ie--k /33,/ DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY HISTORICAL DIVISION

AN AIRBORNE PANZER CORPS

MS* B-628 Genit. Schmalz

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GERMAN REPORT SERIES 4.0 SCHMALZ Summary

FS PZ CORPS HERMANN GOERING

AN ORGANIZATIONAL STUDY

In January 1943, Genit Schmalz was detailed to Pz Div Hermann Goering as instructor. He found an organization of elite volunteers which Luftwaffe officers were clumsily attempting tot.;lansform into a panzer division. As a result of Schmalz's advice and endeavors,. the table of organization of a standard panzer division was adopted and the proportion of soldiers trained in ground operations gradually increased. In the spring of 1944, he assumed command of the Division and a few months later began expanding it into a panzer corps.

Throughout his experience with the Hermann Goering organization, 'Schmalz was plagued with one major handicap: although his unit was a part of the Luftwaffe, its equipment was supplied by the Beer (Army) and it was employed in regular ground combat rather than as an airborne force. As a result, Genit Schmalz had to retrain his Luftwaffe personnel and to struggle continuously with supply agencies of the Heer. Despite these conditions and the fact that his unit was in action in Poland and East Prussia during the period of expansion, he had a panzer division and a panzer grenadier division ready for action at the beginning of the Russian offensive in January 1945.

FS Pz Corps Hermann Goering embodied a number of unusual organizational features. In order to enable division commanders to give their undivided attention to tactical mat ters, Corps assumed all supply responsibility. Corps troops included an antiaircraft regiment and a "shock" battalion; the latter was formed in order to eliminate the necessity of weakening the divisions in order to provide a corps-reserve.

Although the circumstances and events of the last year of World War II kept the Germans from actually forming and using an airborne armored force, Schmalz is convinced that, in modern warfare, airborne tanks must be landed early in the formation of any strategic airhead ia-nd that, once landed, they must be used in mass.

s/ KARL W. LILLGE let Lt Inf Historical Editor MS # B-628

Title FS Pz Corps Hermann Goering; An Organizational Study

Author Genit Schmalz, Wilhelm

Position Cmdr, FS Pz Div Hermann Goering Cmdr, FS Pz Corps Hermann Goering

Date of MS 14 Jul 47

Place HDIE, Neustadt, Germany

Prepared for Capt F. C. Mahin & Capt. J. F. Scoggin Jr.

:Translator Mrs A. J. Edwards

-2­ Preface

FS PZ gORPS HERMANN GOERING

AN ORGANIZATIONAL STUDY

MS # B-628 was prepared by Genit Wilhelm Schmalz at the Historical Division Interrogation Enclosure, Neustadt, Germany. The study was written from memory, without the aid of documents or other former German officers.

In order to improve the coherence and readability of Schmalz's manu­ script, the editor has changed slightly the author's order of arrangement and has translated certain obscure and vague passages rather freely. FS PZ CORPS HERMANN GOERING

AN ORGANIZATIONAL STUDY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pag_e

I. Organization and Development . .. • 0 .. • • 4 • • •• 5

II.. Practicality of the Organization ..a • • • • • ... 12

III. ,Employment of an Airborne Panzer Force a . • .... . 13

Appendices MS # 8-628

I. Organization and Development

1. In Jan 43, I was detailed by. the Heer (Army) to Pz Div Hermann Goering

as instructor. I can report very little, from personal experience, about the

initial formation of this Division. From the conversation of long-time mem­

bers of the unit, the following picture has remained in my. memory: In 1934

a Wach (Guard) Bn Hermann Goering was formed from members of the police, and

in 1938 the Battalion was reorganized into an antiaircraft regiment and a

guard battalion. Replacements for these units had to be volunteers, at least

168 am (5 ft 6 in) in height; have a clean record, and possess good vision

without glasses. Membership in the National Socialist Party was immaterial.

Large numbers volunteered from the existing unit when the first parachute

troops were activated. The antiaircraft regiment, with elements of the guard

battalion, probably saw action for the first time in Russia, in 1941, and re­

turned to the zone of the interior in the winter of that year. Elements were

committed in Africa in 1942.

