG Historian’s Office, AtoN Box 194 of 246: Reedy Island Range. 2016 Historic Light Stations. Electronic Document, https://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/USCGLightList.asp, accessed August 31, 2016.