DOCSLIB.ORG

Neoliberal Bandwagonism: Civil Society and the Politics of Belonging in Anglophone Cameroon Konings, P.J.J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neoliberal Bandwagonism: Civil Society and the Politics of Belonging in Anglophone Cameroon Konings, P.J.J Neoliberal bandwagonism: civil society and the politics of belonging in Anglophone Cameroon Konings, P.J.J. Citation Konings, P. J. J. (2009). Neoliberal bandwagonism: civil society and the politics of belonging in Anglophone Cameroon. Bamenda, Cameroon: African Studies Centre and Langaa Publishers. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/22173 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/22173 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Neoliberal Bandwagonism: Civil society and the politics of belonging in Anglophone Cameroon Langaa & African Studies Centre Neoliberal Bandwagonism: Civil Society and the Politics of Belonging in Anglophone Cameroon Piet Konings Langaa Research and Publishing Common Initiative Group PO Box 902 Mankon Bamenda North West Region Cameroon Phone +237 33 07 34 69 / 33 36 14 02 [email protected] www.africanbookscollective.com/publishers/langaa-rpcig African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands Phone +31 72 527 3372 [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl ISBN: 9956-558-23-0 © Langaa & African Studies Centre, 2009 Contents Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix Map of the Republic of Cameroon xi 1 CIVIL SOCIETY IN ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON 1 Introduction 1 Towards an African version of civil society 2 Neoliberal reforms, civil society and the politics of belonging in Anglophone Cameroon 5 Organisation of the book 8 Conclusion 11 2 MOBILITY AND EXCLUSION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOCHTHONY MOVEMENTS IN THE SOUTH WEST PROVINCE 12 Introduction 12 The South West plantation economy and labour mobility 14 Labour mobility and relations between autochthons and allochthons in the Southwestern estates prior to political liberalisation 17 The growing divide between the South-West and North-West elites in Anglophone Cameroon 20 Political liberalisation and the aggravation of the autochthony- allochthony issue in South West Province 27 Conclusion 34 3 AUTOCHTHONY AND ETHNIC CLEANSING IN THE SOUTH WEST PROVINCE: THE 1961 TOMBEL DISTURBANCES 35 Introduction 35 Factors underlying the 1966 Bakossi-Bamileke confrontation 39 Bamileke mobility and encroachment on Bakossi land 40 The UPC rebellion and insecurity in the Bakossi region 42 The Bakossi elite and ethnic mobilisation 44 The 1966 Bakossi-Bamileke confrontation in the Tombel area 47 Conclusion 51 4 THE MARANATHA MOVEMENT AND AUTOCHTHONY IN THE SOUTH WEST PROVINCE 53 Introduction 53 The emergence of the Maranatha movement crisis in the Buea diocese 57 Vehement South West resistance against the victimisation of the autochthonous founder of the Maranatha movement 63 Conclusion 70 v 5 THE ENTRY OF ANGLOPHONE NATIONALISM INTO PUBLIC SPACE 72 Introduction 72 The emergence of anglophone nationalism in public space 75 Bringing back Anglophone identity into historical space 80 Creating space for Anglophone identity in arts 84 Placing Anglophone identity in virtual space 85 Expansion of Anglophone identity into legal space 87 Experiencing Anglophone identity in everyday space 88 Conclusion 91 6 ANGLOPHONE STUDENTS AND ANGLOPHONE NATIONALIST STRUGGLES 92 Introduction 92 The vanguard role of Anglophone students in Anglophone nationalist struggles 95 The Southern Cameroons Youth League (SCYL) 99 President Biya’s Youths (PRESBY) 102 Conclusion 106 7 UNIVERSITY OF BUEA STUDENTS ON STRIKE 108 Introduction 108 Authoritarian governance of the University of Buea 109 The 2005 UB students’ strike 113 The 2006 UB students’ strike 121 Conclusion 125 8 AUTONOMOUS TEACHERS’ TRADE UNIONISM IN ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON, 1959-1972 127 Introduction 127 Political and educational reforms