Análisis Crítico Del Discurso En La Narrativa Audiovisual. Metodología

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Análisis Crítico Del Discurso En La Narrativa Audiovisual. Metodología ANÁLISIS CRÍTICO DEL DISCURSO EN LA NARRATIVA AUDIOVISUAL. METODOLOGÍA Y ESTUDIO DE CASO: LA TRILOGÍA BATMAN DE C. NOLAN ALFONSO MAXIMILIANO RODRÍGUEZ DE AUSTRIA GIMÉNEZ DE ARAGÓN Directores de tesis: Adrián Huici Módenes y Francisco Perales Bazo Universidad de Sevilla Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad y Literatura 1 ANÁLISIS CRÍTICO DEL DISCURSO EN LA NARRATIVA AUDIOVISUAL. METODOLOGÍA Y ESTUDIO DE CASO: LA TRILOGÍA BATMAN DE C. NOLAN ALFONSO MAXIMILIANO RODRÍGUEZ DE AUSTRIA GIMÉNEZ DE ARAGÓN Directores de tesis: Adrián Huici Módenes y Francisco Perales Bazo Universidad de Sevilla Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad y Literatura 2 ÍNDICE GENERAL INTRODUCCIÓN. 10 1.Marco Teórico. 10 2.Metodología. 20 3.Estudio. 22 PRIMERA PARTE. MARCO TEÓRICO. 24 CINE Y HEGEMONÍA. 24 1.La teoría social marxiana: estructura/superestructura e ideología. 24 2.El concepto de Hegemonía. 26 3.Anatomía del Poder y los «aparatos ideológicos del Estado». 30 4.El Modo de Representación Institucional como Marco de Representación. 32 IDEOLOGÍA Y PROPAGANDA. 38 5.Ideología y Propaganda. 38 6.Definiciones de Propaganda. Definición de propaganda en la narrativa audiovisual. 46 7.Propaganda, educación e información. 51 8.Categorías de la propaganda. 54 8.1.El emisor. 58 8.1.1.Propagandas blanca, negra y gris. 59 8.1.2.Propaganda vertical y propaganda horizontal. 60 3 8.2.El canal o medio. 61 8.3.El tema. 63 8.4.La forma. 64 8.5.El contenido. 65 8.6.El objetivo. 67 8.7.El receptor. 69 8.8.Las técnicas. 70 8.9.El mensaje. 72 8.10.El contexto. 72 9.Una visión general de la propaganda: Los principios de la propaganda de Goebbels. 73 10.Ideología y propaganda en la narrativa audiovisual. 77 LA CREACIÓN DE UN MARCO IDEOLÓGICO: CENSURA Y DIFUSIÓN. 81 11.El Código Hays. 85 11.1.Historia de la adopción del Código. 86 11.2.Otros filtros censores. Moral, economía e ideología. 90 11.3.Contexto histórico en que llega el Código. 94 11.4.Las disposiciones del Código. 96 11.5.Tres ejemplos de películas afectadas por el Código. 109 12.Hollywood y la Propaganda durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. 121 13.La caza de brujas en Hollywood. 128 13.1.El Comité de Actividades Anti-americanas. 129 13.2.Screen Guide for Americans. 134 14.El Código del Cómic. 138 15.Hollywood y la Propaganda durante la Guerra Fría. 139 4 16.Hollywood y la propaganda en la actualidad. 147 SEGUNDA PARTE. METODOLOGÍA. 155 INTRODUCCIÓN. 155 1.Estética e ideología. Dos tendencias metodológicas. 155 2.¿Estética sin ideología? Crítica de la postura de Aumont y Marie. 161 3.Estética con ideología. Posturas intermedias. 169 BASES METODOLÓGICAS. 178 4.Estudios Críticos del Discurso (ECD). 179 5.No una sino varias metodologías. 181 6.Método de inserción/detección de propaganda encubierta en el cine de ficción. 185 7.La Poética en la narrativa audiovisual. 188 7.1.La metáfora. 191 7.2.El lenguaje (cinematográfico) y los símbolos. 195 8.Denotación y connotación. 202 9.La Retórica en la narrativa audiovisual. 209 9.1.Primera prueba: Talante del que habla. 212 9.2.Segunda prueba: Disposición del auditorio. 213 9.3.Tercera prueba: Demostración a través del relato. 217 10.Forma y contenido. 222 11.Estructura cognitiva y recepción psicológica de la narrativa audiovisual. 230 11.1.Aprendizaje emocional y socialización. 235 5 11.2.El pensamiento mágico-emocional. 238 PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA. 240 12.El recorrido conceptual del análisis. 241 13.El recorrido procedimental del análisis. 246 13.1.Pasos previos al análisis. Goce estético y contextualización. 247 13.2.Análisis del contenido narrativo denotativo. 255 13.2.1.La trama. 256 13.2.2.Los personajes. 261 13.2.3.Los temas. 265 13.3.Análisis formal. 269 13.3.1.Tipos de plano. 270 13.3.2.Punto de vista. 272 13.3.3.Transiciones y enlaces. 274 13.3.4.Metáforas. 278 13.3.5.Símbolos. 280 13.4.Análisis Narrativo Connotativo. 284 13.4.1.La trama*. 284 13.4.2.Los personajes*. 296 13.4.3.Los temas*. 305 13.5.Análisis emocional. 307 13.6.Análisis subliminal y asociativo. 314 6 TERCERA PARTE. ESTUDIO. 329 INTRODUCCIÓN 329 1.Resurgimiento del género de superhéroes en el siglo XXI. 329 2.Breve historia de Batman. 335 3.Una trilogía 'realista'. 340 ESTUDIO. 355 4.Batman Begins. 355 4.1.La trama. 355 4.2.Los personajes. 359 4.2.1.Thomas Wayne o la bondad de la riqueza. 359 4.2.2.Esposa y madre. O lo que es lo mismo: un cero a la izquierda. 