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Sediment Accumulation and Distribution in Lake Kampeska, Watertown, South Dakota

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Sediment Accumulation and Distribution in Lake Kampeska, Watertown, South Dakota Prepared in cooperation with the Lake Kampeska Water Project District Sediment Accumulation and Distribution in Lake Kampeska, Watertown, South Dakota Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4171 Mouth-1 Cores 3, 4, and 5 Body-4 Body-3 Body-2 Body-1 Cores 1 and 2 Tail-3 Tail-2 Tail-1 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Sediment Accumulation and Distribution in Lake Kampeska, Watertown, South Dakota By Bryan D. Schaap and Steven K. Sando Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4171 Prepared in cooperation with the Lake Kampeska Water Project District U.S. Department of the Interior GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government. Rapid City, South Dakota: 2002 For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 1608 Mt. View Road Rapid City, SD 57702 Copies of this report can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Building 810 Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Description of Lake Kampeska Area........................................................................................................................... 3 Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................................... 4 Previous Studies........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 General Methods of Investigation.......................................................................................................................................... 5 Age-Dating of Sediment.............................................................................................................................................. 5 Water-Depth Data ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Evaluation of Sediment-Accumulation Rates and Distribution............................................................................................. 6 Information from Previous Studies.............................................................................................................................. 7 1951 Water-Depth Survey.................................................................................................................................. 7 1990-91 Survey.................................................................................................................................................. 8 Water Depth............................................................................................................................................. 9 Sediment Thickness................................................................................................................................. 9 Lake-Bottom Material ............................................................................................................................. 11 Cross Section ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1995-96 Survey.................................................................................................................................................. 11 Lake Boundary ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Water Depth............................................................................................................................................. 13 Lake-Bottom Material ............................................................................................................................. 13 Information Collected for this Study........................................................................................................................... 13 Sediment Samples.............................................................................................................................................. 13 Marine Seismic Surveys .................................................................................................................................... 18 1994 Water Depth and Sediment Thickness............................................................................................ 21 2000 Water Depth and Sediment Thickness............................................................................................ 21 Comparison of Information from Various Sources and Times.................................................................................... 21 Tail ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Body................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Mouth................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Summary................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Selected References............................................................................................................................................................... 33 Supplemental Information ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Contents III FIGURES 1-5. Map showing: 1. Location of Lake Kampeska........................................................................................................................ 2 2. Water depth in 1951 and collection sites of sediment cores in 2000........................................................... 7 3. Data-collection locations and sediment thickness; and a cross section showing transect 1990-line 10 across Lake Kampeska, 1990-91 .............................................................................. 10 4. Coarse-grained lake-bottom material showing sand, gravel, and rock, 1990-91 ........................................ 12 5. Water depth and bottom material in 1996 ................................................................................................... 14 6. Graph showing profiles in bottom-sediment cores of cesium-137 collected during October 2000, and time since deposition estimated from lead-210 data collected during 1998 .................................................. 17 7. Map showing transects of a marine seismic survey during June 1994 ................................................................. 19 8. Map showing transects of a marine seismic survey during October 2000............................................................ 20 9. Map showing selected transects used for comparisons between studies .............................................................. 22 10-17. Graphs showing cross sections for transects across Lake Kampeska: 10. Tail-1............................................................................................................................................................ 24 11. Tail-2............................................................................................................................................................ 25 12. Tail-3............................................................................................................................................................ 26 13. Body-1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 28 14. Body-2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 15. Body-3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 30 16. Body-4 ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 17. Mouth-1 ......................................................................................................................................................
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