Here, Oceanography, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Non-Renewable Resources in the South Pacific

International Conference: Environment and Resources of the South Pacific III Internacional Aquaculture Congress Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

Published by: Organizing Committee International Conference: Environment and Resources of the South Pacific

Edition María Angela Barbieri Francisco Plaza Esmeralda Arredondo

Impression Litografía Garín S.A. i

Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

MSC. Patricio Arana Dra. Ximena Contardo Dr. José Gallardo Dra. María Isabel Toledo* Dr. Rolando Vega* Dr. Eleuterio Yáñez - Chairman Ing. Pesq. Francisco Plaza - Executive Secretary

* Sociedad Nacional de Acuicultura

SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITEE

Prof. Juan Carlos Castilla (Chile) Dr. Samuel Hormazábal (Chile) Dr. Arnaud Bertrand (France) Dr. Phillippe Cury (France) Dr. Dimitri Gutiérrez (Perú) Dr. Jaime Mendo (Perú) Dra. Carmen Morales (Chile) Dr. Luis Cubillos (Chile) Dra. María Ángela Barbieri (Chile) Dr. René Garreaud (Chile) Dr. Francisco Chávez (USA) Dr. Jürgen Alheit (Germany) Dr. Malcom Clark (New Zealand) Dra. Carolina Parada (Chile) Dr. Matt Broadhurst (Australia) Prof. Steven Kennely (Australia) Dr. Ingo Wehrtmann (Costa Rica) Dr. Giovanni Daneri (Chile) Dr. Max Agüero (Chile) Dr. Salvador Lluch-Cota (México) Dra. Rosemary Ommer (Canadá) Dr. Trevor Telfer (UK) Dr. Lindsay Ross (UK) Dr. Oscar Pizarro (Chile) Dr. Alexander Grechina (Chile) Dr. Germán Merino (Chile)

iii Environment and Resources of the South Pacific PontificiaPontificia Universidad Universidad Católica Católicade Valparaíso de Valparaíso Facultad Facultad de Recursos de Recursos Naturales. Naturales. Escuela Escuelade Ciencias de Ciencias del Mar del Mar

SUPPORTERS

Comité Oceanográfico Nacional - www.cona.cl Universidad de Concepción - www.dgeo.udec.cl Instituto de Fomento Pesquero - www.ifop.cl Instituto de Investigación Pesquera - www.inpesca.cl Sociedad Chilena de Ciencias del Mar - www.schcm.cl

SPONSORS

Asociación de Industriales Pesqueros A.G. - www.asipes.cl Aquaculture Engineering Society - www.aesweb.org Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica - www.conicyt.cl Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur - www.cpps-int.org Comité Oceanográfico Nacional de Chile - www.cona.cl Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción - www.dgeo.udec.cl Institut de recherche pour le développement - www.ird.fr Instituto de Fomento Pesquero - www.ifop.cl Instituto de Investigación Pesquera - www.inpesca.cl Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso - www.pucv.cl Red Universitaria Cruz del Sur - www.redcruzdelsur.cl World Wide Fund for Nature - www.wwf.org

iv Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

Index

Schedules Conferences and Oral Presentations 1

Schedule Poster Presentations 15 Oceanography Posters 17 Fisheries Posters 18 III International Aquaculture Congress Posters 19

Schedule Workshops 23

Abstracts Conferences and Oral Presentations 27

Abstracts Poster Presentations 87 Oceanography Posters 89 Fisheries Posters 95 III International Aquaculture Congress Posters 101

Abstracts Workshops 113

Index of authors 121

v Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

WELCOME

The South Pacific is the largest oceanic area on our planet but also the least known. Nevertheless, two organizations have been established to coordinate actions in the western and eastern regions: the South Pacific Commission and the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific, respectively. Meanwhile, countries in both regions are currently organizing the setting up of the Regional Fishing Organization for the South Pacific.

The need to increase our environmental knowledge of this vast territory, amid concern over the evaluation and management of its exploited resources, is unquestionable. Cultural, technological and scientific exchange will be greatly improved by communicating and sharing the various independent work currently being done throughout the region. .

Sharing such information across such a large part of the world is a big challenge and this international conference provides us with an excellent opportunity to meet and discuss our work, experiences and opinions to progress the knowledge base for current and future generations. Thus, the Conference will examine topics related to understanding and managing the ocean environment and its ecosystems that are under, or may come under, commercial exploitation and will build on the work done during the previous International Conference on Marine Resources of the Pacific (Arana 1983).

The conference will be particularly focused on studies related to subjects such as Atmosphere, Oceanography, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Non-Renewable Resources in the South Pacific. Aquaculture topics will be conducted in the context of the "International Aquaculture Congress", co-organized with the Chilean Aquaculture Society. All presentations and lectures will be published in an internationally recognized regional journal, the Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research (www.lajar.cl) with Dr. Samuel Hormazábal, Dr. Arnaud Bertrand, Dr. Germán Merino and Dr. Eleuterio Yáñez as Guest Editors.

It is expected that this conference will represent the beginning of more continuous work, and assist societies, that may seem different but that, together, are able to face the challenge of connecting their disparate activities for the benefit of all. Enjoy the Conference!

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Viña del Mar, November, 2010

vi Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

vii Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

SCHEDULES CONFERENCES AND ORAL PRESENTATIONS Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

2 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

MONDAY 22

Oceanography Session: Dr. Samuel Hormazábal (Coordinator)

9:00 - 9:30 CONFERENCE: Climate change projections over these Pacific. René Garreaud

9:30 - 9:45 On the history of Russian studies in the South Pacific, in the twentieth century (part 2: New Zealand waters). Vladimir Darnitskiy, Maxim Ishchenko and Irina Mashkina

9:45 - 10:00 The Asymmetry of climatic trend of SST gradient in the north and the South Pacific. Talgat Kilmatov, Elena Dmitrieva and Olga Trinko

10:00 - 10:15 Inter-annual and spatial variability of the wind field along the west coast of South America. José Blanco

10:15 - 10:40 CONFERENCE: Ocean circulation off Chile: a review after two decades of moored observations of currents. Oscar Pizarro

10:40 - 11:00 COFFE BREAK

Oceanography Session: Dra. Ximena Contardo (Coordinator)

11:00 - 11:15 Synoptic variability of coastal currents in the upwelling area off Concepcion (Central-South Chile): mechanisms and physical implications. Marcus Sobarzo, Carlos Moffat, Arnoldo Valle and Luis Bravo

11:15 - 11:30 Modeling the oxygen minimum layer and their relation with the upwelling in winter and summer. Sergio Rosales, José Luis Blanco and Rosalino Fuenzalida

11:30 - 11:45 Oceanic and fresh water control of hydrodynamics of Channel Martínez, Patagonia, Chile. Wolfgang Schneider, Iván Pérez and Raúl Montoya

11:45 - 12:00 Circulation and current variability in the Aysen fjord, Chile. Winston Rojas, Oscar Pizarro, Manuel Castillo, Nadin Ramírez, Úrsula Cifuentes and Susana Giglio

12:00 - 12:15 Numerical simulation of the Reloncaví fjord: high-frequency fluctuations. Elias Ovalle, Manuel Castillo and Oscar Pizarro

12:15 - 12:30 Numerical simulation of the Reloncaví fjord: along-fjord residual dynamics and momentum balances. Manuel Castillo, Elias Ovalle and Oscar Pizarro

12:30 - 13:00 CONFERENCE: Progress on Chilean fjord oceanography. Nelson Silva

13: 00 - 14:30 LUNCH

Fisheries Session: Dr. Arnaud Bertrand (Coordinator)

14:30 - 14:45 Jack Mackerel and environmental changes. Teobaldo Dioses 3 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

14:45 - 15:00 On the history of Russian studies in the South Pacific, in the twentieth century (Part 3: the study of seamounts and horse mackerel in the open waters). Vladimir Darnitskiy, Maxim Ishchenko and Irina Mashkina 15:00 - 15:15 New hypothesis of Chilean jack mackerel distributional habitat in the South Pacific during 2003-2010. Alexandre Gretchina, Sergio Núñez and Aquiles Sepúlveda

15:15 - 15:30 Applying power analysis techniques to the international Chilean jack mackerel fishery case. Ernesto Godelman, Florencia Navarrete and Denise Boré

15:30 - 15:45 Modelling distribution changes and population contraction of jack mackerel off Chile. Cristian Canales and Rodolfo Serra 15:45 - 16:00 Mapping high-probability catch areas of Chilean jack mackerel in the South Eastern Pacific. Marco Correa, Sergio Núñez, Alexandre Gretchina and Carolina Parada

16:00 - 16:25 CONFERENCE: Pelagic fish habitat variability in the Eastern Pacific: from 2 to 3d. Arnaud Bertrand, Michael Ballón, Alexis Chaigneau

16:25 - 16:45 COFFEE BREAK

Fisheries Session: Dr. Alexandre Gretchina (Coordinator)

16:45 - 17:00 The variability patterns and the fisheries in the South Easter Pacific. Marco Espino and Carmen Yamashiro 17:00 - 17:15 Towards integrated management plan: the case of the Southern demersal fisheries. René Cerda, Guillermo Martínez, Héctor Trujillo, Exequiel González, Patricio Arana, Eleuterio Yáñez and José Sepúlveda

17:15 - 17:30 Incorporating environmental indexes to the assessment and management of hoki, Macruronus magellanicus: evaluation of potential improvements in the management. Luis Cubillos and Leonardo Castro

17:30 - 17:45 A proposal for management continental hydrobiological resources of Chile: the case of the northern river prawn (Cryphiops caementarius). Macarena Contreras and Jaime Meruane

17:45 - 18:00 Identification of spatial units to improve monitoring, assesment and management of benthic fisheries in the northwest Patagonia. Carlos Molinet, Nancy Barahona, Beatriz Yannicelli, Jorge González and Alejandra Arévalo

18:00 - 18:15 An overview of the hake (Merluccius gayi) stock, a biomass forecast, and the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) predator-prey relationship off central Chile. Hugo Arancibia and Sergio Neira

TUESDAY 23 Oceanography Session: Dr. René Garreaud (Coordinator)

8:45 - 9:00 Coastal upwelling variability in the northern Humboldt Current System and the VOCALS REX experiment. Carmen Grados, Alexis Chaigneau, Noel Dominguez, Gerard Eldin, Kesber Angulo, Michelle Graco, Jesús Ledesma, Boris Dewitte, José Blanco and Mauricio Braun

4 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

9:00 - 9:15 Seasonal variability of the temperature and salinity fields in the Humboldt Current System: a climatological study. Carmen Grados, Alexis Chaigneau, José Blanco, Kesber Angulo, L. Vásquez and Mauricio Braun 9:15 - 9:30 The role of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in the distribution of gas in the eastern South Pacific and its influence on the ventilation of the Oxygen Minimum Zone. . Cristina Carrasco and Laura Farias 9:30 - 9:45 Ocean glider observations over the continental shelf off Concepcion, Chile (30°30S). Nadin Ramírez, Oscar Pizarro, Úrsula Cifuentes, Manuel Castillo, Winston Rojas, Dernis Mediavilla and José Charpentier

9:45 - 10:00 Mesoscale eddy off central Chile: a case of study. Úrsula Cifuentes, Oscar Pizarro, Winston Rojas, Manuel Castillo and Nadin Ramírez

10:00 - 10:15 Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the humboldt current system. Alexis Chaigneau, Marie Le Texier, Gérard Eldin, Carmen Grados and Oscar Pizarro

10:15 - 10:40 CONFERENCE: Mesoscale oceanic variability in the chilean and canary system: a comparison from satellite data. Karen Nieto

10:40 - 11:00 COFFEE BREAK

Oceanography Session: Dr. Marco Cisternas (Coordinator)

11:00 - 11:15 Intrathermocline eddies in the coastal transition zone off central Chile. Samuel Hormazábal, Vicent Combes, Emmanuel Di Lorenzo, Marco Correa, C. Morales and Sergio Núñez

11:15 - 11:30 A novel methodology to validate hydrodynamic model products: a simultaneous multidimensional analysis based on EOFS. Marco Correa, Carolina Parada, Sergio Núñez, Vincent Combes and Emmanuel Di Lorenzo

11:30 - 11:45 Spatio-temporal variability of satellite chlorophyll on the Juan Fernández archipelago (33ºS) potential impact on larval retention. Isabel Andrade, Marco Correa, Javier Porobic, Carolina Parada, Billy Ernst and Samuel Hormazábal

11:45 - 12:00 Connectivity of the Juan Fernandez lobster through biophysical models. Javier Porobic, Carolina Parada, Billy Ernst and Samuel Hormazábal

12:00 - 12:15 A lagrangian model to assess the influence of the spawning timing on the advection and transport patterns of early life stages of jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) in oceanic waters off South Pacific. Patricia Ruiz, Carolina Parada and Sebastián Vásquez

12:15 - 12:30 Exploring connectivity between spawning and nursery grounds of chilean jack mackerel through a biophysical coupled model. Sebastián Vásquez, Carolina Parada, Patricia Ruiz, Samuel Hormazábal and Sergio Núñez

12:30 - 13:00 CONFERENCE: Biophysical modeling: a necessary approach to understand complex early life history of marine resources. Carolina Parada

5 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

13:00 - 14:30 LUNCH

Fisheries Session: Dra. María Ángela Barbieri (Coordinator)

14:30 - 14:45 Egg quality variations in anchoveta eggs under contrasting environmental conditions. Leonardo Castro, Gabriel Claramunt, Humberto González, María Krautz, Alejandra Llanos, Joyce Méndez, Wolfgang Schneider and Samuel Soto

14:45 - 15:00 The recruitment rate of Sardinops sagax off northern Chile: fishery-induced effects and climate regimes. Luis Cubillos, Rodolfo Serra and Gabriel Claramunt

15:00 - 15:15 Trends in spatio-temporal distribution of the peruvian anchovy and other small pelagic fish (1966-2009). Mariano Gutiérrez, Ramiro Castillo, Marceliano Segura, Adolfo Gonzales, Salvador Peraltilla, Miguel Flores, Gabriel Gaviola and Anibal Aliaga

15:15 - 15:30 Monthly anchovy catches forecasting for Southern Chile using generalised additive model. Nibaldo Rodríguez, Eleuterio Yáñez and Francisco Plaza

15:30 - 15:45 Looking for synchronous pattern of fluctuations in two subpopulations of anchoveta, Engraulis ringens, in the Humboldt Current System. Sandra Cahuin and Luis Cubillos

15:45 - 16:00 Synchronicity of camotillo (Normanichthys crockeri) catches in the South Pacific. Marilú Bouchon and Miguel Ñiquen

16:00 - 16:25 CONFERENCE: Status of tuna populations in the Eastern Pacific. Guillermo Compean

16:25 - 16:45 COFFEE BREAK

Fisheries Session: Dr. Sergio Neira (Coordinator)

16:45 - 17:00 An updated review of the effects of environmental variables on South Pacific hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) off central Chile. Ignacio Payá, Renzo Tascheri, Patricio Gálvez and Mauricio Braun

17:00 - 17:15 Interannual variability of the chilean hake (Merluccius gayi) habitat off central-south Chile in the last decade (1997-2008). Sergio Núñez, Sebastián Vásquez, Marco Correa, Samuel Hormazábal and Sergio Lillo

17:15 - 17:30 Analyzing the dynamics of catches of two Eastern Pacific fisheries at multiple time scales: identifying sources of variability and implications for forecasting. Rodrigo Montes, Ian Perry, Evgeny Pakhomov, Andrew Edwards, Renato Quiñones and James Boutillier

17:20 - 17:45 Variation in the abundance and distribution of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas from the artisanal fishery in piura, northern Peru (2005 2010). Wilmer Carbajal, Renato Guevara and Joe Macalupú

17:45 - 18:00 Morphological variation of Concholepas concholepas shell (bruguière, 1789) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae) in relation to environmental change along the latitudinal gradient of Chile. Laura Ramajo, Ángel Baltanás, Rodrigo Torres and Nelson Lagos

6 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

18:00 - 18:15 CONFERENCE: The earths climate system: variability and change. Kevin Trenberth

WEDNESDAY 24

Oceanography Session: Dr. Dimitri Gutiérrez (Coordinator)

8:45 - 9:15 CONFERENCE: Temperature anomalies and trend regimes in the Eastern Pacific. Salvador Lluch, José Ramos and Daniel Lluch

9:15 - 9:30 Cycle "el niño" (ENOS) and its influence on the community of sandy intertidal macrozoobenthos San Jose, Lambayeque, Peru 1995 2005. Jorge Chanamé, Victor Alvitres, Jorge Fupuy

9:30 - 9:45 Chilean rannelid gastropod reproduction as sentinels to evaluate climate change in Southern Pacific. Juan Cañete, María Soledad Romero and Cristian Gallardo

9:45 - 10:00 Growth rate and secondary production at Humboldt Current System: potential answers to climate change. Paula Ruz, Daniela Araya, Sonia Yáñez and Pamela Hidalgo

10:00 - 10:15 Diversity of copepoda in the Chilean Coastal upwelling system. Pamela Hidalgo, Rubén Escribano, Odette Vergara, Erika Jorquera, Katty Donoso and Paula Mendoza

10:15 - 10:40 CONFERENCE: Climate variability and zooplankton in the Eastern South Pacific: baseline knowledge and predictions. Ruben Escribano

10:40 - 11:00 COFFEE BREAK

Oceanography Session: Dr. Salvador Lluch-Cota (Coordinator)

11:00 - 11:30 CONFERENCE: Ocean climate and biogeochemistry in the tropical south Eastern Pacific during the late holocene at decadal to centennial time-scales. Dimitri Gutiérrez, Abdel Sifeddine, David Field, Ioanna Bouloubassi and Luc Ortlieb

11:30 - 11:45 Diversity of euphausiids in central-southern Chile during 2007-2008: the impact of upwelling variation. Ramiro Riquelme, Sergio Núñez, Erika Jorquera, Lesly Valenzuela, Rubén Escribano and Samuel Hormazábal

11:45 - 12:00 Evaluation of ozone disinfection in rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, Müller 1786. Gabriel Salvo and Alfonso Silva

12:00 - 12:15 Sandy beach macrobenthic community structure at the north and central coast of Peru. Kelly Ortega, A. Indacochea and J. Tarazona

12:15 - 12:30 Evaluation of multibeam bathymetry, heat flow, seismic reflection and electromagnetic transient methodologies for submarine gas hydrate geophysical surveys. Eleonora Barroso, Juan Díaz and Ximena Contardo

7 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

12:30 - 12:45 Morphostructure of submarine volcanoes in Aysen fjord (Southern Chile) from multibeam bathymetry. L. Lara, Juan Díaz and E. Arroyo

12:45 - 13:00 CONFERENCE: The great 2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami in perspective. Marco Cisternas

13:00 - 14:30 LUNCH

Fisheries Session: Dr. Max Agüero (Coordinator)

14:30 - 14:45 Effects of vessel course and weather conditions upon acoustic biomass estimations for southern blue withing. Alvaro Saavedra, Jorge Castillo and Edwin Niklitschek

14:45 - 15:00 Bargaining process for setting biological and economical thresholds that are sustainable. Pedro Gajardo, Vincent Martinet, Michel De Lara and Héctor Ramírez 15:00 - 15:15 Effects of the "Individual Vessel Quota Allocations" (IVQS) on the anchoveta fishery: Peruvian experience. Marilú Bouchon, Erich Díaz, Dante Espinoza and Julio Limache

15:15 - 15:30 Effect of the latitudinal displacement of the 18ºC isotherm on the spatial and temporal pattern of the nominal performances of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the South Eastern Pacific Ocean. Fernando Espíndola and Eleuterio Yáñez

15:30 - 15:45 An application of the pelagic habitat analysis module to tuna of the East Pacific Ocean. Daniel Harrison

15:45 - 16:00 Time-series analysis applied in the lugas harvest in Chile. José Carroza and Luis Filun 16:00 - 16:25 CONFERENCE: The gordian knot and the administration of fisheries resources in Chile. Renato Quiñones 16:25 - 16:45 COFFEE BREAK

III International Aquaculture Congress Session: Dr. Rolando Vega (Coordinator)

16:45 - 17:00 Predator control in outdoor mass cultures of Arthrospira sp. Carlos Méndez and Eduardo Uribe

17:00 - 17:15 Diversification of chilean aquaculture: the case of the crustacean Austromegabalanus psittacus (molina, 2781), picoroco. Daniel López, Boris López, Sergio Arriagada, Oscar Mora, Paula Bedecarratz, Mauricio Pineda, María González, Lorenzo Andrade, José Uribe and Verónica Riquelme 17:15 - 17:30 Improvement of results of R & D projects. The next step and necessary the case of picorocos (barnacles) without their natural cover as in vivo. Jaime Meruane, María Cristina Morales and Mario Pérez

17:30 - 17:45 Search of thermotolerant chaperones in coastal bivalves. Fidelina González, L. Aguilar, J. Chávez, G. Gutiérrez and F. Lobera 17:45 - 18:00 Indicators of larval quality applied to the freshwater prawn Cryphiops caementarius (molina, 1782), in conditions of controlled culture. María Cristina Morales

8 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

18:00 - 18:15 Artemia in Chile: advantages and dissadvantages for aquaculture. Patricio De los Rios and Italo Salgado

18:15 - 18:30 Histological description and characterization of the ovarian cycle of Cryphiops caementarius (Molina, 1792) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae). Jorge Moreno, Carlos Méndez, Gina Díaz, Jaime Meruane and María Cristina Morales

THURSDAY 25

Fisheries Session: Dr. Hugo Arancibia (Coordinator)

8:45 - 9:00 How to get an adaptive management in marine protected areas: a tool for its evaluation. Andrés Guajardo and Claudia Navarrete

9:00 - 9:15 Spatial mesoscale establishment to assess the performance of chilean abalone fisheries (Concholepas concholepas) co-managed through the management and exploitation areas for benthic resources (meabrs). Carlos Techeira, Lorena Alvarez, Carlos Cortes, Alvaro Wilson and Alvaro Aguilera

9:15 - 9:30 Coastal oceanographic monitoring associated to a population sampling network for chilean abalone (Concholepas concholepas) at meabrs, Chile. Alexander Valdenegro, Carlos Techeira, Alvaro Wilson and Carlos Cortes

9:30 - 9:45 Comparison between two models fishery based on co-management and territorial use rights for fishers (turfs). Claudia Navarrete and Gustavo San Martín

9:45 - 10:00 Performance assessment of "AMERB" caleta Maitencillo (32º39'S - 72º26'W) for the main resources, connecting abundance variables, condition indicators and size frequency for analysis. Cristian Torres, R. Ortiz, D. Guzmán and J. Castillo

10:00 - 10:15 A critical overview of the benthic resources management and exploitation areas in the Aysen Region, chilean Patagonia. Sergio Neira, G. Daneri, C. Molinet, F. Barattinni, Madelein Hamane and Carlos Portales

10:15 - 10:40 CONFERENCE: Deepwater shrimps and their fisheries in Latin America. Ingo Wehrtmann, Patricio Arana, Edward Barriga, Adolfo Gracia and Paulo Pezzuto

10:40 - 11:00 COFFEE BREAK

Fisheries Session: Dr. Ingo Wehrtmann (Coordinator)

11:00 - 11:30 CONFERENCE: Climate variability and fisheries in Chile. Eleuterio Yáñez, Francisco Plaza and María Ángela Barbieri

11:30 - 11:45 Ecosystem approach to the muti-species fishery in the South Austral zone of Chile. Sergio Neira, Hugo Arancibia, Steve Mackinson, Mónica Barros and C. Gatica

11:45 - 12:00 A multi-objective and multi-fleet analysis to test management scenarios balancing economic, social and ecological benefits with emphasis on the recovery of Chilean hake. Hugo Arancibia, Sergio Neira and Mónica Barros

9 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

12:00 - 12:15 Multiespecies demersal fishery off southern Chile: the conceptual population dynamics model in southern hake and pink cusk-eel. Juan Carlos Quiroz and Rodrigo Wiff

12:15 - 12:30 Jack mackerel abundance analysis using Global Production Models. Francisco Plaza and Eleuterio Yáñez

12:30 - 13:00 CONFERENCE: Rent loss due to mismanagement in fisheries and aquaculture. Max Agüero

13:00 - 14:30 LUNCH

III International Aquaculture Congress Session: Dra. María Isabel Toledo (Coordinator)

14:30 - 15:00 CONFERENCE: Genetic in fisheries: population structure and genetic diversity in marine species of commercial interest across the Pacific Ocean. Leyla Cárdenas, Andrea Silva, Elie Poulin, Juan Carlos Castilla and Patricio Ojeda

15:00 - 15:15 Systematic marine conservation planning and high conservation value areas in chiloense ecoregion. Mauricio Gálvez, Aldo Farías, Yacqueline Montecinos and Rodrigo Hucke

15:15 - 15:30 Research and development of the salmonids stock, original from the wild reproducers to sustain its natural production in the X, XI and XII regions. Alberto Medina and Javier Marín

15:30 - 15:45 Systemic approach to energy management of marine farms hatchery, Laguna Verde, Valparaiso. Marcelo Concha, Jeremy Kindseth and Aldo Madrid

15:45 - 16:00 Evaluation and comparison of the efficiency of two incubation systems of Genypterus chilensis eggs. Rolando Vega, Miguel Pradenas, Juan Manuel Estrada, Diego Ramírez, Iván Valdebenito, Alfonso Mardones, Patricio Dantagnan, Denis Alfaro and Cristian Pichara

16:00 - 16:15 Use of advanced oxidation for removal and control of total suspended solids in a culture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with water recirculation. Pablo Venegas, M. Espejo, P. Yasna and Víctor Faúndez

16:15 - 16:30 Biofiltration of nitrogen compounds on alternative bacterial attachment substrates. Carlos Carroza, Felipe Hurtado and Xavier Gutiérrez

16:30 - 16:45 COFFEE BREAK

III International Aquaculture Congress Session: Dr. Rubén Avendaño (Coordinator)

16:45 - 17:00 A comparison of growth and survival between a subtidal an intertidal culture system in seeds of the chilean taquilla clam Mulinia edulis (king, 1831). Alejandro Abarca, Doris Oliva, Rodrigo Gutiérrez, Ángela Celis and René Durán

17:00 - 17:15 Reproductive conditioning, spawning and larviculture of Graus nigra in culture conditions. Avelino Muñoz, Elio Segovia and Héctor Flores

17:15 - 17:30 Effect of temperature on growth in juvenile of Oplegnathus insignis: application of thermal growth coefficient model. Elio Segovia, Avelino Muñoz and Héctor Flores

10 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

17:30 - 17:45 Simulation models as a decision making tool in aquaculture: the case of scallop farming in northern Chile. Renato Molina, René Cerda, Exequiel González and Felipe Hurtado

17:45 - 18:00 Comparison of reproductive potential of Mytilus chilensis from two latitudinally separated natural banks for larval productio purposes. Luis Lagos, I. Uriarte and Gabriel Yany

FRIDAY 26

III International Aquaculture Congress Session: Dr. Germán Merino (Coordinator)

8:45 - 9:00 Interaction arachidonic/vitamin e and its retention in the muscleand liver in atlantic juvenile salmon. Patricio Dantagnan, A. Domínguez, Aliro Bórquez and Adrian Hernández

9:00 - 9:15 Preliminary evaluation of the use of andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilsi) as alternative ingredient in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Edison Serrano, Adrian Hernández, Patricio Dantagnan, Jean Karen Lefillanca, Jaime Carrasco, Erik von Baer and Aliro Borquez

9:15 - 9:30 Application of nutritional strategies in the continuous culture of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in the northern Chile and its effect on growth. Elizabet Rojas and Marcela Ávila

9:30 - 9:45 Replacing fishmeal with varying levels of lupin (Lupinus Albus), peas (Pisum sativum) and raps (Brassica napus) in diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effect on growth, feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus loading. David Román, Adrián Hernández, Aliro Bórquez, Patricio Dantagnan, Javier Alcaino and Edison Serrano

9:45 - 10:00 The adaptation capacity of the atlantic salmon to sea water fed with diets based on significant levels of vegetable oil mixtures. María Isabel Toledo

10:00 - 10:15 Effect on survival, growth, feed conversion and feeding conduct when reducing the number of rations in juvenile atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Linnaeus 1758). Héctor Flores and Alex Vergara

10:15 - 10:40 CONFERENCE: Biotechnology in aquaculture: the future of fish farming. Sergio Marshall

10:40 - 11:00 COFFEE BREAK

III International Aquaculture Congress Session: Dr. Patricio de los Rios (Coordinator)

11:00 - 11:15 Eco-physiological analysis of different genetic lines, and acclimation conditions in the Pacific oyster (Cassostrea gigas) Mexican culture. J. Jesús Bautista, María Teresa Sicard, Ana María Ibarra, Jéssica Suárez and José Ramírez 11:15 11:30 Development of SYBR green I one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and quantification of Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and characterization of virulent Chilean IPN strains. Yoanna Eissler, María Soledad Pavlov, Pablo Conejeros, Juan Carlos Espinoza and Juan Kuznar

11 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

11:30 - 11:45 Genetic resistance to pathogens in aquaculture. José Gallardo

11:45 - 12:00 Development and implementation of immunological techniques for characterizing immune responses in salmonids. Gloria Arenas, Jorge Berendsen, Verónica Rojas, Edgar Narvaez, José Gallardo and Luis Mercado

12:00 - 12:15 In silico transcriptome analysis in reproductive tissue of red abalone (H. rufescens) by high throughput sequencing. Viviana Valenzuela and Cristian Gallardo

12:15 - 12:30 Evidences of immune response quantification in salmonid macrophages challenged with PAMPs. Jorn Bethke, Andrés Abarca, Cristian Valenzuela, Roberto Flores and Luis Mercado

12:30 - 13:00 CONFERENCE: Aquaculture and diversification in the Latin American context. Alex Brown

13:00 - 14:30 LUNCH

III International Aquaculture Congress Session: Dr. José Gallardo (Coordinator)

14:30 - 14:45 Study of pathogenicity of Streptococccus phocae to salmonids farmed in Chile. Alberto González, Rute Irgang, J. Retamales and R. Avendaño

14:45 - 15:00 High sensitivity of the detection of Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISAV) in complex or diluted matrix. Harry Bohle, P. Henríquez, I. Olivares, G. Cortínez, Marco Rozas and Patricio Bustos

15:00 - 15:15 Control of the dissemination of the virus isa (Infectious Salmon Anemia) inthe sea from liquid industrial residues of salmonidae processing plants. Pamela Cañas, G. Castillo, M. Casali, A. Gallardo and Gabriel Yany

15:15 - 15:30 First description of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) in atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, farmed in Chile. Marco Rozas, Harry Bohle, Ricardo Ildefonso and Patricio Bustos

15:30 - 15:45 Salinity and temperatura reduce the survival of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV). E. Tapia , G. Monti, A. Sandoval, A. Gaete, C. Araya, Harry Bohle, G. Cortínez, Marco Rozas and Patricio Bustos

15:45 - 16:00 Identification and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare associated with mortality of salmonids farmed in Chile. Rubén Avendaño, M. Godoy, A. Heisinger and J. Fernández

16:00 - 16:25 CONFERENCE: Progress in open ocean aquaculture. Barbaros Celikkol, J. Decew, K. Baldwin, M. Chambers, A. Drach, J. Irish, R. Langan, G. Rice, M.R. Swift and I. Tsukrov

16:25 - 16:45 COFFEE BREAK

12 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

III International Aquaculture Congress Session: Dr. Daniel López (Coordinator)

16:45 - 17:00 Thermal tolerance of the first larval stage of the Southern king crab (Lithodes santolla) and its relevance for fisheries and aquaculture. Daniela Storch, Fredy Véliz, Paul Rüdiger, Ansgar Mertensköter and Hans Otto Pörtner

17:00 - 17:15 Mating behaviour of the patagonian octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus. Ranferi Gutiérrez, Ana Farías, Iker Uriarte, Gabriel Yany, Mario Araya and Miguel Herrera

17:15 - 17:30 Spermatology of experimentally cultivated red conger eels (Genypterus chilensis) (Guichenot, 1881) (Ophidiiformes: Ophidiidae). Iván Valdebenito, Cristian Moreno, Cristian Lozano, Andrea Ubila, Juan M. Estrada, Alejandro Ramírez and Diego Ramírez

17:30 - 17:45 Production of infertile red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) juveniles for intensive farming in the sea. Luis Filun, L. González, D. Konow and S. Manzanarez

17:45 - 18:00 Hybridization between Haliotis rufescens and H. discus hannai: a new abalone hybrid for the chilean aquaculture?. F. Lafarga, G. Amar and Cristian Gallardo

18:00 - 18:15 Morfometric characteristic of first blastomers in Salmo salar. Brian Effer, Ivan Valdebenito and Andrea Ubilla

13 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

14 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

SCHEDULES POSTERS PRESENTATIONS Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

16 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

OCEANOGRAPHY POSTERS LOCATION

Late pleistocene deep-sea benthic foraminifera off northern Chile: in relation to productivity variability. OP-1 Samuel Núñez, Margarita Marchant, Dierk Hebbeln, Carina Lange and Raúl Tapia

Relationships between tropical / extratropical Pacific SST anomalies and ice extent in the Japan OP-2 and Okhotsk Seas. Svetlana Shkorba, Elena Dmitrieva and Vladimir Ponomarev

The Asymmetry of climatic trend of SST gradient in the North and the South Pacific. OP-3 Talgat Kilmatov, Elena Dmitrieva and Olga Trinko

The Surface Heat Flux in the Eastern Pacific Coast. OP-4 José Garcés and Rodrigo Abarca

On the history of Russian studies in the South Pacific, in the twentieth century (Part 1: Priavstraliyskie water). OP-5 Vladimir Darnitskiy, Maxim Ishchenko and Irina Mashkina

Quantification of seawater pollution near Antarctic Station. OP-6 Claudio Gómez, Nancy Calisto and María Soledad Astorga

First measures of turbulence in the South-oriental Pacific Ocean. OP-7 Daniel Barahona, Angel Rodriguez, Samuel Hormazábal and José Pelegri

Comparing ADCP bottom-track and ADCP moored measurements in two different fjords of southern Chile. OP-8 Manuel Castillo, Winston Rojas and Oscar Pizarro

Bacterial diversity in surface sediments from salmon farms and adjacent reference sites. OP-9 Geraldine Wittwer, Carlos Aranda and Felix Godoy

Population dynamics of the amphioxus Branchiostoma elongatum (Sundevall, 1852) from Coloso Port, OP-10 Antofagasta Bay, northern Chile. Makarena Vergara, Marcelo Oliva and José Riascos

Cryopreservation of the microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen): Analysis of the effect of OP-11 Me2SO temperature and light regime during the equilibrium period. Joan Salas and Enrique Dupré

Hydrochemical and atmochemical zones of mercury dispersion above hydrothermal vents of OP-12 underwater Pijp volcano (Bering Sea). Maksim Ivanov and A.S. Astakhov

Evaluation and zoning of potential mass wasting processes, along the submarine forearc of the OP-13 South Central Chilean margin (33,5º- 35ºS). Victoria Celedón and Ximena Contardo

17 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

FISHERIES POSTERS LOCATION

The Elephant fish (Callorhynchus callorhynchus) fishery along the Chilean coast: catch and effort time FP-1 series between 1997 and 2010. Milton Pedraza and Luis Cubillos

Penaeid shrimp overfishing in the gulf of México. FP-2 Adolfo Gracia and Ana Vázquez

Zoning in the northwest Patagonian inland seas: Toward an integrated coastal management FP-3 in southern Chile?. Carlos Molinet, Andrea Valenzuela, Susana Coper, María Eugenia Solari, Edwin Niklitschek, Mónica Fuentealba, Manuel Diaz, Francisca Marticorena, Alejandra Arévalo and Patricio Diaz

Recurrent fishing zones of Genypterus blacodes off southern Chile (1997-2007). FP-4 Claudio Castillo, Luis Cubillos, Juan Carlos Quiroz and Fernando Espíndola

Incorporation of different concentrations of boldo (Peumus boldus M.) crude extract FP-5 in extruded diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on productive parameters and digestibility. Javier Alcaino, Aliro Bórquez, Adrián Hernández, Patricio Dantagnan and David Roman

Intra-specific variability in the sagita otolith morphology of sardine common (Strangomera bentincki) FP-6 in the central southern Chile. Sandra Curin, Luis Cubillos and Javier Chong

Spatio-temporal distribution of the Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) fishery in the Southern Central Zone. FP-7 Felipe Olea and Eleuterio Yáñez

Reproductive segregation of the deep water shrimp (Solenocera agassizi) along the pacific coastal of Colombia. FP-8 Alfredo Rodríguez, Luis Cubillos and Mario Rueda

Efectos de la temperatura supercial del mar y el tamañoo del stock en la fuerza de las clases FP-9 anuales de jurel (Trachurus murphy) en la zona centro-sur de Chile. Fernando Espíndola, Juan Carlos Quiroz, Rodrigo Wiff and Eleuterio Yáñez

Effect of salinity on growth, sporangia formation and spores release of Ulva prolifera in Yellow Sea, China. FP-10 Luo Minbo, Liu Feng and Xu Zhaoli

Monthly mackerel catches forecasting for southern Chile using functional regression. FP-11 Nibaldo Rodriguez, Eleuterio Yañez and Francisco Plaza

Macroscale island ecosystems in the north-west and south-western Pacific. Features operation. FP-12 Vladimir Darnitskiy, Vladimir Belyaev and Maxim Ishchenko

Forecasting sardine (Sardinops sagax) landings in northern Chile using artificial neural networks. FP-13 Cinthya Bórquez, Eleuterio Yáñez, Francisco Plaza and Nibaldo Rodríguez

An empirical modeling of environmental effects on the growth of common sardine, Strangomera bentincki, FP-14 off central southern Chile. Claudio Castillo and Luis Cubillos

18 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

LOCATION

Eco-labeling and fisheries management: some experiences of improvement and implementation FP-15 of the ecosystem approach in the Pacific Coast of South America. Ernesto Godelman, Denise Boré and Gabriela Mc Lean

Theoretical Model: Current and Future Perspective for the Management of Coastal Areas. FP-16 Guillermo Martínez, Jorge Negrete, R. Figueroa, Sergio Salinas, P. Mansilla, J. Rojas and Jaime Aguilera

Urbanization of the Coastal Border and Pressure-State-Response Indicators FP-17 Guillermo Martínez, Jorge Negrete, R. Figueroa, Sergio Salinas, P. Mansilla, J. Rojas and Jaime Aguilera

III INTERNATIONAL AQUACULTURE CONGRESS POSTERS

Technical and economic feasibility of a microalgae concentrate production: using flat photobioreactors AP-1 versus tubular photobioreactors. Gonzalo Donoso

Venus antiqua clam culture, "baby clam" type, in the intertidal zone of the inland sea, Chiloé. AP-2 Luis Filun, Jéssica Vivar and Sebastián Manzanarez

Diversity, isolation and cultivation of the microalgae of the digestive tract of Mulinia edulis (King, 1831) AP-3 and surrounding sediment and water in Bahía Godoy, Región de los Lagos, Chile. Alfredo Astorga, Gloria Collantes and Doris Oliva

Feeding and growth indexes of juvenile Graus nigra under culture conditions. AP-4 Avelino Muñoz, Elio Segovia and Héctor Flores

Development of cultivation technology for the taquilla clam, Mulinia edulis (King, 1831), in Chile. AP-5 Doris Oliva, Ángela Celis, Alejandro Abarca and René Durán

Water flow requirements related to oxygen consumption in juvenile of Oplegnathus insignis. AP-6 Elio Segovia, Avelino Muñoz and Héctor Flores

Growth patterns during the incubation stage of Yok-sac rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as revealed AP-7 by otolith microstructure analysis. Guillermo Moyano, Guido Plaza and María Isabel Toledo

Development and larval growth of northern warehou Seriolella violacea (Pisces: Centrolophidae) AP-8 in culture conditions. Marcia Oliva and Alfonso Silva

Animal welfare in salmonids harvest is a tool for productive improvement. AP-9 Pamela Cañas and Karen Aguilera

Characterization of EST-SSR markers in Haliotis rufescens from heterologous sequences. AP-10 Andrea Aguilar and Cristian Gallardo

Evaluation of diets on the conditioning of broodstock snail locate (Thais chocolata) and its AP-11 relationship to oviposition. María Jesús Berrios and Claudia Navarrete

19 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

LOCATION

Identification and characterization of RAPD-SCAR molecular markers associated with growth in red AP-12 abalone (Haliotis rufescens). Sabrina Marín, Pilar Haye, Federico Winkler and Cristian Gallardo

Analysis of gene expression patterns in Mytilus edulis chilensis in aquaculture zones from Southern Chile. AP-13 Gustavo Núñez, Viviana Valenzuela, Pilar Haye and Cristian Gallardo

Effectiveness of Ovaplant® in the spawning synchronization. AP-14 Sandra Bravo, Sandra Muñoz and Eliana Cañas

Use of antioxidants in sperm diluent for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effect on motility AP-15 and fertilizing performance. Andrea Ubilla, and Iván Valdebenito

Comparison between histopathologic analysis and Taqman Real-Time RT-PCR assay for the detection AP-16 of Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, in Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens). Harry Bohle, C. Cortés, Alvaro Sandoval and Patricio Bustos

Isolation and characterization of a new Pseudoalteromonas sp. producing a bacteriostaticagent upon Vibrio sp. AP-17 Cristian Valenzuela, Félix Godoy, Javier Paredes and Carlos Aranda

Evaluation of genetic resistance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to the chilean sea lice Caligus AP-18 rogercresseyi using classical techniques of quantitative genetics. José Gallardo, Jean Paul Lhorente, Roberto Neira, Angelica Araya, Debora Torrealba and Ximena Toledo

Development of DNA mini-barcode for traceability of commercial bivalves. AP-19 Pamela Prieto, Pilar Haye and Cristian Gallardo

Characterization of myostatin gene in the Northern scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). AP-20 Paola Rivas and Cristian Gallardo

Molecular characterization and gene expression of ferritin in red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). AP-21 K. Salinas, Gustavo Núñez and Cristian Gallardo

Growth response and resistance to saprolegniosis in fry rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) AP-22 fed diets containing spirulina (Spirulina maxima). Cristóbal Salinas and María Isabel Toledo

Development of biosafety procedures for applying Vaccine and Antiviral Challenges in a confined AP-23 culture system of Salmo salar fry and smolt, based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Pablo Venegas, Katherine Llancaleo and Víctor Faúndez

First molecular detection of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum in native fish from lakes with AP-24 aquaculture activities in Los Lagos Region in Chile. Marco Rozas, Alvaro Sandoval, Ricardo Ildefonso, Harry Bohle and Andrea Navarrete

Influence of vitamin E on arachidonic acid action in the immune response in atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar). AP-25 Patricio Dantagnan, Katerina Gonzales, Martín Hevia, Takahiro Ogura, Adrián Hernández, Aliro Bórquez, A. Domínguez and Javier Alcaino

20 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

LOCATION

Towards the use of indicators and models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture AP-26 management: pelagic fisheries and shellfish aquaculture - a cases studies in Chile. Claudio Silva, Eleuterio Yáñez, María Angela Barbieri and Tomás Angel DelValls

21 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

22 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

SCHEDULES WORKSHOPS Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

24 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

MONDAY 22 Understanding the Marine Stewardship Council Eco-labeling Program

16:00 -16:20 W1-1 Understanding the Marine Stewardship Council Eco-labeling Program. Jim Humphreys and Kerry Coughlin

16:20 - 16:40 W1-2 Eco-labeling and fisheries management: some experiences of improvement and implementation of the ecosystem approach in the Pacific Coast of South America. Ernesto Godelman, Denise Boré and Gabriela Mc Lean

16:40 - 18:00 W1-3 DISCUSSIONS

TUESDAY 23 Research Program Workshop

16:00 - 16:20 W2-1 International legal framework for fisheries and marine environment. The role of regional organizations. Gonzalo Pereira

16:20 - 16:40 W2-2 The 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development of the European Unión (FP7) and the Role of the Liaison Office - European Union Programme in the Department of International Relations, CONICYT. Astrid Waltermann

16:40 - 18:00 W2-3 DISCUSSIONS

WEDNESDAY 24 Research Program Workshop

16:00 - 17:30 W2-4 DISCUSSIONS

17:30 - 18:00 W2-5 CONCLUSIONS

FRIDAY 26 Aquaculture Engineering Workshop

14:30 - 15:00 W3-1 Bioengineering research towards recirculating aquaculture system design for chilean abalone farms. German Merino, Daniela Medel, Christian Otarola, María Troncoso, Rocio Tapia and Joel Barraza

15:00 - 15:30 W3-2 Analysis of design variables affecting seawater temperature control in recirculating aquacultural systems for red abalone. Joel Barraza, Raúl González and Germán Merino

15:30 - 16:00 W3-3 Advances in Artic Charr aquaculture in Chile Rolando Vega, Alfonso Mardones, Francisco Encina, Cristian Pichara and Iván Valdebenito

16:00 - 17:00 W3-4 Recent growth trends and challenges in norwegian aquaculture industry. Asbjørn Bergheim

25 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

FRIDAY 26 Aquaculture Engineering Workshop

17:00 - 17:30 W3-5 Design and performance of water recirculating systems for commercial salmon smolt production. Thue Holm, Bjarne Hald Olsen, Marcelo Varela and Esteban Emparanza

17:30 - 18:00 W3-6 Complete Water Disinfection with Ozone Application for a Commercial Salmon Facility in Chile. Rafael Morey and Jorge Contreras

26 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

ABSTRACTS CONFERENCES AND ORAL PRESENTATIONS Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

28 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

MONDAY 22

CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS OVER THE S.E. PACIFIC René Garreaud Universidad de Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Climate change projections for the 21st century not only signal an increase in global mean air temperature but also significant changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation. These changes in turn force variations in the ocean circulation beyond the direct changes attributed to the radiative forcing at the sea surface. Of particular interest for the Southeast (SE) Pacific is a projected weakening of the Hadley circulation and a poleward expansion of the subtropical anticyclone and the mid-latitude storm track. The former element will contribute to a deepening of the thermocline at low latitudes off the Ecuador/Peruvian cost. The later elements will increase the upwelling favourable southerly winds along the Chilean coast, bringing colder waters in this area that will oppose the direct radiative forcing. Indeed, there is evidence that such cooling effect is already taking place off north-central Chile. We further discuss the potential effects of this increased! upwelling in coastal biology.

ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN STUDIES IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC, IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PART 2: NEW ZEALAND WATERS) Vladimir Darnitskiy1, Maxim Ishchenko2 and Irina Mashkina2 1Pacific Scientific Fisheries Research Center, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]

Study of New Zealand waters TINRO started 2 years after the beginning of the study of Australian waters - in 1964, surveys of the waters surrounding New Zealand, continued in the period 1964-1975 years. A more complete study conducted in the coastal shelf areas of the New Zealand Plateau and in the Chatham range. Together with the data of New Zealand cruises between 1955-1970, in the area were collected over 1600 oceanographic stations, which served as the basis for the compilation of the Atlas of hydrometeorological and commercial fishes of the New Zealand data (1976, 96 pages). Averaging the data on the distribution of oceanographic characteristics were on the grid 1.5x1.5° squares for four seasons: winter (June, July, August), spring (September, October, November), summer (December, January, February), autumn (March, April, May). Seasons were allocated based on an analysis of the average air temperature and water on the surface. As mean annual data on temperature and salinity were calculated geostrophic currents on the surface and the horizon of 200 meters on the 500 mb surface. Similarly, the maps of the distribution of temperature and salinity were calculated. Note that the minimum salinity values associated with a decrease in the core of the Antarctic intermediate water, the depth of which varies from 700-800 m in the structure of the subtropical region in the north to 300-400 m in the structure of the sub-Antarctic in the south. A similar variability of the layer of minimum salinity experienced in the waters of the Japanese archipelago (Darnitskiy, Ishchenko, 2008) due to changes in the depth of subarctic intermediate waters. Maps of the depth of the thermocline showed him an increase from 15- 40 m to 60-80 m towards the south in summer and from 80-100 m in the north to 200 m or more in the winter in the south. Maps of the distribution of the O2 drawn up to 500 m for four seasons and the average long-term horizon of 1000 m (Shestakov, Shurunov, 1976). Scheme of distribution of phosphate compiled for all seasons, only on the surface because of the limited number of observations. Atlas can serve as a model of short climate data 60-70 in the XX century. for comparison with the current state.

29 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

THE ASYMMETRY OF CLIMATIC TREND OF SST GRADIENT IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC Talgat Kilmatov1,2, Elena Dmitrieva2 and Olga Trinko2 1Pacific State University of Economics, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2V.I.Ilichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

The results of calculations from the point of view the Second Law of thermodynamics and transformation of the types of energy are discussed. In our case the kinetic energy production is proportional to the available potential energy and the spatial gradient of the SST. The gradient of SST in the direction pole - equator corresponds the climatic component of mechanical energy. The opportunity of asymmetric climatic changes for the western and the eastern gyres in the Pacific is discussed. The spatial smoothing of the SST gradient is the reason of the available potential energy reduction, leading to the reduction of the kinetic energy. The energy estimations show that there is a probability of structural changes in the climatic circulation system.

INTER-ANNUAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE WIND FIELD ALONG THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA José Blanco Old Dominium University, USA; Empresa Pesquera CORPESCA S.A., Chile; Instituto de Investigación Pesquera del Norte S.A., Chile E-mail: [email protected]

The importance of the wind field is well known as one of the most important forces that modulate the dynamic of the surface ocean. Using wind information obtained from satellite, reanalysis and coastal stations, this study analyses the inter-annual and spatial variability of the wind field along the west coast of South America. The spatial variability of wind stress in the west coast of South America is characterized by a minimum between two maximums located at 15°S and 30°S. The effect of the curvature of the coast, as well as the height of mountains near the coast, produces a unique system, where the wind is forced thermally, reaching a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter, in opposition to the oceanic pattern. In spring and summer the alongshore wind is accelerated by cross-shore pressure gradient changes, producing an intense divergence along the coast. Very near the coast, the wind stress is low, though it increases offshore. The combined effect of both processes produces a convergence outside of the upwelling front. On the scale of days, this convergence could be the origin of the mesoscale eddies that are observed in the area. This pattern changes during ENSO events.

OCEAN CIRCULATION OFF CHILE: A REVIEW AFTER TWO DECADES OF MOORED OBSERVATIONS OF CURRENTS Oscar Pizarro Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

We review recent advances in ocean-circulation research on the eastern South Pacific off Chile. During the last decade observational and modeling studies have significantly improved our knowledge of the regional circulation, particularly in the analysis of their time and space scales of variability. From observational studies, the traditional lack of in situ observations in the eastern south Pacific have been partially relieved by improved products based on satellite altimetry and other global observing programs like the Surface Drifters Program and the Argo Program. On the other hand, an important regional observational initiative was initiated with the deployment of two currentmeter moorings near 30ºS

30 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

in November 1991. Those moorings have been maintained for almost 20 years and these records are the longest time series for any eastern boundary current system. After this initial effort, further initiatives were accomplished to extend long term observations to northern and southern locations (37°S and 21°S) including three oceanic and two slope currentmeter moorings. The alongshore current over the slope near 21ºS and 30ºS shows impressive intraseasonal fluctuations (oscillations with periods between 30 and 90 days), which are originally forced along the equatorial Pacific. These oscillations are very relevant for the coastal ocean, but decay rapidly offshore and are not present in the oceanic current records located about 150 km offshore. In contrast, the oceanic time series near 30ºS and 37°S show large variability at lower frequencies related mainly to mesoscale eddies. On the other hand, the seasonal cycle of the current, traditionally related to the annual variation of the alongshore wind stress near the surface, is also shaped by disturbances of equatorial origin. At lower frequencies, interannual oscillations of the flow, as well as temperature and pycnocline depth, are closely related to the El Niño-La Niña cycles.

SYNOPTIC VARIABILITY OF COASTAL CURRENTS IN THE UPWELLING AREA OFF CONCEPCION (CENTRAL- SOUTH CHILE): MECHANISMS AND PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS Marcus Sobarzo1, Carlos Moffat1, Arnoldo Valle2 and Luis Bravo3 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2University of Florida, USA; 3Universidad de Concepción, Chile

The dynamic of the subtidal flow on an inner shelf located in 36ºS and influenced by a strong seasonal signal in river discharges and upwelling/downwelling processes is studied. Although seasonal variability has been well defined in terms of wind, freswater input and coastal hydrography (Sobarzo et al., 2007), the synoptic signal (periods between 3-15 days) has received less attention. The study of these currents (periods longer than inertial or tidal motions) have generally found that the depth-average alongshelf flow is driven locally by the wind stress and alongshelf pressure gradients and that these two forcing terms are balanced by bottom friction and to a lesser extent acelerations of the alongshelf flow (Lentz, 1994). In our case, the current data come from an ADCP (Work Horse, 600 kHz) installed in 34 m depth and 2 km off the mouth of the Itata river since December 2008 to September 2009. Coastal wind data come from Punta Hualpén, south of the ADCP location. The alongshore mean subtidal flow showed a northward direction following the wind at the surface layer (first meters of the surface) and a southward flow (< 5 cm/s) in the rest of the water column. Although subtidal flows showed greater dipersion near surface and bottom layers, in all water column the major axes explained over 90% of the variance. The synoptic band of these current explained near to 40% of the total variance. This poleward flow has been reported in different upwelling areas especially at the lee of points. In this study we show the relationship of this poleward flow with the synoptic wind. Also we propose some preliminary ideas on the possible physical relationship of this poleward flow with upwelling shadow at the lee of Point Lavapie and with coastal retention processes. Financing: PIMEX Program. Arauco and University of Concepción Fondecyt # 1070501. PI: Marcus Sobarzo.

MODELING THE OXYGEN MINIMUM LAYER AND THEIR RELATION WITH THE UPWELLING IN WINTER AND SUMMER Sergio Rosales1, José Luis Blanco2,3,4 and Rosalino Fuenzalida5 1Consultora Kumlafken S.A., Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Old Dominion University, USA; 3Instituto de Investigación Pesquera del Norte S.A., Chile; 4Empresa Pesquera CORPESCA S. A., Chile; 5Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile

The FVCOM model was implemented for the south American coast between 15°52.4 'S and 25°49'S including an small version of the module for water quality for to model dissolved oxygen considering only the gains and losses by physical processes. The bathymetry used was obtained from the database Etopo 2, the temperature and salinity information was obtained from the regional model OCCAM, the tide from the global model TPXO seas, the wind comes from thesatellite data QuickScan and dissolved oxygen data from 2005 Oceanographic World Atlas. The model was run for 30 days for typical forcing conditions of summer and winter. From the results we evaluated the evolution of the oxygen minimum layer in each condition for winds in a state of relaxation and upwelling favorable winds. The results show that both, winter and summer, to stronger winds greater the rise of waters with less oxygen to the surface, as indicated

31 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar by the rise of the isolines of dissolved oxygen. In winter the amount of water with less oxygen upwelled is higher in southern Peru, while in the north of Chile that happens in the summer. In winter, the upper limit (<1ml/L) of the oxygen minimum layer is closer to the surface, ~50 m depth, and in summer the upper layer is ~100 m depth close to the coast. The results are validated by a 30 years' time series of the minimum oxygen layer depth and the wind stress in the northern Chile.

OCEANIC AND FRESH WATER CONTROL OF HYDRODYNAMICS OF CHANNEL MARTÍNEZ, PATAGONIA, CHILE Wolfgang Schneider1, Iván Pérez2 and Raúl Montoya3 1,2Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 3Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacifico Sur-oriental, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Channel Martínez is located in the Patagonian channel and fjord region of southern Chile (47°49`00`S, 74°30`000`W to 47°48`00`S, 73°39`30`W), extents for about 110 km in zonal direction and connects in its east the river mouth of the river Baker, the river with the highest discharge of fresh water in the country (870 m3 s-1 on average), with the eastern South Pacific Ocean in its west. A dense hydrographic CTD-section, down to 100 m depth, and a Seacat/ADCP mooring, were for the first time occupied in the eastern half of the channel between March and May 2009 in order to study its hydro-dynamics. Owing to glacial sediments deposited in discharged waters of the river Baker visibility of the surface waters of Channel Martínez did not exceed 20 cm. The surface layer was further characterized by a thin fresh water layer of 6 m thickness with salinities less than 3 ppt and temperature between 6-8 ºC. Salinity increased sharply below this layer reaching more than 30 ppt already at 20 m, evidence for the intrusion of oceanic waters. Density, likewise, increased with depth, establishing a stable two layer stratification. A subsurface temperature maximum (11-12 ºC) was registered around 20 m depth. Multiple temperature inversions were frequent below this depth level down to 70 m related to advection of intermediate waters as indicated by vertically unsynchronized velocity time series recorded in the first 70 m of the water column, and highly variable temperature and salinity as measured during April at 70 m depth. Tides were mixed (K1/M2) predominantly semi-diurnal with a maximal tidal sea level range of 1.8 m.

CIRCULATION AND CURRENT VARIABILITY IN THE AYSEN FJORD, CHILE Winston Rojas, Oscar Pizarro, Manuel Castillo, Nadin Ramírez, Úrsula Cifuentes and Susana Giglio Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

An intensive observational study was carried out in the Aysen fjord (Southern Chile) during September 2009 in order to analyze the fjord circulation and mixing. This included an along-fjord CTD-transect and three cross fjord transect with repeated CTD measurements. Together with the cross fjord CTD-transects, several sections with towed ADCP were carried out and 2 lines with ADCP were moored near the center of the fjord, which remained measuring until February 2010. Additionally two tide gages and an automatic meteorological station were installed in the fjord. Unexpectedly, the mean flow in the surface layer (2-3 m depth) in the sections located near Cuervo river (~45°23S) and Gato bay (~45°17S), was toward the head of the fjord with a mean value of 5 cm/s. Below this layer, between ~3-7 m, the mean flow was toward the fjord mouth with a typical mean value < 5 cm/s, and slightly stronger at the Gato section. Below this layer, until about 20 m depth, the mean flow was toward the fjord head. This complex vertical structure near the surface layer is showing a combined effect of a well defined estuarine circulation modified by the action of the wind stress in upper part of the surface layer. The temporal variability of the currents showed energetic events of few days were the current are completely reversed. Those changes were directly related to changes in the wind. Oscillations of about 6 days with predominant downward phase propagation are observed in the ADCP time series in both localities (near Cuervo and Gato). Comparison among the residual currents estimated from the towed ADCP data and from moored ADCP, showed very good agreement. Residual current from towed ADCP showed important cross fjord differences. We thank COPAS Sur-Austral (PBF-31/2007), Innova Aysen. .

32 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE RELONCAVÍ FJORD: HIGH-FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS Elias Ovalle, Manuel Castillo and Oscar Pizarro Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Results from a numerical model are used to analyze barotropic and baroclinic tides in the Reloncavi Fjord, Southern Chile. The model used is the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM, version 2.7.1), which uses an unstructured mesh with triangular elements in the horizontal, giving a good representation of the complex fjord coastline. In the vertical, sigma coordinate were used except in regions close to the surface and bottom, where traditional z coordinates were used. Given the wide range of tides in the Reloncavi fjord, the model allows to incorporate volume elements that can, at some point, stay out of the water (dry/wet elements). The results were validated using a wide set of observations including time series of sea level and current profiles obtained based on several ADCP moorings during winter and spring of 2008. Although sea level fluctuations can exceed 5 m during spring tides inside the fjord basin, observations showed that the associated barotropic currents are rather small, typically small than 10 cm s-1, slightly increasing towards the head of the fjord. Both, sea level and currents observations show the relative importance of shallow water quarter-diurnal harmonics (~ 6 hours). Along with the barotropic tide, ADCP observations show a significant internal tide contribution to the semidiurnal current variability. The model was forced with freshwater flows characteristic of the main rivers that flow into the fjord (Puelo, Petrohue and Cochamo rivers) and also diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics, whose amplitudes and phases were directly estimated from a tide-gage moored near the fjord mouth. The model adequately reproduces the fluctuations of the tidal currents and sea level, including shallow-water harmonics and some of the main features of the internal tides. Based on model results, the mechanisms forcing internal tide and shallow water harmonics in the fjord are analyzed.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE RELONCAVÍ FJORD: ALONG-FJORD RESIDUAL DYNAMICS AND MOMENTUM BALANCES Manuel Castillo, Elias Ovalle and Oscar Pizarro Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The residual dynamics of the Reloncaví fjord was studied using the validated results of the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM, v2.7.1) and a high quality set of measurements of along-fjord currents (moored and towed) within the fjord. The observation showed two main features of the residual circulation, a clear estuarine circulation with a down-fjord upper layer flow (< 8 m) and an in-fjord deep layer flow, the second relevant feature was a cross- fjord asymmetry of the along-fjord flow. This asymmetry is mainly related to the Coriolis acceleration on the along- fjord flow. Also, the observations showed seasonal differences in the contribution in the cross-fjord momentum balance of the advective term. This term is about the same order as the Coriolis term during summer. An evaluation of the contribution of the pressure term from observations and the whole along-fjord momentum balance is lacking. Using the model we explore the seasonal dynamics by changing the River discharge of both main rivers (Puelo and Petrohue) according to the observed changes between winter and summer. The wind effects over the residual circulation was explored using different patterns of winds typical for the winter and summer conditions. During winter winds showed low-frequency (synoptic) oscillations and mainly winds blows out-fjord, whereas in spring-summer winds were dominated by high frequency (diurnal) oscillations and the mean winds blows in-fjord. The residual currents modeled showed significant seasonal differences of the along-fjord and cross-fjord patterns similarly to the observed measurements. The simulation of the residual currents give us the opportunity to make a wide evaluation of the contribution of the different terms into the along and cross fjord momentum balances.

33 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

PROGRESS ON CHILEAN FJORD OCEANOGRAPHY Nelson Silva Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The austral Chilean channel and fjord region (41.5° S to 55.9° S), is one of the vastest estuarine expanses in our planet. Although only slightly more than 1.000 km in a straight line, it has around 84.000 km of coastline, when considering all the contours of its islands and peninsulas. This Patagonian region comprises around 3.300 islands, and covers an area of almost 240.000 km2. In spite of the size of this region, until 1993, oceanographic information on the area was very scarce, with less than 20 scientific works for the entire area, generated mainly by foreign oceanographic expeditions, being the Canadian Husdon 70, the main one.

In the 1980s, this area began to experience intensive use in the form of marine aquaculture, fishery activities, tourism, and human settlements. Thus, multidisciplinary studies to generate baseline information as well as knowledge on oceanographic processes were badly needed to be carried out.

In 1994, the Chilean National Oceanographic Committee developed a mayor research program for the oceanographic study of this Patagonian region. This program was named CIMAR and up to date 14 mayor cruises have been carried out.

Later, two mayor programs have been developed: COPAS Sur Austral and CIEP, both with the main objective of promote the development of scientific and technological research in Patagonian Ecosystems. They have been mostly working in Reloncaví, Aysén and Baker Fjords. Up to now, our knowledge and scientific production in the channel and fjord area has increased by almost two orders of magnitude. We have greatly improve the knowledge of: the general estuarine circulation, currents and water masses involved; the spatial distribution of the biotic and abiotic characteristics; the census of the local marine biota (plankton, necton, benthos, algae and mammals); the understanding of the plankton productivity processes; the subsides of nutrients and organic matter from the adjacent continent and/or ocean; the sediment chemical composition and their diagentic processes; amongst others.

JACK MACKEREL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES Teobaldo Dioses Instituto del Mar del Perú. E-mail: [email protected]

The Humboldt Large Marine Ecosystem is located within the tropical ocean, and it extends along the west coast of South America. In there, diverse recurrent environmental changes take place severally, demonstrating the high variability it is strongly affected by. Among them, we can mention the short term or seasonal (Summer-Winter), the mid term or inter annual (El Niño-La Niña) and the long term or inter decadal alterations (Warm-Cold Periods). The analysis of the main pelagic resources annual landings front off Peruvian coast during 1950-2009 period, presents an alternation to precise cold-warm-cold periods, with anchovy and sardine as the key species, respectively. The warm period (sardine) is the most suitable for jack mackerel. The 1997-1998 El Niño is important because it is the breaking point between the end of the warm period (sardine) in July 1998 and the beginning of the cold period (anchovy) from august to September 1998, with a diminishing of jack mackerel landings in the South Pacific, as a consequence. The present study reviews oceanographic, meteorological and fishery data information (biomass, landings, abundance, vertical and horizontal migration of jack mackerel schools) for a better understanding of the environmental variability incidence in this specie.

Environmental patterns are presented for every period, considering their oceanographic (physical and chemical parameters, masses of water and currents), and meteorological aspects (inter tropic convergence, South Pacific Anti Cyclone). Changes observed in jack mackerel are described for every pattern, in its fishery aspect. An improved knowledge of these jack mackerel behavior patterns in face to environmental changes will allow us to reduce negative impacts and take better advantage of beneficial scenarios.

34 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN STUDIES IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC, IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PART 3: THE STUDY OF SEAMOUNTS AND HORSE MACKEREL IN THE OPEN WATERS) Vladimir Darnitskiy1, Maxim Ishchenko2 and Irina Mashkina2 1Pacific Scientific Fisheries Research Center, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]

In this report it comes to the area south of 25°S to the west of the meridian 105 ° W and the parallels of 5°S east of that meridian. From the south area of research is limited to 60 ° S from Australia and New Zealand in the west to the 200-mile zones of South America. The greatest intensity of research expeditions were in the 70-80-ies of XX century. When in the area more than 30 expeditions has been working. The results of these studies was a catalog of seamounts and rises as their study in March 1987. Iin the catalog contains information for 1372 of the mountains of the open ocean, of which 716 are located in the Northern Hemisphere (outside the economic zones). Information on each seamount include: the depth over the top of the mountain and the depth at its base, the coordinates and names of the mountains. In the absence of approved names of mountains appropriated by alphanumeric codes, separately for the southern and northern hemispheres. Over many hills made oceanographic and ichthyological study, some of which are set out in the «Atlas of seamounts open water oceans», vol. II - Pacific Ocean, 1989, 387 pp. The history of oceanographic research over seamounts described in Festschrift TINRO dedicated his 80-th (Darnitskiy, 2005). As a unique phenomena that characterize the dynamics of ocean currents over the tops of seamounts, it should be noted the opening quasicylindrical Taylor vortices (Darnitskiy, 1978, 1979, 1980), whose theory was developed Zyryanov (1980, 1985) and Kozlov (1981, 1983), as well as foreign literature.

Ichthyological studies have shown that the fauna of many seamount species are typical - endemic, due to varying degrees of isolation of fish populations over large ocean expanses and remoteness of the mountains from the centers of reproduction areas. In the study of seamounts in the area of the Nazca Ridge in 1973 at the R/V «POSEIDON» in the first were discovered clusters of oceanic horse mackerel outside the 200-mile zone of South America. This marked the beginning of a massive study of this object by the ships of several types - academic and fishing, that showed the greater efficiency of this method. Subsequently, the results were summarized in the monograph «The fishing description «horse mackerel belt» of the South Pacific», 1992, 180 pp. The results showed that within the «horse mackerel belt» is home to over 270 species of fish and invertebrates. Abnormally high fish productivity of open water south Pacific is a unique phenomenon within the temperate Word oceans.

The phenomenon of EL NINO (ENSO), causing a drastic periodic changes in the conditions for the existence of populations of the Peruvian jack mackerel off the coast of Chile and Peru, promotes the expansion of its range to the south, south-west and west within the waters of the temperate zone (Darnytskiy, Boldyrev, 1989). VNIRO Research showed that there were significant interannual changes in the content of nutrients, especially silica, in the waters of the subantarctic and subtropical frontal zones on the horizon of 300 m. During the EL NINO an increased background silica in photic layer and hence an increase in primary production. A similar effect have ridges and seamounts of the Southern Ocean, where the upwelling of the interaction of currents with the topography of the mountains covered in layers of 500-700 m (Darnitskyi, 1989). Similar effects were observed (Zozulya, Bayzetinov, 1989) in the region of the East Pacific Rise.

NEW HYPOTHESIS OF CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL DISTRIBUTIONAL HABITAT IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC DURING 2003-2010 Alexandre Gretchina, Sergio Núñez and Aquiles Sepúlveda Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The aim of this study is present the Chilean Jack mackerel (CHJM) habitat expansion-contraction new hypothesis on the light of information obtained over 30 years. This hypothesis consists on the formation of a superpopulation and the colonization of South Pacific oceanic waters during the 80-90s vs. spatial contraction of the CHJM superpopulation since 2000-2002. The habitat expansion-contraction process that coincide with cold/warm climate variability of the

35 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

South Pacific, could be explained as: 1) An expansion of the CHJM juvenile habitat, triggered by El Niño 1997-1998 event, from coastal nursery areas off northern Chile to westward South Pacific (?100-105ºW) region during their spring spawning migration. This process started on 1997 up to 2002. 2) A progressive westward contraction from 2003 to 2010 evidenced by both the adult stock and the main spawning spots. 3) This contraction produced concentrations of older fishes westward of the south-center CHJM subpopulation that generates zonal spawning intensity differences characterized by an incremented fecundity in adult fish inhabiting western zones. 4) Spawning products generated by adult fish located in these western areas (that define western spawning areas) has less probability (low survival of alevines and juveniles) to reach historical nursery areas (off the northern Chilean coast) due to the increment in the distance between the spawning and the nursery areas. This has been evidence as poor recruitments between 2003 and 2010. 5) The low entrance of new recruits to the fishery since 2002 and 2003 has implied a progressive aging of the South Center Chile CHJM subpopulation. This has been confirmed by the landings of the national and international fishing fleets between 2003 and 2010. Finally, we discuss the relevance of environment triggers on shifts of spatial distribution patterns of CHJM in the last decade.

APPLYING POWER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES TO THE INTERNATIONAL CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL FISHERY CASE Ernesto Godelman, Florencia Navarrete and Denise Boré Center for Development and Sustainable Fisheries. E-mail: [email protected]

One of the most important straddling fisheries in South Pacific waters is Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi). This resource had its peak landing in 1995 when nearly 5 million tonnes were fished and then had a sharp decline, reaching 1.2 million tonnes in recent years. Chile is the most important player, reaching around 80% of total landings until 2007. This situation has changed in more recent years, due to apparent stock migrations to oceanic waters that have led to an increased fishing effort by distant water fleets.

Currently, the Chilean jack mackerel fishery is regulated within the EEZs of the coastal countries of the South-Eastern Pacific, but for international waters a South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization is being built by representatives of 21 countries, publicly committed to adopt regulations to attain sustainable fisheries within the scoped area.

Despite the overall recognition of the overexploited status of Chilean jack mackerel, interim measures adopted have not been enough to start the recovery of the stock. The complexity of different interests playing out in this case, from national governments to international bodies, from local coastal fishers to multinational corporations, make difficult the understanding of how to get a majority of decision makers in favor of effective measures to get a sustainable fishery. By applying the power analysis technique, it has been possible to identify key stakeholders, interests, characteristics and circumstances of the parties concerned, the patterns and contexts of the interaction between those parties, to evaluate their present and potential roles, and finally to evaluate the options and to use the findings to suggest positive changes within the decision making process for the Chilean jack mackerel fishery.

MODELLING DISTRIBUTION CHANGES AND POPULATION CONTRACTION OF JACK MACKEREL OFF CHILE Cristian Canales and Rodolfo Serra Instituto de Fomento Pesquero. E-mail:[email protected]

Important changes in the mackerel fishery were observed in the south-central zone of Chile from 2002. The biomass estimated by acoustic surveys within the chilean EEZ declined rapidly while the fishing areas were concentrated outside the EEZ. In this paper two hypotheses are analyzed regarding the changes on the stock and the observed in the fishery. The first, related to distribution changes, which considers biomass shifts within the EEZ due to environmental issues. While the second hypothesis assumes the reduction of acoustic biomass in this area as a reflection of the population contraction; in this last point we analyzed two scenarios: hyper-reduction or proportionality. The models comparison

36 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

was based on the prediction level of the used information. For this purpose the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was employed. The results showed discrepancies in the biomass trends since 2002, particularly in terms of the most current population status.

MAPPING HIGH-PROBABILITY CATCH AREAS OF CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL IN THE SOUTH EASTERN PACIFIC Marco Correa1,2, Sergio Núñez1, Alexandre Gretchina1 and Carolina Parada1,2 1Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile

Chilean Jack Mackerel (CHJM) constitutes the major pelagic fishery resource of Chile showing landings of around 1-2 million tonnes per year in the last decade, which are mainly concentrated in oceanic waters off south central Chile (36-44°S). In recent years (since 2003-2004) a decreasing trend of CHJM landings and an offshore schools displacement to oceanic waters has been observed. These evidences are currently topics of high scientific and economic interest, which have had deep impacts on fishing industry and have encouraged the Chilean purse-seine fleet to optimize their searching operations. The Fisheries Research Institute (INPESCA) has compiled a detailed fishery data base of the south central Chilean fleet in the last 15 years, and an oceanographic and satellite database with periodic measurements done on board of fishing vessels in the southern Pacific region (acoustic data, CTDO and planktonic information, among others). Based on this information, this study proposes a methodology for mapping high-probability catch areas of CHJM, which could be useful to reduce the operational cost of the purse-seine Chilean fleet. These maps are based on probability distributions generated from the Gaussian cumulative frequency distributions of the CHJM catches along the environmental ranges of sea surface temperature, temperature fronts, planktonic indicators and mesoscale structures off south-central Chile. The degree of effectiveness of these maps is currently under evaluation. Preliminary results are discussed.

PELAGIC FISH HABITAT VARIABILITY IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC: FROM 2 TO 3D Arnaud Bertrand1,2, Michael Ballón2,1, Alexis Chaigneau3,2 1Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú; 3IRD, IPSL/LOCEAN, UPMC/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, France

The definition of pelagic habitats has been based on various parameters, such as temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, water masses and others. Still, habitats have mostly been described horizontally and the vertical plan has seldom been considered. Although a horizontal vision of fish habitat allowed to better understand fish spatiotemporal dynamics it failed to explain the observed drastic changes in the biomass of some pelagic fish species. For instance, the actual reasons for the collapse of sardine (Sardinops sagax) or the dramatic decrease in jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) biomass in the coastal Humboldt Current System are still challenging. In the Eastern South Pacific, which encompasses one of the most intense and shallow oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), vertical does matter. Indeed the OMZ constrains the vertical distribution of pelagic organism and can affect their life cycle and distribution. Using routine underwater acoustic observations of the vertical distribution of marine organisms, it is now possible to determine the upper limit of the OMZ with a high precision. This vertical information coupled with the horizontal definition of fish habitat allows precisely estimating the habitable volume for pelagic fish. From this information and time series on oxycline depth we propose a heuristic 3D vision of fish habitat and show how physical forcing impacts fish habitat at decadal, interannual, meso and submeso spatiotemporal scales. Finally we show how habitat 3D shape and content (e.g. prey availability) impacts the spatiotemporal patterns of fish biomass and help to better understand recent trends in anchovy (Engraulis ringens) sardine and jack mackerel populations.

37 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

THE VARIABILITY PATTERNS AND THE FISHERIES IN THE SOUTH EASTER PACIFIC Marco Espino and Carmen Yamashiro Instituto del Mar del Perú. Marco Espino. E-mail: [email protected] South eastern Pacific is a very important productive area due to its high ocean circulation dynamics, where coastal upwelling is the most important feature from the oceanographic and biological point of view. A very high primary production in regional upwelling areas is the basis for high secondary production and thus for a high fish populations and a strong fisheries economy. However, high variability of oceanic circulation processes of different time spans (seasonality, interannuality, periodicity and secularity). Under this complex environmental framework different states appear as ENSO, PDO and PSV (Pacific Secular Variability) processes that are the most obvious.Thus, variability factors at different time scales influence the ecosystem, mainly fisheries resources that are the basis of the regional economy. All these changes are strongly linked to time, spatial, population and fisheries processes in an integrated way.

Several population dynamics processes as recruitment, growth, natural and fishing mortality, are permanently influenced by internal and exogenous factors at scalar rhythms and variable frequency intensities. These processes are conditioning responses as different population states each one correlated to a variability factors at any one of the environmental states, being themselves expressions of this variability.This study presents an analysis of fundamental normative patterns and variability factors using environmental, biological and fisheries variables. This analysis is oriented to the identification of environmental scenarios explaining population variability and thus fisheries variability leading to management measures applying to each environmental state. All this analysis will enable fisheries planning at different time spans with a prevention of abrupt socioeconomic and financial changes and also a better profit of favorable environmental states. A strategy scheme for optimal management use of fisheries resources is presented as a function of each environmental state.

TOWARDS INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN: THE CASE OF THE SOUTHERN DEMERSAL FISHERIES René Cerda, Guillermo Martínez, Héctor Trujillo, Exequiel González, Patricio Arana, Eleuterio Yáñez and José Sepúlveda Pontificia Universidad Católica de Vaparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The management practice is generally oriented by the national legal framework and international agreements. They certainly reflect a fishery policy being difficult to find explicit policies fixing objectives and achievements for the fishing activity. In most cases, policies state the achievement of sustainable use of resources and fisheries in the long- term, raised as an aspiration where operational targets are absent. Thus, the practice of fisheries management is dominated by ideas of ecology and biology, in which economic and socio-cultural ideas have little or no influence; therefore tends to emphasize fish management, in circumstances that fisheries management is rather a question of how to regulate the human behavior in view of the conservation of fisheries resources. In this context fisheries management plans represent a desirable and convenient tool to integrate different disciplinary ideas; even more, they may become an effective means to achieve integration, participation, agreements and compromises among the different stakeholders present in the fishery, to contribute to its sustainability and governance through the elaboration and subsequent implementation of such plans. This document introduces a procedure to draw up the foundation of a management plan for a fishery, which integrates an analytical process that provides and interprets scientific and technical information, and a participatory process, in which regulators and users, together with scientists, decide on the appropriate courses of action. Its contents consider i) identification, interests, conflict and socio-economic attributes of fishery users. ii) the current situation of the fishery and its trend based upon scientific indicators; iii) a conceptual bio-ecological model to orient research under an ecosystem approach management, iv) a bioeconomic fisheries model to illustrate the operational impact of regulations to stakeholders; and v) a soft system approach to establish fishery critical problems in a consensual and participatory way. The southern demersal fisheries, a multispecies fishery where users operate with different scales of production under the regimes of common and individual fishing rights, it is illustrated as a case of application of this procedure. For the construction of the foundations of a management plan for this fishery a Specialist Base Group was formed to work on the analytical procedure, and a Southern Demersal Fishery Group, composed by stakeholders, was also formed to conduct the participatory procedure; both groups interacted at different stages of the work, integrating their own visions of the fishery to finally obtain a common vision of it.

38 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES TO THE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HOKI, MACRURONUS MAGELLANICUS: EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT Luis Cubillos and Leonardo Castro Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The hoki, Macruronus magellanicus, is one of the main species exploited by the Austral Demersal Fishery, which operates on the adult fraction of the stock in Patagonian exterior waters off Chile. In the absence of pre-recruitment surveys, environmental indices have the potential to be used as predictor of recruitment and to improve stock assessment and management. The objective of this contribution is to investigate if assessment and management could be benefited by knowing the relationship between recruitment and an environmental indice. The performance was evaluated on the basis of the degree of depletion and the risk of spawning stock falling below a reference level. The evaluation was carried out under stochastic simulation of the hoki population and its management. The current management considered setting a total allowable catch by projecting the abundance based on geometric mean recruitment, which was compared with predictions of recruitment resulting from empirical relationship. Simulations considered the degree of the relationship (r2 of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) as study cases. Our results are suggesting that moderate improvement is achievement when the relationship between recruitment and an environmental indices is good. However, the assessment of hoki could be benefited. In this way, success in management should be better by considering precautionary approaches rather than environmental-recruitment relationship.

A PROPOSAL FOR MANAGEMENT CONTINENTAL HYDROBIOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF CHILE: THE CASE OF THE NORTHERN RIVER PRAWN (CRYPHIOPS CAEMENTARIUS) Macarena Contreras and Jaime Meruane Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The northern river prawn (Cryphiops caementarius) is an endemic species of important social and commercial value, because of its extraction are still a lot of artisanal "fishermen" at the major water courses in the north and central zones of our country. However, both the river and its prawn harvesters are in a condition of total undefined, prawns are not a "fishery resource" and therefore those engaged in their extraction do not have the quality of "fishermen", so the activity its totally informal. These conditions make the river prawn is not or partially included in the statistics generated by the Subsecretaría. The main reason for this condition is that the law Nº 18.892 on fisheries and aquaculture of Chile was developed primarily for marine resources and not for hydrobiological continental resources. One of the goals of the project A new strategy for the fisheries-aquaculture in northern prawn (Cryphiops caementarius): bases for the generation of a program of sustainable resource management are develop guidelines for administration fisheries regularization of inland water fisheries. In conjunction with JICA Group Training Course "Coastal Fisheries Management" (Japan), we learn directly as this nation has solves their problems. This activity will allow us to enrich the results of our proposal, to learn through international experiences about management of hydrobiological resource and will give us some guidelines to achieve positive results in the sustainable management of our own resources. .

IDENTIFICATION OF SPATIAL UNITS TO IMPROVE MONITORING, ASSESMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF BENTHIC FISHERIES IN THE NORTHWEST PATAGONIA Carlos Molinet1, Nancy Barahona3, Beatriz Yannicelli2, Jorge González2 and Alejandra Arévalo1 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Chile; 3Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile

In the past two decades, the inadequacy of applying a monospesific approach to monitor, assess and manage mixed and/or benthic fisheries has been recognized and documented. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of the resources and the behaviour of the often numerous small fishing boats causes a complex spatial structure in benthic fisheries. It has become widely accepted that the spatial complexity of the populations that sustain benthic fisheries requires that monitoring, assessment and management procedures consider spatial units that adequately capture the spatial

39 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar heterogeneity of the resource and fishery as well as their underlying structuring processes. So far, the stocks and fisheries of benthic resources in southern Chile have been evaluated and managed individually as monospecific stocks defined by the political boundaries of Regions. In this work we analyzed fishery data from 1996 to 2005 and applied methodologies to identify spatial units for the analysis of benthic fisheries in southern Chile that target the 9 benthic resources included in the first fisheries management plan established in Chile. Considering fisheries and geographic- environmental variables spatial coherent polygons were defined by expert judgment and an a posteriori multivariate analysis was conducted. Also, fishing areas were grouped utilizing hierarchical cluster analyses. The results of either classification by expert judgment or hierarchical classification showed the existence of spatial units. Spatial units proposed by expert judgment seemed more suitable to evaluate the fishing effort associated with fleets. Clusters classification was nested in a first large classification suggesting almost only one spatial unit that is even larger than the current system of administrative regions that operates in Chile.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE HAKE (MERLUCCIUS GAYI) STOCK, A BIOMASS FORECAST, AND THE JUMBO SQUID (DOSIDICUS GIGAS) PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP OFF CENTRAL CHILE Hugo Arancibia1 and Sergio Neira2 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Chile

Total hake landings from off central Chile (33° - 39°S) declined from 120,000 t in 2004 to near 40,000 t in 2008 and 2009. This work evaluates the impacts of both fishing and jumbo squid predation relative to the observed collapse of hake. We provide a brief review of the state of hakes stock using population indicators. In addition, we evaluate the predator-prey interaction between jumbo squid and fishing to explain changes observed in the hakes stock in recent years using a dynamic food web model. Estimates of predation mortality suggest that cannibalism in hake is more important than predation by jumbo squid. Moreover, a decline in length at catch, in the proportion of mature females, and in cpue in the fishery of hake have been observed since summer 2000, i.e. three years before the outbreak of jumbo squid in central Chile. Scenarios of predation and fishing on hake are evaluated, and results indicate that fishing was more important than predation regarding the dynamic of hake biomass in the last decade. .

TUESDAY 23

COASTAL UPWELLING VARIABILITY IN THE NORTHERN HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM AND THE VOCALS REX EXPERIMENT Carmen Grados1, Alexis Chaigneau2,1, Noel Dominguez1, Gerard Eldin3, Kesber Angulo2, 1, Michelle Graco1, Jesús Ledesma1, Boris Dewitte3,1, José Blanco4 and Mauricio Braun5 1Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] 2LOCEAN, France; 3LEGOS, France; 4Old Dominion University, USA; 5Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile

Notable observations in the Humboldt Current System (HCS) have been realized in the frame of the VOCALS (VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study) Program during October-November 2008, followed by coastal observations off Peru and Chile in 2009 and 2010. The coastal VOCALS component in the northern HCS aims at improving the capability to understand the environmental variability directly related to a sustainable management of the abundant but highly variable fisheries resources (e.g. fisheries) while contributing to the international efforts to understand the processes responsible for the maintenance and variability of the stratus cloud cover and cold tongue in the tropical- subtropical South-eastern Pacific (SEP) as a key factor in the global climate.Results of the combined hydrographic data collected onboard the IMARPE R/V Jose Olaya and IFOP R/V Abate Molina during October 2nd to November 2nd 2008 are presented. The analysis provides a synoptic snapshot of the near-coastal upwelling region extending fromnorthern Peru to northern Chile as far as 400 km offshore. The wind-driven upwelling, the Peru-Chile Undercurrent, the surface mixed layer and the impact of the intraseasonal equatorial Kelvin waves and the large-scale atmospheric disturbances in the Pisco-San Juan upwelling region are analyzed based on the observations and a high-resolution

40 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar ocean model simulation. The observed variability is compared to a recently developed climatology based on a multiyear analysis of historical in situ data since 1960 to 2009.

SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF THE TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY FIELDS IN THE HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM: A CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDY Carmen Grados1, Alexis Chaigneau2,1, José Blanco3,4,5, Kesber Angulo2, L. Vasquez1 and Mauricio Braun6 1Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú; 2LOCEAN, France; 3Old Dominium University, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4Instituto de Investigación Pesquera del Norte S.A., Chile; 5Empresa Pesquera CORPESCA S.A. Chile; 6Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile

Climatological analysis of a historical data base have been carried out with the purpose of reconstructing a three- dimensional high-resolution temperature and salinity fields north of 25°S and extending from the south-american coast to 90ºW. Seasonal distributions of hydrographic properties have been computed based on a four-dimensional ocean interpolation scheme using locally weighted least square fitting, as initially developed by Dunn and Ridgway [2001] and Ridgway et al. [2002] in the Australian seas. The method is applied to all the available historical profiles (1960- 2009) from the National Oceanographic Data Center, the Instituto del Mar del Peru (IMARPE) and Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP) as well as ARGO buoy profiles. With an horizontal resolution of 0.1°x 0.1° and 55 levels on the 1000m upper vertical layer, the resulting gridded product depicts interesting small-scale coastal properties such as clear distinct upwelling centers and frontal zones which are subject to a well-defined seasonal signal affecting both the temperature and salinity fields and the water mass properties.

This study provides an updated view of the upwelling cell dynamics and water mass characteristics, which are important environmental metrics for the management of the fishery resources of this ecosystem-rich region. This improved gridded product is also conceived as a reference for the validation of high resolution regional numerical models. .

THE ROLE OF ANTARCTIC INTERMEDIATE WATER (AAIW) IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GAS IN THE EASTERN SOUTH PACIFIC AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VENTILATION OF THE OXYGEN MINIMUM ZONE Cristina Carrasco and Laura Farias 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The water mass formation in different oceanic regions is a mechanism by which climate change imprint into the ocean. It is the case of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), the most extended water mass presents in all ocean basins at intermediate depths. This water mass formed north of the Antarctic Polar Front and off the west coast of South America (Chile), seems to play an important role in the distribution of heat and salt, but especially gases as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. The AAIW is characterized by saline minimum, low temperatures and high concentration of dissolved oxygen. Globally, this is the less saline subsurface water of the intermediate waters of the ocean. Its water mass properties (particularly gas equilibrium) are acquired at the time of its surface formation when it is in contact with the atmosphere. Thus, the intermediate water is removed from the ocean surface and then flows through the interior ocean. In the South Pacific Ocean the gas transportations along the AAIW take special importance because this mass lies to the Equatorial Subsurface Waters (ESSW). The ESSW is known to one of the more severe oxygen-deficient zones, where processes such as nitrification and denitrification take place. Given the importance of AAIW, the main objective of this thesis is to determine the role of AAIW in gas transporting and other physical properties to the eastern South Pacific Ocean and discern between the biogeochemical and physical processes that transform these properties as it moves from 10-60ºS in the zonal band from the coast at 88ºW. Thus, studies on the distribution, formation and circulation of intermediate waters and the distribution of its properties may be crucial for understanding changes in the mean state of the world ocean and relevant processes such as ventilation and the production and transport of gases.