2. When I arrived in Jan 43, I was informed that a panzer division was

to be organized from those elements which had not gone to Africa, and from

new volunteers. I found a planned organization (App 1) devised by. Luftwaffe

officers at their own discretion and bearing little resemblance to the organi­

zation of a panzer division of the Heer (fcrmy). It was an impracticable plan.

• One had to decide whether to create a panzer division or an infantry division

with armored elements. In the event of the adoption of the first solution,

it was necessary to concentrate on tanks supported by infantry mounted on

.armored vehicles. If the second plan were selected, the infantry would need MS # 8-628

no armored vehicles. The planned organization was, therefore, illogical:

nine infantry battalions mounted on armored vehicles was excessive for two

tank battalions. Furthermore, the Heer furnished all armored material,

including artillery. Since panzer divisions of the Heer had only two tank

battalions and four infantry. battalions (and only one infantry battalion

was mounted on armored vehicles, it was inconceivable that the Heer woUld

equip nine armored infantry. battalions. I made the following recommendations,

based on many years of experience in peace as well as war, to the Division

Commander:

a. The Division shotild continue recruiting volunteers.

b. The Heer should be requested to furnish experienced

officers and noncommissioned officers of the (Armored Command)

as instructors and leaders.

. The Heer should be requested to continue furnishing equip­

ment to the Division.

d. The Division should be re-formed in accordance with the

organization of a panzer division of the Heer. (See App. 2)

3. These recommendations had the following results:

a. Up to 20,000 men were recruited annually at the rate of

approximately 1,500 per month. This figure proved to be a basis for all

plans until the end of the war.

b. It was impossible to properly organize, train, and lead

a panzer division, with the available Luftwaffe officers and noncommissioned

officers because they had no practical knowledge of grolind.warfare. As a MS # B-628

result of consultations with the Heeres-Personal-Amt (Army. Personnel Office),

we managed to obtain a-large number of officers and nonccimmissioned officers,

who were selected from panzer divisions in exchange for unsuitable personnel.

Luftwaffe personnel, transferred to the Heer during this exchange, were

assigned to panzer divisions for training.

c. All weapons and equipment, except antiaircraft guns,

were furnished by the Heer.

d. The table of organization of a standard panzer division

was adopted and further strengthened by an antiaircraft regiment of three

battalions; this organization proved effective throughout the entire war.

4. Initial organization and training of the Division was carried out

at training areas in Germany and in southern France. The reason for the

activation of this Division remained unknown to me.

Training was to have been completed in Apr 43; however, two

panzer grenadier (armored infantry) battalions and the pionier (engineer)

battalion were suddenly dispatched to Tunis by air, without motor vehicles

and before they had been completely trained. The assembly of the division

as an integral unit became highly questionable. To replace the departed

battalions, new recruits were trained immediately at a training area in

Germany. During the summer of 1943, troops of the Division were assembled from all corners of the Reich and transferred to the vicinity of Naples, Italy,

where the units of company level and above were fully tr'ained. New recruits

were now concentrated in the replacement and training regiment, some parts

of which were located in Holland and others in Berlin. (See App 5.)

-7­ MS # B-628

At that time the division was also charged with the mission of sending replacements to Vlach (Guard) Bn Goering and to an antiaircraft regiment which was responsible for the protection of Hitlerts Headquarters. Thus, the entire personnel situation was under the control of the Division, but material and tactical employment were controlled by. the Heer.

5. The division was assigned to the Fallschirm Armee * when the latter was activatedin 1944, but the assignment was qualified by the provision that the status of the. Division's volunteers should remain essentially un­ changed. The tactical employment of the Division.remained under the control of the Heer. The FS Army, therefore, exercised supervision chiefly in matters of discipline, military justice, awards and decorations, and promotions0 kp the time of subordination to the FS Army, the plan arose to train the members of Pz Div Hermann Goering as parachutists and to transport the heavy weapons in large airplanes; this plan, however, was not carried out because of in­ adequate gasoline supplies for training.

