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Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje FACULTY of FORESTRY in SKOPJE FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT IN THE UPPER BREGALNICA REGION OF MACEDONIA (MALESH) Financed by: Coordinated by: Skopje, October 2014 This paper was based on the information contained in nine specific forest management plans for the two subsidiaries (Berovo and Pehchevo) of PE Macedonian Forests and other relevant data. As such it represents the first document of its kind for the upper Bregalnica region. LIST OF AUTHORS Vlatko Andonovski, Ph.D. – UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Jane Acevski, Ph.D. – UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Kole Vasilevski, Ph.D. – UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Nikolčo Velkovski, Ph.D. – UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Doctoral and postgraduate students Ivan Minčev, M.Sc. - UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Bojan Simovski, M.Sc. - UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Božin Trendafilov, M.Sc. - UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Boris Najdovski - UKiM Faculty of Forestry, Skopje Dejan Mandžukovski - P.E. Macedonian Forests, Skopje English translation Vlatko Andonovski, Ph.D. Proofreading Eleonora Matov CIP – Cataloguing in publication - National and University Library “St Kliment Ohridski”, Skopje 630:502/504]:005(497.735) FOREST ecology and management in the upper Bregalnica Region of Macedonia (Malesh) / [authors Vlatko Andonovski... et all.]. – Skopje : Faculty of Forestry, 2014. - 146 p. : ilustr. ; 30 см Bibliography: p. 145 ISBN 978-9989-132-16-2 а) Forest Ecology and Management – Malesh COBISS.MK-ID 97686794 2 Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 10 1. OBJECTIVES OF FUTURE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN MALESH .................................... 17 1.1. Biological objectives ............................................................................................................. 17 1.2. Technical objectives .............................................................................................................. 17 1.3. Productive objectives ............................................................................................................ 18 1.4. Socially beneficial objectives ................................................................................................ 18 1.5. Grouping of stands in economic classes ............................................................................... 18 2. AREA NAME ............................................................................................................................... 28 2.1. Location ................................................................................................................................ 28 2.2. Forest boundaries .................................................................................................................. 28 2.3. Area ....................................................................................................................................... 29 2.4. Land ownership ..................................................................................................................... 31 3. NATURAL CONDITIONS .......................................................................................................... 31 3.1. Orographic conditions ........................................................................................................... 31 3.1.1. Relief ............................................................................................................................. 31 3.1.2. Altitude .......................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.3. Slope .............................................................................................................................. 38 3.1.4. Exposure (Aspect) ......................................................................................................... 40 3.2. Hydrographic conditions ....................................................................................................... 40 3.3. Geological features ............................................................................................................... 48 3.4. Soil conditions ...................................................................................................................... 52 3.4.1. Sierozem on loose substrate (Regosols) ........................................................................ 53 3.4.2. Cinnamon soils .............................................................................................................. 55 3.4.3. Humus-silicate soils (rankers) ...................................................................................... 56 3.4.4. Brown forest soils (kambisols) ...................................................................................... 57 3.5. Climate .................................................................................................................................. 59 3.5.1. Air temperature ............................................................................................................. 59 3 3.5.2. Absolute maximum and minimum air temperatures ...................................................... 61 3.5.3. Precipitation ................................................................................................................. 61 3.5.4. Wind .............................................................................................................................. 63 3.5.5. Rainfall factor by Lang ................................................................................................. 64 3.5.6. Index drought after De Martone ................................................................................... 65 3.6. Type and extent of erosion .................................................................................................... 66 4. FOREST ECOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 67 4.1. State of forest ........................................................................................................................ 67 4.1.1. Description of site conditions ....................................................................................... 67 4.2. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification and vegetation typology ....................................... 69 4.2.1. Forest communities description .................................................................................... 71 5. FOREST STANDS DESCRIPTION ACCORDING TO SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS (PRACTICES) ...................................................................................................................................... 80 5.1. Forest stands description according to the silvicultural form ............................................... 80 5.2. Forest stands description according to the management form .............................................. 81 5.3. Forest stands description according to the composition ....................................................... 83 5.4. Forests utilization .................................................................................................................. 87 5.4.1. Plan for forests’ utilization ........................................................................................... 87 5.5. Determination of final turnover (age at which trees are removed) ....................................... 91 5.6. Plan for the use of non-timber forest products ...................................................................... 91 5.7. Plan for silviculture (tending) ............................................................................................... 91 6. FORESTS VULNERABILITY (FOREST HEALTH CONDITION) .......................................... 92 7. FOREST CONSERVATION ........................................................................................................ 95 7.1. Seed stands and seed orchards .............................................................................................. 95 7.2. In situ conservation of genetic resources in managed forests ............................................... 97 7.3. Ex situ conservation and use of forest genetic resources ...................................................... 98 7.4. Forest ecosystems and tree species for which there is already some degree of in situ and ex situ protection.................................................................................................................................... 99 7.5. Description of the old (virgin) forests without significant disruption ................................. 108 4 7.6. Guidelines for ecosystem-oriented forest management ...................................................... 109 7.7. Synchronization of loggings with ecosystem oriented forest management and with forest genetic resources ............................................................................................................................. 109 8. SOCIOECONOMIC INFORMATION ....................................................................................... 110 8.1. Population dynamics ........................................................................................................... 110 8.1.1. Numerical population movement ................................................................................ 110 8.1.2. Population