41 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

OCEAN GLIDER OBSERVATIONS OVER THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OFF CONCEPCION, CHILE (30°30S) Nadin Ramírez, Oscar Pizarro, Úrsula Cifuentes, Manuel Castillo, Winston Rojas, Dernis Mediavilla and José Charpentier Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Ocean gliders are autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), remotely controlled than can move following a predefined path by changing their buoyancy and different devices for controlling the direction and angle of the sinking and climbing. During the last year we have used a glider (Slocum model) equipped with CTD, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence and turbidity sensors to observe the hydrographic condition off Concepción. Gliders are able to take measurements from the surface to the bottom over the continental shelf and ~1000 m depth in the deep ocean. This AUV's can move with typical velocities of 20-30 cm/s (or about 20 km per day) and the operational duration of the glider is up to 30 days with alkaline batteries. During our operations we have been able to cover all the continental shelf at 36.5°S. Traditional CTD sampling based on ship cruises are relatively expensive and are very conditioned for the weather conditions and the state of the sea. For example, off Concepción observations during strong upwelling events are rare. Similarly almost no observations are available during winter storms. Those introduce an important bias in the measurements of key oceanographic processes. In contrast, gliders can operate rather well during relatively rough sea conditions. The high horizontal resolution of the data is also a very important advantage of glider measurements when is compared with traditional, ship-based CTD casts.In this work we present two glider transects from the continental shelf off Concepcion carried out in very different oceanographic conditions. The first transect was carried out in November 2009 during an intense upwelling event. The second one was carried out in June 2010 and included a period with a strong winter storm (and downwelling). In both cases the glider was configured to make a zonal transect along 36°30S over the continental shelf and slope with maximum depth of 900 m. Glider observations were complemented with temperature and current (ADCP) data from two moorings deployed over the continental shelf near 30°30S.

MESOSCALE EDDY OFF CENTRAL CHILE: A CASE OF STUDY Úrsula Cifuentes, Oscar Pizarro, Winston Rojas, Manuel Castillo and Nadin Ramírez Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Different oceanographic data sets are necessary to properly address the different characteristics of mesoscale eddies. Based on data collected by an Argo floats was possible to observe a large perturbation related to an eddy off central Chile during Nov-Dec of 2005. Isohalinas and isotherms near the main pycnocline were depressed more than 100 m related to a cyclonic eddy clearly identified in satellite altimetry. At the same time an oceanographic cruise was carried out around this region (between 35.5°S and 37.5°S). The more complete data set from this cruise allow us to characterize the oxygen and chlorophyll perturbation related to this eddy. The salty waters (> 34.5) observed in the eddy core by the float was closely related to low values of dissolved oxygen (<1 mL L-1). Data from the cruise also permit to associate the water from the eddy core to Equatorial Subsurface Water, commonly observed near the coast (over the continental shelf and talud) off Central Chile. Current time series from a mooring located near the eddy (near 37°S, 75°W) allowed to directly validate the satellite derived geostrophic velocities near the surface. On the other hand, the vertical profile of geostrophic velocity for the upper ~500 db, estimated from the cross-shore oceanographic transect at 37°S, passing close to the mooring, was directly referred to the observed velocity, using the data collected by a 75 kHz ADCP located at about 400 m depth.

VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF MESOSCALE EDDIES IN THE HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM Alexis Chaigneau1, Marie Le Texier2, Gérard Eldin3, Carmen Grados4 and Oscar Pizarro5 1Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - LOCEAN, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, d'Électrotechnique, d'Informatique, d'Hydraulique, et des Télécommunications; 3Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - LEGOS, France; 4Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú; 5Universidad de Concepción, Chile

The mean vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the Humboldt Current System is investigated using satellite altimetry data and in-situ profiles from ARGO floats. Around 500 vertical profiles (600, respectively) between 0-1000 m depth

42 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar are located inside cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies, which allows estimating the T/S anomalies associated with both type of mesoscale vortices. The mean anomalies, computed relatively to the CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas, show significant T/S anomaly minima (maxima, respectively) of -0.4°C and -0.06 (0.5°C and 0.04) for cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies. These maximum anomalies are centered at 200 m depth (400 m, relatively) for cyclonic (anticyclonic) vortices. We then construct a composite tridimensional picture of both eddy types allowing to examine the mean eddy shape and property changes across eddies. Kinematics and thermodynamics properties are thus investigated and available heat and salt anomalies inside eddies are estimated. In average, the volume transport associated with a mesoscale eddy is of 4-5 Sv independently of the eddy rotation sense, whereas the available heat and salt anomalies are of -1.8×1019 J and -1.9×1011 kg for cyclonic eddies and of 1.5×1019 J and 2.7×1011 kg for anticyclonic eddies, respectively. Thus, this study shows, for the first time in the Humboldt Current System, the morphological differences between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies and quantify their implications for the transport of seawater properties from their region of formation near the coast toward remote areas in the offshore ocean. The observed differences between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy core structure also allow discussing on the distinct mechanisms involved in the eddy formation in the near-coastal region.

MESOSCALE OCEANIC VARIABILITY IN THE CHILEAN AND CANARY SYSTEM: A COMPARISON FROM SATELLITE DATA Karen Nieto National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

The aim of this work is to determine the physical mesoscale oceanic variability and their effects on the satellite chlorophyll distribution in the Canary and Chilean upwelling systems, situated at similar production levels but with different active surfaces and seasonal variability. We apply advanced imaging technologies for the detection of mesoscale oceanic structures and we characterize these structures in an automatic way, to quantify their occurrence and their impact on the chlorophyll distribution. We used a new method for automatic detection of frontal structures based onan improved version of the Cayula-Cornillon algorithm for upwelling regions to map fronts. We also implemented a specific algorithm to identify filaments based on the object-oriented programming. We used daily satellite images at 1 km resolution of sea surface temperature, computed from AVHRR and MODIS data to create indices of frontal and filament activity. We applied other environmental parameters from satellite data (eddy kinetic energy (EKE), winds and coastal topography) to explain variability of the chlorophyll and included the seasonal and multi-year effects (ENSO phases and NAO for the Chilean and Canary system respectively). We used a multiple regression analysis to explore the statistical relationships between chlorophyll (as dependent variable) and fronts, filaments, EKE, upwelling index, continental shelf width, and climate indices (as predictor variables).

INTRATHERMOCLINE EDDIES IN THE COASTAL TRANSITION ZONE OFF CENTRAL CHILE Samuel Hormazábal, Vicent Combes, Emmanuel Di Lorenzo, Marco Correa, C. Morales and Sergio Nuñez Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia, USA; Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile

Observations and high resolution model results have revealed that in the Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) off central Chile, cyclone and anticyclone Intrathermocline eddies (ITEs) are fundamental in the spreading rates and pathways of Equatorial Subsurface Water. Along the coast off central Chile at least two ITEs are detached annually from the PCU, with a westward mean speed of ~2.5 km/d, transporting a volume about 2x106 m3 s-1 each one. Observed ITEs have around 400 m thick, ~150 kilometers in diameter, lives from several months to years, and travel slowly through the intermediate layers, deepening westward. Some ITEs can be observed by satellite altimetry from the coast until 600 km, where ITEs become too deeper to produce a significant sea level perturbation. Associated to ITEs we observed an enhancement of chlorophyll and Jack mackerel schools, suggesting an important impact on the pelagic ecosystem. The offshore propagation of ITEs contributes to extend westward the coastal upwelling area of high primary productivity through advection of phytoplankton biomass and nutrient-enriched coastal waters.

43 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

A NOVEL METHODOLOGY TO VALIDATE HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL PRODUCTS: A SIMULTANEOUS MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS BASED ON EOFS Marco Correa1, Carolina Parada1,2, Sergio Núñez1, Vincent Combes3 and Emmanuel Di Lorenzo3 1Instituto de Investigación Pesquera,Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile; 3Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Ocean circulation models (OCM) have long been used for studies on ocean circulation, species distribution-mobility, biological productivity of the ocean and its interaction with the climatic system. The ongoing advances on physics and numerical schemes along with the increasing in the computational power allow that the OCM be able to reproduce the large-scale ocean patterns and also the mesoscale variability associated to structures like eddies, waves and fronts. An important challenge in the ocean modeling stands in assess the skill of the current models to forecast this mesoscale structures and reproduce its generation frequency, which is useful as measure quality tool for the ocean models. Current schemes of skill assessment have been limited to compare models outputs with short periods of observational data in restricted areas. Here we propose a novel methodology to quantify the skill of the ocean models to reproduce the oceanic variability on the time-space-frequency domain based in Empirical Orthogonal Functions. A example case using this methodology on the modeled outputs that come from the OFES (Ocean general circulation model for the Earth Simulator) shows that this model reproduce well the physical variability off Chile but performs a not adequate reproduction of the biological variability in the region. The possible factors for this asymmetric skill are discussed. .

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF SATELLITE CHLOROPHYLL ON THE JUAN FERNÁNDEZ (~33ºS) ARCHIPELAGO: POTENTIAL IMPACT ON LARVAL RETENTION Isabel Andrade1, Marco Correa1,2, Javier Porobic1, Carolina Parada1, Billy Ernst1 and Samuel Hormazábal1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto de Investigación Pesquera

Juan Fernández archipelago is located in the oceanic sector in the Chile-Peru trench. This archipelago is formed by three oceanic islands: Robinson Crusoe, Santa Clara and Alejandro Selkirk islands, which present important sustained satellite chlorophyll (chla) increments in their adjacent waters. The description of spatial and temporal patterns of chlorophyll in this region is scarce. We implemented statistical analysis using wavelet analysis and Empirical Orthogonal functions to study the spatial-temporal variability of chlorophyll from daily data in the region comprised between 33ºS- 34ºS of latitude and 82ºW-77ºW of longitude for over 5 years (2002-2007). Preliminary results of application of this statistical analysis on chla data showed the existence of two zones with a marked increase in chlorophyll: south of Robinson Crusoe island and west of Alejandro Selkirk island. Moreover, we assessed the retention features of these regions adjacent to the islands, presenting consistent chla increment, using biophysical coupled models that track particle retention. We discuss about the superposition of the retention and chlorophyll concentration areas, the physical mechanism underlying and the relevance for larval stages of pelagic species that co-exist around the islands.

CONNECTIVITY OF THE JUAN FERNANDEZ LOBSTER THROUGH BIOPHYSICAL MODELS Javier Porobic1, Carolina Parada1,2, Billy Ernst1 and Samuel Hormazábal2 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] 2 Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile

Juan Fernández archipelago and the Desventuradas Islands are located around 360 mn in front of the Chilean coast. These islands present unique biological and oceanographic characteristics respect to the Chilean coast. Currently, these islands economy are supported almost exclusively by their marine resources, mainly lobster (Jasus frontalis). This species has a life cycle with a larval stage with a duration of 9-12 months in the plankton, being modulated in its dynamic and population structure by oceanographic forcing. To understand the lobster population structure and the factors determining the connectivity degree and the migratory flux of this population we used a monthly biophysical model to study transport, retention and advection patterns of early stages of lobster. The biophysical model consisted of a hydrodynamic model (OFES) coupled to an individual-based model (IBM) of J. frontalis. A sensibility analysis performed to determine factors that control connectivity showed that main factors controlling connectivity were year

44 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar of transport and geographic location of larval release. The assessment of the net effective transport showed that the main advection direction in the Islands was Northeast, although this can present variation between seasons. Based on this and other analysis, we established that the permanence of the larvae in the plankton is very important, but it is not the most important factor governing the connectivity of the system. In fact, it is hypothesized that biological factors would be increasing the levels of retention of the system including the high level of advection derived from oceanographic factors.

A LAGRANGIAN MODEL TO ASSESS THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPAWNING TIMING ON THE ADVECTION AND TRANSPORT PATTERNS OF EARLY LIFE STAGES OF JACK MACKEREL (TRACHURUS MURPHYI) IN OCEANIC WATERS OFF SOUTH PACIFIC Patricia Ruiz1, Carolina Parada1,2 and Sebastián Vásquez1,2 1Instituto de Investigación Pesquera,Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile

Jack mackerel spawning areas are located in oceanic waters off central Chile. The main spawning season extends from October to December, peaking in November during the austral spring. The bulk of the spawning tends to occur offshore between 80°W and 92°W at 35°S and associated to SST warmer than 15°C. After the spawning process occurs, fish eggs and larvae are heavily influenced by advective processes, which will determine the transport of the ichthyoplankton towards nursery areas. In the past 10 years, highly variable environmental conditions affecting spawning area of jack mackerel have been observed. This could impact the beginning of the spawning period with subsequent effect on ichthyoplankton variability. The aim of this study is to evaluate via a Lagrangian model the effect of the timing of the spawning peak of jack mackerel on transport variability. The methodology is based on the use of a tracking algorithm tool called Ichthyop, which is coupled to a hydrodynamic model of the region to study the effect of physical and biological factors on the dynamics of transport of fish eggs and larvae. The coupled model uses hydrodynamic model variables such as velocity, temperature and density fields from Ocean Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES), Masumoto et al. (2004). A series of model simulations were run in which eggs were released on known historical spawning areas based on the reproductive condition of mature females from eggs cruise from periods between 1999 and 2008. The variability of the transport to known nursery areas and new oceanic spawning areas through the year were explored with the Lagrangian tracking tool.

EXPLORING CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN SPAWNING AND NURSERY GROUNDS OF CHILEAN JACK MACKEREL THROUGH A BIOPHYSICAL COUPLED MODEL Sebastián Vásquez1,2, Carolina Parada1,2, Patricia Ruiz1, Samuel Hormazábal2 and Sergio Núñez1 1Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile

Among various physical processes affecting the recruitment, it seems that processes affecting early life history of pelagic fishes are critical. Transport of eggs and larvae from spawning grounds to their nurseries seems to be a one of these key processes. Larvae that are transported into less productive areas would suffer higher mortality rates than those transported to suitable nursery grounds. This process is particularly relevant when nursery grounds are distant from the spawning areas. Chilean Jack Mackerel (CHJM) (Trachurus murphi) reproduces during spring in an extensive oceanic zone off central Chile. This spawning region extends from 30o to 40oS of latitude and beyond 1000 nautical miles offshore, while nursery grounds of CHJM are believed to be located, far away from spawning regions, in the coastal zone in southern Peru and northern Chile (North of 30oS). However, the connectivity between these two habitats and the mechanisms involved during transport of eggs and larvae of CHJM from the spawning to the nursery areas have not been clarified yet. The aim of this study was: i) confirm the origin of juvenile CHJM observed in southern Peru and northern Chile and; ii) estimate the interannual fluctuations of the proportion of larvae transported to those nursery grounds during 1999-2007. An Individual Based Model (IBM) coupled with a realistic numerical hydrodynamic model (Ocean Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES), snapshots at 3-day intervals (Masumoto et al., 2004) was used to study the dynamics of early life stages of CHJM with emphasis in connectivity and physical mechanisms involved during transport from spawning to nursery areas.

45 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

BIOPHYSICAL MODELING: A NECESSARY APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND COMPLEX EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF MARINE RESOURCES Carolina Parada1,2 1Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile; 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In recent times applied ecological sciences have shown an increasing interest in the development of complex biophysical models, coupling hydrodynamic and biological models to improve the understanding of temporal and spatial variability of marine resources and its relationship to the environment. Systematic improvements of hydrodynamic models have made applications of biophysical models promising for studying the dynamics of pelagic and benthonic marine resources. One of the key differences with other modeling approaches is the explicit incorporation of (i) the environment in a 3D world, (ii) population dynamic models based on individuals, and (iii) functional relationships between individuals and their environment. Therefore, processes such as mortality, growth and transport, among others, arise as part of the explicit interaction between individuals and their individual relationship with the environment. The success of this approach arises from providing a carefully validated hydrodynamic model representing oceanographic processes, reproducing the magnitudes of the physical properties, and the dynamic of the circulation of the system on the appropriate scales as well as the biological system. Biophysical modeling approach has been broadly and successfully applied to larval transport studies, population connectivity and retention analysis, settlement and pre-recruitment success, and exploration of nursery grounds, all part of the understanding of the complex life history of marine resources. In thiswork, several case studies of biophysical applications will be presented to address their relevance in making inference of the life cycle of marine resources as well as acknowledging the advantages and drawbacks of this approach. Finally a critical discussion will be presented to highlight the relevance of this approach for fisheries, stock assessment, management and ecosystem modeling.

EGG QUALITY VARIATIONS IN ANCHOVETA EGGS UNDER CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Leonardo Castro1, Gabriel Claramunt2, Humberto González3, María Krautz1, Alejandra Llanos1, Joyce Méndez1, Wolfgang Schneider1 and Samuel Soto1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile; 3Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

The effect of environmental fluctuations on fish recruitment are usually explained by changes in the early life stages survival as a consequence of transport away from adequate nursery habitats, predation or food limitation. Less attention has received potential changes in adult female reproductive traits and the quality of the eggs produced under contrasting habitat conditions. In this study we assessed the fatty acid (FA) composition and other indicators of quality of anchoveta eggs along with female anchoveta reproductive traits and environmental conditions during peak winter spawning in 2005 and 2007. Environmental conditions off Talcahuano spawning area differed markedly between years with a warmer, fresher water column in 2005 and a colder, saltier one in 2007. Winter 2005 was largely dominated by typical small omnivorous and carnivorous copepods (Oncaea and Oithona). In 2007, larger herbivorous calanoid copepods (typical of upwelling conditions) increased. Diatoms abundance also increased in 2007. Although anchoveta eggs were smaller in 2005, batch size and relative fecundity per female were greater in 2007 because the females had larger ovaries. In 2005, the relative amount of saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) FA in anchoveta eggs were within the ranges reported for marine fish species. However, in 2007, the relative amount of PUFA was in the upper and SAFA and MUFA in the lower range of said values. Copepods have higher PUFA levels during upwelling events, when they consume large phytoplankton, and the DHA/EPA ratio might be used as an indicator of phytoplankton groups (diatoms versus dinoflagellates). Our results suggest that the higher PUFA and lower DHA/EPA values for anchoveta eggs in 2007 may have resulted from increased consumption of larger herbivorous copepods or direct consumption of larger phytoplankton, prey typical of cold upwelling conditions. Conversely, elevated SAFA and MUFA levels in 2005 may have resulted from consumption of smaller omnivorous-carnivorous copepods by adult fish. Because fatty acids composition in the eggs affect egg and larval development, our results suggest that interannual contrasting environmental conditions affecting the female reproductive output may lead to differences in egg quality that ultimately modify the chances of the offspring survival of small pelagic fishes. .

46 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

THE RECRUITMENT RATE OF SARDINOPS SAGAX OFF NORTHERN CHILE: FISHERY- INDUCED EFFECTS AND CLIMATE REGIMES Luis Cubillos1, Rodolfo Serra2 and Gabriel Claramunt3 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile; 3Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile

It is hypothesized that fishery-induced changes on growth and age composition of sardine (Sardinops sagax) determined unfavorable conditions for the recruitment success, incrementing its sensibility of the stock to concurrent unfavorable regime that occurred in middle 80s. The expansion of the population took place after a regime shift that occurred at the beginning of the 70s, which was favorable for the recruitment success and the development of the fishery of northern Chile. That climate regime was characterized by warmer waters conditions and intense wind-driven coastal upwelling. Fishing effort was growing with the abundance, and when it was intense determined high fishing mortality rates that altered the age composition and growth rate of sardine since 1982. As a consequence, the replacement line of the stock recruitment changed successively, and hence the attractor point" that permit to the stock become to be in an equilibrium from a long-term point of view. The stock was very sensible to an adverse climate regime that occurred in 1985, and the recruitment diminished together with the spawning stock, without compensation. The consequenceswere the virtual absence of the resources during the 90 to the present. In this way, fishery-induced changes on demographic effects determined that the sardine stock was more sensible to the unfavorable regime shifts established in middle of the 80s.

TRENDS IN SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PERUVIAN ANCHOVY AND OTHER SMALL PELAGIC FISH (1966-2009) Mariano Gutiérrez1, Ramiro Castillo, Marceliano Segura, Adolfo Gonzales, Salvador Peraltilla, Miguel Flores, Gabriel Gaviola and Anibal Aliaga2 1Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú

Changes in abundance and distribution of anchovy and other species of pelagic fish of the Northern Humboldt Current System (NHCS) are driven by environmental forcing variations in different time and spatial scales between the coastal cold ecosystem and the warm oceanic one. Data to study these fluctuations have come mostly from the fishery to show how anchovy (Engraulis ringens) increases when sardine (Sardinops sagax) declines and viceversa. However, using acoustic data on latitudinal biomass we show that other species as mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) also follow the same opposed trend, then the fishery data hides the true dimension of the balance of abundance among species. Based on Hovmoller diagrams we scrutinized the changes in interannual latitudinal acoustic biomass, landings and influence of El Niño events from 1966 to 2009 in order to describe: (1) how the anchovy decadal distribution pattern moved from south to north since the 1960s; (2) how there have been produced concomitant changes in the latitudinal abundance and distribution of other species such as sardine, jack mackerel and mackerel before, during and after El Niño events; and (3) what was the overall effect of the succession of El Niño events on all these pelagic species. We concluded that: (a) every El Niño event has had an effect on pelagic species distribution and abundance, with different latitudinal effects according to water masses compositions; and (b) the El Niño 1997-98 triggered out a decline phase on the abundance of sardine, jack mackerel and mackerel. These findings might be taken into consideration for fishery management purposes when considering future scenarios.

MONTHLY ANCHOVY CATCHES FORECASTING FOR SOUTHERN CHILE USING GENERALISED ADDITIVE MODEL Nibaldo Rodríguez, Eleuterio Yañez and Francisco Plaza Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In order to develop sustainable exploitation policies, forecasting the stock and catches of pelagic species off northern Chile is one of the main goals of the fishery industry and the government. However, fluctuations in the environmental variables complicate this task. To the best of our knowledge, few publications exist on forecasting models for pelagic

47 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar species. In recent years, linear regression models and artificial neuronal networks (ANN) have been proposed for forecasting models. The disadvantage of models based on linear regressions is the supposition of stationarity and linearity of the time series of pelagic species catches. Although ANN allow modelling the non-linear behaviour of a time series, they also have some disadvantages such as slow convergence speed and the stagnancy of local minima due to the steepest descent learning method to improve the convergence speed and forecasting precision of anchovy catches off southern Chile is presented a predictive model based on multi-scale wavelet decomposition combined with autoregressive models. The multi-scale wavelet decomposition technique was selected due to its popularity in hydrological, financial forecasting and smoothing methods. The advantage of these wavelet transforms in non-stationary time series analysis is their capacity to separate low frequency (LF) from high frequency (HF) components, whereas the LF component reveals long-term trends, the HF component describes short-term fluctuations in the time series. Being able to separate these components is a key advantage in proposed forecasting strategies since the behaviour of each frequency component is more regular than the raw time series.

LOOKING FOR SYNCHRONOUS PATTERN OF FLUCTUATIONS IN TWO SUBPOPULATIONS OF ANCHOVETA, ENGRAULIS RINGENS, IN THE HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM Sandra Cahuin and Luis Cubillos Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In the Eastern South Pacific, there are two important stocks of the species anchoveta (Engraulis ringens): the Northern- Central stock of Peru (NCP, 4° - 15°S), which is the most abundant, and the Southern Peru-Northern Chile stock (SPNC, 16° - 24°S). In the last two decades these stocks have experienced important fluctuations in their population sizes, and the causes for this are uncertain. Most of the studies investigating synchrony in small pelagic fish have been based on catch data, which are less reliable as abundance indices at short time scales. In this paper, catch, biomass, recruitment and recruitment rate were used to compare synchronous changes in two subpopulations of anchovy from 1981 to 2004; namely, the NCP Stock and the shared SPNC stock. Correlations analysis allowed demonstrating significant association between time series. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the synchronous pattern of fluctuation only is due to apparition of the populations during the growing or recovery phase, probably associated with density- independent factors.When determining patterns of fluctuations in synchronic responses of both stocks, it was established that both units have a similar variation pattern, in terms of trends. However, in terms of interanual variability, the synchronic pattern is only exhibited simultaneously during the growth phase of the population, or during the recovering phase.Key words: synchrony, biomass, recruitment, anchovy.

SYNCHRONICITY OF CAMOTILLO (NORMANICHTHYS CROCKERI) CATCHES IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Marilú Bouchon and Miguel Ñiquen Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú. E-mail: [email protected]

The camotillo Normanichthys crockeri, is a pelagic fish endemic Southeast Pacific, whose distribution extends from Chimbote (Peru) to the Isla Mocha (38°22'S) in Chile. It is known as "camotillo" in Peru and "mote" or "bacaladillo" in Chile, its abundance is related to oceanographic changes. Part of the bycatch of the purse seine fishery for anchovy. Your destination is for fresh consumption, also in the production of fishmeal.We analyzed data capture interannual time scale during 1993-2009 in three areas of distribution of the species in the Southeastern Pacific: southern Peru, northern Chile and South-Central Chile.The changes in abundance were consistent, with major pulses simultaneous capture and availability observed in the years 1995, 1997 and 2006, associated with cold conditions, mainly by the intrusion of Subantarctic Temperate Waters (ATS). These synchronous interannual variations observed over the last 20 years in the fishery camotillo in the three places in the South Pacific Ocean mainly suggest a common environmental forcing.

48 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

STATUS OF TUNA POPULATIONS IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC Guillermo Compean Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

The three main species of tunas caught in the the Eastern Pacific Ocean are yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and bigeye (T. obesus); their catches exceed 90% of the total. There are other tunas that contribuye to the production, such as Pacifica bluefin tuna. (T. orientalis). Yellowfin accounts for half the production, with the majority of catches taken in sets by purse-seine vessels on schools associated with dolphins and on unassociated schools.

In 2006 the catches fell to 179 thousand tons, the lowest level in 15 years; in 2009 they were 243 thousand, 25% greater than in 2008, but below the record in 2002 of 443 thousand.

Longline catches are below 10 thousand tons. Skipjack accounts for between a third and half of the catches by purse- seine vessels that fish on fish-aggregating devices. Catches exceeded 290 thousand tons in 1999, fluctuating subsequently every year; in 2009 they were 236 thousand, 21% lower than the record of 311 thousand in 2006. Bigeye accounts for 10% of the purse-seine catch, practically all of it in mixed sets on skipjack and bigeye on fish-aggregating devices. Prior to 1994 catches averaged 5 thousand tons; they reached 34 thousand in 1994, and a record of 94 thousand in 2000. In 2009 the purse-seine catch was 76 thousand tons and the longline catch 27 thousand, for a total of 105 thousand. The purse-seine fleet has grown in the last fifteen years. In 1990 la capacity was 123 thousand cubic meters; by 2007 it was more than 226 thousand, and in 2009 is 225 thousand. This growth brought about an increase in fishing mortality, and the adoption of management measures became necessary for yellowfin in 1988, and for bigeye in 1998. For skipjack, the condition of the population does not indicate a need to adopt measures; however, the measures apply to all the fleet, since if fishing for skipjack continued, so would incidental catches of yellowfin and bigeye. In 2009, a time closure and an area closure were adopted for purse-seine vessels and catch limits of bigeye for longliners.

AN UPDATED REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON SOUTH PACIFIC HAKE (MERLUCCIUS GAYI GAYI) OFF CENTRAL CHILE Ignacio Payá, Renzo Tascheri, Patricio Gálvez and Mauricio Braun Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Although several technical reports have analyzed the effects of environmental variables on hake stock dynamic (Merluccius gayi gayi), there is not an updated review of them. Before 2003 the studies focused on the effects of the physical environment on recruitment dynamics through ENSO and upwelling intensities, in the years to follow attention shifted to the biological environment, as a result of a notable range expansion of the Humboldt Squid population deemed to have played a major role in the recent decline of the South Pacific hake stock. The aim of this work was to review the effects of the environment on hake dynamic as reported in the scientific and technical literature and to gather the data/evidence cumulated in the past 10 years to compose an up to date conceptual model integrating hake population dynamics in relation to its physical and biological environment. Special efforts were done to understand the impact of Humboldt Squid on hake abundance through the analysis of the trends in fisheries and biological indices and the main stock assessment results. The review showed hake inhabits a highly variable environment, which is characterized by strong physical and biological perturbations. Some ENSO and medium intensity winds (that intensify upwelling of rich waters), seem to have strong positive effects of recruitments. Strong year classes via quick somatic growth rapidly increase stock biomass, but this high biomass is temporal because of recruitment variability, sudden increases in natural predation and fishing mortality. In this variable environment South Pacific hake seems to be a highly resilience species, as others hake species around the world.

49 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE CHILEAN HAKE (MERLUCCIUS GAYI) HABITAT OFF CENTRAL-SOUTH CHILE IN THE LAST DECADE (1997-2008) Sergio Núñez1, Sebastián Vásquez1,2, Marco Correa1, Samuel Hormazábal2 and Sergio Lillo3 1Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile; 3Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile

Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi) constitutes the most important demersal fishery of Chile, as well as a key species in terms of Humboldt Current ecosystem functioning. This system is a highly productive region characterized by an intense semi- and interannual environmental variability. The fishery area of Chilean hake has been reported between 31 and 41°S (central-south Chile), over the shelf break and slope showing a typical bathymetric range which varied around 100-350 m depth. From 2004 to 2006 a decline in the stock size was observed. Possible causes of this decline have been attributed to high predation by jumbo squids, high cannibalism rates, an overestimated stock size, or/and environmental fluctuations. This study attempts to characterize the habitat of Chilean hake and their interannual variability during the period 1997-2008, as well as to investigate the associations between the environment and this resource. Oceanographic and acoustic data were obtained from 10 cruises (29°-42°S, coast-500 m isobath) carried out annually in late winter of 1997-2008. Each year, Chilean hake acoustic data, school mean depths and CTDO vertical profiles in a regular grid of transects were recorded. Acoustic data was re-built by objective interpolation using a DIVA approach (Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis, Brasseur et al. 1996). In order to identify environmental ranges of Chilean hake habitat at the mean schools depth (to obtain environment-resource paired data on both horizontal and vertical fields) a 3D interpolation was applied on physical data. The environment-hake analysis was run for northern (28°10S to 38°S) and southern (38°S to 42°S) sub-areas, regarding the distribution of poleward Equatorial Subsurface Waters (ESSW). An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOFs) was used for determining interannual and meridional variability of Chilean hake and physical data, and a GAM approach was also used for determining biological- physical coupling. Results show that Chilean hake frequently inhabits saline and poorly-oxygenated poleward ESSW (especially northward 38°S). The latitudinal extension/retraction of the ESSW in the interannual scale, related with the equatorial El Niño variability was observed, affecting the distribution of the Chilean hake. The dynamical relationships between the variability of the ESSW and the Chilean hake habitat are discussed.

ANALYZING THE DYNAMICS OF CATCHES OF TWO EASTERN PACIFIC FISHERIES AT MULTIPLE TIME SCALES: IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF VARIABILITY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FORECASTING Rodrigo Montes1, Ian Perry2, Evgeny Pakhomov1, Andrew Edwards2, Renato Quiñones3 and James Boutillier2

1University of British Columbia, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Pacific Biological Station, Canada; 3Universidad de Concepción, Chile

Intricate patterns of variability are characteristic of marine fish populations, which reflect changes in their abundance and availability at different temporal scales. In consequence, a high degree of uncertainty is introduced into regulatory mechanisms used in the management of a fishery. Approaches that may help to understand the complex, irregular and non-stationary nature of, for example, fisheries catches, are also highly desirable. In addition, regular patterns of variability in catches, if any are present, should be detected and quantified because they may reflect key processes of fish populations and also can be used to disentangle the combined effects of changing environmental conditions and anthropogenic factors on the dynamics of a fishery. Wavelet-based techniques were used to analyze the complex temporal dynamics of two Eastern Pacific fisheries on a daily scale: the southern hake (Merluccius australis) fishery of Chile and the smooth pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) fishery off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Regular or time invariant scaling patterns of variability in daily catches -expressed through the coupling of different time scales- were detected on both fisheries under the framework of fractal theory. Scaling patterns, characteristic of self-similar or long-range memory processes, were quantified by the estimation of fractal and multifractal parameters. Scaling ranges found in fisheries catches were compared to those detected in sea surface temperature (SST) and fishing effort (f) using bivariate scaling methods in order to identify likely regulatory pathways of catches. The possibility to use fractal based forecasting models in determining the range of variability of fisheries catches for the next fishing season were evaluated for each fishery.

50 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

VARIATION IN THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF JUMBO SQUID DOSIDICUS GIGAS FROM THE ARTISANAL FISHERY IN PIURA, NORTHERN PERU (2005 2010) Wilmer Carbajal, Renato Guevara and Joe Macalupú Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú. E-mail: [email protected]

Dosidicus gigas "jumbo squid" is a species of wide geographical distribution of which in the last decade has developed an important artisanal fishery off the Peruvian coast, mainly in northern Peru. After 2002, the artisanal fleet acquired a great importance to capture between 78 and 92% of the total national catch. A study on changes in the distribution and abundance of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas in Peruvian north waters were conducted between January 2005 to april 2010. The mean objective was analyse the changes in the distribution, and concentration of the jumbo squid catched by artisanal fleet in relation to the temperature and presence of Kelvin waves.

The annual landings of jumbo squid ranged from 112 412 tons in 2008 and 112 412 tonnes up to April 2010. There were two periods of great abundance. The first in 2006 with 206 241 tonnes and the second from 2008 to 2009 with 241 571 and 201 683 tonnes, respectively. Moderate landings occurred in 2005 (143 754 ton), 2007 (167 769 tonnes) and until April 2010 (112 412 t). The annual landings were always higher in Paita, followed by Talara, Puerto Rico, Mancora, Las Delicias and Parachique. In general, two peaks were observed in Paita, Talara and Puerto Rico during 2006 and 2008, coinciding with SST anomalies around 2 ° C. During 2001, Puerto Rico shows an increase in the landings, probably related to the shift in resource distribution between Sechura Bay (05°30'S) and 07° 00'S (Puerto Pimentel).

The trend of catches associated with the arrival of Kelvin waves north of the Peruvian coast show no significant changes except between October and December 2009, however during June, August, September, 2009 and February and April 2010, landings were never less than 15 000 tons monthly.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF CONCHOLEPAS CONCHOLEPAS SHELL (BRUGUIÈRE, 1789) (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE) IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ALONG THE LATITUDINAL GRADIENT OF CHILE Laura Ramajo1,2, Ángel Baltanás2, Rodrigo Torres3 and Nelson Lagos1 1Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España. E-mail: [email protected] 3Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

A large amount of ecological aspects (physiological, behavioral, reproductive and demographic) can be affected by environmental variations. In mollusks, shell shape and its variation is indicative of an environmental pressure and/or gradient. Several studies attribute plasticity shell to selective agents such as thermal stress, waves, population density and predation. Temperature and CO2 partial pressure parameters are highly related to processes of growth and formation of shells being also particularly important in the context of climate change. The gastropod Concholepas concholepas, an important socio-economic and ecological specie in Chile, is widely distributed between centralsouthern Peru and Cape Horn (Chile), being affected by physical, oceanographic and environmental conditions operating at different spatial and temporal scales. A morphometric analysis of the outlines of shells was studied using Elliptical Fourier Analysis. Principal Components Analysis showed a highly significant morphological variation of shells for 4 populations distributed between 23°S y 39°S of Chile (Las Conchillas, Las Cruces, Punta Lavapié y Calfuco). The results indicate that most of the variability in shell shape is accumulated by the three first component principals (more 94.2% variance). Significant regression analysis between the first principal component and centroid size determine that part of the morphological differences observed is due to growth processes during ontogeny. However, the lack of significance between second and third component principals with centroid size indicate morphological variation independent of ontogenetic processes. Discriminant analysis showed two extreme morphotypes (northern and central localities) while the southern population has an intermediate morphology. The lack of genetic variation between different populations of C. concholepas and the marked morphological differences observed, along the latitudinal gradient of Chile, suggest that temperature and CO2 partial pressure could be responsible of this morphological pattern due to the marked gradient that these parameters show along the coast of Chile. Funding: Proyect FONDECYT 1090624-2009. .

51 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

THE EARTHS CLIMATE SYSTEM: VARIABILITY AND CHANGE Kevin Trenberth National Center of Atmosferic Research, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

An introduction will be given of the Earths climate system. The roles of the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land will be described, and how energy (and heat) are moved around, stored, and released in different places and times to alter the regional and global climate. The role of humans will also be introduced with the finding that global warming is unequivocal. A review will be given of the forcings of the climate system and their changes over time, and the response of the climate system as observed in variables including temperatures, precipitation, drought, hurricanes, sea ice, snow cover, ice sheets, and sea level, and our ability to model them. The main manifestations of change are through changes in extremes. The projections of future climate change will be introduced along with the challenges for making climate predictions.

WEDNESDAY 24

TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES AND TREND REGIMES IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC Salvador Lluch , José Ramos and Daniel Lluch Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, México. E-mail: [email protected]

Pelagic fish resources fluctuations are linked to climate changes at different scales. One scale of especial interest is the multidecadal, because of the strong biomass and distribution variations and the apparent synchronicity between systems, particularly in the sardine and anchovies. Even when several hypotheses have been proposed, the physical forcing behind these fluctuations remains unknown. Moreover, strong uncertainty exists on the actual timing of climate trend changes and their symmetry between systems. Today, as we face an increasing concern of the proposed global warming, understanding these changes and mechanisms for the recent past might be our only chance to predict future trends. We analyzed the temperature time series for the entire eastern Pacific coast, from 60°S to 60°N, for the 1950 to 2010 period, as extracted from the ERSST database. Our analyses included detection of temperature regimes (sensus Rodinov, 2004), detection of warming and cooling trend periods (by applying the regime detector to the detrended accumulated anomalies), and search for long term seasonality changes (seasonal amplitude and phase). Our results show that only two regime changes occurred synchronically along the entire Eastern Pacific, the mid 1970s and the late 1990s, while other major shifts can only be detected in the North Pacific (late 1950s, mid 1960s, early 1990s, late 2000s). Trends detection showed a change from warming to cooling occurring in the South Pacific around the early 1960 and delayed for a decade in the north, then a cooling trend lasting for two-three decades and shifting to warming again in the mid 1990s for the south and few years after in the north. We found no trends in the seasonal component.

CYCLE "EL NIÑO"(ENOS) AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE COMMUNITY OF SANDY INTERTIDAL MACROZOOBENTHOS SAN JOSE, LAMBAYEQUE, PERU 1995 2005

Jorge Chanamé1, Victor Alvitres2, Jorge Fupuy3 1Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Lambayeque, Perú; 3University Catholic Saint Toribio of Mogrovejo, Perú

We describe and analyze changes that occurred in the community structure of macrozoobenthos intertidal sandy beach of Caleta San José, Lambayeque, Peru, influenced by the cycle El Niño ENSO in a long monitoring period, enabling to understand the impact biological warm events of El Niño (EN) and cold La Niña (LN). During June 1995 to June 2005 and for the study area, the Cycle "El Niño" was adjusted to several phases: a period "Normal", a LN, a EN, a second LN and a period "Normal" final, depending surface temperature (SST in ° C) of the study area. Samples were collected monthly along a transect line perpendicular to the shore in a fixed station (6°44'28.1''S - 79º59'14.6''W). The sample was obtained, with sampling tube Penchaszadeh every five meters along the transect, determined density (ind/m2) and biomass (g/m2).The community was composed of molluscs, polychaetes, crustaceans and nemerteans. Species diversity declines during warmer periods of the EN, then with increasing opportunistic alien species. The

52 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar density and biomass increase at the start of EN to encourage reproduction, and then, with the increase of SST over tolerance, eliminating some populations of the area. The polychaetes were negatively impacted during EN, but gave positive response during the LN, particularly Nephtys sp. of shellfish and crustaceans such as Donax sp., Olivella collumelaris and Emerita analoga were favored after the impact of EN, achieving renewed population and achieve very high densities and biomass, and this led to a large collection of Donax sp. through the total biomass is expressed clearly the influence of the disturbance in the warm phase of the cycle "El Nino Southern Oscillation, but after a period of almost a year resilience of biomass reaches extraordinary levels high.

CHILEAN RANNELID GASTROPOD REPRODUCTION AS SENTINELS TO EVALUATE CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTHERN PACIFIC Juan Cañete1, María Soledad Romero2 and Cristian Gallardo3 1Universidad de Magallanes, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile; 3Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

Understanding how climate variations and the corresponding oceanographic change will affect shallow marine benthic populations and communities is a key issue worldwide. Questions concerning the impacts of this alteration on marine systems are thus central to many ecological, oceanographic and social studies and is now high on the list of priorities for national and international funding agencies. Here, we show results of two independent studies on the reproductive cycle and seasonality of oviposition in natural habitat of two ranellid gastropods living in the South Eastern Pacific coast: Priene rude (Coquimbo, Chile, as model in the Humboldt current system) and Fusitriton magellanicus (Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile, as model in the Cape Horn current system and the inner channels). We examine the potential use of the cycle of oviposition of both gastropods because both show high predictive response in reproductive activity (P. scabrum, June-July, 13ºC; F. magellanicus October-November, 9-10ºC) demonstrated in monitoring periods of 7 and 5 years, respectively. An important message emerges from this review: marine benthic gastropod of the family Ranellidae around of South American coast could act as sentinels to identify changes in populations and marine ecosystems if a potential climate change accounted.

GROWTH RATE AND SECONDARY PRODUCTION AT HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM: POTENTIAL ANSWERS TO CLIMATE CHANGE Paula Ruz1,2, Daniela Araya 1,2, Sonia Yáñez1,2 and Pamela Hidalgo1,2 1Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción , Chile

Copepods are the most representative zooplankton organism at eastern boundary Humboldt Current System (HCS). Their key role is capturing and transferring C fixed by phytoplankton to higher trophic levels. Estimation of C input might be done by secondary production rates. Experimental growth (g) and production rates link to oceanographic conditions were estimated for the most abundant copepods Paracalanus cf. indicus and Acartia tonsa within Mejillones Bay (23°S), during austral summer 2010. Relative abundance of P. cf. indicus was 55% and for A. tonsa 22% within zooplankton community. Population biomass was ca. 7.02 and 4.5 mg C m-3 for P. cf. indicus and A. tonsa, respectively. Mean weight-specific daily growth was higher for P. cf. indicus (0.29 d-1) than for A. tonsa (0.17 d-1). Abundance, biomass and growth rates values allowed estimate secondary production, which was ca. 2.03 mg C m-3d-1 for P. cf. indicus and ca. 0.13 mg C m-3d-1 for A. tonsa. Oceanographic measurement showed active upwelling conditions with marked thermal stratification. March temperature ranged between 17.4 to 13.8°C, while on january oscillated from 19.5 to 13.4°C, from surface to 90 meters depth. These preliminary observations were obtained from a time series that might allow us understand changes and effects related to atmospheric C increase, on coastal upwelling and secondary production associated to HCS, which could act as answer of pelagic system to climatic change. Fondecyt 11090146. .

53 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

DIVERSITY OF COPEPODA IN THE CHILEAN COASTAL UPWELLING SYSTEM Pamela Hidalgo1,2, Rubén Escribano1,2, Odette Vergara2, Erika Jorquera2, Katty Donoso2 and Paula Mendoza2 1Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile

The copepod community structure from the Northern and Central/southern upwelling regions off Chile was studied and compared. The derived community descriptors were species abundance (N), species richness (R) and the Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H). These descriptors were related to distinct habitats and conditions, sea surface temperature (SST) and depth of the upper boundary of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). From 159 samples, obtained between 2002 and 2008, a total number of 118 species were found of which the calanoids Paracalanus indicus, Acartia tonsa and Eucalanus inermis, along with the cyclopoid Oithona similis, and the poecilostomatoids Triconia conifera and Oncaea media were the dominant species. H was higher in the northern region, but no differences in N and R were detected between regions. N was higher in the epipelagic vs the deep habitat, but R and H did not differ. N, R and H correlated positively to SST and negatively to OMZ depth. The ascent of the OMZ to the upper layer forced by upwelling was proposed as a mechanism that aggregates and increases copepod diversity in the food-rich photic zone. All these findings suggest a fundamental role of upwelling variation for modulating copepod dynamics and community structure in this highly productive but strongly variable marine ecosystem.

CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND ZOOPLANKTON IN THE EASTERN SOUTH PACIFIC: BASELINE KNOWLEDGE AND PREDICTIONS Ruben Escribano Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Zooplankton play a pivotal role in the marine ecosystem by channeling phytoplankton C through the pelagic food web, and at the same time constituting a large and not yet estimated C reservoir of the earth system. Because zooplankton are mostly comprised by short-lived (<6 months) organisms, their populations and communities are extremely sensible to environmental change, such that they can rapidly reflect the impact of climate change on the whole marine system. In the Eastern South Pacific (ESP) zooplankton can also prove as an extremely valuable proxy to assess environmental impact on the structure and functioning of the marine system upon climate variability. Zooplankton time series, for instance, have shown how decadal and multidecadal variations are reflected in the bulk of zooplankton biomass. Over shorter-time scales , the coupling between interannual (ENSO scale), seasonal and upwelling variation and populations dynamics, as well as communities responses, can reveal the mechanisms through which zooplankton become linked to climate variation. In this respect, the last three decades of zooplankton studies in the ESP can allow us to better understand these mechanisms and speculate about potential responses to future changes. It became clear that coastal upwelling is the key process in the ESP controlling the productivity and the structure of lower tropic levels, not only at the coastal zone, but also allowing lateral transport of freshly produced C to vast oceanic regions. Therefore, the future of zooplankton in the ESP in terms of biomass, production and diversity becomes strongly dependent on how upwelling intensity will respond to climate change. This particularity of coastal upwelling systems like the ESP suggests that observations and bioclimatic models derived for other regions predicting zooplankton responses for next decades and centuries, may not properly apply in the ESP, and different modeling tools and approaches are required for more reliable predictions.