in Anglophone Cameroon 132 The role of the Southern Cameroons Union of Teachers 134 The role of the West Cameroon Union of Teachers 139 Conclusion 146 9 ANGLOPHONE TEACHERS’ ORGANISATIONS DURING CAMEROON’S POLITICAL LIBERALISATION 149 Introduction 149 The Teachers’ Association of Cameroon (TAC): Defending regional interests versus the state 152 The Cameroon Teachers’ Trade Union (CATTU): Defending class interests versus the state 158 Conclusion 165 10 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE STATE IN CAMEROON’S POSTCOLONY 168 Introduction 168 RCC-state relations in Cameroon during one-party rule, 1961-1990 171 RCC-state relations in Cameroon during political liberalisation, 1990-2007 177 Conclusion 184 vi 11 PRIVATISATION AND ETHNO-REGIONAL PROTEST IN ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON 186 Introduction 186 Governance and privatisation in Cameroon 188 Privatisation of the CDC and ethno-regional opposition 192 Ethno-regional protest actions against CDC privatisation 194 Conclusion 204 12 PRIVATISATION AND LABOUR MILITANCY IN ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON 205 Introduction 205 The Tole Tea Estate labour force prior to privatisation 206 Growing labour militancy after the estate’s privatisation 210 Conclusion 218 13 THE ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON-NIGERIA BOUNDARY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONFLICTS 220 Introduction 220 The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria boundary during the British mandate and trust eras 222 The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria boundary after reunification 226 The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria boundary: Contesting sovereignty over Bakassi 231 Conclusion 238 References 239 Index 255 vii Acknowledgements During my fieldwork in Cameroon I became indebted to a great number of people and unfortunately there is room to mention only a few of them here. I am parti- cularly grateful to a considerable number of civil-society leaders and members who spent much of their precious time giving me an insight into the aims and strategies of their organisations. I highly appreciated the assistance offered by the late Prince Henry Mbayn of the Buea National Archives who provided me with access to rele- vant archives, papers and documents. I also benefited from the regular advice and support of some Cameroonian colleagues, in particular Benedict Nantang Jua and Robert Mbe Akoko. Francis Beng Nyamnjoh has been a constant source of friend- ship and intellectual stimulation. In fact, he was the one who inspired me to under- take this book project and complete it. I would also like to express my gratitude to the African Studies Centre in Leiden which funded the entire project. Two members of this institute have been parti- cularly helpful. I wish to thank Ann Reeves for copy-editing the text and Mieke Zwart for the lay-out work. viii Abbreviations AAC All Anglophone Conference ADDEC Association pour la Défense des Droits des Étudiants du Cameroun ADP Association of Diocesan Priests AETC African and Eastern Trading Company BDC Bloc Démocratique Camerounais BLC Bakweri Land Committee BLCC Bakweri Land Claims Committee BNA Buea National Archives CAM Cameroon Anglophone Movement CAMSA Cameroon Students’ Solidarity Association CANSA Cameroon Anglophone Students’ Association CAPSU Cameroon Anglophone Public Servants’ Union CAPTAC Confederation of Anglophone Parents-Teachers’ Association of Cameroon CATA Catholic Teachers’ Association CATTU Cameroon Teachers’ Trade Union CCCE Caisse Centrale de Coopération Économique CDC Cameroon Development Corporation COMDEV Commonwealth Development Corporation CPDM Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement CPNC Cameroon People’s National Congress CRTV Cameroon Radio and Television CTE Cameroon Tea Estates ENS École Normale Supérieure ENAM École Nationale d’Administration et de Magistrature EDF European Development Fund ESAP Enhanced Structural