6. I assumed command of the Division in the spring of 1944 and in

October of that year I received orders to expand the Division into a panzer corps, in accordance with my own ideas. (See App 3.) My first proposal, the formation of two panzer divisions from the existing unit, was impracticable

Eds By 1944, the ratio of Fallschirm-Truppen ("parachute" troops) to Luftlande-Truppen ("air-landing" troops) had become espeolally high in the . Fallschirm-Truppen were a part of the Luftwaffe, and the FS Army initially functioned as an Airborne Command. Although the FS Army became responsible for a sector on the Western Front in Sep 44, it continued to perform at least some of its former training, organizational, materiel, and administrative functions for many months thereafter.

-8­ MS # B-628

because of the lack of tanks. A compromise was reached by creating a panzer division and a panzer grenadier (motorized) division. additional personnel was obtained by the addition of an FS regiment, personnel from the Luftwaffe

•,•• (including two signal battalions), and a medium artillery. battalion (Heer).

A corps staff, two divisional staffs, and the new regimental staffs were organized from the existing divisional staff and regimental staffs.

The old Division supplied cadres for the new'regiments.

7. The accomplishment of this expansion was made exceedingly difficult during the period Oct - Nov 44: the Division saw action in Poland, near

Tilsit (to which it was suddenly transported by rail), and near Gumbinnen in East Prussia (where it engaged in an offensive). By the time these battles were concluded in Nov 44, final accomplishment of the project seemed questionable because of the heavy casualties incurred during the fighting.

Replacement personnel and equipment arrived slowly. Transferred Luftwaffe officers and noncommissioned officers and troops, who had had no previous experience in ground warfare, received practi6a1 combat training °either in their own units or in training sclwols" in the FS Army area. Despite all the handicaps encountered, both divisions were ready for action at the outset of the Russian offensive in Jan 45.

8. As a result of long experience in warfare, I had made the divisions essentially stronger th?in'normally. The Corps was in direct control of a corps Ishock" battalion and a corps engineer battalion0 & panzer fuesilisr battalion, envisaged as a reserve, was assigned directly to each division.

A plan to increase each panzer grenadier regiment from two battalions to M # B-628

three was not accomplished because of the lack of time. The antiaircraft regiment, augmented to four battalions, was placed under the direct command

of the Corps, in order that it might be committed at the point of main effort.

9. The entire supply organization was detached from the divisions and

placed directly. under Corps, which. assumed all supply responsibility. The purpose of this measure was to 'release division commanders from the routine task of supply and to enable them to give their undivided attention to the tactical direction of their units. The effectiveness of relieving the divisions of supply problems prayed itself during the course of subsequent fighting. Divisional staffs became smaller and, consequently, more flexible.

The division supply officer routed all his requisitions directly to the Corps

Quartiermeisterabteilung (supply and administrative staff group), which was able to plan its work more effectively, since all supply trucks were at its disposal.

10. The corps "shock ti (assault-gun) battalion was formed in order to eliminate the necessity of weakening the divisions in order to provide a corps reserve. Each division commander, therefore, could expect to have. his entire unit available for the performance of all his missions. This battalion was to be expecially trained for raids and surprise thrusts and for cooperation with tanks.

The corps engineer battalion was to be supplied first

of all with heavy bridge equipment, but this plan was not carried out.

It was to complete tasks begun by division engineer battalions, in order that the latter might provide continuous support to the advancing elements MS # 13-628

of their divisions.

The corps tan14 (Mk VI, "Tiger") battalion was earmarked for commitment at the point of main effort.

The Corps Arzt (chief medical officer) controlled four medical battalions. One battalion, including specialists of all kinds, set up a stationary field hospital in which casualties could be treated until the time of their recovery. In combat, a battalion was attached to each division to operate field hospitals and forward aid stations. One batta­ lion remained in reserve for relief purposes or for the preparatory or­ ganization of alternate sites.

11. Concerning the organization of the Corps, one additional fact remains to be emphasized: the plan to organize two panzer divisions could not be effected because of the shortage of materiel.