OCEAN CLIMATE AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN THE TROPICAL SOUTH EASTERN PACIFIC DURING THE LATE HOLOCENE AT DECADAL TO CENTENNIAL TIME-SCALES Dimitri Gutiérrez1,5, Abdel Sifeddine2,4, David Field3, Ioanna Bouloubassi2 and Luc Ortlieb2 1Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú. E-mail: [email protected] 2Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France; 3Hawaii Pacific University, USA; 4 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; 5Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Perú

Mud-belts containing laminated or near-laminated sedimentary sequences exist in the central Peruvian continental margin (09 15°S, 150 450 m) beneath the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Sediment cores collected in these belts

54 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar record past climatic and biogeochemical conditions associated to the Peruvian upwelling system, providing decadal or even sub-decadal time-resolution for the reconstruction of past variabilities. Recent and ongoing multi-proxy reconstructions have revealed significant changes in lithogenic input, OMZ intensity and productivity during the past millennium, associated to centennial climatic periods as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA, 750 1250 AD) or the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1500 AD 1820 AD). For the MCA, our results confirm minimal lithic fluxes, in accordance with other terrestrial and marine records, arguing for a La Niña-like climate with extremely arid conditions in the continent. Here proxies of biogenic silica, paleotemperature and oxygen depletion suggest high diatom productivity coupled with stratified conditions near the coast. For the LIA, high lithogenic input appears to be indicative of humid conditions in the continent, which is again consistent with terrestrial records for this period. In parallel, oceanographic proxies suggest a deepened and less intense OMZ, warm coastal SST and low productivity. At longer time-scales, the Peruvian sedimentary archives reflect the main climatic periods since the late Pleistocene, as the last deglaciation, the Younger-Dryas and the 8.2 Ky event, in terms of changes in lithogenic input relative to biogenic deposition. The meridional displacement of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) appears to be the key mechanism explaining the ocurrence and onset of these centennial to millennial climatic periods. Finally, proxy records downstream the main Peruvian upwelling center exhibit positive trends for coastal cooling and primary productivity since the mid twentieth century, which are unprecedented for at least the past half millennium. These results are in line with current hypotheses on the responses of eastern boundary systems to global warming.

DIVERSITY OF EUPHAUSIIDS IN CENTRAL-SOUTHERN CHILE DURING 2007-2008: THE IMPACT OF UPWELLING VARIATION Ramiro Riquelme1, Sergio Nuñez2, Erika Jorquera1, Lesly Valenzuela2, Rubén Escribano1 and Samuel Hormazábal1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile

This work examines the spatial and temporal patterns of the euphausiid community in the coastal upwelling zone and oceanic areas at central-southern Chile sampled between August 2007 and November 2008. A total of 22 species were found, most of them already described for the region. The numerically dominant species was Euphausia mucronata for the whole study area, representing more than 60% of the total community. The species showed distinct spatial distribution patterns, such that they could be classified as coastal, oceanic, southern, and northern species. The community descriptors - the Shannon -Wiener diversity index, total abundance, Pielou index, and species richness - all had patterns associated with the cross-shelf and alongshore axes. On the temporal scale, species abundance and the community descriptors showed strong seasonal patterns. Abundances decreased offshore but diversity increased in the oceanic area, revealing an inverse relationship between total abundance and the Shannon -Wiener index. Diversity was positively related to sea surface temperature. Although most abundant species were concentrated in the coastal zone, abundance and diversity in the oceanic region were high for euphausiids; this group is considered to have low species diversity. Our findings suggest that the high productivity of the upwelling region may sustain the euphausiid populations in the coastal transition zone and in the offshore region, and that high abundance and diversity over the entire region may be maintained by a highly heterogeneous environment promoted by upwelling, giving rise to an increased number of potential ecological niches.

EVALUATION OF OZONE DISINFECTION IN ROTIFERS, BRACHIONUS PLICATILIS, MÜLLER 1786 Gabriel Salvo1 and Alfonso Silva2 1CIEN Austral, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

A high bacterial load has been associated with the culture of rotifers, which causes loss and mortality in fish larvae and molluscs. Many chemical, physical and biological agents have been used to reduce bacterial load in the rotifers, but unfortunately the viability of rotifers has always been injured. Rotifers Brachionus plicatilis, previously enriched with microalgae Isochrysis galbana, were submerged for 0, 1, 5 and 10 minutes in ozonated seawater to 0.2 and 0.3 mg/l de O3 as TRO (total residual oxidants). Even when the concentration of 0.3 mg/l of TRO for 5 minutes has the

55 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar highest percentage of total bacterial reduction (64.65%) and survival of rotifers (93.54%), none of the ozone concentrations and times used were effective in significantly in reducing bacterial load of rotifers B. plicatilis. However, the comparatively high survivals obtained with similar experiences can project the use of higher ozone concentrations to try to find a concentration that achieves significantly lower bacterial loads present in the rotifers. .

SANDY BEACH MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AT THE NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST OF PERU Kelly Ortega1, A. Indacochea2 and J. Tarazona3 1University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Científica del Sur, Perú 3Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Perú

The Peruvian coast is comprised by two main biogeographic zones: the Peruvian province (6°S -42°S) and the transition zone between the Panamic and Peruvian province (4°S -6°S). The macrobenthic communities of two sandy beaches located at each of these biogeographic region were analyzed and their community structures compared. Biological and environmental samples were collected during autumn and spring of 2005 at Santa Maria beach (Lima, Peruvian Province) and Chuyillache beach (Piura, Transition zone of the Panamic and Peruvian province). Physical parameters (slope, sediment grain size, wave height and period) were determined. Two replicated transects perpendicular to the shoreline were performed. Samples were taken every 10 m from drift line to saturation zone (Salvat, 1974), with a metal corer of 0.027 m2 and 30 cm depth. Santa Maria beach was classified as dissipative and Chuyillache beach as intermediate (Short & Wright, 1983). Santa Maria beach recorded a total number of 14 species, while Chuyillache presented a total of 25 species. At Santa Maria beach the crustaceans Excirolana brasiliensis (51%) and Emerita analoga (46%) were the dominant species in number during autumm 2005 and only E. analoga (85%) was dominant during spring 2005. In Chuyillache beach the gastropod Olivella collumellaris was the dominant with 88% and 95% during autumn and spring of 2005 respectively.

Cluster analysis and NMDS identified an across-shore pattern formed by stations at the upper and lower zones in both beaches. The lower zone was characterized by highest densities at both beaches, but not in spring of 2005 at Santa Maria beach. An increase in the number of species but not in density was observed at Santa Maria during spring of 2005, the opposite trend was found at Chuyillache. No significant differences were found in the diversity indices between the two sampling periods or beaches.

EVALUATION OF MULTIBEAM BATHYMETRY, HEAT FLOW, SEISMIC REFLECTION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENT METHODOLOGIES FOR SUBMARINE GAS HYDRATE GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Eleonora Barroso, Juan Díaz and Ximena Contardo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The significance of submarine gas hydrate surveys is based both in their capacity to store large volumes of natural gas and the potential geological risks associated to their destabilization.

The presence and abundance of gas hydrates is currently evaluated primarily through indirect geophysical methods, such as heat flow surveys, seismic reflection and electromagnetic transient. Furthermore, mapping with multibeam bathymetry is carried out to detect formations in gas hydrate-associates surfaces. Each method supplies data on environment properties associated to hydrate presence and, therefore, an assessment is needed to determine their efficiency during exploration.

In this work, the main stages of gas hydrate exploration are identified, described and assessed, i.e. a) area surveillance and demarcation, b) exploitation quantification and feasibility, c) exploitation scenario assessment and control. Information supplied by the different geophysical methods are subsequently analyzed, making an association with the

56 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

objective established for each stage, thus allowing the evaluation of each method as essential, complementary or dispensable for the different surveying stages. Thus, submarine seismic reflection results to be essential for all three stages. Multibeam bathymetry is complementary for the surveillance stage, dispensable for assessment and essential for the assessment. Heat flow, on the other hand, is regarded as complementary for the surveillance and assessment stages and essential for the evaluation stage. Finally, the electromagnetic transient results complementary for the surveillance and evaluation stages and essential during assessment.

MORPHOSTRUCTURE OF SUBMARINE VOLCANOES IN AYSEN FJORD (SOUTHERN CHILE) FROM MULTIBEAM BATHYMETRY L. Lara1, Juan Díaz2 and E. Arroyo3 1SERNAGEOMIN, Chile; 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 3Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, U.S.A.

During the year 2007, a seismic swarm affected Aysen region triggering landslides in the epicentral zone, near Liquiñe- Ofqui Fault Zone (LOFZ). In spite that in during that event no eruptive activity was verified, the LOFZ is considered to be strongly associated with the occurrence of Holocene monogenic volcanism as a transverse submarine ridge located in Aysen Fjord. This contribution is based on the analysis of bathymetry collected during the years 2007-2008, which allows to describe and interpretate processes associated with this feature. Thus the ridge is composed of coalescent volcanic edifices that separate Aysen Fjord into two domains: one with 200m water depth; and the western one, with 300m water depth. The general morphology is consistent with its volcanic origin, a fact which was confirmed by the sampling of basalts from the highest top of all edifices. This ridge could be strongly associated with the tectonic activity of LOFZ.

THE GREAT 2010 CHILE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI IN PERSPECTIVE Marco Cisternas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

We focus on the February 2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami, with respect to their effects on the south-central Chile coast and similarities with their historical predecessors. The earthquake and tsunami of 27 February 2010 resemble the earthquake and tsunami of 20 February 1835 in surveyed effects on coastal south-central Chile. We infer this similarity by reviewing accounts from the 19th century, including the reports of Charles Darwin and Robert FitzRoy, among others, and by comparing these with our own findings from a two-week post-earthquake survey of the 2010 rupture area. During our survey, begun soon after the earthquake, we sought signatures of tsunami inundation. We measured the highest water marks left by the tsunami, including debris, seaweed, shells, beach sand, and the upper boundary of discolored and seaward-bent freshwater plants. Witnesses provided valuable information about the location of the watermark tracers, number of waves and arrival time. We look for signs of earthquake intensity damaged structures, landslides, cracks, and liquefaction features. Following FitzRoy´s example, we also determined land-level changes using the post-earthquake elevation of sessile organisms attached to rocks relative to their normal growth elevations. The similarities between the 2010 and 1835 events begin with the spatial distribution of damage from seismic shaking along the 2010 rupture area. The similarities also extend to tsunamis. Although locally variable, the average height of the tsunami in 2010 was around 10 m in most places, as were the heights reported for 1835. Both tsunamis produced major damage where bays open to the north or northwest. Probably the most striking similarity is the pattern of land- level change. These similarities suggest that the fault slip responsible for the 1835 earthquake resembled that of the 2010 rupture. If so, we were privileged eyewitnesses of a recurring phenomenon that has occurred in the past, happens today and will take place in the future.

57 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

EFFECTS OF VESSEL COURSE AND WEATHER CONDITIONS UPON ACOUSTIC BIOMASS ESTIMATIONS FOR SOUTHERN BLUE WITHING Alvaro Saavedra1, Jorge Castillo1 and Edwin Niklitschek2 1Instituto de fomento Pesquero, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

The acoustic biomass estimates have different sources of error and bias, one of them is the movement of the transducer mounted in the hull of the ship, due to the weather conditions, and the course of the vessel. The bias is produced by the change in orientation of the transducer between the times of transmission of the acoustic pulse and reception of the resultant echoes (Stanton, 1982; Dunford, 2005). As the magnitude of this bias depends upon vessel movement, weather and operational variability between years adds a random error to survey estimates. Although this source of bias and error can be measured and minimized, there is limited information about its actual magnitude. Moreover, it has been frequently neglected in traditional assessments.

We conducted as case study on a survey carried out in August 2009, oriented to estimate Southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) biomass in southern Chile (47º-51ºS). In situ pitch and roll transducer movements were registered using a digital clinometer at a rate of three datum/sec. The survey covered a maximum depth range of 600 m. The data was processed and corrected pulse by pulse using Dunford's method (Dunford, 2005), implemented in the Motion correction routine, part of the virtual variables module of the Echoview software. The results indicated differences in echo-integration correction factor between 1.01 and 1.50 related to fish depth, weather conditions (as measured by Beaufort's scale) and, especially, to the vessel course respect to the wind direction. Our results can be applied in future hydroacoustic surveys in order to minimize or to correct by this source of error. .

BARGAINING PROCESS FOR SETTING BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL THRESHOLDS THAT ARE SUSTAINABLE Pedro Gajardo1, Vincent Martinet2, Michel De Lara3 and Héctor Ramírez4 1Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2INRA, France; 3Université de Paris-Est, France; 4Universidad de Chile, Chile

Sustainable development issues are dynamics and encompass several (potentially conflicting) dimensions (we shall focus here on conflicts between environmental and economic/productive agents). In practice, multi-criteria approaches based on sustainability indicators and thresholds are used. Sustainability indicators follow the dynamic evolution of quantities representing various issues (e.g., the spawning stock biomass, the fishing mortality) and thresholds represent constraints that should not be overshot by the indicators. In this talk we argue that (the described practice of) sustainability can be seen as a social bargaining problem on the thresholds (social v/s productive). In addition, we provide the solution of the bargaining problem under qualitative assumptions that, for example, are valid for mono-specific fishery models.

The kind of problem described in this talk can be used to: Define the set of negotiation of outcomes between agents (of biological and management type); Define the distributional possibilities of a policy maker between such agents, and then describe the necessary trade- offs between sustainability issues to be satisfied over time; Define the feedback decision rule to be implemented to achieve a given efficient social outcome

As a case study, we will present the tradeoff that exists between biological objectives and management objectives, for determining sustainable thresholds of: minimal spawning stock biomass, maximal levels of fishing mortality, and minimal levels of landings, for a stock of Patagonian grenadier.

58 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

EFFECTS OF THE "INDIVIDUAL VESSEL QUOTA ALLOCATIONS" (IVQS) ON THE ANCHOVETA FISHERY: PERUVIAN EXPERIENCE Marilú Bouchon, Erich Díaz, Dante Espinoza and Julio Limache Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú. E-mail: [email protected]

The Peruvian current ecosystem is highly productive and is characterized by the abundance of pelagic populations, mainly of the anchovy. In Peru, the fishery is one of the most important economic activities and the anchovy fishery supports more than 90% PBI fishing. It is estimated that this activity provides direct and indirect employment to about 2% of the economically active population of the country. All these characteristics were decisive for the development of a new approach to the administration and management of the Peruvian pelagic fishery, known as "adaptive management". In the previous years the effects of higher fishing effort for anchovy had been due to the increasing fishing power of the vessels, that had high levels of catch rates and great operational performance. The early evidences of the effects of the "individual vessel quota allocations" (IVQs) on the anchoveta fishery are presented. .

EFFECT OF THE LATITUDINAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE 18ºC ISOTHERM ON THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERN OF THE NOMINAL PERFORMANCES OF SWORDFISH (XIPHIAS GLADIUS) IN THE SOUTH EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN Fernando Espíndola1 and Eleuterio Yáñez2 1Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile

Spatial and temporal variability of nominal catch per unit effort (CPUE) of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) of the Chilean industrial longline fleet operating at the southeastern Pacific ocean was analyzed, considering changes in the spatial position of the 18ºC isotherm of the sea surface temperature (SST). Commercial fisheries data obtained from scientificobservers between July 2002 and December 2007, and weekly average SST images from remotely sensed were used. Correlation coefficients between the latitudinal gravity center (LCG) of the CPUE and the latitudinal position of the 18ºC isotherm of 0.64, with a 12-week time lag; the latitudinal position of the 18ºC isotherm and the area between the 17 and 18ºC isotherms of 0.78, with a zero-week time lag; and between El Niño 1-2 index and the latitudinal position of the 18ºC isotherm of -0.92, with a zero-week time lag were also estimated. A defined seasonal pattern was observed in the latitudinal displacement of the 18ºC isotherm, with a southern distribution of 37ºC during the first months of the year up to 25ºS in August. Such pattern is closely jointed to the area delimitated by the 17 and 18ºC isotherms. The nominal CPUE of swordfish showed two phases: one with high values of 0.65 ± 0.06 kg per hook was recorded between late March until early June, when the 18ºC isotherm reaches 30ºS, and the other with low values of 0.37 ± 0.05 kg per hook between late August until early November, when the 18ºC isotherm achieves the 25ºS.

AN APPLICATION OF THE PELAGIC HABITAT ANALYSIS MODULE TO TUNA OF THE EAST PACIFIC OCEAN Daniel Harrison University of Sydney, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]

The Pelagic Habitat Analysis Module (PHAM) is a GIS based tool we have developed for the collection and analysis of habitat relevant information on pelagic biota. The PHAM provides a platform to integrate abundance or presence absence data with satellite imagery and ocean circulation models. We use this information to predict fish distributions, analyse population overlap between species, and inform models of population dynamics that are used for stock management.

The PHAM resides within the EASy GIS, which provides a 4-dimensional (latitude, longitude, depth, & time) home for the various data formats. Tools include EOF analysis of satellite imagery, data matching between environmental data and fisheries presence / count data, and statistical regression techniques for examining relationships betweenenvironmental conditions and species habitat. Results include dynamic maps of predicted species density based on remotely sensed oceanic conditions. PHAM is able to assimilate large quantities of oceanographic data for habitat

59 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar analysis including remotely sensed data as well as model output from both global and regional circulation models. Tools are provided that use model output to track water masses for studies of larval drift and dispersion for stock recruitment analysis.

In this project we incorporate data from tagging experiments and tuna fleet reported catch and effort data, with satellite imagery and circulation models to define the habitat distribution of three commercially important tuna species: bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamus), and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean in terms of oceanographic variables. In addition to fish distributions in space and time, the remotely sensed data and NASA circulation models allow us to better understand environmental drivers that affect recruitment variability and stock size.

We will present data and preliminary results that demonstrate the utility of applying remotely sensed satellite data sets and circulation models to management of the tuna fishery.

TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS APPLIED IN THE LUGAS HARVEST IN CHILE José Carroza and Luis Filun Universidad de los Lagos, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Sarcothalia crispata (luga negra) and Gigartina skottsbergii (luga roja) are Red algae found in the shores of Chile and Argentina, with similar reproductive cycle, but using different substrata in the seabed; both are harvested to extract carrageenans, used in many industries. Also, these are very important to the artisanal fishers that harvest from shore (luga negra) or using small-scale ships (luga roja). The time-series analysis of luga negra, luga roja and Total (luga negra + luga roja) were applied to create a descriptive model which operates in a time-based approach. The data werecollected from the SERNAPESCA (National Fisheries Service) archive since the year 1998 to 2008. With these data was possible to compute the Seasonality, Tendency, Cyclicity and Randomness. The maximum seasonality indexes for landings converge with the greatest availability of biomass for each category (luga negra, luga roja and total) where the highest landings were found in spring and summer, and the lowest in fall and winter time. The tendencies of each category shows that already passed the summit of harvested biomass and now are declining. The cyclicity analysis shows particular developments for each category and an interwoven behavior with the random component. The models created for these seaweeds are adjusted to the data distribution. Only the models produced for luga roja and total present a forecast capability. This work allows us to build knowledge about the harvest of these organisms and to generate management and control tools. We want to acknowledge the FONDEF proyect D07I1125. .

THE GORDIAN KNOT AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES RESOURCES IN CHILE Renato Quiñones Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Most of Chiles key resources show clear signs of overfishing, some of which are currently considered severely overexploited. How did we reach this undesirable state? What are the real underlying causes of this management failure? Answering these questions is a necessary step for the more sustainable use of Chilean fisheries. The most common reasons invoked to explain the recent fisheries crisis are environmental variability, the massive presence of natural predators, overfishing, or a combination of the above. Although productivity of certain stocks may have been compromised by changing environmental conditions, it is well recognized that the decline in the most important Chilean stocks is mainly product of persistently high fishing mortality. Recently, voices in the press have stated that the only solution to improving the state of our fish stocks lays in new property rights arrangements. In contrast, I argue that the key failures in Chilean fisheries management are related to decision making processes and the incapacity and/or lack of political will to apply the necessary restrictions on fishing mortality. Despite certain weaknesses in our fisheries research system, managers and politicians have had the necessary scientific and administrative instruments for managing stocks and avoiding the fisheries crisis, provided that a precautionary approach is taken as a key component in the

60 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar decision making process. Short-term economic and social objectives have clearly been prioritized over resource conservation goals when setting quotas at the National Fisheries Council. At a local level, all too frequently, minimal social pressure is sufficient to obtain extra quotas via Fishing for Research. In other words, ignoring scientific advice has become a frequent practice. In order to untie the Gordian Knot of Chilean fisheries management, it is critical to improve the decision making process and to have the political will to implement a fisheries policy, albeit unpopular, able to rebuild our most important stocks.

PREDATOR CONTROL IN OUTDOOR MASS CULTURES OF ARTHROSPIRA SP. Carlos Méndez and Eduardo Uribe Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The culture of photosynthetic microorganisms such as the cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp. has been studied by researchers in many countries because these organisms can produce products with an important industrial potential. This study evaluates the effects of two different chemical compounds urea (U) and Ammonium bicarbonate (AB) on predator grazing of Branchionus sp. And type-amoeba on the outdoor mass culture of Arthrospira sp. A 24-h Lethal Concentration 100 (LC100) index of 60-80 mg/l (U) and 100-150 mg/l (AB) was found Branchionus sp. And type-amoeba, whereas aften a period of 72-h the effective lethal concentration for 50% of the population (EC50) of 80 mg/l (U) and >150 mg/l (AB) was found for Arthrospira sp. The application of dose of 60 mg/l (U) and 100 mg/l (AB) to contaminate outdoor algal mass culture completely inhibited grazing within a short time, and not inhibited algae populations, allowing a rapid recovery of algal densities to pre-infestation levels. These compounds provides an economical and effective means of zooplankton control in algal cultures.

DIVERSIFICATION OF CHILEAN AQUACULTURE: THE CASE OF THE CRUSTACEAN AUSTROMEGABALANUS PSITTACUS (MOLINA, 2781), PICOROCO Daniel López, Boris López, Sergio Arriagada, Oscar Mora, Paula Bedecarratz, Mauricio Pineda, María González, Lorenzo Andrade, José Uribe and Verónica Riquelme Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The challenges facing Chilean Aquaculture are associated with optimization and diversification. The case of the giant barnacle, Austromegabalanus psittacus, picoroco, is analysed in the context of culture diversification and sustainability.

This endemic species is distributed along the entire coastline of the country and has comparative advantages for culture development, such as: it is sessile, gregarious, with high growth rates, early maturity, high fecundity, natural omnivorous feeding by filtration and seed provision from the environment. Production technologies are simple and it has interesting economic potential on external fine crustacean meat markets. Cultures in suspended systems carried out in the north (30ºS) and south (41ºS) of the country, show strong variations at different spatial and temporal scales, both in natural seed collection and growth. According to local conditions, specimens can reach a commercial size in between 6 and 18-24 months, depending on the type of product and markets. Seed collection depends on type of collector and competent larvae supply, with the adjustment of both variables being critical; type of collector must consider the biological requirements of competent larvae. Economic feasibility has been empirically studied for different products on the Japanese market.

This case constitutes a paradigmatic example, where biological, technological and economic aspects of an endemic species can be combined for the development of sustainable, economically feasible cultures, as well as contributing to the conservation of species over-exploited by fisheries, and avoiding the effects of introduced species with a high trophic level.

61 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

IMPROVEMENT OF RESULTS OF R & D PROJECTS. THE NEXT STEP AND NECESSARY. THE CASE OF PICOROCOS (BARNACLES) WITHOUT THEIR NATURAL COVER AS IN VIVO Jaime Meruane1, María Cristina Morales1 and Mario Pérez2 1Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de La Serena, Chile

The implementation of numerous projects of R & D usually ends in lengthy final reports, which however in most cases are not practical in a direct application of their results. This weakness has multiple explanations, including the lack of understanding of the key players-researchers, the tools available to make the transfer to the productive sector, the sometimes little or no interest from the partners to invest in companies mainly results see their first returns in the not too near, the pressure of institutions housing major research groups to attract new resources or to be made more and better publications to raise the rates by which they are evaluated, and so on. In the cultivation of shellfish in Chile, many attempts have been made through such projects and have been since the introduction of species, the assessment of some for an upcoming aquaculture, basic generation crop cycles, new models for its domestication and others who seek to position indirectly Chilean shellfish in markets that so far they have been very difficult to penetrate. This paper attempts to show that the implementation of basic and technological research must necessarily end in the implementation of the results or for productive purposes and for it to be used as an example the methodology used to achieve a patent for invention made with a crustacean wide distribution and abundance in our country are "picorocos". .

SEARCH OF THERMOTOLERANT CHAPERONES IN COASTAL BIVALVES Fidelina González, L. Aguilar, J. Chávez, G. Gutiérrez and F. Lobera Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Coastal invertebrates have evolved mechanisms enabling them to face sudden changes in temperature and other stressors throughout their life cycle. Many of the mechanisms acquired over evolutionary time have a molecular basis for rapid response to the agent. One of the most important factors influencing the homeostasis of organisms is temperature. Temperature affects the structure of all molecules, as well as the kinetic energy can therefore affect the structure, metabolism, the addition or removal of substance, etc. So, the existence of rapid response mechanisms are necessary to maintain the homeostasis of living organisms, particularly in a high stress such as theose that living associated to the coast. One of the mechanisms is the production at the cellular level of chaperones, proteins that have the ability to keep the conformational state of proteins in the cell, preventing the formation of protein aggregates. Chaperones facilitate the proper protein folding or otherwise, protein is degradated to prevent misfolding. In this study we verify the existence of genes for highly conserved Hsp70 proteins (thermotolerant chaperones) in species of marine coastal invertebrates. It will verify the existence of loci of Hsp proteins in adult bivalve species: Aulacomya ater, Perumytilus purpuratus, and Choromytilus chorus. These species inhabit the supralittoral, and infralittoral coastal areas subjected to different heat stress levels every day. Results are discussed related to get sequences in species that not have yet sequenced genomes. Grant DIUC-UDEC 206031105-1.

INDICATORS OF LARVAL QUALITY APPLIED TO THE FRESHWATER PRAWN CRYPHIOPS CAEMENTARIUS (MOLINA, 1782), IN CONDITIONS OF CONTROLLED CULTURE María Cristina Morales Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The larval development of the freshwater prawn C. caementarius was studied, from the condition of zoea 1 up to the condition of juvenile, analyzing and characterizing diverse criteria that allowed checking the application of morphological and behavioral indicators for the evaluation of the larval quality of the species, in conditions of culture. The larvaes, they were kept in a system of culture (modified of Morales, 1977, Meruane et al. 2006 and Morales et al. 2006), that consisted of a tank of 250 L with water at 20 psu, supported to constant temperature (25º + 1ºC), controlled with

62 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

thermostat and with a refill of 100 % every day. The diet consisted of microalgae (Nannochloris sp. and Isochrysis sp.), rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), nauplii of artemia (Artemia franciscana) and formulated food. There were used five indicators, considering aspects of morphologic character and behavior applied to the individuals of C. caementarius. The indicators selected in the present work, they were feasible of being used for the determination of the condition and quality of the larvae of C. caementarius, being able to make an effective follow-up and association with every condition of larval development, standardize desirable characteristics in the larvae and demonstrate verifiable results, using a protocol of culture and food supply. Besides every indicator, it was possible to itemize an extensive range of potential studies to realizing, based on the relations that the morphology and the larval behavior support with the physiological capacities of the larvae in development.

ARTEMIA IN CHILE: ADVANTAGES AND DISSADVANTAGES FOR AQUACULTURE Patricio De los Rios and Italo Salgado 1Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

The brine shrimp Artemia in Chile has been studied since the 1980s, initially on populations inhabiting shallow coastal and inland mountain ponds, and salt works in northern and central Chile. Based on morphometric and molecular evidence, these populations were identified as A. franciscana. In the 1990s, A. persimilis was recorded from southern Patagonia, a species previously considered endemic to Argentina. Finally, two new populations of A. franciscana have been recorded, from one saline coastal pond in northern Chile and from a salt work in central Chile. The scope for further research to increase both understanding of the strain characterization and basic population ecology descriptions of the Chilean brine shrimps and improve their conservation status is discussed. It is suggested that future studies should investigate first the management of local brine shrimp population for local aquaculture or conservation resources, other direction would be the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposition that is notoriously high in brine shrimp habitats. This last factor is very important because the UVR is an important mutatagen on the genetic structure of the populations. In this scenario, it is suggest a carefully management for introduced brine shrimp populations for local aquaculture for avoid alterations in native populations that due their genetic isolation would need conservation procedures for avoid local extinctions.

HISTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE OF CRYPHIOPS CAEMENTARIUS (MOLINA, 1782) (DECAPODA: PALAEMONIDAE) Jorge Moreno, Carlos Méndez, Gina Díaz, Jaime Meruane and María Morales Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Adult females, C. caementarius obtained from Limarí River (IV region of Chile), were anesthetized by placing on ice and the ovaries were dissected out, fixed in Davidson´s fixative and prepared for histological examinations. Changes in the ovarian morphology were examined by light microscopy in 57 mm thick paraffin sections stained with Harris' Hematoxylin and counter stained with Eosin. Fibromuscular tissues divide the ovarian tissue of each lobe into cone- shaped ovarian lobules (Maturation cones), each containing various steps of oocytes according to the stages of ovarian development. Based on light microscopic observations of cells' sizes, morphology, and staining with H&E, the femalegerm cells could be classified into six different types, which include Oogonia (Oo), early previtellogenic oocytes(O1), late previtellogenic oocytes (O2), early vitellogenic oocytes (O3), late vitellogenic oocytes (O4) and mature oocytes (MO). The ovarian cycle is divided into five stages based on the number and types of oocytes present in each stage. Stage 0 and I are spawn and immature stages. Stage II and III are early and intermediate maturity stage, while stage IV is maturity advanced stage. Stage 0 contains collapsed ovarian pouches, Oo and O1. During ovarian stage I, each ovarian cones contains primarily oogonia, O1 and O2. In stage II, the cones contains mainly O2 and O3, while in stage III the predominant cells are O4. Stage IV is characterized by presence of O1, O2, synchronous MO, and the complete absence of O4. This is the first description of the steps of differentiating oocytes based on size and their accumulation pattern in various stages of each ovarian cycle. The presence of oogonia and previtellogenic oocytes among fully mature oocytes in stage IV reflect the capacity of the ovary of C. caementarius females to start a new full maturity cycle in a short time period.

63 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

THURSDAY 25

HOW TO GET AN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT IN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: A TOOL FOR ITS EVALUATION Andrés Guajardo1 and Claudia Navarrete2 1Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universisdad Andrés Bello, Chile

The evaluation of the development in the management is essential for gets the goals and objectives of a Marine Protected Areas (MPA). Pomeroy et al. (2004) presents a manual to evaluate the development of the protected marine areas in the time, by the use of indicators which measure the Biophysical state, Socioeconomic state and the Governance of those areas.The present work adopts the use of these indicators, and create a tool for to evaluate the development in the management, in the way to get an adaptive Management process. In this work also is presented a descriptive model, wich interprets the behavior of development of the mpa, in front of two opposed scenes, one in a bad management and other in an adaptive management proces. Also is presented a qualification method wich allow, to integrate the different factors wich take part in the development of the area. And finally, the result of the Management development state and a series of recommendations of the best way to reach adaptive Management process. .

SPATIAL MESOSCALE ESTABLISHMENT TO ASSESS THE PERFORMANCE OF CHILEAN ABALONE FISHERIES (CONCHOLEPAS CONCHOLEPAS) CO-MANAGED THROUGH THE MANAGEMENT AND EXPLOITATION AREAS FOR BENTHIC RESOURCES (MEABRs) Carlos Techeira , Lorena Alvarez, Carlos Cortes, Alvaro Wilson and Alvaro Aguilera Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Since 1997, the Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABRs) represent a co-management measure between the State and users, which are appointed as allocation of right of territorial use to artisanal fishery organizations. The main fisheries activity involving Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda, Muricidae) is carried out between 18°36 L.S. and 45°18 L.S. of the southeastern Pacific coastline in Chile and constitutes a unique population (Cardenas et al., 2009). MEABRs are based on the use of natural production given their inclusion in the dynamics of the natural systems. The assumptions of stock evaluations at each MEABR do not recognize the population characteristics of benthic resources, thus raising the need for appropriate spatial scales for evaluation, as the relation between the population fractions supporting different MEABRs, typical of a species with a long planktonic larvae state, is acknowledged, which results in significant differences in the productive performance of MEABRs. Therefore, a database was developed incorporating information of the annual evaluations of 163 MEABRs located between the 19°34 L.S. and 54°5 L.S., which were executed between 1998 and 2008, and restricted to a MEABR with at least three evaluations and assuming equilibrium with their carrying capacity (Stotz, 2005). Ten different spatial groups of MEARBs were generated through a discriminant statistical analysis, according the variables mostly explaining the production of the MEABRs. The historical series of the bio-fishery variables for each MEABR allowed obtaining reference points to assess the performance depending on the spatial mesoscale performance of each group, and permitting their future monitoring, which are referred to expected performance simplified to the use of indicators with traffic- light type levels. A correspondence between the observed productive performances and the economic profitability variables of those MEABRs with existing data was also observed.

COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC MONITORING ASSOCIATED TO A POPULATION SAMPLING NETWORK FOR CHILEAN ABALONE (Concholepas concholepas) AT MEABRs, CHILE Alexander Valdenegro, Carlos Techeira, Alvaro Wilson and Carlos Cortes Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Requirements for including ecosystemic approach to fisheries management raises the need to develop additional information to the currently available data, which must be based on bio-fishery information. The association of the

64 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar performances of environmental variables and benthic fisheries systems results significant in the implementation of monitoring systems adequately responding to surveillance system requirements. Therefore, coastal micro-scale seasonal oceanographic samplings were done to a pilot scale in 4 monitoring areas of population recruitment of Chilean abalone (Concholepas concholepas), which are associated to MEABRs (Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources, a co-management system based on territorial use rights in Chile), and at different productive levels between 29.7°S and 33.08°S to consequently establish plausible link between oceanographic variables and the productive results of MEABRs.Thus, those areas with the higher background in terms of their characterization were used as the main selection criterion, such as the upwelling areas.A lineal regression model was developed that explains the relation among the coastal flow in a section transversal to the coast, the population recruit presence for the Chilean abalone resource, the mean production of MEABRs for the species and the richness, diversity and dominance ecological indicators. A significant response of the recruit density variable was observed for the net flow value towards the shore, assuming the larvae availability and mortality behavior at the four stations remains equal between seasons. The latitudinal integrating analysis of monitoring stations shows correlations among the ecological, oceanographic, population and production variables of this resource, thus suggesting an interaction of the measured variables, which may allow the establishment of spatial analysis scales for benthic fisheries at the MEABRs.

COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO MODELS FISHERY BASED ON CO-MANAGEMENT AND TERRITORIAL USE RIGHTS FOR FISHERS (TURFS) Claudia Navarrete1 and Gustavo San Martín2 1Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Subsecretaría de Pesca, Chile

In Chile, the General Law of Fisheries and Aquaculture established the administration measure called Management and Exploitation Areas of Benthic Resources, to which the organizations of fishermen may apply. The main fundamentals considered to establish such a measure are the following: acquired knowledge in population dynamics of benthic invertebrates in marine protected areas, restrictions established by the State to regulate access and exploitation of the resources, the development reached by an increasing fraction of the artisanal fishery sector, which allows to expect a co-responsibility in the conservation of the resources, and the benefits of reorienting the productive method based in nomad gatherers, towards a production based in sedentary gatherers, through the exclusive assignation of the use of the resources. Galicia is a region with an autonomous government located in NW Spain, the fishery regulations depend on the regional government; promote a co-management system between artisanal fishers organisations (cofradías) and the fisheries authority through territorial user rights for fishing (TURFs). Since 1992, exploitation is granted to cofradías after submission of an annual plan of exploitation and management, where fishing activity (daily allocation of effort, maximum daily individual quotas and areas of exploitation), surveillance and the commercialisation processes are established. Since 2000, new regulations defined a new official management plan model for some resources, which requires more information to assess previous seasons (i.e., daily production and fishing effort distribution through out the year). Main objectives of these new requirements are: to allow evaluation of performance of previous plans and to make better stock assessments for new management plans for this valuable resource. Comparison of these two systems fisheries management based co-management and territorial use rights, allows establishment possible solutions to the problems identified in the present.

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF "AMERB" CALETA MAITENCILLO (32º39'S - 72º26'W) FOR THE MAIN RESOURCES, CONNECTING ABUNDANCE VARIABLES, CONDITION INDICATORS AND SIZE FREQUENCY FOR ANALYSIS Cristian Torres, R. Ortiz, D. Guzmán and J. Castillo Universidad del Mar, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The present paper is focused on the performance analysis of the observation area at Caleta Maitencillo from 2004 to 2008, relating the abundance variables, condition or weight indicators and size structure of both resources currently exploited and available or at rest (no exploitation). Data was processed from 2004 to 2008 due to the standardisation of methodological procedures, data collection and sampling process.

65 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

The abalone (Concholepas concholepas - Loco), black limpet (Fissurella latimarginata) and pink limpet (Fissurella cumingi) resources were classified in different states. According to this, the abalone resource under exploitation has remained in the recuperation and balance stages, considering that, on a yearly basis, not 10% of the stock out of the annual designated extraction quota has been surpassed, and that it has been exploited under safety criteria. However, for the limpet species, the situation has been different since was extracted only until 2005, thus bringing the black limpet from a state of deterioration to a state of balance, and in the case of the pink limpet from a state of recuperation. Both the exploitation strategies and their results will be compared with other studies on observation areas. Also, the most decisive biological and environmental variables of the area in these results will be analysed. .

A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE BENTHIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND EXPLOITATION AREAS IN THE AYSÉN REGION, CHILEAN PATAGONIA Sergio Neira1, G. Daneri1, C. Molinet2, F. Barattinni1, Madelein Hamane1 and Carlos Portales1 1Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

The benthic resources Management and Exploitation Areas (BRMEAs) are enclosed portions of the coast (within 5 nautical miles from the shore) granted by the Chilean Undersecretary of Fishing to fishermen organizations, in order to generate sustainable use of highly productive benthic stocks (e.g., Chilean abalone, sea urchin, clams, mussels and seaweeds) based on management plans. Although this management approach has been relatively successful in regions of Chile with a linear exposed coast, there is no overall assessment of the performance of BRMEAs in the inland seas such as the Aysén region, Chilean Patagonia. In this paper, we use biological, economic and social data obtained from primary and secondary sources, to characterize operative BRMEAs in the Aysen region and assess their performance. We identify several threats for the sustainability of BRMEAs. Firstly, most BRMEAs are located far from the fishing village, which increases maintenance costs and impedes a strict control of the resources within the area. Secondly, we identify strong year-to-year discrepancies in results from the stock assessment studies carried out in several BRMEAs, which may indicate changes in the stock assessment methodologies used, real strong changes in abundance, furtive fishing, poaching and/or (deliberately) overestimated quotas. The lack of formal commercial channels available to fishermen and their low negotiation power, result in products with low market price. This situation pushes fishermen to extract more and more quota to satisfy their needs, including poaching resources from beyond the limits of their BRMEAs. We conclude that only a small percentage of BRMEAs seems to be sustainable in the long-term, and therefore alternative spatial management actions need to be considered to improve both stocks productivity and fishermen income in the Aysen region.

DEEPWATER SHRIMPS AND THEIR FISHERIES IN LATIN AMERICA Ingo Wehrtmann1, Patricio Arana2, Edward Barriga3, Adolfo Gracia4 and Paulo Pezzuto5 1Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso,Chile; 3Instituto del Mar del Perú, Perú; 4Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México; 5Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Brasil

The world fisheries are going deep, which is also true for Latin America. The lack of comprehensive information about the deepwater resources, which are more vulnerable to exploitation, impedes the development of adequate management plans. We present a summary of information concerning deepwater shrimp resources and their potential for fisheries in Mexico, Central America, Peru, Brazil and Chile. In the Mexican Gulf of Mexico, recent investigations demonstrated the presence of six deepwater shrimp species. Highest catches (> 5kg/h) were found between 300-700 m depth, making these species an alternative potential fishing resource for the Mexican shrimp industry. Two Heterocarpus species together with Solenocera agassizii are commercially fished in Central America. During the last years, landings declined, and the future of this fishery is uncertain. Research cruises carried out along the Peruvian coast during the 1970s revealed the presence of numerous shrimp species with commercial potential, among them species commercially fished in other countries. However, these resources have not been exploited in Peru. Commercial deepwater shrimp fishing activities started in Chile during the 1950s, focusing on Heterocarpus reedi, Haliporoides diomedeae and Campylonotus

66 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

semistriatus. The principal target species is H. reedi with over 11.000 tons in 1968, and currently with 5.250 ton yr-1. For this species, the results of periodical studies are utilized to determine the annual quotas allowed to be extracted by the commercial fleet in Chile. The exploitation of deepwater shrimps (Family Aristeidae) started in Brazil in 2002. The rapid decline of the principal resource (Aristaeopsis edwardsiana) due to overexploitation was accompanied by a concomitant increase of Aristaeomorpha foliacea. The fully structured management plan was never implemented, and since April 2009 fishing operations for these resources stopped. We discuss the situation of the deepwater shrimp fishery in Latin America and suggest future actions concerning management and joint research.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND FISHERIES IN CHILE Eleuterio Yáñez, María Ángela Barbieri and Francisco Plaza Pontificia Universidad Católica de Vaparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Relationships between the abundance of exploited species, the fishing effort and the environmental variables, and conceptual models for an ecosystemic management of the fisheries are proposed, from daily to interdecadal time scales. Furthermore, the possible effects of climate change on the Chilean marine ecosystems are considered, and a projection for the anchovy fishery in northern Chile is carried out under four different temporal climatic change scenarios until 2100. Finally, the indications on the necessity to evaluate the spatial-temporal fisheries behaviour, given the climate change scenario, are suggested.

ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO THE MUTI-SPECIES FISHERY IN THE SOUTH AUSTRAL ZONE OF CHILE Sergio Neira 1, Hugo Arancibia2, Steve Mackinson3, Mónica Barros2 and C. Gatica4 1Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile 3CEFAS, U.K. 4Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, Chile

The south-austral marine zone of Chile (41ºS-55ºS) sustains important artisanal and industrial fisheries based on demersal fish species. Traditionally, these stocks have been considered isolated species and managed accordingly using single- species approaches. However, well documented ecological and technical interactions between target stocks and operating fleets, have led fishing authorities to recognize the need for a much broader approach for the analysis of the fisheries in this management unit. Recently, the Chilean Fishing Research Fund granted Universidad de Concepcion a project aiming the design and implementation of a multispecies approach for the south-austral fisheries in Chile (SAFCh). This paper describes the parameterization of an Ecopath model representing the food web that supports target species in the SAFCh. The model includes phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, other pelagic fish, other demersal fish, hoki (Macruronus magellanicus), southern blue whiting (Micromesistis australis), kingklip (Genypterus blacodes), skate (Raja falvirostris), southern hake (Merluccius australis) and other predators (marine birds, cetaceans and sea lion). The model also includes the main fleets operating in the study area (purse seine, industrial trawl, long-lines, bottom-lines and the artisanal fleet). The input data needed to feed the model (e.g., biomasses, production/biomass and consumption/biomass ratios, catches, diet compositions, etc.) are gathered from reports from the yearly (fishery- dependent and fishery independent) assessments carried out for target species, landing statistic yearbooks from the National Fisheries Service, gut content analysis, primary and secondary production, etc.). We use then the Ecosim time- dynamic model to fit model predictions to observed series of relative abundance (1990-2008). The fitting process allows exploring the relative contribution of fishing mortality, predation vulnerability and environmental forcing to explain the observed stock dynamics.