Adjustment Programme ECOSOC (United Nations) Economic and Social Council FAWU Fako Agricultural Workers’ Union FECASE Fédération Camerounaise des Syndicats de l’Éducation FESER Fédération des Syndicats de l’Enseignement et de la Recherche FCFA Franc de la Communauté Financière Africaine GCE General Certificate of Education GDP Gross Domestic Product HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice IDA International Development Association ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund INUCT Independent Union of Cameroon Teachers KNC Kamerun National Congress KNDP Kamerun National Democratic Party ix KPP Kamerun People’s Party LDA Liberal Democratic Alliance NECC National Episcopal Conference of Cameroon NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NUT Nigerian Union of Teachers NUCW National Union of Cameroon Workers OAU Organisation of African Unity PCC Presbyterian Church in Cameroon PRESBY President Biya’s Youths RCC Roman Catholic Church SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SCAPO Southern Cameroons People’s Organisation SCNC Southern Cameroons National Council SCUT Southern Cameroons Union of Teachers SCYL Southern Cameroons Youth League SDF Social Democratic Front SODECOTON Société de Développement du Coton SONEL Société Nationale d’Électricité SOSUCAM Société Sucrière du Cameroun SWECC South West Chiefs’ Conference SWELA South West Elite Association SYNES Syndicat des Enseignants du Supérieur TAC Teachers’ Association of Cameroon UAC United Africa Company UB University of Buea UBSU University of Buea Students’ Union UN United Nations UPC Union des Populations du Cameroun VA Voluntary Agency VC Vice-Chancellor VIKUMA Victoria-Kumba-Mamfe Alliance WESCUT West Cameroon Union of Teachers WCTUC West Cameroon Trades Union Congress x Map of the Republic of Cameroon xi 1 Civil society in Anglophone Cameroon Introduction This volume on the role of civil society in Africa, particularly in Anglophone Cameroon, is very topical since ‘civil society’ has become a popular concept
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thecourier-2007-01
    CThe urierN. 1 N.E. - JULY AUGUST 2007 The magazine of Africa - Caribbean - Pacific & European Union cooperation and relations REPORT CONGO DRC 1st ACP Festival (Africa Caribbean Pacific) DOSSIER European Development Policy on the table Not for sale CThe urier The N. 1 N.E. - JULY AUGUST 2007 The magazine of Africa - Caribbean - Pacific & European Union cooperation and relations Editorial Committee Co-presidents Sir John Kaputin, Secretary-General Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States www.acp.int C urier Mr Stefano Manservisi, Director General of DG Development European Commission The magazine of Africa - Caribbean - Pacific & European Union cooperation and relations ec.europa.eu/development/ Editorial staff Director and Editor-in-chief Hegel Goutier Table of contents Contributors THE COURIER, N. 1 NEW EDITION (N.E.) François Misser (Deputy Editor-in-chief), Aminata Niang, Debra Percival OPENER REPORT Congo DRC Editorial Assistant and Production 2 Sara Saleri Foreword: side by side Reconstruction challenges 42 Participated to this issue EDITORIAL 5 Marie-Martine Buckens, Leo Cendrowicz, The European response 45 Roger Mazanza Kindulu, Bernard Babb, Bob Kabamba A reintroduction The vision of the Congolese authorities 48 Public Relations and Artistic coordination Africa-Caribbean-Pacific/European Union Public Relations 6 Andrea Marchesini Reggiani A model of cooperation, nevertheless… A government by ballot box 50 (Public Relations Manager and Responsible for NGOs’ and experts’ network) New decentralisation in the Congo 52 Joan Ruiz Valero 8 (Responsible for Networking with EU and National Institutions) ROUND UP Culture bubbles up 54 Artistic Coordination Sandra Federici DOSSIER The Congo is also... 56 European Development Days Graphic Conception, Layout European Development policy on the table Orazio Metello Orsini TRADE Arketipa Hard debate on development..