366 4.2.3.Rachel, la justicia y el deber. 370 4.2.4.El Sargento/Teniente de Policía James Gordon. 373 4.2.5.Bruce Wayne/Batman. 376 4.2.6.Ra's al Ghul. 380 4.3. Los temas. 384 4.3.1.«Your system is broken.» La inoperancia e insuficiencia de la justicia (de los tribunales). 384 4.3.2.¿Venganza o justicia? 387 4.3.3.La Liga de las Sombras, el Eje del Mal, y el atentado contra las Torres Gemelas. 394 4.3.4.Simbología cristiana subliminal. 400 4.3.5.El vigilante y los ejemplos dramáticos «para hacer reaccionar a la gente». 403 7 4.3.6.Persecución automovilística e incitación al consumo. 407 4.3.7.Pánico en las calles de Gotham. El negocio del miedo. 410 4.3.8.Caracterización física y fisiológica de los personajes. 412 4.3.9.Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas. Desarrollo armamentístico y las guerras del futuro. 414 4.3.10.La tortura. 415 4.3.11.El poder. 415 5.The Dark Knight. 416 5.1.La trama. 416 5.2.Temas y personajes. 420 5.2.1.Dos nuevos antagonistas: el Joker y Harvey Dent, el «Caballero blanco» de Gotham. 420 5.2.2.De nuevo, el deber antes que el amor. 422 5.2.3.La mafia nacional es internacional. El Eje del mal. El juego de las nacionalidades, etnias y clases sociales. 424 5.2.4.Unilateralismo. Superioridad tecnológico-militar y superioridad moral. 429 5.2.5.Batman: Agente incorruptible de la incorruptible CIA, lucha contra el terrorismo. 436 5.2.6.La constante justificación de la tortura. 445 5.2.7.Justificación de la guerra de Afganistán. 449 5.2.8.Justificación del Espionaje de las comunicaciones personales. Batman y la FISA. 452 5.2.9.El Joker: el terrorista por antonomasia. 456 5.2.10.Caballero Blanco vs Caballero Oscuro. Official Hero vs Outlaw Hero. 476 8 5.2.11.El uso de la música para emocionar. 494 5.2.12.Publicidad y financiación. 495 6.The Dark Knight Rises. 495 6.1.La trama. 495 6.2.Los personajes. 500 6.2.1.Batman y la CIA: el agente incorruptible y jubilado. 500 6.2.2.Bane, el demonio de la revolución. Funciones del mal en el relato mítico. 503 6.2.3.La última tentación de Batman. 517 6.2.4.Selina Kyle, la revolucionaria asimilada. 533 6.3.Los temas. 543 6.3.1.La dictadura del proletariado en Gotham. 543 6.3.2.La Ley Dent y la guerra sucia. 556 6.3.3.¿Es Batman fascista? Un criterio de adscripción ideológica para el cine. 561 6.3.4.Ecologismo y eco-terrorismo en The Dark Knight Rises. 581 6.3.4.1.Ecologismo y eco-terrorismo en los cómics de Batman. 581 6.3.4.2.De eco-terrorista a terrorista a secas: El Ra's al Ghul de Nolan. 591 6.3.4.3.La Liga de las Sombras (Verdes) y la desmesurada conciencia ecologista de Bruce Wayne. 594 6.3.4.4.Excurso: McGowan y la hipótesis de Gaia como justificación del eco- terrorismo. 601 6.3.5.Bomba atómica vs Emisor de microondas. 604 CONCLUSIÓN 607 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 610 9 INTRODUCCIÓN Estas páginas introductorias nos servirán para hacer un breve recorrido por las partes y el contenido de la presente tesis doctoral. Primero definiremos y luego concretaremos el ámbito de estudio en que se enmarca nuestro trabajo, y sus conceptos asociados. Seguidamente dedicaremos unas primeras líneas al tema de la metodología, que, ya adelantamos aquí, tiene para nosotros una importancia igual, si no superior, al del propio caso estudiado. En efecto, a lo largo de estos años de trabajo, nos ha surgido de forma recurrente la duda de si el objeto de nuestra tesis era «el análisis ideológico de la trilogía Batman de Nolan», o si en cambio lo era «un modelo de análisis ideológico de la narrativa audiovisual». La solución adoptada no ha sido un término medio, ha sido el desarrollo de ambos aspectos hasta el límite que marca, en nuestra opinión, su inclusión como segunda y tercera parte de una tesis doctoral. No queríamos, en ningún caso, «tirar la escalera tras haberla subido», como según Aldous Huxley es preceptivo en el ámbito del desarrollo espiritual. Y más aún teniendo en cuenta que en el campo de los estudios cinematográficos no se prodigan las «escaleras». Finalmente justificaremos la elección del caso estudiado en base a su éxito, su contenido y su contexto. 1.MARCO TEÓRICO El estudio de cine es tan antiguo como el cine mismo. Un fenómeno social de tal calado no podía 10 pasar en ningún caso desapercibido. De hecho, los primeros estudios sobre cine, desde finales del siglo XIX, estaban dedicados a la recepción por parte de las personas y el impacto en la sociedad de la imagen en movimiento. De la imagen en movimiento en un contexto controlado y diseñado para aumentar la intensidad del espectáculo.
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