67 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

A MULTI-OBJECTIVE AND MULTI-FLEET ANALYSIS TO TEST MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS BALANCING ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE RECOVERY OF CHILEAN HAKE Hugo Arancibia1, Sergio Neira2 and Mónica Barros1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Chile

Following a socio-economic characterization of the main fishing fleets operating off Central Chile (e.g., artisanal longliners, industrial trawlers, artisanal and industrial purseiners), we use an Ecopath model representing the marine food web off central Chile in 2008-2009, and simulate changes in the fleet-specific fishing mortality rates in order to optimize specific management objectives, e.g., economic (income), social (jobs), ecological (community structure) and the mandated rebuilding of the Chilean hake stock (doubling the current biomass level in 10 years). Maximizing any individual management objective impedes reaching satisfaction in all other objectives. Overall, the scenarios including the mandated rebuilding of the stock of Chilean hake resulted in benefits in, at least, two of the four objectives analyzed.More specifically, the scenario aiming the mandated rebuilding in hake as individual goal function resulted in the scenario that concomitantly reached social and ecological benefits for the system with the lowest economic loss.

MULTIESPECIES DEMERSAL FISHERY OFF SOUTHERN CHILE: THE CONCEPTUAL POPULATION DYNAMICS MODEL IN SOUTHERN HAKE AND PINK CUSK-EEL Juan Carlos Quiroz and Rodrigo Wiff Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The austral demersal fishery is developing between 41°18 to 57°S off Chile and it includes mainly six species of commercial importance. Among the most important species, in term of fishing history and catch levels are the southern hake (Merluccius australis) and pink cusk-eel (Genypterus blacodes). For more than three decades these species have been fished by three fleets including industrial trawl vessels, industrial and small-scale longline vessels. Both species have similar life history strategies and they are harvested at the same time by the same vessels. Despite the commercial importance and long history of this fishery, there are still an important lack of knowledge regarding life history traits and demographic patterns. Thus, the conceptual population dynamics model in both species is still a matter of strong debate. Nowadays, population dynamic of southern hake is modelling in ages using catch-at-age assuming the existence of one close stock with one spawning season and one recruitment event per year. The model is calibrated using spawning abundances estimated by hydroacustic surveys and standardised catch per unit of effort (CPUE) coming from longline and trawl vessels. On the other hand, pink cusk-eel is modelled in ages using both catch-at-age and catch-at-size from trawl/longline vessels and longline small-scale vessels, respectively. It is also considered the existence of two closed stocks with independent recruitments and with no migration between stocks. The model is calibrated using only CPUE coming from industrial vessels. Although pink cusk-eel and southern hake show ecological interactions and there have similarities in term of life history and demographic traits, conceptual population models have been proposed independently in both species. Therefore, the main aim of this work is to review the conceptual population dynamics models in pink cusk-eel and southern hake, discussing the caveats of knowledge that need to be tackled in order to propose a unified modelling framework of these species.

JACK MACKEREL ABUNDANCE ANALYSIS USING GLOBAL PRODUCTION MODELS Francisco Plaza and Eleuterio Yáñez Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The interanual and monthly variability of the jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) fishery of the stock unit located in front of the chilean coasts is analyzed. For this purpose, environmental and fishery related variables from 1973-2010 were employed. The expert-based system CLIMPROD was used in order to describe the interanual variability, while artificial neural network models were employed to describe the monthly variability. CLIMPROD models considers the jack mackerel abundance influenced by fishing effort and the Talcahuano sea surface temperature integrated

68 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar annomaly. Artificial neural network models consider the fishing effort and the environment represented by turbulence, upwelling index and the atmospheric temperature in Talcahuano as local variables, and the cold tongue index as a possible indicator of equatorial forcing. The maximum sustainable yield was 2.5 - 3 ton 106; however, in 1994 and 1995 near 4 million tons were fished each year. Estimated captures for 2009 and 2010 of 0.5 ton 106 and 0.35 ton 106 respectively represent 50% of the observed captures for those years (1.2 ton 106 in 2009 and 0.67 ton 106 in 2010). The validated models presented good correlations (R2: 0.80 - 0.89) evidencing relationships between jack mackerel abundance, the strong fishing intensity and the environment affecting both abundance and catchability.

RENT LOSS DUE TO MISMANAGEMENT IN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE Max Agüero Inter American Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Development, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The social, economic and biological performance of fisheries world-wide shows a critical situation. From the biological point of view, 79% of the traditional stocks are already fully exploited, overexploited or depleted and only non-significant increases in yield are expected from the remaining 21%, most of which are species of lower economic value (FAO, 2009). From a social and economic point of view, the lost economic rent or benefits are estimated to be about US$ 50 billion annually (World Bank and FAO 2009). Considering the past three decades, this loss of potential economic benefits amounts to approximately US$ two trillion. A significant portion of this loss could become economic and social benefits if fisheries management is improved.

Recent studies conducted by the PROFISH Program of the World Bank in collaboration with FAO, show that among the main reasons for this poor performance of world fisheries is the overexploitation of the biological stocks resulting from fishing overcapacity characterizing most current fisheries which in turn is the consequence of inappropriate management policies. Fisheries management in Latin America shows similar characteristics and patterns.

Reducing fishing effort can result in rapid increases in productivity, profitability and net economic benefits. In turn, the rebuilding of the stocks would result in improved sustainable yields and lower fishing costs. Both would lead to the recapturing the loss of economic rent and to a more sustainable fisheries.

However, proper fisheries management and the necessary reforms go beyond the fisheries arena and require not only strong political will but also, the building of consensus over objectives and visions, scientific and technical information, human capacity, proper management instruments and the building of the necessary means for effective dialogs, equity and continuity among other factors.

The scientific and technical work required above for effective management, should aim at evaluating the social and economic costs of degradation and the environmental, economic and social consequences of alternative management scenarios for rebuilding the stocks and to attain maximum sustainable yields both from a biological and socio-economic perspective. The necessary conditions and implications of these requirements are the central theme of this presentation.

GENETIC IN FISHERIES: POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC DIVERSITY IN MARINE SPECIES OF COMMERCIAL INTEREST ACROSS THE PACIFIC OCEAN Leyla Cárdenas1, Andrea Silva1, Elie Poulin2, Juan Carlos Castilla3 and Patricio Ojeda3 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Chile, Chile; 3Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Human harvest of animals in the wild occurs in terrestrial and aquatic habitats throughout the world and is often intense. To sustain the productivity of harvested populations, it is crucial to incorporate genetic considerations into management. Here we present the state of art in the genetic studies in marine species that at present are target of fisheries in South Pacific Ocean (SPO). We used two kinds of molecular markers to investigate population structure and genetic diversity in three emblematic species of Chilean fisheries: the jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi, the pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and the marine gastropod Concholepas concholepas. In accordance with the expectation based on potential to

69 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar dispersal the results show high level of genetic diversity in the three species, but did not support the existence of different stock units for T. murphyi neither for S. sagax. To C. concholepas low but consistent genetic structure was reported only when more variable molecular marker are used. A comparison between the species and its fisheries systems will be done with the aim of to determinate utility of the genetic population approach to develop an adequate management strategy for these fisheries.

SYSTEMATIC MARINE CONSERVATION PLANNING AND HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE AREAS IN CHILOENSE ECOREGION Mauricio Gálvez1, Aldo Farías1, Yacqueline Montecinos2 and Rodrigo Hucke2 1World Wildlife Fund Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Centro Ballena Azul, Chile

In Chile, the creation of sites for marine biodiversity conservation has largely depended on opportunity-based factors, e.g. low levels of conflict and / or high viability in their creation and implementation. As a result, these areas are located in places that do not necessarily contribute to biodiversity conservation, given that they do not suitably consider elements of biodiversity, threatened species, or management plans guaranteeing species and ecosystem persistence. To address this situation and properly identify important marine biodiversity sites in Southern Chile, a systematic conservation planning initiative, complemented with concepts from the High Conservation Value (HCV) areas approach, was undertaken in the Chiloense Marine Ecoregion (41.5º - 47º S). This process included three workshops with local and international experts; the creation of a database with biological, social, and economic information; and data analyses using MARXAN software to identify optimum sites for biodiversity conservation.

Twenty-five conservation targets representing the ecoregions marine biodiversity were selected, comprised of 14 species, six ecosystems, and five bio-oceanographic processes. Conservation goals for each target were established based on expert opinion. Similarly, eight anthropogenic activities exerting negative pressure on biodiversity were studied to consider conservation costs. Furthermore, both sites culturally important to indigenous communities and benthic resource management areas were considered in the identification of HCV areas. Based on the MARXAN analysis, a portfolio of 40 HCV areas for marine and coastal biodiversity in the ecoregion was identified to fulfill the conservation goals. The surface area of the portfolio totals 16,562 km2, representing 15.1% of the area covered by the inner sea, and continental shelf until 2000 m depth. Finally, the scope and implications of the portfolio are discussed as part of the proposed systematic conservation planning approach.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SALMONIDS STOCK, ORIGINAL FROM THE WILD REPRODUCERS TO SUSTAIN ITS NATURAL PRODUCTION IN THE X, XI AND XII REGIONS Alberto Medina and Javier Marín Universidad de los Lagos, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and stream trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) species, constitute aquatic resources of a great attractive for the recreational fishing, which has a great projection in the development of the Especial Interest Tourism in Chile. These species that constitute discrete stocks because of its characteristics inherent to their habitat, have decreased its biomass, which is not possible to recover through out the natural production of these populations, and that may allow its conservation and sustainability. Therefore, its important to research the biological characteristics of these species, related to population parameters, genetic information, reproductive patterns, diets, feeding, sanitary aspects, and en environmental surroundings. .

70 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF MARINE FARMS HATCHERY, LAGUNA VERDE, VALPARAISO Marcelo Concha1, Jeremy Kindseth1 and Aldo Madrid2 1TEBAL Consulting, Chile. E-mail: [email protected], www.tebal.cl 2MARINE FARMS, Chile

The growth of population and its demand for goods and services has caused an exponential increase of energy production and, consequently, of its atmospheric emissions, causing in words of the economist Richard Stern (2006), the largest and most widespread failure of the market system -climate change-. Aquaculture, also affected by this problem, hasdeveloped a set of mechanistic and reductionist solutions that are applied uniformly to production systems. This fragmented approach does not permit understanding the aquaculture as part of larger natural system, hiding much of the complexity of energy flows and system interdependencies. The end result is that costs are undervalued as environmental effects are not considered (Colt, 2009). Marine Farms has used a systemic approach to develop a comprehensive model of energy production for their aquaculture operations oriented towards sustainability, resilience and autonomy. This model is focused on a diverse energy system, reduced consumption, recycling, reuse of productive outputs and on the integration of resources available in the ecological landscape of Laguna Verde, where operations take place. The company currently has 20% of electrical generation capacity installed based on hybrid photovoltaic and wind power generators. Additionally, the company uses a biodigester that produces methane gas and provides 45 kg of organic fertilizer weekly.The utilization of the comprehensive systems model has helped Marine Farms reduce their fossil fuel consumption by 12% and their overall energy costs by 18.5%, an important achievement as the cost of energy is one of the main variable costs in the aquaculture industry (Pfeiffer, 2005). By developing and applying a comprehensive model based on a systemic approach that considers the facilities and operations as part of ecosystem, the aquaculture has the opportunity to improve its ecologic efficiency, market competiveness and the resilience if its own systems as well.

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF TWO INCUBATION SYSTEMS OF GENYPTERUS CHILENSIS EGGS Rolando Vega 1, Miguel Pradenas 1, Juan Manuel Estrada 2, Diego Ramírez 2, Iván Valdebenito1, Alfonso Mardones1, Patricio Dantagnan1, Denis Alfaro1 and Cristian Pichara 1 1Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

World aquaculture tendency today is the cultures diversification, mainly native species. The red cusk eel Genypterus chilensis is a chilean native species of high gastronomic demand and seasonal exploitation that projected as candidate for the development of their culture technology. The objective of this study was to test the efficiency of two differentincubation systems for G. chilensis eggs masses, one with closed water circuit (SICC) and the other with an open water circuit (SICA); the efficiency was measured by the larvae hatched percentage. The study was realized at Centro de Investigacion Marina Quintay of Universidad Andres Bello, located at the V Region of Chile. Two essays were realized measuring the percentage of eggs fecundation and larvae hatching in four replicas. Essay 1 had an average of 81.8 + 2.5% eggs fecundation for the SICC and 81.5 + 4.4% for the SICA. There is no significant difference between both. Average larvae hatching for the SICC was 42.9 + 34.5% and for the SICA was 0.0 + 0.0%. Both system are significant different. Essay 2 had an average of 87.3 + 2.6% eggs fecundation for the SICC and 79.8 + 3.2% for the SICA. There is no significant difference between both. Average larvae hatching for the SICC was 27.9 + 33.7% and for the SICA was 4.8 + 5.6%. Both system are significant different.Conclusion: The incubation system with water closed circuit is the best for Genypterus chilensis eggs masses.

71 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

USE OF ADVANCED OXIDATION FOR REMOVAL AND CONTROL OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN A CULTURE OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS), WITH WATER RECIRCULATION Pablo Venegas, M. Espejo, P. Yasna and Víctor Faúndez Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile. E-mail [email protected]

Solids, like non-consumed food, feces and organic biofilter releases, are a problem in culture systems using water recirculation (RAS), the build up of which affects fish health, reduces availability of dissolved oxygen, increases the presence of nitrogenated compounds and has a negative effect on the entire operation of the system: obstruction of piping, pumps and filters. Various options are available for eliminating Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and the aim of this work was to evaluate a system that would make its removal possible based on an Advanced Oxidation Process. To this end, a RAS was built, at the Biotechnology and Aquaculture Engineering Laboratory of the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (Chile), for the culture of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The recirculatingwater, once the system was stabilized, was subject to tests for removal of contaminants in an advanced O3/UV type oxidation reactor, designed and dimensioned beforehand.

Due to the characteristics of the oxidation process, the effects of the variation under three operational conditions were evaluated: initial pH of the treated water (pH 7 and pH 10), dosis of Ozone (0.5 g and 1.4 g of O3/h), and the hydraulic retention time of the water in the reactor. The initial average value of the TSS in the treated water was 100 ± 20 mg/l. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the different combinations of treatment and that the highest removal of TSS, 88%, is obtained with the combination of pH 10, a dose of 0.5g O3/h and 60 minutes of treatment. Additionally, under the same situation, a potential of final oxido-reduction of 280 mV is obtained, adequate for fish, a 100% removal of Nitrite-N and 38% of the Ammonium-N initially present in the water. .

BIOFILTRATION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ON ALTERNATIVE BACTERIAL ATTACHMENT SUBSTRATES Carlos Carroza1, Felipe Hurtado1 and Xavier Gutiérrez2 1Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

This research compares the nitrifying activities ([TAN], ([NO2-N] and [NO3-N]), and performance in terms of areal TAN conversion rate (ATR), volumetric TAN conversion rate (VTR) and conversion efficiency of TAN (% TAN) between two alternative substrates (S1 y S2) of biofiltration versus commercial substrate (Co) in biofiltration processes, all of them built in PP. The experiment was conducted in two replicates of 55 days each one. For this purpose an isolated system was built for the experience, in which was added ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in a gradual way to simulate the entry of ammonia (NH3) as a result of fish excretion. For this re-conditioned freshwater was used according to standard APHA (1999), in terms of chemical parameters.

According to average results for both replicates, the substrates S1 and S2 showed a statistically similar behavior to the substrate Co (P> 0.05) during the first 50 days (until steady state). In terms of ATR performance for S1, S2 and Co, average values and standard deviation of 0.41 ± 0.13, 0.40 ± 0.16; 0,56 ± 0.13, were recorded respectively. In terms of %TAN for S1, S2 and Co average values and standard deviation of 95% ± 5% and 94% ± 8% and 96% ± 4%, were recorded respectively. In terms of VTR for S1, S2 and Co average values and standard deviation of 73.97 22.62; 84.97 26.39 and 40.25 11.55, were recorded respectively. Statistical analysis provided that for the ATR and %TAN differences were not statistically significant (p value> 0.05). But for VTR, statistically significant differences were identified between the evaluated substrates (p-value <0.05).

72 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

A COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND SURVIVAL BETWEEN A SUBTIDAL AN INTERTIDAL CULTURE SYSTEM IN SEEDS OF THE CHILEAN TAQUILLA CLAM MULINIA EDULIS (KING, 1831) Alejandro Abarca1,2, Doris Oliva2, Rodrigo Gutiérrez2, Ángela Celis2 and René Durán2 1Pesquera San José S.A., Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile

Seeds of the clam Mulinia edulis produced in the Hatchery of Pesquera San José (Tongoy) were cultivated in bottom systems in the subtidal zone (Tongoy, Coquimbo Region, 30º1527S; 71º2933O) and in an intertidal system in Chullec (Chiloé, Los lagos Region, 42°2820S; 73°3210O) to compare the growth and survival of small and large seeds of the same production in different environments. Seeds of M. edulis were sent three times to Chullec, twice in summer and once in winter. Previous studies demonstrated that seeds (1.42 ± 0.54 mm) survived transport for more than 24 hours. Cages of 200 x 100 x 30 cm were used as cultivation systems, as well as 1m x 1m nets with 4.5 mm openings. Sampling was done by diving in Tongoy and during low tide in Chullec. Cultures were monitored monthly for three months and then every two months for a total of one year. Survival was estimated every 4 months.The survival of small seeds transported to Chullec decreased drastically (6%), while in the same period those in Tongoy had about25% survival. Survival was better for large seeds, and again greater in Tongoy (96%) than in Chullec (40.1%). We discuss the effect of transport on the first evaluation of mortality. The growth of large and small seeds was greater in Tongoy than in Chullec, reaching a maximum of 1.02 mm/month in the former and 0.88 mm/month in Chullec. We conclude that in general seeds produced in the Tongoy hatchery are capable of growing in the intertidal zone of the south. This species grows rapidly up to about 20 mm and then more slowly up to 40 mm. We discuss the operational and economic implications of intertidal and subtidal culturing.We thank financial support to project FONDEF/HUAM AQ08I1027.

REPRODUCTIVE CONDITIONING, SPAWNING AND LARVICULTURE OF GRAUS NIGRA IN CULTURE CONDITIONS Avelino Muñoz1, Elio Segovia2 and Héctor Flores3 1CORDUNAP, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile; 3Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

The mulata (Graus nigra) is a species inhabiting mainly in rocky shores up to 40 meters depth and its geographycal distribution in Chile is from Arica to Tome. This species has an high acceptation and demand for human consumption being generally catched by divers along coast. As many other rocky fish of chilean coast the natural populations of this species in late years show progressive depletion signs in landings due to high fishery. Under this perspective research efforts have been started for developing an aquaculture technology that allows its intensive production and/or stock enhancement. In this study results related to reproductive conditioning, spawning and larval culture of this important rocky fish are given.

Wild adults fish were collected and used as brooders which at end of conditioning period reach gonadal maturation state and spawned in natural and spontaneous way. Eggs were collected and after 36 hours of incubation larvae hatched at average rate of 60%. Larval culture was developed in tanks supplied with filtered and sterilized seawater. After yolk sac resorption digestive tract development occurrs and larvae were fed with live foods (rotifera and artemia nauplius) enriched with high unsaturated fatty acids emulsions. Then at 15th culture day larvae were offered with artificial food which size was progressively more greater as ontogenetic development progress.

Anatomical evolution of larvae and morphometric relationships that despicts its development are described. Larval growth pattern up to 60 days post hatching is characterized.

Aspects related to larval survival and the introduction of improvements for optimizing larvae and juvenile production of this species are discussed.

73 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH IN JUVENILE OF OPLEGNATHUS INSIGNIS: APPLICATION OF THERMAL GROWTH COEFFICIENT MODEL Elio Segovia1, Avelino Muñoz2 and Héctor Flores3 1Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2CORDUNAP, Chile; 3Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

The rocky fish Oplegnathus insignis, known commonly as San Pedro, has a geographical distribution from Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) to Antofagasta (Chile). In its juvenile life stage lives in intertidal zone and then migrates to upper subtidal of rocky coast.

Attempts for developing a culture technology of Oplegnathus insignis have given promising results with respect to production of larvae and juvenile fish. However the growth of this fish it was found occurs at a low rate. Studies on growth in wild populations of this fish have allow establishing the values of von Bertalanffy growth function as L¥ = 45,85 cm, K= 0,273 (year-1) and t0 -0,545 years respectively. Length at first maturity would be reached at differents sizes depending of sex being in female fish at 28,6 cm and in male fish at 23,9 cm which corresponds toage of 3,4 and 2,2 years respectively. Length at first and second year age would be 16 cm and 23,04 cm respectively. In this study the growth of juvenile fish cultured under variable water temperature and constant water temperature (»19,5 ºC) is reported. The period of growth comprises from 50 to 230 days post hatching. It was found a significative difference in growth between both groups of fish which indicates that temperature plays an importante role on growth of O. insignis.

Growth data collected were used with predictive purpose by means of application of thermal growth coefficient model and the results are discussed in relation to planning production.

SIMULATION MODELS AS A DECISION MAKING TOOL IN AQUACULTURE: THE CASE OF SCALLOP FARMING IN NORTHERN CHILE

Renato Molina, René Cerda, Exequiel González and Felipe Hurtado Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. E-mail: [email protected]

Aquaculture farming is a complex system integrating several disciplines, including biology, engineering and economics, all which need to be correctly intertwined to have a profitable and environmentally sustainable activity. The few past years, scallop farmers in northern Chile have come to comprehend the hard way that aquaculture producers operate in a complex and dynamic environment where natural and economic factors are in constant change. Thus, to keep a profitable and competitive business in todays world, aquaculture farm managers are in need of relatively easy to use tools for efficient and timely decision making. Harvest size and time, mortality and growth rates, stocking rates, seed and other operating costs and market product prices are important variables and parameters to monitor and decisions with respect to their levels or values have to be made. In this context, non-linear and dynamic quantitative bioeconomic models should become valuable tools for periodic decision making in the aquaculture business. This paper shows how this type of simulation models may be used by aquaculture farm managers to acquire relevant and sensible information upon which to base decision making. The model presented here focuses on a scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) aquaculture center in northern region of Chile and analyses the effect of changing values in a number of control variables (for eg., labor, stocking densities, spatial distribution of long-lines, and growth rates) under three scenarios considering different market and environmental conditions.

74 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

COMPARISON OF REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF MYTILUS CHILENSIS FROM TWO LATITUDINALLY SEPARATED NATURAL BANKS FOR LARVAL PRODUCTIO PURPOSES Luis Lagos1,2, I. Uriarte, 3 and Gabriel Yany2 1CIEN Austral, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile; 3Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. Email: [email protected]

Mytilus chilensis have different reproductive cycles that vary latitudinally and great potential of dispersion, with low genetic and morphological differentiation and high larvae heritability, the population of Punta Arenas presents the highest degree of differentiation.

We evaluated the reproductive potential of M. chilensis natural banks of Punta Arenas and Chiloé to determine whether there are significant differences usable for the production of larvae. Broodstock were conditioned from a state 0 of gonadal status in both sources, to 9-10° C (average temperature during the spawning season at Punta Arenas), fed on mixed diet (1:1) of Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros neogracile . We expected to determine whether the conditioning of broodstock from different sources produced different results in fecundity and fertility of issued gametes, and in the issued oocyte diameter. The fecundity of the population of Chiloé is greater than Punta Arenas, but it has, however, the minor diameter of oocytes and % fertility. There were no significant differences in the% fertility between the two populations.

The population of Punta Arenas has a distinct reproductive strategy, reduced fecundity with larger gamete and a tendency to higher % of fertility, but not conclusive. This strategy may be influenced by extreme environmental conditions. This study was funded by project Innova - CORFO 07CN13PPD - 240, CIEN Austral and sponsorship of CONICYT.

FRIDAY 26

INTERACTION ARACHIDONIC/VITAMIN E AND ITS RETENTION IN THE MUSCLEAND LIVER IN ATLANTIC JUVENILE SALMON Patricio Dantagnan, A. Domínguez, Aliro Borquez and Adrian Hernández Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

This studied evaluated the synergistic effect of arachidonic acid (ARA) and vitamin E in the accumulation of these nutrients and their peroxidation in muscle and liver of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Triplicate groups were fed for 12 weeks with eight experimental diets were three levels of ARA (0,2; 0,3; 0,6 % dry basis) and 4 levels of vitamin E (0; 180; 300 and 750mg/kg diet). The food was supplied to apparent satiation for 24h with a photoperiod of 24h light and average water temperature of 9,9 ± 0,04 °C. At the end of the experiment, took samples of muscle and liver for analysis of fatty acids, vitamin E and peroxidation. The results were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test and a nonparametric test of Kruskal Wallis. The productive parameters were not affected (P > 0,05) for diet provided. The accumulation of ARA in muscle and liver showed significant differences (P < 0,05) between treatments, observed a positive correlation (0,90) between levels incorporates in the diet and accumulated in the tissues. The synergistic relationship between the ARA and vitamin E showed influence (P > 0,05) only in the liver, observed that a high level of vitamin E and ARA favored the accumulation of fatty acids in this tissue. Levels of vitamin E in the diet showed a positive correlation (0,95) compared to accumulation of this element in muscle and found that the treatments effectively protected the fatty acids of peroxidation. The data obtained in this study showed that the interaction between the ARA and vitamin E influenced the accumulation of fatty acids in the liver and muscle protection against peroxidation. However, studies are needed to more thoroughly explain these physiological reactions.

75 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE USE OF ANDEAN LUPIN (LUPINUS MUTABILSI) AS ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT IN DIETS FOR RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) Edison Serrano1,2, Adrian Hernández1, Patricio Dantagnan1, Jean Karen Lefillanca1, Jaime Carrasco3, Erik von Baer4 and Aliro Borquez5 1Catholic University of Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Life Sciences, Norway; 3BioMar Chile S.A., Chile; 4Seeds Baer, Chile

Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) is a species of lupin grown traditionally in the Andes highlands and has been used as a food by Andean people since ancient times. L. mutabilis has the highest levels in oil and protein of all domesticated lupine species containing more than 45% protein and 20% fat, been nutritionally comparable with soybean. In view of the outstanding results obtained so far by the inclusion of domesticated lupin species in commercial aquafeed and the high nutritional value of L. mutabilis, the possibility of include this vegetable protein source as a fishmeal replacement in salmonids diets has begun to arouse interest from plant breeders and fish feed manufacturers. This study investigated the effect of the increasing dietary inclusion of Andean lupin in diets for juvenile rainbow trout. Triplicate groups of fish with an initial body weight of 32 g were fed 4 extruded experimental diets containing 0, 50, 100 and 200 g kg-1 of Andean lupin during 40 days. No significant correlation between the dietary inclusion of Andean lupin and the final growth, survival, weight gain, protein efficiency retention, thermal growth rate, feed conversion factor and feed intake were observed (P > 0.05). These results demonstrated that Andean lupin is a promising plant protein ingredient for Chilean salmon farming and it can be included up to 20% in rainbow trout diets without affecting growth performance. Additional studies concerning histology and digestibility evaluations are ongoing. .

APPLICATION OF NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN THE CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF SPIRULINA (ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS) IN THE NORTHERN CHILE AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWTH Elizabet Rojas1 and Marcela Ávila2 1CORDUNAP, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile

A continuos culture of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) was carried out by 78 days using a 300 liters tubular photobioreactor. During experimentation period both growth in biomass and response to nutritive media supply was registered. Modified Zarrouk media was used as basis from which 3 nutritive combinations were elaborated: Starting media (MI), Growth media (SA1+SA2) and Maintenance media (SB1+SB2) for each culture stage. Media supply was added according to requirements in biomass growth (dry weight) for each day of culture. When started the culture biomass was 2,0 g/L then at 20th day a 50% of culture was harvested. Culture was pursued by 20 days more with a initial biomass of 1,7 g/L and was realized a second harvest at end of this period. After a third period of culture was developed with a initial biomass of 1,6 g/L. Results of each harvest at end of three culture periods were 3,7 - 4,1 and 9,7 g/L respectively. Proximal analysis was performed at final culture period giving a 71,76% of protein content.

REPLACING FISHMEAL WITH VARYING LEVELS OF LUPIN (LUPINUS ALBUS), PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM) AND RAPS (BRASSICA NAPUS) IN DIETS FOR JUVENILE RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS): EFFECT ON GROWTH, FEED UTILIZATION AND NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LOADING David Román1,2, Adrián Hernández1, Aliro Bórquez1, Patricio Dantagnan1, Javier Alcaino1 and Edison Serrano1, 3 1Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Chile, Chile; 3University of Life, Norway

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various plant raw materials as dietary protein sources for rainbow trout juveniles (37.08±3.58 g) on the basis of feed acceptability, survival, growth, feed conversion, protein utilization, protein digestibility, body composition and nitrogen and phosphorus loading. Ten experimental extruded diets were formulated containing different levels of lupine (15, 25 and 35%), raps (10, 20 and 30%) and pea (5, 15 and 25%)

76 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar meals. The control diet was prepared with fish meal as the sole source of protein. All diets were isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (17% crude lipid). Triplicate groups were assigned to each experimental diet. The feeding experiment was conducted for 9 weeks, with a continuous water supply at a rate of 0.6-1.0 L/min and water temperature of 14.3±0.4oC. The fish were hand fed three times per day, 6 days a week to apparent satiation level. Daily food consumption was variable. The mean consumption did not vary significantly between plant protein substituted diets. The results of the study showed that growth, feed performance and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion were significantly affected by the type of plant protein as well as level of inclusion. Based on these results, the possibility of using plant ingredients as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for rainbow trout juveniles is discussed. .

THE ADAPTATION CAPACITY OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON TO SEA WATER FED WITH DIETS BASED ON SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF VEGETABLE OIL MIXTURES María Isabel Toledo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In this study the hypothesis to be tested is that there are no significant differences between the adaptation capacities of the Atlantic salmon to sea water when fed with diets based on considerable levels of vegetable oil mixtures. The oil mixture contained 31.3% of soybean oil, 18.7% of canola oil, 6.3% of soybean lecithin and 18.7% of palm oil; furthermore, to maintain the saturated fatty acids in a similar proportion to that of the fish oil, a 25% of poultry oil was added. This mixture replaced 100% (D1) and 50% (D2) of the fish oil from the control formula (25%). As a control diet (D3), a commercial diet from EWOS was used. A total of 2400 pre-smolt salmons were employed, which were distributed in 12 tanks (4 for each diet). Previous to an acclimatization period, fish were fed for 8 weeks. Once theplasma Cl- and Na+ and the level of activity of the gill ATPasa showed fish had smoltified, they were transferred to sea water. The diets effect on the smoltification rates was similar for all groups; the gill Na+K-ATPasa average increased from 11±2.0 to 19±1.3 U/mg during the freshwater stage and after 7 days in seawater, the fish showed a gill Na+K-ATPasa level fluctuating between 21.4±2.4 and 23.12±2.7U/mg. The plasma Na+ and Cl- during the freshwater stage were an average 154.34±2.2 and 123.9±1.8 meq/l, respectively; after they were transferred to seawater, an increase of more than 10% was observed. The hematocrite during the freshwater stage was located near 45±0.03%, which increased to 58±0.06% once the fish were transferred to seawater.

The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) did not show uniformed sub-groups at the 95% of confidence and the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) showed no significant differences in the results of the seawater challenge, concluding and verifying the hypothesis concerning the adaptation capacities to seawater in the Atlantic salmon would not be affected, when diets including vegetable oil mixtures are used.

EFFECT ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH, FEED CONVERSION AND FEEDING CONDUCT WHEN REDUCING THE NUMBER OF RATIONS IN JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON SALMO SALAR (LINNAEUS 1758) Héctor Flores and Alex Vergara Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The production of juvenile Salmo salar of good quality and physiologically prepared to smolt after first year of life becomes a major challenge for the industry. To accomplish this, the professionals responsible for development and growth of fishes, should consider a good feeding strategy, along with other variables involved in its management. If the fish does not achieve the minimum size to smolt, it will remain as parr until following year, a situation that involves the use of fresh water facilities for longer, which means to increase production costs.

Several production companies during this phase feed fishes to satiation every hour for 24 hours, a situation that led to evaluate the decrease in the number of servings and the effect of this change in survival, growth and feed conversion. The experiment consisted of feeding 0.17 g fishes during four months. The treatments were: to feed a control group

77 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar every hour and a testing group every 4 hours, a decrease of serving number per day was included in this group. Both experiments were carried out under normal production conditions of a Fish Farming with 5 ponds per treatment of 18 cbm each, using a total of 1,200,000 fishes.

Survival was over 90%. Growth is different between the different ponds, and was significant when comparing both treatments. The food conversion ratio was 1.10 for the control and 1.06 and for the test. There is not effect at all on survival between feeding to satiety every four hours and feeding by a certain ration every 1 hour. The specific growth rate and feed conversion were not statistically different between treatments.

AQUACULTURE AND DIVERSIFICATION IN THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTEXT Alex Brown FAO, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In 2007 aquaculture production reached 1.75 million tons in Latin America and the Caribbean, this was equivalent to 3% of global production and 8.5% of its value. This region had the highest growth rate of aquaculture production, with 22% per year between 1970 and 2006 (FAO, 2009). Three groups of species (salmon, shrimp and tilapia) represent 75% of regional production. These are produced mainly by medium- or large sized companies. It is interesting to note that these species are mostly exotic to the environments in which they are grown. By contrast, production of native species in Latin America is developed mainly by limited resources farmers, who are mostly characterized by restricted access to financing, gaps to implement technologies, limited access to value channels and to be in a social-vulnerable situation.

The aquatic species introductions have been developed since the second half of the Nineteenth Century and are still continuing today. However, long-term policies and lesson seems to be weak. In the case of Chile, tens of millions of dollars have been invested in aquaculture diversification, but most of the species that are cultivated today have sustainability problems. Those patterns could be deeper analyzed at an institutional level. The aquaculture potential in Latin America is considered one of the largest in the world, since this region has vast natural fresh water bodies, reservoirs, availability of vegetal and animal protein, expertise and local and international market growth. .

However, it is a paradox that the region with the highest growth rate in global aquaculture, has a marginal or nonexistent fish consumption and part of its population present protein deficiency. The regional consumption of aquatic products has reached only 8.3 kg / capita in 2005, a level below the global average (16.4 kg / capita) and located just above the Sub-Saharan Africa (FAO, 2008).

ECO-PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT GENETIC LINES, AND ACCLIMATION CONDITIONS IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER (CASSOSTREA GIGAS) MEXICAN CULTURE J. Jesús Bautista, María Teresa Sicard, Ana María Ibarra, Jéssica Suárez and José Ramírez Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, México. E-mail: [email protected]

Pacific oyster (Cassostrea gigas) culture is frequently affected by massive mortality events. One common hypothesis in our region is that importing seeds from foreign countries result in cultures that are unable to cope with the particular climate conditions prevailing in northwest Mexico. Here we compare physiological responses of four genetic lines, produced by combining parents from two remote locations (Bahia de Tongoy, Chile, and Shelton Bay in Washington, EUA). The lines where maintained in the field, using two different culture sites in the west coast of the Baja California peninsula (Bahia San Ignacio, near 28°N, and Estero Rancho Bueno, close to 24°N). The effects of genetic origin and acclimation in local water bodies, where then evaluated through laboratory-based bioassays. We evaluated the chronic response capacity for each group (4 lines x 2 acclimation sites) by exposing the organisms to high (30°C) and average(24°C) temperatures. Further, we estimated the scope for growth after measuring different physiological rates, including ingestion, absorption, respiration, and excretion. Results show a high metabolic demand in all organisms exposed to 30°C, only partially compensated by increased ingestion rates, resulting in lower scope for growth and

78 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

weight loss. We also registered important differences between lines and between acclimation origins, which indicates the feasibility of consider these factors to better select seeds to reduce climate driven massive mortalities. .

. DEVELOPMENT OF SYBR GREEN I ONE-STEP REAL-TIME RT-PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENT CHILEAN IPN STRAINS Yoanna Eissler, María Soledad Pavlov, Pablo Conejeros, Juan Carlos Espinoza and Juan Kuznar Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the causal agent of a highly prevalent disease that affects salmonid fish mostly during their fresh water life period but that is also causes mortalities in adult salmons during their sea water stage. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus is a bisegmented double-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Birnaviridae, genus Aquabirnavirus. Since there is limited information on genomic characterization of Chilean varieties, there is no quantitative technique that ensures detecting all local IPN strains to date. Here we present a SYBR Green I based one-step real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction that was able to detect all tested strains with high efficiency. We believe the proposed system will detect all different virulent Chilean strains of IPNV, and thus we recommend it as a standard quantitative diagnostic assay.

GENETIC RESISTANCE TO PATHOGENS IN AQUACULTURE José Gallardo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Interest in developing pathogen-resistant animals in aquaculture is sustained by the persistence of some pathogens in time, the inefficiency of the vaccines developed and social and environmental restrictions to the use of therapeutic agents that have imposed the markets. Several studies show that there is genetic variation in resistance / susceptibility to different pathogens in aquaculture, in some cases with a positive correlation between resistance and other production traits. However, it was found that animals are not resistant to multiple pathogens simultaneously Challenge tests in controlled laboratory conditions are usually used to evaluate genetic resistance in a population, because there is evidence that animals identified as resistant in the laboratory also will be in production conditions. The greatest challenge for the investigation of pathogen resistance in aquaculture is to identify the causative agents (immunological) resistance to different pathogens. Funding source: Proyecto INNOVA-CHILE 07CN13PBT-61 y Proyecto INNOVA-CHILE 206- 5047.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZING IMMUNE RESPONSES IN SALMONIDS Gloria Arenas, Jorge Berendsen, Verónica Rojas, Edgar Narvaez, José Gallardo and Luis Mercado Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The developed level of salmon aquaculture requires the existence of quality parameters for the evaluation of the immune system. In the last decade, publications about fish immunology have increased significantly, as a great variety of processes were evidenced using molecular analysis such as real time PCR. This type of data gave information about gene transcription as indicator of protein secretion, nevertheless, real immune response phenotypes in fish require the use of proteomic techniques. With the aim of creating tools that demonstrate the presence of proteins, production of antibodies against fish cytokines to implement ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHQ) analysis were developed. The first step consisted in in silico analysis of primary structure of fish cytokines for selecting epitope sequences, then, peptides were obtained trough chemical synthesis and used for mice immunization. The versatility of antibodies was evaluated and immunological techniques were used in two biological sample models. For in vitro assays using headkidneyleucocytes challenged with different molecules and homogenate tissues from different organs of fish infected with ectoparasites, level of cytokine production by ELISA was determinate. On the other hand, histological preparations of fish organs infected with ectoparasites were evaluated by IHQ. The analysis focused on the characterization of

79 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar theexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, like TNF-alpha, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8 and other mediators such as NKEF- like. Our results show significant differences in the expression of these molecules, showing how in vitro responses increase in the presence of PAMPs or how pro-inflammatory molecules are in strategic localizations such as skin mucus, gills, head kidney and spleen. The standardization of these methods is a major biotechnological tool in modern aquaculture, because it is a quality level instrument for evaluating the phenotype of the immune response in fish. This has projections in different areas such as immunostimulant controls, immune diagnostic or characteristics used in breeding. This work is an original proposal for the implementation of immunological analysis in fish.

IN SILICO TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS IN REPRODUCTIVE TISSUE OF RED ABALONE (H. RUFESCENS) BY HIGH THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING Viviana Valenzuela and Cristian Gallardo Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

"Recent advances in sequencing technologies have allowed massive comparison of genomes to characterize genetic polymorphisms such as microsatellites and SNPs, and also to analyze the transcribed genes in organisms with different ontogenetic and physiological stages. Additionally, by high throughput sequencing is possible to obtain fractions of transcriptomes involved in sexual differentiation, being a usefully tool to understand the genetic mechanisms in non- model species. The aim of this study was to perform an in silico transcriptome analysis by high throughput sequencing from reproductive tissue of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). For identifying the differential fractions of transcriptsbetween males and females, total RNA was extracted, followed by double-stranded cDNA synthesis and sequencing by ligation on SOLiD platform using barcodes for each sample. Adapters and barcodes were removed using Geneious software, and then redundancy of each set of data was eliminated. The sequences were assembled using as reference genes associated with sex in invertebrate organisms available in GenBank by PASS software. Herein, the assembled contig were analyzed using the DEGseq software to identify the transcriptome fractions expressed for each sex or reproductive tissue. Finally, the annotation of these sequences was performed using the Blast2GO software. This study gives a new is approach to identifying specific genes involved in the abalone sexual differentiation. FONDEF D07I1085.

EVIDENCES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE QUANTIFICATION IN SALMONID MACROPHAGES CHALLENGED WITH PAMPs Jorn Bethke1, Andres Abarca1, Cristian Valenzuela1, Roberto Flores2 and Luis Mercado1 1Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile

The interest in discovering new immunostimulant molecules or characterize fish immune responses against pathogens, requires the use of mass screening techniques. The classical model used has been the challenge in big tanks, using a high number of fish, resulting in high economic cost. In this work the purpose was to minimize the costs of such tests using in vitro cellular models. In primary cultures of head kidney leucocytes (HKL) immune response to pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) were measured: beta glucan, LPS (from Pseudomona sp.) and attenuated Vibrio sp were the PAMPs used. The quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines was done based on both enzymatic activity and ELISA. The activities of phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured indirectly through NBT reduction by ROS and GRISS reaction to nitric oxide, respectively. For quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL- 6 and IL-1b, monospecific antibodies generated in our laboratory were used. Additionally, we propose the use of an anti- iNOS (ELISA) for quantifying this enzyme which is induced during the macrophage immune response and correlate it with the NO detected. To differentiate the parameters evaluated, dose-dependent relationships and the evolution of the immune response over time, in intervals of hours (2, 4, 6, 8, 12 h) and days was established. The results suggest the appropriate dose of immunostimulants, and the better time of its evaluation, which is required to demonstrate the activation of macrophages (ROS and iNOS) and the expression of proinflammatorymolecules, both as indicators of immune activation. Currently we are working on improving these methods, creating an ELISA sandwich and generating antibodies against total proteins of HKL for pre-absorption of induced samples. In particular, the implementation of ELISA for the characterization of cytokine expression profiles is a biotechnological contribution in aquaculture, which has not been implemented before these tests.

80 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AQUACULTURE: THE FUTURE OF FISH FARMING Sergio Marshall Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

At a time of global climate change, depletion of resources, pollution of water and huge losses of top soil worldwide, there has never been a more important time to learn about alternative ways for farming in order to produce protein and food for the next centuries Nonetheless, when we think of farming, we usually think of land, machinery and crops. But there is another quite important kind of farming which is becoming increasingly popular and absolutely necessary around the world: aquaculture, area of development which involves water, boats and crops, but crops of fish, shellfish, algae and even seaweed. As a result, at present aquaculture is contributing more than 16 million tonnes of fish and shellfish annually to the world food supply. In fact, as of today, more than a hundred different fish species are cultured in the UE alone. Currently aquaculture is providing nearly 50 percent of fish consumed globally and supporting more than five million livelihood opportunities, directly, worldwide.

Aquaculture increasingly contributes to the alleviation of malnutrition, hunger and poverty, and enhances food security, especially in developing countries. It has been estimated that to maintain the current global per capita fish consumption of 16.7 kg/year, aquaculture needs to produce more than 78 million tonnes by 2030, i.e., 20 years from now, aquaculture will need to produce 27 million tonnes of more fish than the current annual production. In this frame of action and as expected, biotechnology represents a feasible alternative to contribute for aquaculture sustainability. Therefore, in this presentation I will discuss the pros and cons of its application, covering key and highly discusses issues, ranging from transgenic fish in which biotechnology has provided tools to introduce desirable genetic traits into the fish to create hardier stocks to Aquaponics, a nice and mild combination of aquaculture and hydroponics, with the wealth that these two areas bring along.

STUDY OF PATHOGENICITY OF STREPTOCOCCCUS PHOCAE TO SALMONIDS FARMED IN CHILE Alberto González, Rute Irgang, J. Retamales and R. Avendaño Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Streptococcus phocae is an emerging pathogen for Chilean Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) but understanding the factors determining the virulence is not yet elucidated. In this work, the virulent capacities of the cellular fraction and extracellular products (ECPs) of the isolates responsible for outbreaks in Atlantic salmon (isolate LM-13-Sp) and seal (isolate P23) were examined. Infectivity and toxicity trials were conducted using Atlantic salmon (average weigh 87.6 ± 9.0 g) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (120 ± 8.0 g) specimens. Groups of fishes were subcutaneously inoculated (0.1 ml per fish) with three doses (6 x 105, 6 x 106 and 6 x 108 cells ml-1) of each isolate. In parallel, one group of Atlantic salmon was inoculated with ECPs (10 mg of protein per fish). An additional experiment to examine the possible role of dead cells in the pathogenicity of S. phocae was performed. Control fish received 0.1 ml of saline solution. All fish were monitored daily for clinical signs of the disease for 21 days post-challenge. The P23 cells, regardless of the doses used did not produce fish mortalities. In contrast, 100% mortality was recorded in fish injected with LM-13-Sp at 6 x 108 cells ml-1, while fish challenged with 104 to 106 live LM-13-Sp cells showed pathological signs, but not mortalities. Histopathologically, significant pathological lesions were found in the spleen, liver, heart and muscle, particularly in fish challenged with 6 x 106 cells ml-1. Results from microbiological analysis and PCR protocol confirm the presence of S. phocae from all affected fish from different organs as well as external lesions. Interestingly, no mortalities or symptoms of streptococcosis were observed in fish injected with the corresponding ECPs, dead S. phocae cells or control fish. Our findings provide useful information regarding the pathogenicity of S. phocae and indicate that there is relationship between the pathogenicity and the origin of the strain. This work was supported by Grant FONDECYT 1090054 from CONICYT-Chile.