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Cotonou Agreement (2005)
    DEVELOPMENT Partnership Agreement ACP-EC Signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000 Revised in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005 EUROPEAN COMMISSION DE-132 SEPT 2006 Partnership Agreement ACP-EC Signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000 Revised in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005 This brochure has been published in English and French by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Development and Relations with African, Caribbean and Pacific States. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. This can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu/) Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006 ISBN: 92-79-00567-7 © European Communities, 2006 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium, September 2006 THE COTONOU AGREEMENT BENEFITS THE POOREST The international development agenda: 5 years of the Cotonou Agreement Much has happened since that historic moment on 23 June 2000 when the ACP-EC Partnership Agreement was signed, marking the beginning of a new era in the relationship between the ACP States and the European Union. The strengthening of the international development agenda has taken place against a background of an accelerated globalisation process, a rise in international terrorism and conflicts in the poorest countries, increased migratory flows and a rise in illicit trafficking and LOUIS MICHEL global environmental threats. Five years after the signature of the Cotonou Agreement the need for European Commissioner progress in development is more pressing today than ever before. for Development and Humanitarian Aid The priority is, and remains, poverty eradication and sustainable develop- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Council of the European Communities
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you byCORE provided by Archive of European Integration General Secretariat of the Council GUIDE TO THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 1991 W/lliMW ι \ \\\ General Secretariat of the Council GUIDE TO THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 1991 Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991 ISBN 92-824-0796-9 Catalogue number: BX-60-90-022-EN-C © ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels · Luxembourg, 1991 Printed in Belgium CONTENTS Page Council of the European Communities 5 Presidency of the Council 7 Conference of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States 8 List of Representatives of the Governments of the Member States who regularly take part in Council meetings 9 Belgium 10 Denmark 11 Federal Republic of Germany 12 Greece 15 Spain 17 France 19 Ireland 21 Italy 23 Luxembourg 29 Netherlands 30 Portugal 32 United Kingdom 35 Permanent Representatives Committee 39 Coreper II 40 Coreper I 42 Article 113 Committee 44 Special Committee on Agriculture 44 Standing Committee on Employment 44 Budget Committee 44 Scientific and Technical Research Committee (Crest) 45 Education Committee 45 Committee on Cultural Affairs 46 Select Committee on Cooperation Agreements between the Member States and third countries 46 Energy Committee 46 Standing Committee on Uranium Enrichment (Copenur) 47 Working parties 47 Permanent Representations 49 Belgium 50 Denmark 54 Federal Republic of
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL ASSEMBLY A/CONF.191/INF.3 18 June 2001
    UNITED NATIONS A GENERAL Distr. GENERAL ASSEMBLY A/CONF.191/INF.3 18 June 2001 ENGLISH/FRENCH/SPANISH THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Brussels, Belgium 14-20 May 2001 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Note: The format and data of the entries in this list are as provided to the secretariat. A/CONF.191/INF.3 Page 2 AFGHANISTAN S. E. M. A. ABDULLAH, Ministre des affaires étrangères M. Zalmay HAQUANI M. Humayun TANDAR, Chargé d'affaires a.i., Mission permanente, Genève M. Mehrabuddin MASTAN, Chargé d'affaires a.i. Ambassade, France AFRIQUE DU SUD H.E. Mrs. Nkosazana DLAMINI-ZUMA, Minister of Foreign Affairs H.E. Mr. Ivy MATSEPE-CASABURI, Minister of Communication H.E. Mrs. Lindiwe HENDRICKS, Deputy Minister of Trade and Industry H.E. Mr. Sipho MPAHLWA, Deputy Minister of Finance H.E. Mr. Sipho George NENE, Ambassador, Permanent Representative, Geneva