II. Practicalf the

12. My practical experience forces me to challenge the right of this unit, so characteristically a part of the Heer (Army), to exist in the Luft­ waffe.

a. Because of its nature, the unit could have been employed and administered more effectively by the Heer than it was by the Luftwaffe

b. The absorption of excellent volunteers by the Hermann

Goering units deprived the Heer of a large number of badly needed officer type personnel.

c. The constant battles with supply agencies of the Heer for

weapons of all kinds would have been avoided if the unit had been a part

of the Heer. As matters were, equipient was issued reluctantly; tanks and

-11­ MS # B-628 self-propelled assault guns were particularly hard to obtain.

13. I would have been in favor of the organization if the plan of the FS Army had materialized; this plan envisaged use of the panzer divi­ sion, and later the_panzer corps, as a parachute and airlanding force.

Once an airborne force has been landed, its operations are always handi­ capped by its lack of heavy weapons, especially tanks. An airborne army with an armored command at its disposal is an operational force with enormous possibilities. I consider it unnecessary to go into further details on this point, because modern armies will study these questions from all angles.

III EulammL2Lan_AlEborne Panzer Force

14. Studies made in 1944 concerning the formation of a real Allopy panzer division (See App 4) led me to the following conclusions:

a. In a major strategic commitment of parachute and air-landing troops, it is essential that the airborne force, once landed, be able to hold its own and to retain some freedom of action. Typical objectives of such major operations are oil fields; centers of war industry, main lines of communication, etc.

b. Whether the airborne force is defending or attacking, enemy reaction will become progressively stronger from day to day; the enemy will employ all possible weapons, including tanks. 1The amount of time

p4uired for the link-up between the ground front and the airhead varies with the size of the operation. The forces in the airhead, however, must not be left to fight a hopeless battle until the link-up occurs. In modern warfare, however, it is impracticable to hold out without tanks, and ag­ gressive strategic action without them is unthinkable.

-12­ MS # B-628 •

c. Obviously, air superiority and a sufficient number of trans­

port aircraft are prerequisites for a large airborne operation. I consider it more important to mention that the supply of ammunition and rations must be continuous after the initial commitment. The standardization of ammuni­ tion is important. Thus, there should be no caliber variations in in­ fantry ammunition and no fluctuations in caliber among the tanks, rocket

projectors, mortars, and antiaircraft artillery. Despite standardization, there will inevitably be plenty of different types of ammunition.

150 I had established the following landing schedule for the commit­ ment of an airborne panzer division:

First Wave: All nine parachute battalions, accompanied by their machine guns, mortars, and engineers.

The division operations staff • (parachutists).

Second Wave: The armored battalions of the three regiments.

Armored vehicles mount 20 mm antiaircraft guns which are useable against both ground and fte1 targets,

The signal battalion and the remainder of the division staff.

Third Wave: The tanks, which provide both active and passive antitank defense, as well as armored artillery.

Fourth Wave: Antiaircraft artillery (rocket projectors)

Fifth Wave: Field artillery (rocket projectors)

Sixth Waves Engineer battalion and medical battalion.

The first wave is a parachute wave; all others are airlanding waves. The second through the sixth waves include supplies of ammunition.

16. The landing schedule above is based on the assumption that a MS # B-628

single division is to be used. When all elements of the division have landed, the division commander will reorganize his forces for the main effort on the basis of the general situation, form a reserve, and -- above all endeavor to regain command control of his tank regiment. The well- known cry of the infantry for tanks should not cause the division command to relent, and dibsipate the shock, defensive, and fighting power of its most important weapon. The tactical employment of the tank regiment must be constantly under division control.

17. The circumstances and events of the last year of the War pre­ vented materialization of plans for training such an airborne panzer division. Appendices

FS P'Z CORPS HERMANN GOERING

AN ORGANIZATIONAL STUDY

MS # B-628

App 1 Pz Div Hermann Goering Planned Organization : Jan 43

App 2 : Pz Div Hermann Goering : Actual Organization Spring 43

App FS Pz Corps Herman Goering : Organization Oct 44 App 4 : FS Pz Div : Proposed Organization

App 5 ; Replacement and Training Organization RESTRICTED

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