81 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

HIGH SENSITIVITY OF THE DETECTION OF INFECTIOUS SALMON ANAEMIA (ISAV) IN COMPLEX OR DILUTED MATRIX Harry Bohle, P. Henríquez, I. Olivares, G. Cortínez, Marco Rozas and Patricio Bustos ADL Diagnostic S.A., Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The aquaculture is an industry that have grown very quickly in the last decade. Among the factors that afford these sustained increment are the increase in the density of fish population in farms and the continuous monitoring of the population to detect pathogens that causes big mortalities like SRS, IPNV and recently Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISAV). Nowaday the detection of ISAV is done in biopsy of fishes by RT PCR, samples that has enough virus to be detected. However, the detection of ISAV in matrix more diluted, like water and surface, or with a high concentration of substances that interfere with the extraction of genetic material or with RT PCR reaction, like industrial waste water, is not possible through an extraction and amplification directly from the sample. Today the industry dont have a reliable detection mechanism to test the efficiency of the disinfection of wellboat, truck for fish movement and/or nets. We adapt a mechanism, combining immunologic and molecular methods, that allows us to detect ISAV particles in samples of water with a concentration as low as 100 virus/L. These represent 1000 times more sensitive than a direct RT PCR and take the detection of ISAV into a higher level. This technology will be useful for the industry to evaluate its disinfection methods and avoid the risk of cross infection between different culture farm.This investigation was financed by INNOVA Chile, CORFO.

CONTROL OF THE DISSEMINATION OF THE VIRUS ISA (INFECTIOUS SALMON ANEMIA) IN THE SEA FROM LIQUID INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES OF SALMONIDAE PROCESSING PLANTS Pamela Cañas1, G. Castillo2, M. Casali3, A. Gallardo3 and Gabriel Yany1 1Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 3Servicio Nacional de Pesca, Chile

The virus ISA was developed within the population of the Atlantic Ocean Salmon (Salmo salar) in Chile 2007 being a central point for the dissemination of the virus the effluent from processing plants. It was proceeded to disinfect this effluent finding out a lack of knowledge of the viricidal effect of chlorine in liquid industrial residues in salty water. It is posited the following hypothesis: i) The necessary effective concentration of sodium hypochlorite required to achieve a viricidal effect is determined by the total suspended solids present in liquid industrial residues. ii) The general objective was to evaluate the chlorine viricidal effect on liquid industrial residues of treated effluent with different concentrations of SST. For that matter, there were used liquid industrial residues of 300 and 700 mg/l-1 of TSS (total suspended solids), the verification of disinfection systems was done through the method FAS (21 Ed Standard Methods, 2005). It was used as an indicator virus MS2 bacteriophage (ATCC 15597f). (WHO, 2002). It was observed that when doubling the TSS in the liquid industrial residues it is required four times the dose of disinfectant to achieve the same viricidal effect. The viricidal effect of chlorine on SHK1 on the virus ISA in SHK1 was directly correlated with the effect obtained on the MS2 in the liquid industrial residues. It is concluded that the necessary concentration of chlorine needed to achieve a viricidal effect is determined by the SST present in the liquid industrial residues. The MS2 bacteriophage is a good indicator of the viricidal efficiency of a disinfectant in the seawater. .

FIRST DESCRIPTION OF AMOEBIC GILL DISEASE (AGD) IN ATLANTIC SALMON, SALMO SALAR, FARMED IN CHILE Marco Rozas, Harry Bohle, Ricardo Ildefonso and Patricio Bustos ADL Diagnostic S.A., Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

First outbreaks of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, farmed in Chile were detected in 2007. This parasitic disease of marine fish was confirmed through histology, in situ hibridation and PCR. Full 18S rRNA gene sequences obtained by PCR from gill tissue with AGD-related lesions, showed highest similarity (99.61%) to a newly recognized species designated Neoparamoeba perurans and Bayesian inference analysis demonstrates that

82 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar it represent Chilean strain of this Neoparamoeba lineage. Clinical signs of lethargy and respiratory distress manifestedas rising to the surface of the water. Macroscopic pathological changes in gills included multifocal pale filamental patches and excess mucus in the dorsal portions of the gill arch. The main histopathological lesion was hyperplasia of the gill epithelium with fusion lamellae. The apical lamellae parts especially were fused and thus enclosed interlamellar spaces. The amoebae appeared uniform and were pleomorphic, with a proper nucleus, contained a parasome and had an evenly eosinophilic cytoplasm. The diagnostics PCRs showed 94% and 97% of diagnostic sensibility and specificity, respectively, compared with histology as gold standard. Both techniques showed results with a high concordance level (kappa 0.95). The clinical signs showed 71.72% and 78.48% of diagnostic sensibility and specificity compared with histology but both techniques results showed a moderate concordance level (kappa 0.494). The prevalence of AGD in Atlantic salmon was 55.77% (29/52 farms) and the epidemic curve was observed between May 2007 and April 2008, associated with low rainfall and high salinity seawater ( £ 32). Fish with more of 300 g weight, farmed in Región de Los Lagos and in summer - autumn season, showed 3.69 (p=0.0004), 4.18 (p=0.0178) and 6.24 (p=0.0031) hold more risk to have AGD outbreak, respectively. Farms showed previously AGD outbreaks presented 2 hold more risk to be ISA positive after of 6 months (OR=2.02).

SALINITY AND TEMPERATURA REDUCE THE SURVIVAL OF INFECTIOUS SALMON ANEMIA VIRUS (ISAV) E. Tapia , G. Monti, A. Sandoval, A. Gaete, C. Araya, Harry Bohle, G. Cortínez, Marco Rozas and Patricio Bustos ADL Diagnostic S.A., Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an enveloped virus that belongs to the orthomyxovirus, genus isavirus, with a genome of eight negative single stranded RNA segments, that infects salmonids, causing a systemic diseased only in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Many outbreak of ISAV have been reported in Norway, Scotland, Faeroe Island, Canada, United Stated and Chile, producing big economic losses in the aquaculture industry around the world. However, little is known about its biophysical characteristics and resistance to different environmental conditions of salinity and temperature. To know it characteristics will help to take rational decision about fallow time of positive hatcheries in freshwater (lakes and rivers) as well as in seawater (ocean and estuary). In this investigation four unrelated ISAV isolated, were diluted to 1x106 TCID50 and maintained in different condition of salinity (30.84, 21.01, 10.84 and 0.06 g/L) and temperature (5, 10, 15 and 20°C). A small sample, of every 16 combination, where taken every 7 to 10 days and its TCID50 were calculated. Our result shows that ISAV viability is negatively affected by both increasing the temperature and the salinity. The isolates maintained in seawater at 20°C lost all its viability after one week, while the isolates maintained in freshwater at 5°C retain viability after 6 month, time when the investigation was stopped. Isolates maintained in seawater and freshwater at 10°C, a similar condition present in most of the hatcheries in Chile, show 0 and 4,3 TCID50 after three weeks, respectively.

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAVOBACTERIUM COLUMNARE ASSOCIATED WITH MORTALITY OF SALMONIDS FARMED IN CHILE Rubén Avendaño, M. Godoy, A. Heisinger and J. Fernández Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Since 2007 when infectious salmon anaemia virus was reported in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the Chilean aquaculture industry has been restructured and intensification of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming has resulted in growing problems of emergent freshwater pathogens as atypical Aeromonas salmonicida and more recently of yellow-pigmented bacteria. Flavobacterium columnare is the etiological agent of columnaris disease, one of the predominant bacterial diseases of freshwater fish. This work reports the isolation, identification and characterization of a group of Chilean Flavobacterium columnare isolates from recent episodes of outbreaks in Pacific salmon and rainbow trout farms in Rupanco Lake in Chile.

83 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

PROGRESS IN OPEN OCEAN AQUACULTURE Barbaros Celikkol, J. Decew, K. Baldwin, M. Chambers, A. Drach, J. Irish, R. Langan, G. Rice, M.R. Swift and I. Tsukrov University of New Hampshire. E-mail: [email protected]

Progress in Open Ocean AquacultureAquaculture products are projected to play an important role in filling the global demand for seafood in the world marketplace. In the US, stiff resistance to near shore aquaculture sites (where most farms are located) is driving the industry to more exposed locations. The University of New Hampshire (UNH) has been investigating the biological, engineering, environmental and economical issues in an effort to better understand open ocean aquaculture challenges. This presentation will discuss the engineering approach utilized by UNH to determine aquaculture system loads, motions and operational logistics by using a variety of tools including numerical and physical models and field experimentation. Numerical modeling is performed with Aqua-FE, a finite element analysis (FEA) program developed to study aquaculture type systems, MSC.MARC/MENTAT, a FEA structural modeling program, and FLUENT, a computational dynamics program. Scaled physical model tests are performed in the UNH wave/ tow tank. In addition, an extensive program of laboratory testing was performed including experiments with the use of clean and bio-fouled net panels, telemetry and control systems, feed buoys, scaled cages and various environmental monitoring equipment. Bio-fouled net panels were tested to determine the blockage effect due to thebiological growth and compared to non bio-fouled copper alloy nets. Feed buoys, with telemetry and control options, have been deployed and tested in the field. A 20 ton capacity feed buoy able to operate in open ocean environment was designed and deployed. Environmental measurements were collected with a surface buoy and the data was transmitted to shore. Finally, knowledge gained from analyzing various submersible cage technologies was employed to design an experimental, submersible fish cage with copper alloy netting. This system is presently deployed in Southern Chile. The resulting information from these experiments can help move the near shore aquaculture industry to more exposed locations.

THERMAL TOLERANCE OF THE FIRST LARVAL STAGE OF THE SOUTHERN KING CRAB (LITHODES SANTOLLA) AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE Daniela Storch1, Fredy Véliz1, Paul Rüdiger2, Ansgar Mertensköter2 and Hans Otto Pörtner1 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany

Thermal tolerance of early life history stages can influence the patterns of larval dispersal and thus species distribution. A mechanistic understanding of the physiological responses that affect larval survival is crucial to understand ecological patterns. Therefore, we investigated how thermal tolerance might contribute to setting distribution limits of crab larvae. The thermal tolerance windows for zoea I of Lithodes santolla from Punta Arenas was determined. The thermal tolerance windows for zoea I were specified by lower and upper pejus (Tp) und critical (Tc) temperatures. The implications of our findings for the observed distribution of the Southern king crab will be discussed, also considering the relevance for fisheries and aquaculture.

MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE PATAGONIAN OCTOPUS, ENTEROCTOPUS MEGALOCYATHUS Ranferi Gutiérrez1,2, Ana Farías1,3, Iker Uriarte1,3, Gabriel Yany2, Mario Araya1 and Miguel Herrera1 1CIEN-Austral, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile; 3Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

The mating behavioural of the Patagonian octopus, (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) was observed and described for the first time in laboratory conditions. In all cases, males and females displayed three pre-copulatory events (swimming, exhibition and contact), and one copulatory event (mating bouts) that it implies five movements that they are describedto detail, like the majors answers associated to the mating behavior. The four events described by males and females have been analysed in terms of its total times of duration, sex, and with the number of spermatophores only in the case of

84 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar males. In general, the differences did not appear in the time of swimming, exhibition and contact between males or females. The duration of the mating bouts varied between 124 and 443 minutes. The males with greater weight and amount of spermatophores displayed major time of events of mating bouts, and in some cases the mating of the females, due to the presence of spermatophores in the tank. The quality of the water stayed without presence of subproducts of ammonium rejected by the couples of E. megalocyathus. The results of this study were compared with others family of octopus. Mating behaviour is an emerging topic in the study of octopus ethology, having important consequences at both individual and production levels.

SPERMATOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTALLY CULTIVATED RED CONGER EELS (GENYPTERUS CHILENSIS) (GUICHENOT, 1881) (OPHIDIIFORMES: OPHIDIIDAE) Iván Valdebenito1, Cristian Moreno1, Cristian Lozano1, Andrea Ubilla1, Juan M. Estrada2, Alejandro Ramírez2 and Diego Ramírez2 1Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. Email: [email protected] 2Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile

The background information of the spermatology of fish is essential to improve fertilization rates of farmed species, since sperm motility is one of the key factors to determine the quality of semen. In the following investigation, thespermatology of the red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis), sperm size, sperm density, and sperm count was evaluated, and its motility pattern was characterized using sea water with different osmolarities (928 mOsm Kg-1, 754 mOsm Kg- 1,571 mOsm Kg-1, and 0 mOsm Kg-1) and temperatures (5ºC, 10ºC, and 15ºC) as an activation medium. The results indicate that the red conger eel spermatozoa remain immobile in semen, and activate in a hypertonic medium, that they tolerate a wide range of osmolarities from 571-928 mOsm Kg-1, observing a maximum duration of flagellum activity of 1356s at 928 mOsm Kg-1 at 4ºC with an optimum pH of 7. Additionally, the spermatozoa of G. chilensis is characterized by having a total length of 89.46 mm, where its head is 2.01±0.15 mm long and 1.59 mm±0.15 mm wide, its midpiece on the other hand has an average length of 0.85±0.15 mm, and its flagellum 85.01±7.16 mm. .

PRODUCTION OF INFERTILE RED ABALONE (HALIOTIS RUFESCENS) JUVENILES FOR INTENSIVE FARMING IN THE SEA Luis Filun, L.González, D. Konow and S. Manzanarez Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Chile is emerging as a key producer of the red abalone, with advantages over other competitors. In January 2005 the Subsecretary of Fisheries authorized the culture of the Haliotis rufescens (red abalone) species in open and semi-closed circuits in the maritime waters between the northern limit of the III Region and the southern boundary of the IV Region, subject to limitations related to single-sex specimens per bay or geographical area and only in soft bottom substrates. The latter has been an obstacle to the develoment of sea cultures, because sex determination in sizes of 20 mm or less, is difficult and costly to implement. In order to resolve this problem, this study aims to produce triploid seeds of red abalone (3n); in view of its infertility characteristics, there are no restrictions on their growth grown in northern Chile. To this end, a production protocol was developed, which consisted in the conditioning of breeders fed to satiation with brown algae. The breeding specimens were selected according to maturity and spawning was induced. The eggs werefertilized with a sperm pool at an estimated ratio of 1:10.000, five minutes later, the eggs were washed to prevent polyspermy; from then on, the sample was observed to determine the appearance of the first polar body. When this appeared in 50% of the sample, a Cytochalsin B rinse was undertaken, to induce triploidy. This alters cell division, leaving the eggs fertilized with a 3n status. From this stage on, a density of 1400 eggs/cm2 was maintained, and eggs were placed in containers for about 24 hours, without light, until hatching. The ploidy of individuals was also determined using flow cytometry.Both the 3n and normal 2n (control) larvae hatched, were sieved to 74 and 120 um and were carefully washed every day until setting. This occurs with the appearance of the eyespot and induced with GABA.Subsequently, the larvae were planted in tanks, previously inoculated with diatoms, the most preferred species were Navicula sp and Nizchia sp. Culture density was 50,000 larvae per tank. There were no significant differences between the growth of the triploid (3n) and the normal (2n) abalone. The growth rate was 2 mm/month, until a size of 50 mm was reached. The survival rate from settlement to 50 mm, was 90%. Juvenile "red abalones" with infertility

85 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar features (3n) can be perfectly used for culture in open systems in the north of the country and thus be able meet the demand that occurs.

HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN HALIOTIS RUFESCENS AND H. DISCUS HANNAI: A NEW ABALONE HYBRID FOR THE CHILEAN AQUACULTURE? F. Lafarga, G. Amar and Cristian Gallardo Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In Chile, the introductions of Californian red abalone Haliotis rufescens and Japanese abalone H. discus hannai were in 1977 and 1982, respectively. The industry is 98% centred in the production of red abalone, because the Japanese abalone has lower growth, parasite resistance and adaptability to the aquaculture conditions in Chile. The main goal of this research was to produce reciprocal interspecific hybrids between red and Japanese abalone (RJ, JR), and to evaluate its potential heterosis as means to diversify and to improve the abalone industry. Batches of hybrid abalones were produce under commercial culture conditions, where parameters of productive interest as fertilization, hatching, settlement, growth, recovery and survival were measured. In addition, we performed genetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis to characterize the RJ-hybrid and their parental species. Under commercial conditions, hybrids had fertilization rate of 37-64%, hatching rates of 61-82% and settlement rates of 1,3-16,7%, growth rates of 1,2-3,1 mm/month, survivalrates of 21,5-55% and final yield rates of 0.3-5.6%. In terms of spat production, the hybrids RJ were the most viable, and the hybrid JR had a higher growth rate. Additionally, hybrid JR presented heterosis in growth with respect to the red abalone, and both hybrids showed heterosis in survival rates with respect to the Japanese abalone. Finally, we discuses the potential and some precautions in order to produce hybrid as a new productive alternative in the Chilean abalone aquaculture.FONDEF D06I1027.

MORFOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC OF FIRST BLASTOMERS IN SALMO SALAR Brian Effer, Iván Valdebenito and Andrea Ubilla Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Data about first blastomers morphology in Atlantic salmon is scarce. This data would help as early tool diagnostic in eggs quality and/or embryo stage in this species. This study describe morphometrically the first blastomers in Salmo salar. From eggs pool of S. salar fertilized and incubated to 7,5°C were removed and analyzed 100 microphotography of blastodisc of several incubation times: 12, 14, 16, 20 and 24h; 20 microphotography from each time. Were characterized morphometrically blastodisc of 16, 20 and 24h and was classified in seven category agreement to blastdiscs morphology. Were determined the proportion of long and wide of each blastodisc in embryos of two and four cells for determinate symmetry. Results show that first cleavage ended after 14h of development. We found cleavage in 15%, 75%, 95%, 85% and 70% from embryonic eggs with 12, 14, 16, 20 and 24h of incubation, respectively. Blastodiscs with two blastomers were found in eggs of 12 and 14h, while blastodisc of 20 and 24h had four blastomers. Were determinate seven categories during characterization: 47% normal blastomers; 27% blastomers with dispersed margins; 10% two big and equal blastomers and two small and equal blastomers; 9% blastomers with shape pie; 3% blastomers amorphous; 2% with three blastomers equals and one different and 2% blastomers with eccentric cleavage. The average of proportions from longs and widths for embryos from two and four blastomers of 16, 20 and 24h were near to one, showing smaller dispersion the proportions of longs respect to width from all blatomers sampled.

86 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

ABSTRACTS POSTERS PRESENTATIONS Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

88 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

OCEANOGRAPHY POSTERS

LATE PLEISTOCENE DEEP-SEA BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA OFF NORTHERN CHILE: IN RELATION TO PRODUCTIVITY VARIABILITY Samuel Núñez1,2, Margarita Marchant1, Dierk Hebbeln3, Carina Lange4 and Raúl Tapia2 1Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia. (Fondecyt Nº3095016 Postdoctoral fellow). E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile 3Bremen University, Germany 4Center for Oceanographic Research in the eastern South Pacific, Chile

Deep-sea benthic foraminifera off Northern Chile (25ºS) were investigated to evaluate faunal composition patterns and their relationship with environmental changes between the late Pleistocene to Holocene (the last 1 million years). Along the core two characteristic environmental conditions were recorded by our data; the Mid-Bruhnes Dissolution event (MBE, ca 400 kyr) and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT, ca. 900 kyr). Thus (in this way), the record was split in two main periods separated by a transitional stage of high dissolution (MBE) recorded by dissolution indicators (CaCO3 content, benthic/planktic ratio B/P).Prior (Interval 1) and after (Interval 2) to MBE, the CaCO3 content and foraminiferal faunal changes (i.e. the ratio of benthic to planktic foraminifera, B/P-ratio, the benthic assemblages, and the infaunal vs epifaunal ratio and their accumulation rates) reveals some foremost differences.Interval 1 (From the Marine Isotope Stages, MIS 25 to MIS 11, ~1000-400 kyr), both Benthic Foraminiferal Accumulation Rates (BFAR) and relative abundance of organic carbon-related species show marked fluctuations, especially after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT; 0.9 myr), suggesting a period high and/or more continuous food supply albeit strong fluctuations in carbon flux. We remark during this Interval 1, the extinction of species of the group Stilostomella. While, the Interval 2 (~ 400 kyr to MIS 1) the presence of opportunistic species (Epistominella exigua and Nutallides umboniferus) suggest sporadic pulses of fresh matter to the sea floor as the main environmental scenario after MIS 11 (i.e. MBE). These scenarios can be reflecting variations in offshore transport processes (ie., mesoscale eddies) carried organic fresh matter from the coastal upwelling center.

AND ICE EXTENT IN THE JAPAN AND OKHOTSK SEAS Svetlana Shkorba, Elena Dmitrieva, and Vladimir Ponomarev I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]

The main factors affected the sea ice cover condition in the Japan and Okhotsk Seas are the characteristics of the atmosphere - ocean - sea circulation and thermal regime in both local and large scale areas. In our statistical data analyses we take into account the atmosphere circulation indexes and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA) in the Pacific north of 30 S, as well as SSTA in the marginal seas. The correlation between the time series of maximal ice extent during winter (in third decade of February) and other time series mentioned above are estimated with lags of 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, when atmospheric circulation indices and Pacific SSTA are leading. The unlagged/lagged statistical relationships between ice extent and SSTA in different Japan and Okhotsk Seas areas are also estimated with same lags. The significant correlations between ice extent and the North Pacific/ tropical Pacific SSTA are revealed with all lags mentioned above. The cores of positive correlation are marked mainly in the eastern Bering Sea adjacent subarctic Pacific area in the unlagged relationship and relationship with annual lag. The significant negative correlation between Ice Extent and SSTA with any lag is prevailing in the most of Pacific areas including tropical - equatorial regions. Geographic position of cores with maximal negative or positive correlation in the Pacific depends on lag. The core of maximal negative correlations between JES ice extent in mid February and Pacific SSTA shifts from tropical region, eastern extratropical North Pacific area to the subarctic Northwest Pacific and western subarctic frontal zone while the lag decreases from 8 to 0 months. It seems to be due to counterclockwise coupled anomaly propagation over the North Pacific from tropical -equatorial to the western subarctic area.

89 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TROPICAL / EXTRATROPICAL PACIFIC SST ANOMALIES THE ASYMMETRY OF CLIMATIC TREND OF SST GRADIENT IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC Talgat Kilmatov1,2, Elena Dmitrieva2 and Olga Trinko2 1Pacific State University of Economics, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 V.I.Ilichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

The results of calculations of the climatic trends of the spatial grad (SST) in the direction pole - equator for various water areas are submitted. The used data for calculation is HadSST data set (1948-2008) for two months the February and the August. The average climatic change of the zone SST gradient makes 10-2 0K/100 degrees latitude for 50 years. There is an asymmetry of the change in the northern and the southern hemispheres for all oceans. In the northern hemisphere there is a reduction; in the southern is increase of the SST gradient. There is the asymmetry for the western (+) and the eastern (-) parts of the Pacific during the winter period as well.The results of calculations from the point of view the Second Law of thermodynamics and transformation of the types of energy are discussed. In our case the kinetic energy production is proportional to the available potential energy and the spatial gradient of the SST. The gradient of SST in the direction pole - equator corresponds the climatic component of mechanical energy. The opportunity of asymmetric climatic changes for the western and the eastern gyres in the Pacific is discussed. The spatial smoothing of the SST gradient is the reason of the available potential energy reduction, leading to the reduction of the kinetic energy. The energy estimations show that there is a probability of structural changes in the climatic circulation system.

THE SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC COAST José Garcés 1 and Rodrigo Abarca2 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile

An adequate understanding of the heat budget at the ocean-atmosphere interface is important for understanding climate variability at different time scales. For this reason, our research focuses in studying the surface heat fluxes at seasonal scale and their changes during El Niño and La Niña in the eastern Pacific coast (10ºN-40ºS), consistent with oceanographic and meteorological fields. We used the new monthly mean heat air-sea fluxes (NOCS Flux Dataset v2.0) complemented by different global databases. Results show that within all the fluxes contributing to the net heat flux (Qnet), the net shortwave radiation (Qsw) was the term that warmed and most dominated. The latent heat flux (Qlat) was the term that most contributed to cooling. Qsw reduction due to cloud cover in the second semester was associated to presence of the ITCZ and stratus cloud deck at 10ºN-Eq and Eq-30ºS, respectively. The smaller seasonal amplitude southward of 30ºS was associated to the coastal jet. During El Niño and La Niña, the most significant change was observed for Qlat, between equator and Peru coast. Qlat tended to cool (warm) during El Niño (La Niña) acting as a negative feedback. Specifically for Qlat, we found that air-sea specific humidity difference played an important role (rather than the wind) in both ENSO phases.

ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN STUDIES IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC, IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PART 1: PRIAVSTRALIYSKIE WATER) Vladimir Darnitskiy1, Maxim Ishchenko2 and Irina Mashkina 1Pacific Scientific Fisheries Research Center, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]

Russian oceanographic and fish-finding study in the southern Pacific, were launched in Australian waters in 60 years of the twentieth century. The vast majority of expeditions were conducted in the Great Australian Bight. By 1972, when ten-year TINRO observation and Australian expeditions data for 1950-1970. allowed to compile the information in the form of the atlas, this work has been performed in TINRO. Atlas of meteorological and ocean fields data on the Southern coast of Australia, volume 153 of the sheets was compiled on a grid of 1x1 squares grade for four seasons (June, July and August - winter, September, October, November - Spring, December, January, February - summer and

90 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

March, April May - autumn). Seasons were allocated based on the analysis of the average annual wind stress, which determines the area circulation of water, surface water temperature and surface air.

The Atlas presents the distribution of water temperature and salinity, schemes of the geostrophic currents, the zones of upwelling and sinking water derived from the mapping of more than 1800 hydrological stations, made until 1972. The maps of the topography of the thermocline, the distribution of dissolved oxygen, phosphates and the distribution of plankton. The maps of concentrations of some commercial fish: sardines, red snapper (Jrachichthodes gerrard), tuna, mackerel and anchovies, as well as some bottom fish (Pashkin, Zievsky, Markina, 1973). Description of the features of the distribution of oceanographic and biological parameters on the atlas was beyond the capacity ezisnogo of presentation of this paper.

Similar data were collected for the west coast of Australia. Here at that time was done about 2500 oceanographic stations in the TINRO Expedition, were also involved Australian and Japanese data available at that time. At the annual course of meteorological parameters was performed two periods: June-November and December-May. For these periods was carried out compilation of data on dnogradusny 1x1° squares. Distribution maps were compiled on standard horizons to a depth of 500 m, annual card - to 1000 m. The volume of the Atlas - 79 pages. Later, similar materials have been prepared on the northwest coast of Australia: Timor and Arafura Seas and the Gulf Karpentaria. .

These materials can be used to study climate change in these areas, using modern data.

QUANTIFICATION OF SEAWATER POLLUTION NEAR ANTARCTIC STATION Claudio Gómez, Nancy Calisto and María Soledad Astorga 1Universidad de Magallanes, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In Antarctic stations during the summer season the human population increases significantly in a short time, this can cause stress in the wastewater treatment system and changes in coast seawater quality due to increased production of wastewater.In this study in order to evaluate the effect of wastewater discharges in the vicinity of the Antarctic stations the spatial distribution of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were determined. The measurement was done in Fildes Bay near the Chilean permanent stations (62º12S, 58º56W), and in the Antarctic Peninsula near the OHiggins Chilean station (63º19S, 57º54W). The samples were collected in 2009 and 2010 during January of both years. Seawater samples were collected from sites evenly distributed around the sewage outfalls of the stations. Control samples were collected from pristine sites. The physical parameters of the surface water (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH) were measured with a multiparameter sensor Hanna HI9828. The sampling and analysis for chemical parameters (total phosphorus, total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand) was done using standard methods. The determination of the microbial indicators (total coliform and Escherichia coli) was done using the technique of membrane filtration and incubation. Physical and chemical parameters showed values not clearly related to the distance from the discharge point. On the other hand, the distribution of E. coli bacterial in seawater exhibits a clear pattern associated with wastewater discharged. High densities of E. coli (maximum 31000 CFU/100 ml) were found in seawater surrounding the sewage outfalls. However, the bacterial counts decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the outfall. This study has shown that sewage contamination is limited to the immediate vicinity of the sewage outfall. The levels found were not considered to represent serious pollution, but indicated that human activities could change the chemistry of the Antarctica environment in specific sites. Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the project T09-08 of the Chilean Antarctic Institute.

91 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

FIRST MEASURES OF TURBULENCE IN THE SOUTH-ORIENTAL PACIFIC OCEAN Daniel Barahona, Angel Rodríguez, Samuel Hormazabal and José Luis Pelegri Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] Universidad de las palmas de gran Canarias, España; Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, España

The capacity of turbulent processes to mix fluids in a molecular scale is a vital component in the transport of fluids; which carries several consequences in nature from molecular diffusion to the termohaline circulation. The study of turbulence is a theoretical and experimental challenge, where the numerical models are still unable to solve the scales necessaries for his resolve. Flows with high Reynolds numbers occur in a wide spectrum scales, as such is necessary to utilize instruments with high temporal and spatial resolution for the correct measure of the scale in which the phenomenon occur. Direct measurement of turbulence in the ocean has been realized from 1950 and in very few parts of the world. The present work shows the early result of the first measures of turbulence that has been fulfilled in the Peru-Chile upwelling eastern boundary current system.During the Humboldt-2009 campaign, realized between the 6th and the 15th of March of 2009, in the coast of Chile, the microprofiler of turbulence (TurboMAP-L) was deployed to obtain temperature, conductivity and stress data in four stations located between 23º and 37º S, The microprofiler is a instrument that realize measurement in a free-fall stage at 512 [Hz], this information is send in situ to direct visualization and storage through a optic fiber cable and can measure deep up to 500 [m].The result obtained in this first measures shows that the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation e varies between 10-8 and 10-10 [W kg-1], the coefficient of vertical diffusion varies between 10-8 and 10-10 [W kg-1], this result compared with estimations realized through CTD and ADCP measures realized in the same campaign . the result obtain with those measures show similar magnitude with both, the rate of turbulent kinetic dissipation as the vertical diffusion coefficient.

COMPARING ADCP BOTTOM-TRACK AND ADCP MOORED MEASUREMENTS IN TWO DIFFERENT FJORDS OF SOUTHERN CHILE Manuel Castillo, Winston Rojas and Oscar Pizarro Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

During the last years, under the efforts of the COPAS Sur-austral initiative oriented to describe and understand the dynamics of the Chilean fjord system, we carried out several oceanographic studies in the Reloncaví and Aisén fjords. Particularly, to analyze the dynamics of the currents inside the fjords, we deployed different types of ADCPs in moorings along the fjords, mostly in the most deeper and central part in each cases. Using these data we obtained time series of 1-3 months lengths which allow us describe the current patterns in the center part of the fjords, complementary we registered the currents of the fjord throughout bottom-track ADCP measurements, we make along-fjord (one track of 50 km length) and cross-fjord (several tracks on 12 or 24 h) tracks. In this work we compare both ADCP moored and ADCP bottom-track velocity profiles, even the fact that the two types of measurements require a particular configuration plans, and a detailed quality control (QC) of the data, we observed good agreement between both measurements. These results indicate that the ADCP bottom-track measurements (after the QC) provide a good and realistic description of the currents in both the Reloncaví and the Aisén fjord. We thank COPAS Sur-Austral (PBF-31/2007), Innova Aysen.

BACTERIAL DIVERSITY IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM SALMON FARMS AND ADJACENT REFERENCE SITES Geraldine Wittwer1, Carlos Aranda2 and Felix Godoy1 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile

Bacterial abundance and diversity were investigated in organically enriched sediments under salmon farms and adjacent reference sites in southern Chile (X Region). In order to assess bacterial diversity within four surface sediment samples (0-5 cm) collected from the sediments of salmon farms (2) and adjacent reference sites (2), 16S ribosomal DNA clone library analysis was performed. Sediments marine samples were collected at two and eight months after the cage filling with new smolts (corresponding to summer and winter season respectively).Analysis of 679 clones from salmon

92 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar farming and reference sites sediments showed a very high level of microbial diversity. Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA libraries demonstrated that Alpha-, Gamma-, and Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia were represented in all four libraries. Cage site sediments of Summer and winter were dominated by members of the Alphaproteobacteria (26%), and Epsilonproteobacteria (44%), respectively. Sulfur-oxidizing Bacteria, Sulfurovum sp, were the genus more abundant in Cage site sediments. Other sulfate-reducing bacteria as Desulforhopalus and Desulfosarcina (both Deltaproteobacteria) were slightly more abundant in this sediments samples. Reference sites of Summer and Winter were dominated by plantomycetes (28%) and Gammaproteobacteria (79%), respectively. Pseudomonas sp. (Gammaproteobacteria), Rhodopirellula sp. and Blastopirellula sp.(both plantomycetes) were the genus more abundant in Reference sites. The abundance of sequences affiliated with Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria was higher in libraries from Cage site sediments compared to the Reference sites of Summer and winter. This study indicate the microbial enrichment of sulfur-cycle driving- bacteria, such us sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidixing bacteria due to the organic matter decomposition underling the fish farming cages. Further studies are required due to the high diversity observed. This work was supported by INNOVA 05CT6PPT-21 and 09MSCC 6721. .

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE AMPHIOXUS BRANCHIOSTOMA ELONGATUM (SUNDEVALL, 1852) FROM COLOSO PORT, ANTOFAGASTA BAY, NORTHERN CHILE Makarena Vergara, Marcelo Oliva and José Riascos Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Belonging to the Subphylum Cephalochordata, amphioxi represent the evolutionary link between vertebrates and invertebrates. For this reason their research has been focused mainly on embryologic and anatomical studies. Out of 30 described species, only one, Branchiostoma elongatum, is known to inhabit shallow sandy bottoms along the Chilean- Peruvian coast. In this work, the population dynamics of B. elongatum was analysed at the northern Chilean coast between February 2008 and January 2009 and the results were compared with other species within the genus Branchiostoma inhabiting distinct ecosystems. Mean abundance of B. elongatum was low (158,59 ind m-2) in comparison with other species inhabiting tropical regions. Although the gametogenic activity was continuous, a clear spawning event was observed between September-October, which seemingly produces a recruitment pulse in late summer. This was reflected in a simultaneous increase in population density and a decrease of mean length during this period. Growth of B. elongatum was best fitted to the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growht function (K = 0.45 year-1 and L¥ = 64.6 mm), with faster growth during summer-autumn. Growth performance (F´ = 3.273) was high in comparison with other species within the genus Branchiostoma. Mortality of B. elongatum (Z = 1.33 year-1) was well fitted to the single exponential model (r2 = 0.89), implying a high mortality for juvenile stages. Annual somatic production of B. elongatum reached 0.68 g ash-free dry mass m-2 and annual mean biomass was 0.56 g ash free dry mass m-2, which determines a turning rate (P/B) = 1.22. This rate was much lower than that found for tropical species like B. floridae (P/B = 11.64). This would be the reflection of differences between the kind of ecosystems, the dominance of the speces in their corresponding community, the temperature regimes and the nutrient and organic matter load in each ecosystem.

CRYOPRESERVATION OF THE MICROALGAE CHAETOCEROS CALCITRANS (PAULSEN): ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ME2SO TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT REGIME DURING THE EQUILIBRIUM PERIOD Joan Salas and Enrique Dupré Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Cryopreservation is a very important technique for storaging cells and biological tissues over long periods of time. In the case of microorganisms, the application of cryopreservation requires detailed research because the procedure can affect cell and tissue viability in subsequent cultures. The present study evaluated the effect of three variables cryoprotectant temperature, light regime, and time of exposure to the cryoprotectant during the equilibrium period of the cryopreservationon the viability of the microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen). The cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) was used at 5% (v/v), being added at three different temperatures (4, 10, and 25ºC) before placing

93 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar the microalgae in cryobiological straws for freezing. Once inside of the cryobiological straws, the microalgal suspensions with cryoprotectant were maintained under the following light regimes for 15 or 45 minutes: complete light, complete darkness, light/darkness, and darkness/light. Suspensions were then frozen under controlled conditions and stored in liquid nitrogen. A viability index was used to measure microalgae viability after cryopreservation. Results indicated that it is necessary to use a cryoprotectant to ensure the viable cryopreservation of C. calcitrans. Statistical analyses indicated that cryprotectant temperature influences the viability of cryopreserved microalgae and that there is no synergistic effect between the study variables. Microalgae viability was 34.9%, 27.8% and 20.6% when Me2SO was applied at 25ºC, 10ºC and 4ºC respectively.

HYDROCHEMICAL AND ATMOCHEMICAL ZONES OF MERCURY DISPERSION ABOVE HYDROTHERMAL VENTS OF UNDERWATER PIJP VOLCANO (BERING SEA) Maksim Ivanov and A. Astakhov V.Ilichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]

Signs of receipt and mercury dispersion in water column and atmosphere over hydrothermal vents of the underwater Pijp Volcano are revealed. It is established that mercury from hydrothermal vents is taken out mainly as a part of bubbles of hydrothermal gases, which penetrate through water column up to a sea surface. Mercury dispersion zone in water column and enrichment of sea waters is arose because of partial dissolution of gas bubbles. The atmochemical zone of Hg dispersion is expressed as low amplitude anomaly of mercury with two maxima is moved in a direction of a wind to the northwest from northern and southern tops of the volcano.

EVALUATION AND ZONING OF POTENTIAL MASS WASTING PROCESSES, ALONG THE SUBMARINE FOREARC OF THE SOUTH CENTRAL CHILEAN MARGIN (33,5º- 35ºS). Victoria Celedón and Ximena Contardo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. E-mail: [email protected]

High resolution bathymetry and seismic-reflection data reveal the morphology, sedimentary processes, and structural controls along the submarine forearc of the south central Chilean margin, between 33,5º - 35ºS latitude. The objective of this study was to determine the potential zones for submarine mass wasting processes. These processes tend to occur along unstable slope areas, allowing the mobilization of significant volume of sediments, which may trigger tsunamis along the populated coastal areas.

In order to evaluate and delimitate the potential risk areas for submarine mass wasting processes, we identify the main associated factors (such as presence of mass wasting, Bottom Simulating Reflectors BSRs, active faults, slope, stratification planes and seismicity). These data have been integrated into the seismic and bathymetric analyses. In this work, we select and illustrate two seismic reflection lines (18 and 3) in order to describe and analyze in detail, the main geological features identified along the study area. These lines cross the continental margin from the shelf break to the trench area. They were generated from a towed array composed by air guns (recording acoustic waves between 5 and 250 Hz) and a streamer with receivers (hydrophones). In addition, in this work we generate bathymetric and slope maps to analyze the setting where the seismic lines were collected.Three zones were defined to describe those seismic lines collected on the continental margin: upper slope (near shelf break), middle slope and down slope (near trench area).

94 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

FISHERIES POSTERS

THE ELEPHANT FISH (CALLORHYNCHUS CALLORHYNCHUS) FISHERY ALONG THE CHILEAN COAST: CATCH AND EFFORT TIME SERIES BETWEEN 1997 AND 2010 Milton Pedraza1,2 and Luis Cubillos1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

The elephant fish is caught along Chile by an industrial fishery as bycatch and as the target species by the artisanal fishery. In this study we present 50000 catch and effort observations from artisanal and industrial fleets collected between 1997 and 2010. We defined three areas for the analysis; (i) north, (ii) central south, and (iii) south-austral, finding that although artisanal fisheries utilize up to 14 different fishing gears, the most important were gillnets, hooks, and trawl nets that accounted for 95% of the total. For the industrial fishery, we confirm that elephant fish is caught as bycatch and that yields are positively correlated with fishing effort no matter this was measured in days fished outside the port (dfop) or as fishing trips (ft). About 50% of the records varied between 50 and 30 kg whereas only 5% were >1 ton (a slight increase of catches was observed between the end of the year and the beginning of the next). In the artisanal fishery we note that gillnets produced the highest yields fluctuating between 50 and 250 kg per haul and eventually attained 3.6 tons per haul. The second most important gear was the hook that yielded up to 1.6 tons per fishing trip. We also identified three frequent areas for elephant fish catch: i) to the north/south of Corral (XIV region), ii) between Constitución and north from Isla Mocha (VIII region), and iii) south to the V region. In addition, our results suggest that elephant fish yield variability is explained by seasonal patterns and by location of fishing areas instead of by interannual effects. The later conclusion generates uncertainty regarding the abundance trends of this species. Finally we highlight that the general trends of catch and effort distribution are very important for the administration of exploited resources.

PENAEID SHRIMP OVERFISHING IN THE GULF OF MEXICO Adolfo Gracia and Ana Vázquez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. E-mail: [email protected]

Main penaeid shrimp shallow-water stocks oft he Mexican Gulf of Mexico are overexploited or on the maximum exploitation level. Most of the species have been subjected to high fishing effort of artisanal and industrial fisheries. High exploitation resulted in recruitment overfishing for the white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum and also in growth overfishing for the red shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and the pink shrimp. White and pink shrimp yield have collapsed to almost 10-15 % of the historical maximum records. The brown shrimp fishery, Farfantepenaeus aztecus which actually is in wealthy conditions, is also under increasing fishing effort pressure. Additionally, the industry is suffering the pressure of increasing fuel price. Spawning stock-Recruitment models for the main species provides limits for exploitation levels and suggest alternatives for stock rebuild strategies. High shrimp reproductive potential allow to expect stocks recovery if adequate management strategies are established. These should include: 1) Review of fisheries management goals, 2) Set reliable fisheries indicators, 3) Reduce growth overfishing and increase spawning potential, 4) Design dynamic exploitation strategies for optimizing yield in the social and ecological context, and 5) Regulations enforcement.

ZONING IN THE NORTHWEST PATAGONIAN INLAND SEAS: TOWARD AN INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN CHILE? Carlos Molinet, Andrea Valenzuela, Susana Coper, María Eugenia Solari, Edwin Niklitschek, Mónica Fuentealba, Manuel Diaz, Francisca Marticorena, Alejandra Arévalo and Patricio Diaz Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The final declaration of the Conference on the Human Environment, Naciones Unidas (Stockholm, 1972), the United Nations convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, Montego Bay, 1982), the Brundtland report (World Commission

95 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar on Environment and Development, 1987) and the UNCED Rio Declaration (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) revealed a global evolution on the coastal management objectives and concepts from the general need to protect the environment, to the relatively more accurate definition of sustainable development. Within this general concept, the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) framework was proposed, developed and worldwide promoted during the 90s, as a mean to reach the sustainable development of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, the Chilean government issued a National Policy for Coastal Border Use (NPCBU) and created the National Commission for Coastal Border Use, both in 1995. Among its principal objectives, this commission is mandated to support the sustainable use of coastal border in Chile and support zoning process. In this work, we describe the coastal zoning process in the NW Patagonia (Aysen Region), focusing on current challenges for implementing an effective IZCM in the fjords and channels of the area, one of the most complex and lest known estuarine systems in the world.

RECURRENT FISHING ZONES OF GENYPTERUS BLACODES OFF SOUTHERN CHILE (1997-2007) Claudio Castillo1, Luis Cubillos1, Juan Carlos Quiroz2 and Fernando Espíndola2 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile

The austral demersal fishery (ADF) is a multifleet and multispecies fishery operating along the exterior waters and within channels and fjords located off southern Chile, from 41º28S to 57º30S. One of the important and main species is the pink cusk-eel (Genypterus blacodes), which was initially part of the bycatch at the beginning of the fishery during the 70s with annual captures less than 300 ton. Nevertheless, the landings of G. blacodes increased notably since 1987, reaching annual catch levels of 15,000 ton. In modern fisheries assessment and management, to study the spatial distribution of a fish stock is an essential task. In this contribution we determine recurrent fishing zones of G. blacodes on the basis of fishery-dependent data, from January 1997 to July 2007. Two main fishing gears are used to exploit the fish resource, i.e. industrial bottom trawl and long-line. The exploited stock structure depend of the selectivity of the fishing gears, and therefore the distribution of the fishing zones was defined in probabilistic terms for each fishing gear. The study area was located in exterior waters and defined through a polygon, which was delimited by bottom depths between 125 and 2,500 m. It was assumed first-order stationary for the spatial process, which means that the probability of observing the stock is constant across the study area. The number of trial (fishing tows or set) and the number of success (tows or set with captures) was assumed as random binomial process spatially correlated. Parameters were estimated by using Gaussian likelihood-based geostatistics. The probability of observing G. blacodes in the study area was 28.7% (CV=36.6%) and 56.8% (CV=25.8%) for long-line and bottom trawl fishing gears, respectively. Recurrent fishing zones were identified with those with a probability higher than 50%, and involved at least ten from 41.39ºS to 55,16ºS. The probability maps here generated can help to design surveys and to define essential fish habitat for the species.