H.E. Mr. Jerry MATIJILA, Ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg to the European Union Mr. Baso SANGQU, Director, Department of Foreign Affairs Mr. Mdunwazi BALOYI, Director, Department of Trade and Industry Ms. Mabatho MATIWANE, Director, Department of trade and Industry H.E. Ms. Lyndall SHOPE-MAFOLE, Minister Plenipotentiary, Embassy, Paris Mr. Henri RAUBENHEIMER, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, New York Mr. Saul PELLE, Counsellor, Embassy to Belgium and Luxembourg to the European Union Mr. Xolile NDLANGANA, Counsellor, Embassy to Belgium and Luxembourg to the European Union Ms. Lindiwe LUSENGA, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Geneva Ms. Solveig CROMPTON, Deputy Director, Department of Trade and Industry Mr. Marlon GESWINT, Deputy Director, National Treasury Mr. Xolisa MABHONGO, First Secretary, Permanent Mission, Geneva Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing from the Margins [13 June 2018, Mougoue]
    THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR CIRCULATE WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHOR C'EST UN TRAVAIL EN COURS DE RÉALISATION. VEUILLEZ NE PAS CITER OU FAIRE CIRCULER SANS LA PERMISSION DE L'AUTEUR WRITING FROM THE MARGINS: POLITICAL MASCULINITIES AND SEPARATIST (AUTO) BIOGRAPHIES IN CAMEROON (ECRIRE DES MARGES: LES MASCULINITÉS POLITIQUES ET LES (AUTO) BIOGRAPHIES SÉPARATISTES AU CAMEROUN) Jacqueline-Bethel Tchouta Mougoué, Baylor University Anglophone human rights activist Albert Mukong described his six-year imprisonment from 1970 to 1976 in his 2009 biography, Prisoner without a Crime, in painstaking detail.1 He describes his prison gendarmes as lawless and bent on humiliation; he describes frequent beatings, intimidation, and mental torture. He shares that one brutal beating from a gendarme left him hospitalized for days because he had refused to embrace President Ahidjo’s political party.2 But before all this he describes the soldier who escorted him to the capital into the custody of the Brigade Mixte Mobile, Ahidjo’s paramilitary secret police of Cameroon, thus: “[H]e was very civil and respectable in his conduct, maybe because he was Anglophone and also from Bamenda. He comported himself rather more [as] a bodyguard than a police escort for a detainee.”3 Mukong’s autobiography cast issues of Anglophone political identity and dignity within the framework of ongoing Anglophone social and political marginalization during the first two decades of Cameroon’s independence from British and French European rule. Historicizing the lives of such men illuminates individual agency and highlights how past events shaped the ideas and understanding of the world in which they lived.
    [Show full text]
  • Le "Problème Anglophone" Au Cameroun Dans Les Années 1990
    P. KONINGS Le U problème anglophone 11 au Cameroun dans les années I990 EPUIS peu, le (( problsme anglophone )) est devenu un pro- blème crucial pour 1’Etat camerounais postcolonial soucieux D de forger un Etat-nation stabilisé. Ce problème remonte à 1961 quand les élites politiques de deux territoires avec des legs coloniaux différents - l’un françai: et l’autre britannique - sont tombés d’accord pour former un Etat fédéral. Contrairement aux attentes des anglophones, le fédéralisme n’a pas permis une parité stricte pour ce qui concerne leur héri- tage culturel et ce qu’ils considèrent coinme leur identité d’anglo- phone. I1 s’est révélé n’être qu’une phase tran$toire de l’intégra- tion totale de la région anglophone dans un Etat unitaire forte- ment centralisé. Cette situation a graduellement favorisé une prise de conscience anglophone fondée sur le s5ntiment d‘être (( margi- nalisé D, (( exploité D et (( assimilé )> par un Etat dominé par les fran- cophones. Avec le processus de libéralisation politique des années 1990, une partie de l’élite anglophone s’organise pour protester contre sa prétendue position subordonnée et demande: une plus grande autonomie en réclamant d’abord le retour à 1’Etat fédéral et en adoptant ensuite des positions sécessionnistes devant le refus du régime de discuter d’une réforme constitutionnelle. Elle a par ailleurs essayé d’obtenir une reconnaissance internationale en se présentant comme une minorité opprimée dont le territoire a été (( annexé D. En réponse à ce défi, le gouvernement de M. Biya a minimisé, voire nié le (( problème anglophone n.
