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Movement in the Matrix: Pollination and Dispersal Processes in a Tropical Coffee and Forest Landscape Mosaic by Shalene Jha a Di

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Movement in the Matrix: Pollination and Dispersal Processes in a Tropical Coffee and Forest Landscape Mosaic by Shalene Jha a Di Movement in the Matrix: pollination and dispersal processes in a tropical coffee and forest landscape mosaic by Shalene Jha A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Professor John H. Vandermeer, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Christopher W. Dick, Co-Chair Professor Ivette Perfecto Associate Professor Beverly J. Rathcke © Shalene Jha 2009 I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mother and father who, from my earliest days, have suffered through innumerable bedroom bug-collections, terrariums, and windowsill gardens. With their limitless encouragement and patience, they single-handedly fueled my love for science. They have been my greatest supporters, through all of my ecological-endeavors, even when it meant months abroad and a long hike to the nearest phone. I can never thank them enough for their unconditional love and support. ii Table of Contents Dedication .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. vii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ix Chapter I. Introduction .........................................................................................................1 II. Foraging patterns of Africanized honeybees and native bees and wasps in a tropical agroforestry landscape ...........................................................................9 III. Contrasting bee foraging on coffee in response to resource scale and local habitat management ..........................................................................................31 IV. Local agroforestry landscapes mediate bee community composition ..............52 V. Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite loci for the tropical understory tree Miconia affinis Wurdack (Melastomataceae) ..........................87 VI. Shade coffee farms promote the genetic diversity of native trees ....................93 VII. Extensive plant gene flow mediated by native bees across a shade coffee landscape mosaic ..............................................................................................101 VIII. Conclusion ........................................................................................................112 v List of Tables Tables 2.1 We utilized an Analysis of Covariance to measure the influence of all covariates and factors on the number of visiting insects for each foraging group .....................22 3.1 Pearson correlation coefficient matrix of floral resources at bush, 5 m, 10 m, and 100 m scales. .............................................................................................................42 3.2 Results of repeated-measures ANCOVA, testing the effects of floral resource levels (at 10m scale), cloud cover, temperature, distance to the forest, vegetation management (high or low-shade coffee), and bee group (honeybees, native social bees, native solitary bees) on the number of bee visits per observation period. .......43 3.3 Species present in high-shade coffee (HSC) and low-shade coffee (LSC) agroforestry habitats and their functional group (FG), classified as an Africanized honeybee (AHB), native solitary bee (NSOL), or native social bee (NSOC). .........44 4.1 Local seasonal agroforestry characteristics at each study site. ................................68 4.2 Species list of overstory trees (OT), overstory trees in flower (OTF) and understory plants in flower (UPF) recorded over the 12 week sampling period. .....69 4.3 Species list of bees captured over the 12 week sampling period. Individuals listed as a „msp. MX#‟ did not match any species within reference collections while „msp. # (T.G.)‟ matched individuals within reference collections. Nesting (Nest) and Sociality (Soc) type are indicated as follows: ground (g), cavity (c), wood (w), social (x) and solitary (o). ........................................................................70 5.1 Forward (F) and reverse (R) sequences with fluorescent dye label (used for genotyping), repeat motifs, annealing temperatures in °C (Ta), number of alleles (Na), allelic size range in bp (Size Range), observed heterozygosity (HO), expected heterozygosity (HE), and GenBank Accession number (Ac. No.) for nine microsatellite loci for Miconia affinis .......................................................................91 6.1 Number of M. affinis individuals (N), allelic richness (A), expected heterozygosity (HE), and observed heterozygosity (HO)...........................................96 vi List of Figures Figures 2.1 Map of the study region with concentric circles indicating feeder locations at 400 m, 500 m, 600 m, and 800 m from the apiary, upon which nectar feeders were randomly placed in each habitat. ..............................................................................23 2.2 Species richness of plants flowering and light levels in each habitat and across the experimental season. ...........................................................................................24 2.3 Mean number of visits in the two coffee habitats on day one and day two for Africanized honeybees (a-b) native social bees (c-d) native solitary vespid wasps (e-f) and native solitary bees (g-h) ............................................................................25 2.4 Visitation over the 8-wk experimental period for all visitor groups (a-d). ..............26 3.1 Species richness of bee visitors in high-shade coffee (HSC) and low-shade coffee (LSC) habitats. ..........................................................................................................45 3.2 Visitation was significantly higher in high-shade coffee habitats (HSC) than low- shade habitats (LSC) for (A) native solitary bees, (B) native social bees, and (C) Africanized honeybees. ...........................................................................................46 3.3 Contrasting responses of native and exotic bees under differing habitat management styles. ...................................................................................................47 4.1 Study sites in Nueva Alemania, a region in the southern portion of the state of Chiapas, outlined in black within the inserted map of Mexico.................................72 4.2 Photo of one study site, Finca Irlanda, where flowering coffee bushes line the understory, and shade trees fill the canopy. ..............................................................73 4.3 Observed species accumulation curve reaching 46 species. ....................................74 4.4 Bees are more abundant and their communities are more species rich in habitats with a greater number of tree species (linear regression for illustration). ................75 4.5 Bee community composition across a gradient of (A) tree species and (B) local forest cover................................................................................................................76 4.6 Optimal regression trees for (A) solitary bees and (B) social bees..........................77 4.7 Optimal regression trees for each bee tribe, (A) Halictini, (B) Augochlorini, and (C) Ceratinini.. ..........................................................................................................78 4.8 Optimal regression trees for each nesting guild, (A) cavity-nesting bees, (B) wood-nesting bees, and (C) ground-nesting bees... ..................................................79 6.1 (A , B) Spatial autocorrelation diagrams showing kinship coefficient Fij (solid lines) averaged across all pair wise comparisons within distance categories. ..........97 7.1 Study region in Chiapas, Mexico, where M. affinis individuals in forest and coffee habitats are labeled as green and brown squares, respectively. ...................105 7.2 (A) Bee visitation to M. affinis in forest (green) and coffee (brown) habitats and photos (top to bottom) of the native solitary bee Xylocopa tabaniformis, vii tabaniformis, native social bee Trigona fulviventris, and exotic social bee Apis mellifera scutellata..................................................................................................106 7.3 Pollen dispersal patterns for M. affinis mothers in (A) forest and (B) coffee habitats (photo of M. affinis mother in each habitat) in 100m binned distance categories. ...............................................................................................................107 viii ABSTRACT Movement in the Matrix: pollination and dispersal processes in a tropical coffee and forest landscape mosaic by Shalene Jha Co-Chairs: John H. Vandermeer and Christopher W. Dick Despite efforts at conservation, tropical forests continue to face destruction, threatening many tropical tree species, especially those that depend on a narrow guild of pollen and seed dispersers. My dissertation investigates essential pollen and seed dispersal processes for Miconia affinis (Melastomataceae), a native bee-pollinated
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