INCORPORATION OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF BOLDO (PEUMUS BOLDUS M.) CRUDE EXTRACT IN EXTRUDED DIETS FOR RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS): EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS AND DIGESTIBILITY Javier Alcaino1, Aliro Bórquez1, Adrián Hernández1, Patricio Dantagnan and David Roman1,2 1Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Chile, Chile

The present study evaluate the effect of different concentrations of boldo (Peumus boldus M.) crude extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg), in extruded diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on productive parameters and digestive utilization. The main medicinal qualities attributed to boldo leaves is to be regarded as a stimulant and liver protectant, as well as having nutritional properties, which help improve bile secretion digestion absorption and metabolism of lipids. Experimental diets were prepared in a laboratory extruder, belonging to the School of Aquaculture at the Catholic University of Temuco, using a fishmeal based commercial formulation. During the growing experiment juveniles of rainbow trout (mean weight 49.96 ± 5.17 g) were fed the experimental diets during 6 weeks. Digestive utilization was

96 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

determined using an indirect quantification method with Cr2O3 as inert marker. The inclusion of boldo crude extract in extruded diets for rainbow trout did not affect the performance of the main productive parameters but a slight reduction in the growth of group of fish fed the highest inclusion was detected. Based on these results, the possibility of using boldo crude extract as an additive to improve lipid utilization in diets for rainbow trout juveniles is discussed. Further research is necessary to elucidate possible effects on histological alterations in the intestinal epithelium and oxidative muscle status of muscle.

INTRA-SPECIFIC VARIABILITY IN THE SAGITA OTOLITH MORPHOLOGY OF SARDINE COMMON (STRANGOMERA BENTINCKI) IN THE CENTRAL SOUTHERN CHILE Sandra Curin1,2, Luis Cubillos2 y Javier Chong1 1Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad de Concepción, Chile

At present, the sardine Strangomera bentincki is one of the main small pelagic fish of commercial importance for industrial and artisanal fisheries. This species exhibits an extense distribution, from Coquimbo to Chiloé, and the fraction distributed between Valparaíso and Puerto Montt is treated as a closed and homogeneous population for management purposes. However, recent antecedents suggests some spatial hetereogeneidad, particularly in terms of the spatial distribution of the abundance and the presence of two spawning zones.One of them is located northward of Arauco Gulf, and another between Mocha island and Corral (38°30S and 39°30S). It is postulated that S. bentincki has more Ithan one subpopulation in the area, and to verify this hypothesis, a morphological analysis of sagitta otoliths was carried out. Otoliths were collected from two fishing zones: Talcahuano and Corral (n =200). Each otolith was analyzed in bi-dimentional terms by measuring length, width, weight, area, perimeter, and also trough shape indices (circularity, rectangularity, and ellipticity). Finally, 2D contour shape analysis was carried out through the eliptical Fast Fourier Transformed. The shape of otoliths stabilized in specimens larger than 12 cm total length, and co-variance analysis revealed significant differences between zones. Component principal analysis also revealed the segregation of the specimens, which was confirmed through linear discriminant analysis. The contour of shape was similar between zones, but specimens belonging to Corral have, on average, small and lighter otoliths. The significant differences here found suggests evidence for the existence of more than one subpopulation of S. bentincki in the area off central southern Chile. Such differences or intra-specific variability could occur if the residence in extreme zones is longer than the mix that could be determined trough reproductive migrations toward a single spawning zone. .

SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHILEAN HAKE (MERLUCCIUS GAYI GAYI) FISHERY IN THE SOUTHERN CENTRAL ZONE Felipe Olea and Eleuterio Yáñez Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The temporal space distribution has been analyzed in industrial ships, in the fishing of Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi gayi, Guichenot, 1848) from the Southern Central Zone (31º - 43ºS) to be examined the fishing records from the Subsecretary of Fishing (SUBPESCA) for the period of 1997-2006.

The concept of relative power of fishing is used for the assessment of catch standards, utilizing as a pattern of rank the 220 689 Hp stratums. It standardized the fishing effort and it analyzed the interannual changes of the catch, fishing efforts and catch per unit effort (CPUE).

The standard effort does not present significant tendencies until 2003, instead in the captures it produces a gradual increase. Beginning in 2004, the captures decreased and the effort had increased.

Interannually the CPUE showed a tendency to increase until the year 2002; beginning in the year 2003 present a diminish tendency and it stable between 2005 and 2006. The cartographies of CPUE were located outside San Antonio, Constitución and Talcahuano until the year 2003; beginning the 2004 a change latitudinal is produced diminishing the CPUE in the traditional fishing grounds finding output in the extreme south of the fishing area.

97 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

REPRODUCTIVE SEGREGATION OF THE DEEP WATER SHRIMP (SOLENOCERA AGASSIZI) ALONG THE PACIFIC COASTAL OF COLOMBIA Alfredo Rodríguez1,2, Luis Cubillos1 and Mario Rueda2 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected]

The industrial shrimp fishery is internationally recognized for its high economical value and commercial status. In Colombia, the Deep Water Shrimp Fishery (DWSF) operating in the Pacific is one of the most relevant fisheries, generating a source of important support, direct and indirect employs, which is key for the national economy. In this study, the spatial distribution of the DWS Solenocera agassizi was analyzed trough a survey, which was carried out during the reproductive period, from January to February 2009, in the Colombian Pacific. The spatial pattern of S. agassizi distribution showed that higher abundance of adult shrimps with advanced maturity stages was concentrated northward of the surveyed area close to Juradó. This northward reproductive segregation coincides with a period of high productivity as a result of the summery circulation pattern, which is favoring water divergence and coastal upwelling in the Panamá Gulf at the beginning of the year. It is suggested that the spatial distribution pattern of the DWS reproductive fraction is associated with enhanced productivity, and therefore with environmental conditions that could favor the offspring survival and the subsequent recruitment. The geographic boundaries of the DWS reproductive segregation here documented could help to management decision-making choices, such as spatial-temporal closures to protect the reproductive stock.

EFFECTS OF THE SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND THE STOCK SIZE ON THE STRENGTH YEAR CLASS OF JACK MACKEREL (TRACHURUS MURPHY) IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PACIFIC Fernando Espíndola1, Juan Carlos Quiroz1, Rodrigo Wiff1,2 and Eleuterio Yáñez3 1Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom; 3Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparsíso, Chile

The evaluation of the relationship between spawning stock and its resulting offspring is one of the major challengers in fishery science. The jack mackerel (Trachurus murphy) stock support one of the most important pelagic fishery in the south Pacific and several studies have reported that population attributes depends on environmental variables. Nevertheless, formal framework for analysing the relationship between spawning stock, recruitment and environmental variables is lacking in this population. We modelled the recruitment rate as a function of the spawning stock and sea surface temperature (SST) in jack mackerel population off Chilean coast. Data regarding recruitment and spawning biomass were provided by the routinely stock assessment program, whereas the SST time series was taken from meteorological stations located along the Chilean coast. Although several deterministic models have been proposed to relate spawning stock and recruitment, we chose the Ricker model based on its denso-dependant attributes. The standard Ricker model was modified as follow: 1) by including SST time series as a linear predictor, 2) modelling SST time series by smoothing functions, 3) modelling both, spawning biomass and SST time series by smoothing functions. Resulting models were compared with the standard Ricker model with no environmental variables. Model selection was performed by automatic information criteria and uncertainty was introduced by resampling method. The best model resulting incorporated spawning stock and SST time series as smoothing functions. Results are discussed in term optimal habitat for early stage survival and how the incorporation of environmental variables will produce less bias population status upon management decisions are taken.

98 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GROWTH, SPORANGIA FORMATION AND SPORES RELEASE OF ULVA PROLIFERA IN YELLOW SEA, CHINA Luo Minbo1, Liu Feng2 and Xu Zhaoli1 1Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China. E-mail: [email protected] 2Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Ulva prolifera was widely distributed in the nearshore ponds, estuaries and the intertidal niches in Jiangsu province, where salinity was distinctly different in nature compared with other ecological factors such as light intensity and temperature. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the growth and sporangia formation of U. prolifera under different salinities. Theresults indicated that relative growth rates (RGR) in salinities of 15 -30 could reach to above 15% d-1, which were much higher than other salinities. To decline or increase the salinity beyond above range would curb the growth of U. prolifera. The sporangia induction experiments revealed that 3-4 mm fragments of U. prolifera in the salinity of 20 could form more sporangia than other salinities with 75% in sporangia formation rate, 61% in spore release rate and 63 spores in each field. This fact showed that decreasing the salinity within certain range (20) would contribute to formation of sporangia. However, the exposure to hyposaline (0, 5 and 10) and hypersaline (60 and 90) conditions significantly inhibited the formation of sporangia. The survival rates of spores in 15-30 were also higher than other salinities. These results showed that the optimal salinities favored the growth of U. prolifera were between 15 and 30. In the natural environment, the average salinity of the pond and estuaries in Jiangsu coasts was about 18-26, which was significantly conducive to the growth and development of U. prolifera, so such ecological environment no doubt became its natural habitat.

MONTHLY MACKEREL CATCHES FORECASTING FOR SOUTHERN CHILE USING FUNCTIONAL REGRESSION Nibaldo Rodriguez, Eleuterio Yañez and Francisco Plaza Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In this paper, functional regression combined with stationary wavelet analysis is used to improve the accuracy and parsimony of one-month-ahead forecasting of monthly catches of mackerel in southern Chile. The general idea of the proposed forecasting model is to decompose the raw data set into trend and residual components by using multi-scale stationary wavelet transform. The advantage of these wavelet transforms in non-stationary time series analysis is their capacity to separate low frequency (LF) from high frequency (HF) components, whereas the LF component reveals long-term trends, the HF component describes short-term fluctuations in the time series. In wavelet domain, the trend component and residual component are predicted with a linear autoregressive model and functional autoregressive; respectively. Hence, the proposed forecast is the co-addition of two predicted components. The date on monthly mackerel catches is available for a period of 46 years, from January-1963 to December-2008. We find that the proposed forecasting method achieves high accuracy with reduced parsimony.

MACROSCALE ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN THE NORTH-WEST AND SOUTH-WESTERN PACIFIC. FEATURES OPERATION Vladimir Darnitskiy1, Vladimir Belyaev2 and Maxim Ishchenko3 1Pacific Scientific Fisheries Research Center, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Goskomrybolostvo, Moscow; 3V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]"

In the study of marine ecosystems, an approach that can be called statistical biology, by analogy with statistical physics (Darnytskyi, Belyaev, Vologdin, 2003). In fact, many authors, working with large fishery statistics, biological characteristics are inherent in fishing parts of ecosystems, or otherwise using this approach is not always going to study inner ecosystem interactions. In many cases, statistical methods can only get such laws. Examples of such studies can serve as a work (Rass, 1973; Shuntov, Vasilkov, 1980; Klyashtorin, Sidorenkov, 1996; Mahnken et al., 1998; Kaeriyama, 1998; Noakes et al., 1998; Klyashtorin, 2001; Klyashtorin, Lyubushkin, 2003). In these works have been installed periodic or quasicyclic processes inherent in commercial populations from different regions of the world's oceans, using a study of statistical properties of the series of fishing statistics.

99 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

The studies conducted in TINRO 1960-80-ies. on the New Zealand Plateau showed that for many commercial fish species characterized by large fluctuations in abundance (Shuntov et al., 1979, 1980). Similar studies were conducted in the Japanese archipelago ecosystems (Novikov, 1980; Sokolovskaya, 1988; Belyaev et al., 1980-2004). Here, Russian and Japanese scientists also found significant fluctuations in the number of commercial fish (up to several orders of magnitude). Since the New Zealand and the Japanese archipelago is almost symmetrical about the equator, it is interesting to investigate the fluctuation processes in the ecosystems of these areas. A common feature of these makroekosystem a high biomass of many fish species and greater variation in the total number of vibrational modes of most species of these ecosystems.

There are a fundamental differences also. In the Sea of Japan some of the ecosystem by increasing the number of (sardine, mackerel) are significantly expanding their range eastward to the Imperial Ridge (Belyaev. 1980). At a low number of ecosystem its functioning approximately only in the economic zone of Japan. Apparently, the same events with the reduction or, conversely, increased the range of species should be typical for the New Zealand plateau ecosystems. For example, the talassobatial fishes settled to the east along the seamounts in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its eddy systems and ridges (East Pacific Rise). But here there are also processes of migration of some species in a westerly direction with an increase in their numbers for example - in the South America. A good example of this process occurs in the second half of XX century, is a Peruvian horse mackerel (Trachurus murphyi). Peruvian horse mackerel in the 80-ies years was extracted as in the economic zones of Latin American countries, where the main ranges of horse mackerel, mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and Peruvian sardine (Sardinops sagax), and economic zones to 120 ° W.L. also.

In 1988, in the oceanic area of horse mackerel catch was 114.7 tonnes, and even exceeded the catches in the economic zones - 107,4 thousand tons.

The expansion of the form to the west and continued in the 90-ies years, and by the end of the century, it was observed in New Zealand waters until the shores of Australia. This phenomenon has not yet received a clear explanation. Changes of the hydrological regime (ENSO) influence on the periodic fluctuations in the economic zones of Peru and Chile. And what is the mechanism transoceanic expansion of the form against the main current systems in the Southern Ocean? Due to lack of information to establish the true causes of this phenomenon is problematic. .

In as a hypothesis will be discussed possibilities of pulsed migration of individual items of stock of horse mackerel to the formation of subpopulations in the seamounts of the East Pacific Rise, mountains of Eltanin fracture zone and other single or clusters of seamounts in the South Pacific. There is some oceanographic conditions to support this hypothesis (Darnytskiy, 1989).

FORECASTING SARDINE (SARDINOPS SAGAX) LANDINGS IN NORTHERN CHILE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Cinthya Bórquez, Eleuterio Yáñez, Francisco Plaza and Nibaldo Rodríguez Ponficia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Models of prediction about the abundance of sardines are analyzed in terms of fishing effort and environmental variables in the north of Chile (18 º 21'S-24 º S). For this purpose is evaluated the performance of two artificial neural net models (RNAs), using ten environmental variables and fishing effort between 1970 and 1994. In the model one (M1) the net Fwas trained with data from 1970-1990 and was validated with data from 1991-1994. While in Model two (M2), the training and validation process were conducted randomly with data from 1970-1994. To discard the "noise" in the input layer it was made a preliminary analysis of data using a principal components analysis and a non-linear cross-correlation technique. Due the preliminary analysis of the data, it was selected as the input the sea surface temperature (SST) in Antofagasta, the SST in the region Niño3+4, the ekman transport (TE) and fishing effort (f). The lag of TSM in Antofagasta (-30, -41, -53 months) could be related to the recruitment of the sardine, while the gap with the TSM in the Niño3+4 region could be related to the trapped waves that affect availability. For M1, the validation process showed an explained variance of 80% and a standard error of prediction under 63%. In contrast to the M2 it was obtained an explained variance of 92% with a standard error of prediction of 26%.

100 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

AN EMPIRICAL MODELING OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH OF COMMON SARDINE, STRANGOMERA BENTINCKI, OFF CENTRAL SOUTHERN CHILE Claudio Castillo1,3 and Luis Cubillos2,3 Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

An empirical modeling framework was used to study the effects of environmental variables and density-dependent on the body growth of common sardine, Strangomera bentincki, with the emphasis of delayed and direct impact of the environment on actual length-at-age. It was assumed that mean length at age-classes follow von Bertalanffy growth increments, and that sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) during the spawning period (July-September) can explain the variability in the mean length at age-class 0, i.e. the initial mean length at recruitment of each cohort. Also, it was considered that mean length at age-class 1 was affected directly by annual SSTA. Alternative models take into account density-dependent effects of recruitment on mean length at age-class 0. The models were fitted to observed mean length per age-classes, from 1990 to 2006, by considering either an additive or a multiplicative error structure. Akaike´s information criterion permitted to select the best model, which consisted of a model that used SSTA during the spawning period to explain variability in mean length at age-class 0. Models with density-dependent effects were the worse. It is concluded that cohorts of common sardine are able to retain the growth from early life stages, and this aspect might permit to predict the initial mean length at age-class 0. This is an important aspect for current management since the mean size of the cohort recruiting could be important to open the fishery after the recruitment closure.

ECO-LABELING AND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: SOME EXPERIENCES OF IMPROVEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IN THE PACIFIC COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA Ernesto Godelman, Denise Boré and Gabriela Mc Lean Center for Development and Sustainable Fisheries, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected]

Markets for fishing products in the developed countries increasingly demand the fulfillment of standards that attest the sustainable management of the fisheries that provide those products. This requirement has translated into producers effort to achieve the eco-labeling of their fisheries in order to keep selling in those markets. This effort -not free of countermarches and contradictions- has opened some interesting discussions and processes that are already leading to visible improvements in resources management and into the introduction of the ecosystem approach in several American countries of the Southern Pacific.

The Center for Development and Sustainable Fisheries (CeDePesca) has been and is part of some of these processes in Ecuador, Peru and Chile, from which some teachings may be extracted. In this paper we will exhibit in rough lines the eco-labeling methodology, the work methodology used to achieve fisheries management improvements (including the introduction of the ecosystem approach), the obstacles met and the milestones attained in demersal and pelagic fisheries of the aforementioned countries. The particular cases of Peruvian anchovy, Chilean common sardine and anchovy, Peruvian hake, Chilean common hake, hoki and Southern hake, and Ecuadorian mahi will be analyzed.

III INTERNATIONAL AQUACULTURE CONGRESS POSTERS

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A MICROALGAE CONCENTRATE PRODUCTION: USING FLAT PHOTOBIOREACTORS VERSUS TUBULAR PHOTOBIOREACTORS Gonzalo Donoso Aeon Biogroup S.A., Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

In aquaculture it exists a direct relationship between production costs of microalgae and the size of the culture facilities. Most of the hatcheries around the world are relatively small, therefore, the production cost of the microalgal biomass

101 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar is strongly affected economies by scale, what is meant a significant increase of the unit cost. In this sense, it becomes advantageous to use large specialized facilities in the microalgae massive culture, with cultivation technologies cost- efficient, like the photobioreactors, which obtain scale economies and provide concentrated biomass (algal paste) of excellent nutritional quality to the hatcheries that require it. In this way, they would be reduced the production costs microalgae, granting to the hatcheries greater efficiency and specialization, thanks that algal paste would allow a total or partial end to dependency of a microalgae culture in hatchery. In this context, in this study identified the marine microalgae species most suitable for the production of algal paste, selecting and evaluating technically and economically the most appropriate closed culture systems for the axenic mass culture of microalgae and the algal pastes production. According to the evaluated case, the Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis sp. (T-iso), Pavlova lutheri and Phaeodactylum tricornutum species display high potential for the production of excellent nutritional quality algal paste. While the closed culture systems, like tubular photobioreactors and flat photobioreactors, show excellent properties for the mass culture of axenic marine microalgae, being translated in high productivities (0.6 kg m-3 d-1 and 0.9 kg m-3 d-1 dry weight respectively). The results suggest, that the algal paste production of marine microalgae, using tubular photobioreactors and/or flat photobioreactors systems and technologies, is an economically profitable business to invest.

VENUS ANTIQUA CLAM CULTURE, "BABY CLAM" TYPE, IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF THE INLAND SEA, CHILOÉ Luis Filun, J. Vivar and S. Manzanarez Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Clams are a valued resource in Spain, France, Italy and the U.S., with a commercial size range that fluctuates between 30-40 mm. In Chile, minimum extraction size is 55 mm, making access to the small clam market impossible. Nine types of clam are commercially exploited from natural beds in Chile, one of the most important is Venus antiqua. The main landings are in southern Chile, accounting for 89% of total national landings. The aim of this research was to produce V.antiqua seed in hatcheries, to be grown in the intertidal zone of the southern Chilean inland sea and to produce a baby clam type. To achieve this, different culture trials were carried out in the intertidal zone, evaluating planting densities, tidal height, slope and sediment grain size, in the selected areas.There were no statistically significant differences in seed growth on comparing planting densities used and type of sediment grain size. However, significant differences were recorded in the trials related to V. antiqua seed growth, when the presence or absence of sand was assessed. Predadors, mostly birds, had a considerable effect. We can conclude that growth of the baby clam type of the V. antiqua intertidal clam is feasible. This will enable fishermen and small-scale fish-farmers to use the intertidal zone for the production of this resource.

DIVERSITY, ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF THE MICROALGAE OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF MULINIA EDULIS (KING, 1831) AND SURROUNDING SEDIMENT AND WATER IN BAHÍA GODOY, REGIÓN DE LOS LAGOS, CHILE Alfredo Astorga, Gloria Collantes and Doris Oliva Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Microalgae are the base of the food web in the oceans. Bivalve mollusks are generally omnivorous benthic organisms; their specific diets are not well known. The objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity of microalgae consumed by Mulina edulis, isolate species and cultivate native strains. Samples of water, superficial sediment strata,adults and juveniles of M. edulis were obtained in summer from natural banks in Bahía Godoy (41°34'5"S; 73°45'7"W) and taken to the Pesquera San José Hatchery in the Bahía Yal. The diversity of microalgae was studied with a Nikon Eclipse E200 microscope. Water and sediment samples were cultivated separately in 8 nutrient media: Guillard (f/2), Provasoli (PES), PES 50 ppm-100 ppm, PES-GeO2, PES-NaNO3, Walne-Conwy and Walne-Conwy- Si. The digestive tracts of M. edulis were extracted, washed with filtered, sterile seawater and cultivated in the same media. Cultures were maintained at 12±5°C with natural illumination and photoperiod.After 30 days, 75% of the sea water samples produced proliferation, showing a predominance of the diatom genera Nitzschia, Navicula, Amphora,

102 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

Fragilariopsis, Phaeodactylum, Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira (83%), and cysts of green microalgae. Results for sediment samples were similar, 75% proliferation and predominance of the same diatom genera (83%); they differed in the presence of both diatoms and cysts of green algae in one of the samples. In the samples of digestive tract wash 37% proliferated and showed a predominance of green algae cysts (100%); in contrast to the other two kinds of samples, there was an absence of diatoms and a rapid isolation of Tetraselmis sp. This species has been isolated as a strain, incorporated in the strain collection of the Hatchery (T1GFH) successfully scaled and used in post-larvae feeding; it is the first native strain domesticated for the natural feeding of M. edulis cultures.We thank financial support to project FONDEF/HUAM AQ08I1027.

FEEDING AND GROWTH INDEXES OF JUVENILE GRAUS NIGRA UNDER CULTURE CONDITIONS Avelino Muñoz1, Elio Segovia2 and Héctor Flores3 1CORDUNAP, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile; 3Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

The rocky fish (Graus nigra) commonly named Mulata is an important resource along coast of central and north of Chile. Due to great acceptation as fish for human consumption have been intensively fished so as its needed develop its production by means of aquaculture techniques. First attempts for culturing this species have given promising results with regard to production of larvae and juvenile fish. In this study results of growth and feeding of hatchery produced juvenile are reported. Juvenile fish were generated using wild brooders by means of application standard techniques of hatchery. Cultivation of juvenile fish was developed in tanks supplied with seawater no filtrated and provided with constant aireation. Food offered was a mixture of natural ingredients containing fish meal, molluscs meal and other additives. Results related to food consumption regarding to feeding behaviour and feeding frequency are described. Also, quantitative relationships related to growth in a period comprising between 60 and 200 days post hatching are reported. Aspects related with growth indexes and water temperature and the antecedents for establishing a criteria for feeding this fish under culture conditions are discussed. In addition the perspective for developing the culture of this species and its scaling-up is examined.

DEVELOPMENT OF CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TAQUILLA CLAM, MULINIA EDULIS (KING, 1831), IN CHILE Doris Oliva1, Ángela Celis1, Alejandro Abarca1,2 and René Durán1 1Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pesquera San José S.A., Chile

The cultivation of native species is an alternative to generate an exploitable biomass without producing the impact that the introduction of exotic species implies, even though the latter may have consolidated external markets. With the objective of analyzing the feasibility of cultivation of the taquilla clam over an annual cycle, we produced monthly spawning of reproducers in the hatchery of the Pesquera San José in Tongoy (30º1527S; 71º2933O), from January, 2004 to March, 2005. The reproducers were extracted from the bank of Puerto Aldea (30º1731S; 71º3632O) and spawning was induced by increasing the water temperature. The mean diameter of the oocytes varied between 53.8 m and 54.9 m; around 30 million oocytes were produced in each batch. Fecundation varied from 63% to 83%; D larvae were produced in 48 hours with mean valve lengths from 69 m to 89 m.In 12 - 14 days we obtained pediveliger larvae with lengths from 211 m to 295 m with survival rates between 57% and 97.5%. The pediveliger larvae were cultivatedwith a sandy substrate, and in 30-45 days reached lengths of 2 mm to 4 mm, with survival rates between 6% and 9%.The taquilla clam is a species whose reproducers are mature during the entire year; thus it is possible to obtain successful spawning and produce larvae, postlarvae and seeds in all seasons of the year. From 550.000 to 2.2 million seed may be obtained from each batch; the cohort should remain in the hatchery from 44 to 60 days We thank financial support to project FONDEF/HUAM AQ08I1027.

103 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

WATER FLOW REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN JUVENILE OF OPLEGNATHUS INSIGNIS Elio Segovia1, Avelino Muñoz2 and Héctor Flores3 1Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2CORDUNAP, Chile; 3Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

Among native fish of Chile, Oplegnathus insignis, commonly named as San Pedro, it is a fish that exhibits good atributes to be considered as potential candidate for aquaculture. This due to its meat quality, attractive market prices and the possibilities to enter to international markets of seafoods. This late characteristic it is funded by the existenceof fish of same genus in Japan and Korea (Oplegnathus fasciatus and O. punctatus) which are highly priced in fish market. Attempts for developing a culture technology of Oplegnathus insignis have given promising results with respect to production of larvae and juvenile fish. However it is needed the inclusion of improvements in the culture techniques with regard to establishing adequate conditions for its on-growing and growout in land-based tanks. Preliminary observations have shown that O. insignis, it very sensitive when dissolved oxygen in water is low, therefore it is important pay attention to water flow requirements (and water hydraulic retention time) in relation to dissolved oxygen in seawater and oxygen consumption of fish.

In this study the oxygen consumption rate in four groups of fish was examined under three different water temperatures 13 ºC, 18 ºC y 23 ºC. Fish weight ranged from 9,5 to 525 grams. Results show that at the same water temperature occurs an inverse relationship between body weight and oxygen consumption whereas for same body weight the respiration rate varies proportionally with temperature rise. The information is analized to have an approach for establishing a carrying capacity index for differents culture phases taking into account aspects such as: body size, stocking density, water flow rates, water hydraulic retention time, and aireation requirements when eventually occurs fluctuations of water temperatures and oxygen dissolved content in water.

GROWTH PATTERNS DURING THE INCUBATION STAGE OF YOK-SAC RAINBOW TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS AS REVEALED BY OTOLITH MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS Guillermo Moyano, Guido Plaza and María Isabel Toledo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Otolith microstructure (MO) analysis was used to back-calculate growth patterns from hatching to about two weeks after yolk-sac absorption in Raibow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), under experimental conditions, from winter to spring in Central-Chile. MO showed the following main features: (i) occurrences of multiple primordium in the central region of otolith (PM); (ii) several increments (22±3 rings) before a prominent hatch check surrounding PM and (iii) existence of a very distinctive check associated to yolk-sac absorption. Further findings were the validation of daily periodicity of micro-increments and a significant linear relationship (p<0.001; R² =0.91) between the maximum otolith length (LOM) and total length (LT) of alevins. The linear LOM -LT relationship validated the use of Biological Intercept Method to back-calculate daily growth rates. Growth rates profiles followed a decreasing trend from hatching to the end of yolk-sac period (16±3 days), ranging from 0.37 to 0.23 mmd-1. MO analysis demonstrated to be a powerful tool in back-calculating growth pattern of alevins once they had absorbed their yolk-sac. This procedure can be used to monitor growth patterns of this species without handling alevins as they grow so as to contribute to reduce mortality during incubation.

104 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

DEVELOPMENT AND LARVAL GROWTH OF NORTHERN WAREHOU SERIOLELLA VIOLACEA (PISCES: CENTROLOPHIDAE) IN CULTURE CONDITIONS Marcia Oliva and Alfonso Silva Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Larvae were obtained from spontaneous spawning and kept in tanks of 500 liters, at initial density of 30 larvae / l, temperature of 13.5 °C, and fed initially on rotifers (days 5-25), followed by Artemia (20-60). Every 5 days, larvae were evaluated in total length (TL), morphological development and survival (%). Mean TL of newly hatched larvae was 3.09 ± 0.23 mm, with an ellipsoid yolk- sac of 0.36 ± 0.03 mm3 in volume, and one oil globule located at the posterior end of the yolk-sac. At five days post-hatch (5 DPH), larvae reaches 5.4 ± 0.18 mm (TL), yolk-sac has been consumed in a 75% and his mouth has not yet open, reaching 74.1% of survival. Ten DPH, larvae size reaches 5.82 ± 0.12 mm (TL), and show active food consumption, and survival of 50,7%. At 15- 20 DPH, mean TL larvae range from 6.3 to 6.7 mm, size at witch flexion begins, intensifying the pigmentation of the body. Survival decrease in the range of 44.3% to 3,6%. To the 35 DPE, the larvae reaches 9.8 ± 0, 71 mm (TL) in length and 9,1 mg in weigh. His body was wider and strong, and the process of post-flexion was completed, with 3.1% of survival. At 40 DPH, takes the form of pre-juvenile, reaching 11.67 ± 0.62 mm in length and between 12 and 30 mg in weight, with survivals of 1.9 to 2%. From there, starts the process of scamation, acquiring to 60 DPH form of juvenile, with 25 mm of length and 340 mg of weight.

ANIMAL WELFARE IN SALMONIDS HARVEST IS A TOOL FOR PRODUCTIVE IMPROVEMENT Pamela Cañas and Karen Aguilera Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Using a method of harvesting with Animal Welfare the fish should not get stressed prior to death and in such a way it enters into a rigor mortis in a smooth way without gaping and without affecting the quality of the texture. On the other hand, a harvesting badly made causes stress to the fish which leads to a loss of quality where the same fillet with "Premium" classification finally ends up as "Utility", which directly affects the monetary value of the product. For this research it is postulated the following hypothesis: The harvest of trout with Animal Welfare is a tool for productive improvement. With the following general objective: Determine the correlation in a harvest with and without Animal Welfare and the final product quality. It was worked with and without Animal Welfare methodology in an "in situ" harvesting where it was used a fishing haul, harvested by pumps, knocked out with stonner and sacrificed by cutting gills. As a methodology for stress detection being fish already slaughtered it was analyzed: the pH post mortem, rigor mortis entry, gaping, texture and the fillet classification. From the harvest with Animal Welfare versus harvest without Animal Welfare it was obtained the following results in the final product: optimum texture 54% versus 29% respectively, animals without gaping 61% versus 14% respectively, Premium fillet 75% versus 39% respectively. It is concluded that a harvest with Animal Welfare shows a productive improvement of a 36% in the quality of final product.

CHARACTERIZATION OF EST-SSR MARKERS IN HALIOTIS RUFESCENS FROM HETEROLOGOUS SEQUENCES Andrea Aguilar and Cristian Gallardo Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Advances in functional genomics have enabled the establishment and annotation of a large number of EST (expressed sequence tag) libraries from aquatic organisms and their availability in public database. One of the potential uses of these sequences is regarding to search and identifying simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers such as microsatellites. The characteristic of these markers as high level of polymorphism and co-dominance allows the association of sequences or expressed genes (EST-SSR) as a powerful tool in aquaculture biotechnology. In this study, we characterized EST- SSR markers in H. rufescens obtained from sequences EST of Haliotis discus hannai. Herein, 5795 EST sequences were obtained from GenBank (April 2010) and a tandem repeats screening was performed by QDD software, getting

105 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

32 potential EST-SSR. From them, we selected 14 EST-SSR to design primers with Geneious software. For each EST- SSR loci were calculated the Na, He, Ho, and also the presence of null alleles. This study provides new genomic DNA markers for the red abalone based on expressed sequences for the abalone aquaculture. INNOVA 07CT9-PDT-79.

EVALUATION OF DIETS ON THE CONDITIONING OF BROODSTOCK SNAIL LOCATE (THAIS CHOCOLATA) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVIPOSITION María Jesús Berrios and Claudia Navarrete Universidad Andres Bello, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The snail locate Thais chocolata, is a marine gastropod, which has suffered the natural population decline, like other species of marine gastropods that are of great commercial interest. As there have been several investigations for possible cultivation and restocking. This paper attempts to obtain the maximum information for the conditioning of broodstock and the position of eggs capsules.To analyze the differences in the growth of adult, with two diets: 1) Choromytilus chorus and 2) Dosidocus gigas, between males and females were sampled every three weeks between the months of May to September. Each individual sex and frame, with a unique identification. Significant differences were found between specific growth rate (SGR) in weight and length, between the two diets, but not between males and females (p £ 0.05). The snail locate, reproductive form groups called maicillos, for the copula and oviposition. To evaluate the differences between capsules of broodstock fed with two diets: 1) Choromytilus chorus and 2) Dosidocus gigas, were sampled randomly capsules was measured: length (mm), width (mm), length of peduncle (mm) and number ofembryos. This is the first study to show significant differences between capsules of broodstock fed with two diets in the variables: length, width and number of embryos per capsule (p £ 0.05). Getting better with diet 1, Choromytilus chorus, which also presents a greater number of capsules.

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RAPD-SCAR MOLECULAR MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH IN RED ABALONE (HALIOTIS RUFESCENS) Sabrina Marín 1,2, P. Haye2, F. Winkler2 and Cristian Gallardo1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

Molecular markers have been used to answer several questions about the ecology, biology, evolution and domestication of species. In animal breeding, they have been widely used to identify genome sequences associated with variation at quantitative trait (QTL) to, subsequently, be used to assist selection programs through Marker Assisted Selection. Some molecular markers are able to identify these associations even when there is not any prior knowledge on the species genome. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, of arbitrary and dominant nature, have been used in the species identification and characterization of molecular markers associated with QTLs, especially in species with unknown genome. Considering that Haliotis rufescens is a slow growing species (3 to 4 years to harvest size) important efforts have focused on improving growth rate in order to reduce time and production cost. We aimed to identify RAPD- SCAR molecular markers associated with growth rate in H. rufescens. Five hundred RAPD primers were tested on two pools of DNA, each consisting of DNA from large and small individuals respectively, which were obtained from each ends of the phenotypic distribution curve of a farmed population. We identified 12 RAPD markers significantly associated with the character (P < 0.05). Polymorphic fragments from three of these markers were characterized, converted into SCAR markers (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) and subsequently validated to evaluate whether the significant association (P < 0.05) with the trait under study remained. FONDEF-D05I11013. .

106 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN MYTILUS EDULIS CHILENSIS IN AQUACULTURE ZONES FROM SOUTHERN CHILE Gustavo Núñez1, Viviana Valenzuela1, Pilar Haye2 and Cristian Gallardo1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

Probably one of the most complex genetic topics to solve in marine environment is the genetic population structure of native species used in aquaculture activities. Under this scenario, both seeds and broodstock are translocated from several adjacent geographic zones, deriving in a genetic homogeneity with loss of local adaptive in marine populations. The aim of this study was evaluate the gene expression of 12 candidate genes in five populations of Mytilus edulis chilensis located in aquaculture zones from Southern Chile. Total RNA was extracted from 40 individuals per population and the expression was performed with genes that involve physical stress response, pathogens presence, adhesion to the surface, shell formation and sexual maturation process. Herein, partial coding sequences of these were downloaded from GenBank database for Mytilus genus. To obtain the gene expression patterns we used the DCt comparative method through qRT-PCR. The results showed significant differences in the gene expression patterns among the population studied. This work provides new information related to genes involved in local adaptive of M. e. chilensis, as well its potential as candidate genes for searching SNPs markers that allow the characterization of population-genetic structure. INNOVA 07CT9PDT-79.

EFFECTIVENESS OF OVAPLANT® IN THE SPAWNING SYNCHRONIZATION Sandra Bravo1, Sandra Muñoz1 and Eliana Cañas2 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2ATSA, Chile

In order to assess the effectiviness of the use of hormone therapy to induce spawning in salmonids, 300 females and 60 males of Atlantic salmon were implanted with 150 µg sGnRHa/ kg body, 14 days prior to the normal spawning period, in a hatchery located in the Region X. Females weighing an average of 8 kg were implanted between May 13and June 9, and males weighing an average of 10 kg were implanted between May 4 and June 4. The implanted females spawned between May 20 and June 17, while the control females spawned between April 19 and May 11. Males spawned between May 12 and June 9. Results showed that females did not show significant differences in the condition factor, egg size, IGS neither in the number of eggs per body weight (p>0.05), with respect to the control group. Ovaplant® showed effectiveness in the spawning synchronization, advancing maturation and ovulation in females. However, Ovaplant® showed high effectiveness to stimulate spermiation. The implanted males showed a semen production three times higher than the control group.

USE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN SPERM DILUENT FOR RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS): EFFECT ON MOTILITY AND FERTILIZING PERFORMANCE Andrea Ubilla and Iván Valdebenito Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The present study evaluate, the effect of different antioxidants incorporated during the cold storage into the sperm extender for rainbow trout broodstock, on sperm motility and fertilizing capacity. For the evaluations fresh semen was used as control (C) and stored undiluted semen was identified as treatment 1 (T1). The extenders were prepared using as basal diluent the UCT formula (T2) to which different antioxidant were added: grape polyphenol (0.1g/100ml) (T3), trolox C (0.1g/100ml) (T4), polyphenol more trolox (0.1g/100ml + 0.1g/100ml) (T5) and Vitamin C (0.018g/100ml) (T6). The results show that at the second day all treatments presents a motility level of 5. After 7 days of storage the T3 and T6 were reduced to a motility level of 4. Others however maintain the maximum level. The duration of flagellar activity at the end of the trial is highest in T3 with 36.87 ± 0.51 s and minimum in T6 29.78 ± 0.52 s. At day 7, the fertility is maintained without significant differences with the control in treatments T2 (92.80 ± 0.62%), T3 (83.66 ±2.52%), T4 (90.46 ± 1.60 %), T5 (83.57 ± 2.75%) and T6 (83.57 ± 2.30%). On days 10 and 17 of storage T1 fertility

107 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar is zero and that of T2 is significantly lower than control. At day 17 the highest percentage of fertilization was 97.38 ± 1.85 s for the treatment T5 and the lowest value was 64.69 ± 3.76 s for T2. In summary, this study showed that semen stored with different antioxidant may significantly extend sperm viability.

COMPARISON BETWEEN HISTOPATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS AND TAQMAN REAL-TIME RT-PCR ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF CANDIDATUS XENOHALIOTIS CALIFORNIENSIS, IN RED ABALONE (HALIOTIS RUFESCENS) Harry Bohle, C. Cortés, Alvaro Sandoval and Patricio Bustos ADL Diagnostic Chile, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Withering syndrome (WS) is a progressive infectious disease that affects a variety of cultured and wild abalone species (Haliotis spp). WS is caused by Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, an intracellular rickettsia-like organism (RLO) that infects gastrointestinal epithelial cells of posterior oesophagus and digestive gland.Traditional diagnostic methods for WS are mainly based on clinical signs, behavioural signs, gross pathology, histopathological signs and the microscopic detection of RLO colonies in digestive epithelia. There are more sensitive test, like conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in-situ hybridization (ISH) and transmission electron microscopy examination (TEM), but these tests are not commercially available. In order to compare the histopathologic analysis (traditional gold-standard test for WS) and Taqman Real Time RT PCR, we excised samples of the digestive tract from 53 abalones Haliotis rufescens of a poblation exposed to Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis with clinical signs of WS. Samples for histology analysis were fixed in Davidsons fixative and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. For RT-PCR, total RNA was extracted from clarified tissue with EZNA® Total RNA kit (Omega Bio Tek), according to the manufacturer protocol. The amplification was carried out using SuperScript III One Step RT PCR (Invitrogen) in a OneStepPlus (Applied Biosystems) for 45 cycles.We detect 31 individuals positive for both tests; 7 were positive for histology and negative for RT-PCR; and 9 were positive for RT-PCR and negative for histology. The Real Time RT PCR is faster and more sensitive than the histopathologic analysis. In consequence it would be a good alternative for surveillance programs and seed sanitary certification, avoiding the need to kill the broodstock.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW PSEUDOALTEROMONAS SP. PRODUCING A BACTERIOSTATIC AGENT UPON VIBRIO SP. Cristian Valenzuela1, Félix Godoy2, Javier Paredes1 and Carlos Aranda1 1Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

Vibrios are ubiquitous bacteria that form part of normal microbiota or marine resources and environments and also are the cause of some disease in almost all cultured marine aquatic animals such as crustacean, mollusks and fish. In the Region de Los Lagos, southern Chile, some pathogenic vibrios cause salmon and shelfish mortalities, but a more concerning problem of vibrios is the involved in human pathogenic vibrio outbreaks occurring since 2004 until today, due to ingestion of raw or partially cooked shellfish containing pathogenic and pandemic V. parahaemolitycus. The use of marine bacteria as biological control agent to replace antibiotic based strategies in aquaculture or to become useful for marine-food processing or preservation is now priority. In these work we present the 16S based identification of a Pseudoalteromonas sp. isolated from Perumytilus purpuratus (chorito maico) collected from intertidal zone in Dalcahue (Chiloe Island). The strain produced a bacteriostactic agent with reduced action spectra, being active against Vibrio sp., but inactive upon other Gram - and Gram + bacteria. The activity was produced only during exponential phase of liquid culture of the Pseudoalteromonas strain in marine broth, become bacteriostatic against V. parahaemolitycus at 20 % (v/v) in fresh marine broth. The bacteriostatic agent was permeated by analytic ultra-filtration with 3,5 kDa Cult-off and was later precipitated with 90% ammonium sulfate, suggesting the involvement of a small and complex molecules probably involved in ferrous caption during culture, because activity was also partially overcame by Fe3+ enrichment in marine agar. Reverse-phase chromatography upon C18 column eluted with acetonitrile gradient result in a partial purification of two different active molecules inside a very complex matrix. This study will continue with the further isolation and structural characterization of activity. The bacterium is now available for probiotic evaluations upon shellfish and fish culture.This work was supported by FONDEF DO6I1054.

108 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

EVALUATION OF GENETIC RESISTANCE OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) TO THE CHILEAN SEA LICE CALIGUS ROGERCRESSEYI USING CLASSICAL TECHNIQUES OF QUANTITATIVE GENETICS José Gallardo1, Jean Paul Lhorente2, Roberto Neira2, Angélica Araya1, Debora Torrealba1 and Ximena Toledo1 1Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Aquainnovo S.A., Chile

Caligus rogercresseyi has been for many years one of the most important health problem during the sea water phase of farmed salmon in Chile. Fish resistant to caligus has emerged as a priority for the industry; however, there is not an efficient methodology to identify the animals resistant to Caligus. The overall objective of this study was to develop a new methodology for the identification of genetically resistant salmonid to Chilean sea lice Caligus rogercresseyi. We developed and implemented a protocol for identifying resistant fish using testing challenge. The first challenge test was conducted between October and November 2009 and considered the infestation of 1500 fish from 75 families of the 2008 year class of the genetic program of Antares S.A. The fish were challenged with 150,000 copepodites and registration of the infestation was conducted by counting parasites in different parts of the body of the fish. We observed a wide variation in individual-level phenotypic resistance to parasites (average = 13.24 ± 3.6, coefficient of variation = 45.56%, Min = 0, Max = 36). The data analysis allowed estimating heritability for the trait of genetic resistance tocaligus of 0.22 to 0.34. These values are higher than levels heritability described for Atlantic salmon against Lepeophtheirus salmonis and for this population indicate that selection for resistance to Caligus rogercresseyi is feasible to perform. Funding source: Proyecto INNOVA-CHILE 07CN13PBT-61 y Proyecto INNOVA-CHILE 206-5047.

DEVELOPMENT OF DNA MINI-BARCODE FOR TRACEABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BIVALVES Pamela Prieto1, Pilar Haye2 and Cristian Gallardo1 1Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

The goal of DNA barcoding is to develop a sequence database that allows the species-specific identification, independently of their life stage or animal group. To accomplish this challenger, a 650 bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene has been amplified with universal primers providing high resolution to distinguish vertebrates as well invertebrates organisms. However it may be difficult in practice, due to DNA degradation from material poorly conserved and also in processed biological samples as seafood products. In this last case, the universal primers cannot be used, being necessary distinct primer sets for each taxonomic group. The aim of this study was to evaluate different PCR fragment from COI as mini-barcode for Chilean commercial bivalves. A minimum amount of sequence information for accurate species-specific identification was archived by design of 4 specific primers in 12 bivalve species. Thecomparison of mini-barcode between fresh and processed or canned samples showed no differences regarding to the phylogenetic analysis performed. This study proposes new primers to perform molecular traceability in Chilean commercial bivalves based on mini-COI barcode.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MYOSTATIN GENE IN THE NORTHERN SCALLOP ARGOPECTEN PURPURATUS (LAMARCK, 1819) Paola Rivas and Cristian Gallardo Universidad de Concepción. Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Myostatin (MSTN) was originally identified in a screen for novel mammalian members of the transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) superfamily and considered as negative regulator of growth muscle tissue. Despite the role found of the MSTN gene in several animal species, studies carried out in aquatics organisms have not been well understood. Important issues about its MSTN-mRNA homology or if there are variants of the MSTN gene with different target tissues remain unsolved. Herein, in invertebrates it has been cloned in a few species as anemone, amphioxus and

109 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar mollusks. The aim of this study was to characterize MSTN mRNA from the Chilean Northern scallop Argopecten purpuratus. PCR products were obtained using primer sets designed on conserved regions for cDNA previously identified in Chamys farreri and A. irradians. Conserved proteolytic processing site (RXXR) and a pattern of cysteine residues in the carboxy-terminal region were flanked. To determinate expression of the MSTN, qRT-PCR was performed in different tissues by the DCt comparative method. We discuss the potential use of MSTN as a candidate gene for genetic improvement in A. purpuratus. INNOVA 07CT9-PDT-79.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF FERRITIN IN RED ABALONE (HALIOTIS RUFESCENS) K. Salinas, Gustavo Núñez and Cristian Gallardo Universidad de Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Ferritin is a protein that constitutes the main form of iron storage in cells. Its capacity to capture the highly toxic iron excess in a compact and safe manner gives this protein detoxification and iron storage ability. It has a main role in cellular homeostasis and in cellular defense against oxidative stress produced by the reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this research, the coding sequence of ferritin for red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) was obtained, which had a length of 516 bp. In addition, the ferritin gene expression was measured through semi-quantitative RT-PCR, after exposing the individuals to different thermal stress treatments. The results show that the ferritin gene expression increased afterthe application of heat shocks for 1 hour, reaching an expression peak at 22ºC. This research was the first to identify and characterize the ferritin in red abalone, providing more information so as to better understand the structural and functional properties of this protein in mollusks. FONDEF D07I1085.

GROWTH RESPONSE AND RESISTANCE TO SAPROLEGNIOSIS IN FRY RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) FED DIETS CONTAINING SPIRULINA (SPIRULINA MAXIMA) Cristóbal Salinas and María Isabel Toledo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The effect of including meal microalga spirulina (Spirulina maxima), was evaluated in terms of growth and resistance to saprolegniosis, as an alternative to fish meal in feed formulation for fry rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 6.000 rainbor trout fry were used with an average weight of 4.77 ± 0.23 g and an average length of 7.41 ± 0.24 cm. Fourdifferent diets were formulated; two diets with inclusion of spirulina microalgae meal in 8% and 12%, both with 100%vegetable oil. These diets were compared with two other diets, one with 100% fish oil and the other one with 100% vegetable oil (control diet). After 100 feeding days, the diet 8% spirulina meal inclusion showed significant differences (P <0.05) in the specific growth rate, percentage of weight gain and conversion factor; although the condition factor was better than the other diets, no significant differences were observed. Regarding the bioassay performed to saprolegnia infection, it was noted that diets with 8% and 12% of incorporation of spirulina showed no signs of saprolegniosis, compared the performance of the commercial and control diet. Under the experimental conditions used, the results show that can incorporate a 8% spirulina meal in feed for trout fry rainbow.

DEVELOPMENT OF BIOSAFETY PROCEDURES FOR APPLYING VACCINE AND ANTIVIRAL CHALLENGES IN A CONFINED CULTURE SYSTEM OF SALMO SALAR FRY AND SMOLT, BASED ON THE HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS (HACCP) Pablo Venegas, Katherine Llancaleo, and Víctor Faúndez Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The appearance of the ISA virus and the development of a new biotechnology industry in Chile has led to the need in our country for developing and evaluating new medicinal products for this disease and for others that exist or that

110 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar eventually may appear in our aquaculture. This of necessity implies testing new drugs on highly contagious diseases and, in many cases, challenging fish on site with strains of virus and bacteria, obliging the authority and other interested parties to develop procedures and technologies that will make it possible to work with high biosafety standards. In view of this need, the aim of this work was to develop biosafety procedures for applying vaccine and antiviral challenges in the confined culture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry and smolt. To this end, the experience developed at the Biotechnology and Aquaculture Engineering Laboratory of the UCSC was used, where the first challenge was conducted in Chile with an antiviral for the ISA virus, fully authorized by the National Fisheries Service (SERNAPESCA). By describing the operational evaluation process of a biological product and the experience acquired, the dangers in the process and the measures for controlling the same were identified, applying the HACCP system, determining the critical points for biosafety by using the decision tree established by SERNAPESCA. The process was classified into 7 stages, a total of 24 hazards were identified generated during the challenge operation, and a total of 13 critical points for biosafety were obtained, particularly crossed contamination, biological and chemical contamination of the environment and reduction of oxygen in the culture systems. Fourteen specific procedures were designed and it was concluded that they establish the most adequate way of operating in the process, in compliance with the sanitary regulations and environmental care standards in force.

FIRST MOLECULAR DETECTION OF DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM DENDRITICUM IN NATIVE FISH FROM LAKES WITH AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES IN LOS LAGOS REGION IN CHILE Marco Rozas, Alvaro Sandoval, Ricardo Ildefonso, Harry Bohle and Andrea Navarrete Adl Diagnostic Chile Ltda., Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Between April and June 2009, 2.098 wild salmonids and native fish from 10 lakes with aquaculture concessions in Los Lagos Region were examined for Diphyllobothrium species. All fish were caught from different sampling point according some risk factors as proximity to salmon farms, village and river basin. All viscera and muscles of fish were examined by macroscopic inspection and stereomicroscope. Pyloric caeca and stomach infected with plerocercoids were examined by histology and scanning electron microscope. Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum were confirmed by PCR and sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) for first time in Chile. The prevalence of D. dendriticum plerocercoids in Los Lagos Region was 5.77% (121/2098) but the prevalence rate increased to 10.02% (121/1207) for Chiloé Island. The prevalence was 27.27% (81/297) to Lake Tarahuín, 6.06% (18/297) to Lake Cucao, 4.38% (13/229) to Lake Huillinco, 2.18% (5/121) to Lake Natrian d 66.67% (4/6) to Lake San Antonio. The fish from Lakes Rupanco, Llanquihue, Chapo, Tepuhueico and Popetán did not present D. dendriticum plerocercoids. Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) showed the highest prevalence of plerocercoids (25%), but also róbalo (Eloginopsmaclovinus) (12.96%), peladilla (Aplochiton sp.) (4.70%) and pejerrey (Basilichthys sp.) (0.36%) presented plerocercoids. Larvae showed a flat body of 811.5 mm long by 0.20.3 mm in wide and scolex was enlarged and partially retracted with 2 bothria and a frontal pit. The body was covered with short microtriches 35 mm long. These zoonotic species have been for first time reported in freshwater ecosystems as far as 43ºS in the Chiloé Island. These findings and previous reports of Dyphyllobothrium spp. plerocercoids in farmed salmon in Lake Tarahuín, it would support the establishment of the definitive biological cycle of this parasite in lakes of south of Chile with presence of aquaculture activities.

INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN E ON ARACHIDONIC ACID ACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN ATLANTIC SALMON PARR (SALMO SALAR) P. Dantagnan1, Katerina Gonzáles1, Martín Hevia3, Takahiro Ogura3, Adrian Hernández1, Aliro Borquez1, A. Domínguez1 and Javier Alcaino1 1Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Centro de Genómica Nutricional Agroacuícola (CGNA), Temuco, Chile; 3Fundación Chile, Estación experimental Quillaipe, Chile

Atlantic salmon parr in freshwater possess the ability to elongate and desaturate 18 carbon n-3 and n-6 fatty acids to long-chain high unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), therefore the requirement for these fatty acids can be partially supplied

111 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar by vegetable oil, rich in 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. However, it is not clear whether elongation and desaturation of these 18 carbon fatty acids are sufficient to keep an adequate immune response in the fish. In fact, some authors suggest that the incorporation of vegetable oils in aquafeeds can have immunosuppressive effect, which make necessary the supplementation with HUFA, especially arachidonic acid (ARA), in order to restore a normal immunological function. Nevertheless, high inclusions of HUFA in the diet require the use of vitamin E as natural antioxidant agent, since these fatty acids are very sensitive to oxidation when are included in aquafeed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of increasing dietary inclusion of ARA and vitamin E on the immune response of Atlantic salmon parr challenged to the pathogen. In the present study, eight experimental diets were formulated containing different ratios of arachidonic acid/Vitamine E. Each diet was tested in triplicate over a periodo f 96 days in juvenile atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). At the end of the feeding trial all groups of fish were subjected to a pathogen Challenger test. The results indicate that Phagocytic activity of Atlantic salmon parr macrophages is improved when the dietary inclusion of ARA and vitamin E are higher than 0.27% and 180 ppm respectively. Mortality decreased between 23% and 64% in fish fed diets containing levels of ARA above 0.27%, this effect is depending on the level Vitamin E in the diet. Furthemore the inclusion of ARA in diets for Atlantic salmon parr improve phagocytic activity and response to the pathogen SRS.

TOWARDS THE USE OF INDICATORS AND MODELS FOR AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT: PELAGIC FISHERIES AND SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE - A CASES STUDIES IN CHILE Claudio Silva1,2, Eleuterio Yáñez2, María Angela Barbieri3 and Tomás Angel DelValls1 1Universidad de Cádiz, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile 3Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile

Capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with about 110 million tonnes of food fish in 2006, providing an apparent per capita supply of 16.7 kg (live weight equivalent), which is among the highest on record. Of this total, aquaculture accounted for 47%, being the fastest growing food-producing sector. However, this strong growth and expansion in the aquaculture industry has brought significant environmental and management issues such as: increasing demands on fisheries for fishmeal/oil; nutrient and organic enrichment of sediments; eutrophication of coastal zones; chemical pollution from pharmaceuticals, organics, bactericidal and metals; and changes in biodiversity of endemic populations. Additionally, the implications of the environmental variability and global climate change for fisheries sustainability are major concerns. Nevertheless, fisheries and aquaculture decision makers can mitigate those potential impacts by the implementation of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) and Ecosystem Aquaculture Approach (EAA) applications into coastal management plans. One of the main applications of EAF development and management include the prediction of the effects of environmental variability on fish stocks and fisheries. An EAA management application should account the prediction of variability effects in environment on aquaculture for estimate suitable sites and carrying capacity. The research community must develop methodologies (e.g. indicators and predictive models) to support decision-making with planning management of fisheries and aquaculture sustainable development. This study aims to illustrate the use of indicators and models to support the EAF and EAA management using two case studies in Chile: pelagic fisheries in northern coastal region and shellfish aquaculture in Valdivia estuary. Synergies between EAF and EAA are also discussed.

112 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

ABSTRACTS WORKSHOP Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

114 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

MONDAY 22 MARINE STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL WORKSHOP

UNDERSTANDING THE MARINE STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL ECO-LABELING PROGRAM Jim Humphreys and Kerry Coughlin Marine Stewardship Council, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an international non-profit organization that manages an independent third party certification program for well-managed and sustainable fisheries. The MSCs fisheries standard was developed following international consultation, and encompasses three key elements: target stock health, impact of the fishery on the ecosystem, and the effectiveness of the fishery management system. Fisheries that are interested in participating in the MSC program voluntarily have their fishery reviewed and scored against the MSC standard by a team of independent experts working with an accredited certification body. The MSC has a prescribed methodology that must be followed in this process. In 2005, FAO developed and published minimum guidelines for ecolabelling of fish and fishery products from marine capture fisheries, and the MSC program works to ensure that the entire program meets those voluntary guidelines. Over 12% of the worlds food fisheries, which represents about 7 million metric tons are engaged in the MSC program, and over 200 fisheries are either certified or in full assessment in the MSC program. From these fisheries almost 7000 product lines are using the MSC label on fishery products in countries around the world.

This effort -not free of countermarches and contradictions- has opened some interesting discussions and processes that are already leading to visible improvements in resources management and into the introduction of the ecosystem approach in several American countries of the Southern Pacific.

The particular cases of Peruvian anchovy, Chilean common sardine and anchovy, Peruvian hake, Chilean common hake, hoki and Southern hake, and Ecuadorian mahi will be analyzed.

115 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

TUESDAY 23 RESEARCH PROGRAM WORKSHOP

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR FISHERIES AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT. THE ROLE OF REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Gonzalo Pereira Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Over the past years, the concept of ocean governance has been incorporated into the diplomatic language, international conferences and forums on seas and oceans. The process to make said governance effective started at least four decades ago and it is still an ongoing process by adopting instruments that are legally binding or voluntary (soft law) with global or regional scope within the fishing sector and marine environment.

A milestone regarding the establishment of a regulatory framework for all matters related to seas and oceans is the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982.

In regards to fishing, the UNCLOS set forth the fishing freedom as one principle statement of freedom of high seas. Nevertheless, it establishes restrictions noting the obligation of all fishing and coastal States to cooperate in the high seas activity on straddling fish stock and highly migratory fish stocks.

After the adoption of the UNCLOS, new legal instruments have been adopted such as the Agreement on the Application of the UNCLOS provisions related to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. This agreement establishes the Regional Fishing Bodies (RFB) as the most appropriate instrument to ensure an effective compliance with cooperation between fishing and coastal States to develop sustainable fisheries and conservation of those stocks.

As far as the marine environment, the Stockholm Declaration from 1972 adopted United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, background of the UNEP initiative that promotes at regional level the Plans of Action and Conventions on Coast and Marine Environment Protection within the framework of the Regional Seas Program. Currently, there are 18 Regional Seas Programs.

THE 7TH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (FP7) AND THE ROLE OF THE LIAISON OFFICE - EUROPEAN UNION PROGRAMME IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, CONICYT Astrid Waltermann Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

FP7 is the chief instrument of the European Union for funding research over the period 2007 to 2013. It is made up of four specific programmes: cooperation, ideas, people and capacities. Each of them announces calls for proposals in annual Work Programmes. The FP7 has a total budget of over 50 billion. The Cooperation programme fosters collaborative research through projects by transnational consortia of industry and academia. The research in this programme is carried out through ten key thematic areas including environment, fisheries and biotechnology.

How to participate in the FP7: - Funds are allocated through a "call for proposals", on a competitive basis to a consortium of several partners from different EU and non-EU countries. - Projects are financed only if they comply with the rules established in the calls and provide specific funding for the proposals. - The participation of an institution from a non-European country should be relevant to the project and to Europe.

116 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

- Each proposal has a Coordinator who generally belongs to a European Union Member State; he is the responsible to manage the project before the European Union. He receives and distributes the funds allocated to the project. For the 2011 calls for proposal the most relevant calls for Chile in the areas of environment, fisheries and biotechnology are:

Environment Work Programme 2011: Call: FP7-OCEAN-2011 OCEAN.2011-2: Marine microbial diversity new insights into marine ecosystems Functioning and its biotechnological potential KBBE* Work Programme 2011: *KBBE stands for Knowledge Based Bio-Economy and covers the topics related to Food, Agriculture, Fisheries and Biotechnology Call: FP7-KBBE-2011-5 KBBE 2011.1.2-09: Beyond Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) in fisheries: defining management targets and their consequences KBBE.2011.1.2-10: Socio-economic effects of the main management principles of the future Common Fishery Policy (CFP): impact of new policy framework and opportunities for the fishing sector to develop self- and co-management KBBE.2011.1.2-11: Aquaculture feeds and fish nutrition: paving the way to the development of efficient and tailored sustainable feeds for European farmed fish KBBE.2011.1.4-02: Strengthening the impact of fisheries related research through dissemination, communication and technology transfer KBBE.2011.1.4-07: Role of aquaculture in improving food security and eradicating poverty worldwide - Mandatory ICPC

The Role of the Liaison Office Its mission is to increase Chilean participation in European research projects. In order to carry out this task the liaison office organizes dissemination events that promote the FP7, and it gives advice to Chilean researchers on how to participate in it. The office also enhances cooperation between Chile and the EU by promoting the policy dialogue at the national and regional level and through the organization of international thematic seminars and missions to European research centers. For further information visit: http://www.chiep.cl or http://cordis.europa.eu

FRIDAY 26 AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH TOWARDS RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM DESIGN FOR CHILEAN ABALONE FARMS German Merino, Daniela Medel, Christian Otarola, María Troncoso, Rocio Tapia and Joel Barraza Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected].

Abalone aquaculture is among the major growth industries in Chile using species which are not natural within the country. From an engineering perspective, commercial abalone farms are loaded with high stocking densities which requires high flow water exchanges (renewal 100% of system volume per hour) to ensure sufficient supply of oxygen and removal of excretory products. A few abalone farms in Chile are switching their systems from open to reuse or semi-closed systems (sometimes called locally as recirculating) as a way to save energy or to minimize unwanted natural impacts such as to avoid pumping seawater containing high densities of toxic algae into the farm. Preliminary studies at UCN, with RAS systems having volumes between 5 and 80 m3, suggest that both green and red abalone can be reared in RAS with make up water between 1 and 10% of the system volume per day, using either kelp or formulated feeds. Preliminary results are showing improvements in growth rate while keeping similar survival rates. Performance of water treatment processes during higher re-circulation rates are under evaluation along with oxygen consumption rates,

117 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar ammonia excretion rates, settling velocity distribution of suspended solids, and size distribution of suspended solids, which are key parameters for setting farms operating either as flow through, semi-recirculating or recirculating regime.Another issue under research is related with abalone shell mineralization which depends upon calcium and carbonate availability which are likely to be depleted while minimizing make up water in a RAS for mollusks. As abalone farming and rearing water intensity increases, some issues might rise en terms of water quality, tank design, biological requirements and hence its impact on abalone farms design and operation will become more important to farmers. This article then examines some advances on bioengineering parameters gathered at UCN RAS abalone pilot facilities which are valuable to improve abalone farms design, sizing and operation.

ANALYSIS OF DESIGN VARIABLES AFFECTING SEAWATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURAL SYSTEMS FOR RED ABALONE Joel Barraza, Raúl González and Germán Merino Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Today recirculating aquacultural systems (RAS) sizes and the application of its technology has been increasing due to several properties, such as their capability to save energy, to better stability of physical and chemical water variables including water temperature, in comparison to open flow through systems. The Chilean red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) industry has recently being adapting their open flow through systems to semirecirculating systems. A typical 100 MT abalone farm will require about 150 culture tanks (10x1x0.6 m each; 750 m3 total volume system) distributed on 1.5 ha, and an amount of flow equivalent to at least one system volume exchange per hour. When applying semirecirculating technology in such abalone farms one arising problem is temperature control which will turn a key factor as make up water is gradually reduced towards a RAS standards (less than 10% of volume system per day). Increments in temperature above natural seawater temperature is one of the main concerns when adapting or moving into RAS technology in red abalone farms. Associated problems observed with a water temperature increase are accelerated decay of fresh kelp used as feed, less dissolved oxygen, a decrease in ingestion feed rate, and a increase of mortality rate due to above mentioned changes without mentioning that the species will be out of their optimal rearing temperature range (between 14° and 18 °C).

Seawater temperature increments are related with the amount of make up water, rearing system thermal radiation insulation technique, geographical location, and type of RAS technology used. According to in situ studies performed in commercial abalone farms located in the III and IV region it could be expected a temperature increment above naterual seawater temperature between 0.5 and 4.0 °C. It has been reported that optimal rearing temperature for red abalone is between 14° and 18 °C. Water temperature of natural seawater in IVregion are around 11°C in winter and17 °C during summer time; and in the III region around 13 °C in winter and 19 °C in summer. Therefore the temperature increments mentioned above are adequate during winter time, but not for summer time. During summer time is not economically feasible to control water temperature for a 750 m3 rearing system using any given sort of refrigetation devices due to flow rates used (one volumen system water exchange per hour) and the amount of water surface area exposed to solar radiation, plus the amount of warm air blowing into each tank, which overall makes difficult to isolate thermically the culture system. According to the obtained results, one way to control temperature within an acceptable range for rearing abalone is through and adequate shading to minimize solar radiation and a management between the ratio of the make up water to system volume required.

ADVANCES IN ARTIC CHARR AQUACULTURE IN CHILE Rolando Vega, Alfonso Mardones, Francisco Encina, Cristian Pichara and Iván Valdebenito Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Salvelinus alpinus, the arctic charr is a species with excellent characteristics for fish farm culture: fast growth at high densities, good conversion rate and flesh pigmentation, low mortalities. S. alpinus is cultivated in Iceland, Canada and Norway in landbased fish farms and in USA was cultivated in a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) with excellent results.

118 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

In 2004 S. alpinus began to be cultured in Chile in a pilot level by Fondef Project D03I1010 in a freshwater landbased fish farm of the IX Region. Fish were cultured during 2 years at 8°C and harvested with 2 kg. Several studies were developed related with subjects as environmental impact, carrying capacity, culture density, feed and conversion rate, size variability and selection, pigmentation, diseases, water salinity toleration, ATPasa. S. alpinus samples were send to USA and Europe. In 2008 S. alpinus was experimentally RAS cultured in 25 and 33 g L-1 water to evaluate the Yukon Gold strain in salt waters. The strain has good survival, growth and conversion factor at 25 g L-1 salinity but not at 33 g L-1.The evidence suggest that S. alpinus adapted well to salt water. The experience shows S. alpinus as an excellent fish for culture. Fund by Fondef D03I1010 y D06I1028.

RECENT GROWTH TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN NORWEGIAN AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY Asbjørn Bergheim IRIS International Research Institute of Stavanger, Norway. E-mail: [email protected]

The Norwegian production of salmon and rainbow trout has increased by c. 10% per year and will exceed 1 million tons in 2010. All on-growing takes place in open cages in the fjords and along the coast, and the average cage volume has increased by about 300 times since the 1980ies. Out of a total number of 4.000 cages more than 1.200 cages hold 20.000 60.000 m3. In 2005, the so-called MAB, maximum allowable biomass, was introduced and limits the highest annual production to 65 tons per 1.000 m3 licensed volume. Generally, the increasing volume and deeper cages have made the control of the fish stock more challenging.

Sea lice attacks, especially in Southern Norway, have represented a major problem over the last three years. Reduced growth, increased mortality and lice treatment amount to significant losses and extra costs for the industry. Reports indicate that increased use of wrasses in the cages improved the situation this summer compared to in 2009. Extensive vaccinating and strict regulations regarding handling, etc. usually result in effective protection against diseases, but still there may occur regional outbreaks of serious diseases, such as pancreas disease (PD) and infectious salmon anaemia (ISA).

Attacks of sea lice and escaped salmon and trout from fish farms are considered to be the main reasons for the strongly reduced wild stocks of sea trout and a reduced return of salmon spawners in the fjords and along the coast of Southwest Norway. The Directorate of Fisheries reports 511.000 escaped individuals from Norwegian fish farms last year, comprised by 187.000 salmon, 133.000 rainbow trout, 175.000 cod and 16.000 halibut.

Problems connected to open-cage production have initiated a debate about other possible technical solutions. Closed floating cages supplied pumped water and land-based farms based on recirculating of water (RAS) are such alternatives. Production of c. salmon and trout for stocking of the cage farms takes place in more than 200 hatcheries along the coast. Last year, 235 million salmon and 16 million trout were produced. Still the majority of the Norwegian hatcheries are flow-through systems but the number of farms introducing partial or full water reuse is rapidly growing.

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF WATER RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL SALMON SMOLT PRODUCTION Thue Holm, Bjarne Hald Olsen, Marcelo Varela and Esteban Emparanza Billund Aquakultur Service ApS Kløvermarken 27 DK 7190 Billund, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]

The main issue to consider when pursuing healthy cultured salmon smolts able to quickly adapt to the marine environment, is the acclimation to temperature, light and salinity conditions. Billund Aquaculture has developed and built recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) that achieve the goal of obtaining healthy salmon smolts that can adapt to the marine environment and yield excellent results. The system considers features like automatic dead fish collectors, submerged lamps to simulate winter and summer conditions according to the required schedule by the manager, automatic salt and

119 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar base adding systems and automatic feeders that are programmed to operate at specific times during the day are also considered. Here we illustrate the design and performance of the smolts system built for Salmones Humboldt in Chile. The recirculation flow in the system is 7.560 m3/h with a total volume of 3.952 m3 of water in tanks; containing 16 tanks of 247 m3 each. The feeding capacity of the system is 1,650 Kg/day. Each tank is provided with mortality extraction system to avoid handling and thus minimize stress to the fish. Four micro strainers remove the uneaten food and fish faeces from the system and send it to a sludge thickening and compost system operating with a filter containing earth worms. The system is managed to produce a batch of 1.6 million smolts every three months, starting from eyed egg and yielding around 6.4 million salmon smolts of 100g size per year, the annual output is around 80% from eyed egg to smolt. Eyed egg, fry and parr stages are reared in different RAS units existing in the same plant. Data were collected throughout 1 year from the smolts system that grows fish starting from 10 15g. Nitrogenous compounds values remained very low during the whole study period, demonstrating that excellent management yields excellent results.

COMPLETE WATER DISINFECTION WITH OZONE APPLICATION FOR A COMMERCIAL SALMON FACILITY IN CHILE Rafael Morey and Jorge Contreras OCEA Chile S.A., Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

The major sanitary crisis in the Chilean Salmon Industry happened in the recent years due to the occurrence of IPN and ISA virus, has determined that the salmon companies apply all the available and existing sanitary barriers. There are currently several methods or water disinfecting systems, but the most common and known are the UV radiation and ozonation. The ozonation process has been applied by the government authority in Chile as the most effective and economical disinfection method for large volume.

Large water disinfection with ozone has been designed and constructed to treat all the water supply of a commercial salmon facility.

The disinfection system consist in six processes, ozone generation, ozone injection, water mixing, ozone contact time, ozone degassing, and residual ozone monitoring. The water is pumped from the lake to the contact tank. The ozone injection unit takes a portion of the pressurized flow from the main hatchery supply line to flow through the venturi injector, where the ozone gas is injected into the water flow. The initial mix of water and ozone flows into the pressurized saturator where the ozone is dissolved into the water. The ozonated water from the saturator flows towards the main hatchery supply, upstream from the injection suction port, to be injected and mixed with the total hatchery flow. Thecomplete mixed water flows to a cylindrical contact tank. Then, the water flows into a degassing tower located within the header tank. The tower reduces the ozone concentration by using a counter flow through the use of high flow and low pressure blowers. The water is received at the header tank where it is distributed to the culture tanks. The residual ozone is constantly measured and automated controlled by an inline ozone monitoring unit. . This paper describes the design aspect used and the final results, with information of ozone concentration through all the treatment processes.

120 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

INDEX OF AUTHORS Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

122 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

INDEX OF AUTHORS

A Bautista J. - 11, 78 Bedecarratz P. - 8, 61 Abarca A. - 10, 19, 73, 80, 103 Belyaev V. - 18, 99 Abarca R. - 17, 90 Berendsen J. - 12, 79 Agüero M.- 10, 69 Bergheim A. - 25, 119 Aguilar A. - 19, 105 Berrios M.J. - 19, 106 Aguilar L. - 8, 62 Bertrand A. - 4, 37 Aguilera A. - 9, 64 Bethke, J. - 12, 80 Aguilera J. - 19 Blanco J.L - 3, 4, 5, 30, 31, 40, 41 Aguilera K. - 19, 105 Bohle H. -12, 20, 82, 83, 108, 111 Alcaino J. -11, 18, 20, 76, 96, 111 Boré D. - 4, 19, 25, 36, 101, 115 Alfaro D. - 10, 71 Bórquez A. - 11, 18, 20, 75, 76, 96, 111 Aliaga A. - 6, 47 Bórquez C. - 18, 100 Alvarez L. - 9, 64 Bouchon M. - 6, 8, 48, 59 Alvitres V. - 7, 52 Bouloubassi I. - 7, 54 Amar G. - 13, 86 Boutillier J. - 6, 50 Andrade I. - 5, 44 Braun M. - 4, 5, 6, 40, 41, 49 Andrade L. - 8, 61 Bravo L. - 3, 31 Angulo K. - 4, 5, 40, 41 Bravo S. - 20, 107 Arana P. - 4, 9, 38, 66 Brown A. - 12, 78 Arancibia H. - 4, 9, 40, 67, 68 Bustos P. - 12, 20, 82, 83, 108 Aranda C. - 17, 20, 92, 108 Araya A. - 20, 109 C Araya C. - 12, 83 Araya D. - 7, 53 Cahuin S. - 6, 48 Araya M. - 13, 84 Calisto N. - 17, 91 Arenas G. - 12, 79 Canales C. - 4, 36 Arévalo A. - 4, 18, 39, 95 Cañas E. - 20, 107 Arriagada S. - 8, 61 Cañas P. - 12, 19, 82, 105 Arroyo E. - 8, 57 Cañete J. - 7, 53 Astakhov A.S. -17, 94 Carbajal W. - 6, 51 Astorga A. - 19, 102 Cárdenas L. - 10, 69 Astorga M.S. - 17, 91 Carrasco C. - 5, 41 Avendaño R. - 12, 81, 83 Carrasco J. - 11, 76 Ávila M. - 11, 76 Carroza C. - 10, 72 Carroza J. - 8, 60 B Casali M. - 12, 82 Castilla J.C. - 10, 69 Castillo C. - 18, 96, 101 Baldwin K. - 12, 84 Castillo G. - 12, 82 Baltanás A. - 6, 51 Castillo J. - 8, 9, 58, 65 Ballón M. - 4, 37 Castillo M. - 3, 5, 17, 32, 33, 42, 92 Barahona D. - 17, 92 Castillo R. - 6, 47 Barahona N. - 4, 39 Castro L. - 4, 6, 39, 46 Barattinni F. - 9, 66 Celedón V. - 17, 94 Barbieri M.A. - 9, 21, 67, 112 Celikkol B. - 12, 84 Barraza J. - 25, 117, 118 Celis A. - 10, 19, 73, 103 Barriga E. - 9, 66 Cerda R. - 4, 10, 38, 74 Barros M. - 9, 67, 68 Cifuentes U. - 3, 5, 32, 42 Barroso E. - 7, 56 Cisternas M. - 8, 57

123 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

Claramunt G. - 6, 46, 47 E Collantes G. - 19, 102 Combes V. - 5, 43, 44 Edwards A. - 6, 50 Compean G. - 6, 49 Effer B. - 13, 86 Concha M. - 10, 71 Eissler Y. - 11, 79 Conejeros P. - 11, 79 Eldin G. - 4, 5, 40, 42 Contardo X. - 7, 17, 56, 94 Emparanza E. - 26, 119 Contreras J. - 26, 120 Encina F. - 25, 118 Contreras M. - 4, 39 Ernst B. - 5, 44 Coper S. - 18, 95 Escribano R. - 7, 54, 55 Correa M. - 4, 5, 6, 37, 43, 44, 50 Espejo M. - 10, 72 Cortés C. - 9, 20, 64, 108 Espíndola F. - 8, 18, 59, 96, 98 Cortínez G. - 12, 82, 83 Espino M. - 4, 38 Coughlin, K. 25, 115 Espinoza D. - 8, 59 Cubillos L. - 4, 6, 18, 39, 47, 48, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101 Espinoza J.C. - 11, 79 Curin S. - 18, 97 Estrada J.M. - 10, 13, 71, 85

CH F

Chaigneau A. - 4, 5, 37, 40, 41, 42 Farías A. - 10, 13, 70, 84 Chambers M. - 12 , 84 Farías L. - 5, 41 Chanamé J.- 7, 52 Faúndez V. - 10, 20, 72, 110 Charpentier J. - 5, 42 Feng L. - 18, 99 Chávez J. - 8, 62 Fernández J. - 12, 83 Chong J. - 18, 97 Field D. - 7, 54 Figueroa R. - 19 D Filun L. - 8, 13, 19, 60, 85, 102 Flores H. - 10, 11, 19, 73, 74, 77, 103, 104 Daneri G. - 9, 66 Flores M. - 6, 47 Dantagnan P. - 10, 11, 18, 20, 71, 75, 76, 96, 111 Flores, R. - 12, 80 Darnitskiy V. - 3, 4, 17, 18, 29, 35, 90, 99 Fuentealba M. - 18, 95 De Lara M. - 8, 58 Fuenzalida R. - 3, 31 De los Ríos P. - 9, 63 Fupuy J. - 7, 52 Decew J. - 12, 84 DelValls, T.A. - 21, 112 G Dewitte B. - 4, 40 Di Lorenzo E. - 5, 43, 44 Gaete A. - 12, 83 Díaz E. - 8, 59 Gajardo P. - 8, 58 Díaz G. - 9, 63 Gálvez M. - 10, 70 Díaz J. - 7, 8, 56, 57 Gálvez P. - 6, 49 Díaz M. - 18, 95 Gallardo A. - 12, 82 Díaz P. - 18, 95 Gallardo C. - 7, 13, 19, 20, 53, 80, 86, 105, Dioses T. - 3, 34 106, 107, 109, 110 Dmitrieva E. - 3, 17, 30, 89, 90 Gallardo J. - 12, 20, 79, 109 Domínguez A. - 11, 20, 75, 111 Garcés J. - 17, 90 Domínguez N. - 4, 40 Garreaud R. - 3, 29 Donoso G. - 19, 101 Gatica C. - 9, 67 Donoso K. - 7, 54 Gaviola G. - 6, 47 Drach A. - 12, 84 Giglio S. - 3, 32 Dupré E. - 17, 93 Godelman E. - 4 , 19, 25, 36, 101, 115 Durán R. - 10, 19, 73, 103 Godoy F. - 17, 20, 92, 108 Godoy M. - 12, 83

124 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

Gómez C. - 17, 91 J Gonzáles A. - 6, 47 Gonzáles K. - 20, 111 Jorquera E. - 7, 54, 55 González, A. - 12, 81 González E. - 4, 11, 38, 74 K González F. - 8, 62 González H. - 6, 46 Kilmatov T. - 3, 17, 30, 90 González J. - 4, 39 Kindseth J. - 10, 71 González L. - 13, 85 Konow D. - 13, 85 González M. - 8, 61 Krautz M. - 6, 46 González R. - 25, 118 Kuznar J. - 11, 79 Gracia A. - 9, 18, 66, 95 Graco M. - 4, 40 L Grados C. - 4, 5, 40, 41, 42 Gretchina A. - 4, 35, 37 Lafarga F. - 13, 86 Guajardo A. - 9, 64 Lagos L. - 11, 75 Guevara R. - 6, 10, 51 Lagos N. - 6, 51 Gutiérrez D. - 7, 54 Lange C. - 17, 89 Gutiérrez G. - 8, 62 Langan R. - 12, 84 Gutiérrez M. - 6, 47 Lara C. - 8 Gutiérrez R. - 13, 73, 84 Lara L. - 8, 57 Gutiérrez X. - 10, 72 Le Texier M. - 5, 42 Guzmán D. - 9, 65 Ledesma J. - 4, 40 Lefillanca J.K. - 11, 76 H Lhorente J.P. - 20, 109 Lillo S. - 6, 50 Hald B. - 26, 119 Limache J. - 8, 59 Hamane M. - 9, 66 Lobera F. - 8, 62 Harrison D. - 8, 59 Lofarga F. - 13 Haye P. 20, 106, 107, 109 López B. - 8, 61 Hebbeln D. - 17, 89 López D. - 8, 61 Heisinger A. - 12, 83 Lozano C. - 13, 85 Henríquez P. - 12, 82 Hernández A. - 11, 18, 20, 75, 76, 96, 111 LL Herrera M. - 13, 84 Hevia M. - 20, 111 LLancaleo K. - 20, 110 Hidalgo P. - 7, 53, 54 Llanos A. - 6, 46 Holm T. - 26, 119 Lluch D. - 7, 52 Hormazábal S. - 5, 6, 7, 17, 43, 44, 45, 50, 55, 92 Lluch S. - 7, 52 Hucke R. - 10, 70 Humphreys J. - 25, 115 Hurtado F. - 10, 11, 72, 74 M

I Macalupú J. - 6, 51 Mackinson S. - 9, 67 Madrid A. - 10, 71 Ibarra A.M. - 11, 78 Mansilla P. - 19 Ildefonso R. - 12, 20, 82, 111 Manzanarez S. -13, 19, 85, 102 Indacohea A. - 7, 56 Marchant M. - 17, 89 Irgang R. - 12, 81 Mardones A. - 10, 25, 71, 118 Irish J. - 12, 84 Marín J. - 10, 70 Ishchenko M. - 3, 4, 17, 18, 29, 35, 90, 99 Marín S. - 20, 106 Ivanov M. - 17, 94 Marshall S. - 11, 81

125 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

Marticorena F. - 18, 95 O Martinet V. - 8, 58 Martínez G. - 4, 19, 38 Ogura T. - 20, 111 Mashkina I. - 3, 4, 17, 29, 35, 90 Ojeda P. - 10, 69 Mc Lean G. - 19, 25, 101, 115 Olea F. - 18, 97 Medel D. - 25, 117 Oliva D. - 10, 19, 73, 102, 103 Mediavilla D. - 5, 42 Oliva Marce - 17, 93 Medina A. - 10, 70 Oliva Marci - 19, 105 Méndez C. - 8, 9, 61, 63 Olivares I. - 12, 82 Méndez J. - 6, 46 Ortega K. - 7, 56 Mendoza P. - 7, 54 Ortiz R. - 9, 65 Mercado L. - 12, 79, 80 Ortlieb L. - 7, 54 Merino G. - 25, 117, 118 Otarola C. - 25, 117 Mertensköfer A. - 13, 84 Ovalle E. - 3, 33 Meruane J. - 4, 8, 9, 39, 62, 63 Minbo L. - 18, 99 P Moffat C. - 3, 31 Molina R. - 11, 74 Paknomov E. - 6, 50 Molinet C. - 4, 9, 18, 39, 66, 95 Parada C. - 4, 5, 37, 44, 45, 46 Montecinos J. - 10 Paredes J. - 20, 108 Montecinos Y. - 10, 70 Pavlov M.S. - 11, 79 Montes R. - 6, 50 Payá I. - 6, 49 Monti G. - 12, 83 Pedraza M. - 18, 95 Montoya R. - 3, 32 Pelegri J. - 17, 92 Mora O. - 8, 61 Peraltilla S. - 6, 47 Morales C. - 5, 43 Pereira G. - 25, 116 Morales M.C. - 8, 9, 62, 63 Pérez I. - 3, 32 Moreno C. - 13, 85 Pérez M. - 8, 62 Moreno J. - 9, 63 Perry I.- 6, 50 Morey R. - 26, 120 Pezzuto P. - 9, 66 Moyano G. - 19, 104 Pichara C. - 10, 25, 71, 118 Muñoz A. - 10, 19, 73, 74, 103, 104 Pineda M. - 8, 61 Muñoz S. - 20, 107 Pizarro O. - 3, 5, 17, 30, 32, 33, 42, 92 Plaza F. - 6, 9, 10, 18, 47, 67, 68, 99, 100 N Plaza G. - 19, 104 Ponomarev V. 17, 89 Narvaez E. - 12, 79 Porobic J. - 5, 44 Navarrete A. - 20, 111 Portales C. - 9, 66 Navarrete C. - 9, 19, 64, 65, 106 Pörtner H.O. - 13, 84 Navarrete F. - 4, 36 Poulin E. - 10, 69 Negrete J. - 19 Pradenas M. - 10, 71 Neira R. - 20, 109 Prieto P. - 20, 109 Neira S. - 4, 9, 40, 66, 67, 68 Nieto K. - 5, 43 Q Niklitsched E. - 8, 18, 58, 95 Núñez G. - 20, 107, 110 Quiñones R. - 6, 8, 50, 60 Núñez S. - 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 35, 37, 43, 44, 45, 50, 55, 89 Quiroz J.C. - 10 , 18, 68, 96, 98 Ñ

Ñiquen M. - 6, 48

126 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

R Silva A. - 7, 10, 19, 55, 69, 105 Silva C. - 21, 112 Ramajo L. - 6, 51 Silva N. - 3, 34 Ramírez A. - 13, 85 Sobarzo M. - 3, 31 Ramírez D. - 10, 13, 71, 85 Solari M.E. - 18, 95 Ramírez H. - 8, 58 Soto S. - 6, 46 Ramírez J. - 11, 78 Storch D. - 13, 84 Ramírez N. - 3, 5, 32, 42 Suárez J. - 11, 78 Ramos J. - 7, 52 Swift M.R. - 12, 84 Retamales J. - 12, 81 Riascos J. - 17, 93 T Rice G. - 12, 84 Riquelme R. - 7, 55 Tapia E. - 12, 83 Riquelme V. - 8, 61 Tapia R. - 17, 25, 89, 117 Rivas P. - 20, 109 Tarazona J. - 7, 56 Rodríguez Al. - 18, 98 Tascheri R. - 6, 49 Rodríguez An. - 17, 92 Techeira C. - 9, 64 Rodríguez N. - 6, 18, 47, 99, 100 Toledo M.I. - 11, 19, 20, 77, 104, 110 Rojas E. - 11, 76 Toledo X. - 20, 109 Rojas J. - 19 Torrealba D. - 20, 109 Rojas V. - 12, 79 Torres C. - 9, 65 Rojas W. - 3, 5, 17, 32, 42, 92 Torres R. - 6, 51 Román D. - 11, 18, 76, 96 Trenberth K. - 7, 52 Romero M.S. - 7, 53 Trinko O. - 3, 17, 30, 90 Rosales S. - 3, 31 Troncoso M. - 25, 117 Rozas M. - 12, 20, 82, 83, 111 Trujillo H. - 4, 38 Rüdiger P. - 13, 84 Tsukrov I. - 12, 84 Rueda M. - 18, 98 Ruiz P. - 5, 45 U Ruz P. - 7, 53 Ubilla A. - 13, 20, 85, 86, 107 S Uriarte I. - 11, 13, 75, 84 Uribe E. - 8, 61 Saavedra A. - 8, 57 Uribe J. - 8, 61 Salas J. - 17, 93 Salgado I. - 9, 63 V Salinas C. - 20, 110 Salinas K. - 20, 110 Valdebenito I. - 10, 13, 20, 25, 71, 85, 86, 107, Salinas S. - 19 118 Salvo G. - 7, 55 Valdenegro A. - 9, 18, 64, 95 San Martín G. - 9, 65 Valenzuela A. - 18, 95 Sandoval A. - 12, 20, 83, 108, 111 Valenzuela C. - 20, 80, 108 Schneider W. - 3, 6, 32, 46 Valenzuela L. - 7, 55 Segovia E. - 10, 19, 73, 74, 103, 104 Valenzuela V. - 12, 18, 80, 107 Segura M. - 6, 47 Valle A. - 3, 31 Sepúlveda A. - 4, 35 Varela M. 26, 119 Sepúlveda J. - 4, 38 Vásquez L. - 5, 41 Serra R. - 4, 6, 36, 47 Vásquez S. - 5, 6, 45, 50 Serrano E. - 11, 76 Vázquez A. - 18, 95 Shkorba S. - 17, 89 Vega Rol. - 10, 25, 71, 118 Sicard M.T. - 11, 78 Véliz F. - 13, 84 Sifeddine A., 7, 54

127 Environment and Resources of the South Pacific Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Facultad de Recursos Naturales. Escuela de Ciencias del Mar

Waltermann, A. - 25, 116 Wehrtmann I. - 9, 25, 66, 116 Wiff R. - 10, 18, 68, 98 Wilson A. - 9, 64 Winkler F. - 20, 106 Wittwer G. - 17, 92

Yamashiro C. - 4, 38 Yannicelli B. - 4, 39 Yany G. - 11, 12, 13, 75, 82, 84 Yáñez E. - 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 18, 21, 38, 47, 59, 67, 68, 97, 98, 99, 100, 112 Yáñez S. - 7, 53 Yasna P. - 10, 72

Zhaoli X. - 18, 99

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