    [Show full text]
  • L'institutionnalisation De L'opposition: Une Réalité Objective En Quête De
    2 L’institutionnalisation de l’opposition: Une réalité objective en quête de consistance Léopold Donfack Sokeng La notion d’opposition semble relever du domaine des évidences, des vérités acquises de la théorie constitutionnelle, sur lesquelles nul n’est besoin de s’at- tarder, comme si l’opposition allait de soi et ne méritait pas le détour d’une conceptualisation. L’une des rares entreprises à relever à ce propos est sans doute celle esquissée par Hauriou et Gicquel (1984) dans leur manuel de droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques Gicquel (1993). Pour ces auteurs en effet, l’opposition serait la résultante du «tropisme institutionnel» que consti- tue la reconnaissance et l’organisation de la contestation politique, élément caractéristique des sociétés occidentales. « Alors qu’ailleurs (…) on trouve des systèmes politiques dans lesquels le pouvoir s’efforce de comprimer la contes- tation et, à la limite de l’annihiler, souligne Gicquel, certaines cités de la Grèce antique (Athènes principalement) expérimentent des institutions dans lesquelles non seulement le pouvoir accepte la contestation, mais s’attache à l’utiliser pour le fonctionnement même des mécanismes politiques, quitte à en évacuer par des procédures adéquates, les surplus. « Après la démocratie grecque et la république romaine, la Grande Breta- gne d’abord, au sortir du Moyen Age, puis l’Europe et les États-Unis du siècle des Lumières, retrouvent l’invention méditerranéenne et organisent des régi- mes politiques qui, compte tenu des différences tenant à l’étendue géographi- que ou au perfectionnement des moyens de communication, acceptent et pro- tègent par-là même eux aussi la contestation et l’utilisent pour leur fonctionne- ment même » (Gicquel 1993:22-23).
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of British Southern Cameroons Aka AMBAZONIA History
    Chronology of British Southern Cameroons aka AMBAZONIA History 1884 to 1916 – German Occupation German Governors of German Kamerun 1884 Gustav Nachtigal 1887–1906 Jesko von Puttkamer - Built a 72-Bedroom home in Buea, Kamerun to convince his wife to move from Germany. The building still stands today. 1914–1916 Karl Ebermaier Cameroons - German Kamerun was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 comprising parts of todays' Cameroon, + parts of Nigeria, Tchad, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon Most of German Kamerun shared between Britain and France 1914 - 26 September 1914 Occupation by Great Britain and France begins 1945 - Post World Wars - League of Nations => United Nations - Decolonization begins 1948 - UPC (Union des Populations Camerounaises) a party that wanted Independence from France with no strings IS CREATED in French Cameroun Actors: British Cameroons Colonial Officer i/c 1949 to 1 October 1954 Edward John Gibbons, Special Resident 1 October 1954 Autonomous territory within Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria 1 October 1954 to 1956 Edward John Gibbons, Commissioner 1956 to 1 October 1961 John Osbaldiston Field, Commissioner 1 June 1961 Northern British Cameroons incorporated into Federation of Nigeria 1 October 1961 Southern British Cameroons incorporated into Republic of Cameroon 1952 - The KNC (Kamerun National Congress) was established in 1952 as a merger of two pro- unification parties, the Kamerun United National Congress and the Cameroons National Federation. The party's leaders included E. M. L. Endeley, Salomon Tandeng Muna, John Ngu Foncha and Sampson George. However, with Endeley leading the party towards a pro-Nigerian stance, 1955 - Foncha led a breakaway group to form the Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) in 1955.
    [Show full text]
  • Triggering Nationalist Violence Triggering Nationalist Adria Lawrence Violence Competition and Conºict in Uprisings Against Colonial Rule
    Triggering Nationalist Violence Triggering Nationalist Adria Lawrence Violence Competition and Conºict in Uprisings against Colonial Rule What causes nonstate actors to take up arms and wage war against the state? Despite a burgeoning literature on civil war, extrasystemic war, and terrorism, scholars continue to lack compelling explanations for the onset of civil violence. The existing litera- ture has examined variation in political violence along a number of different dimensions, including the incidence of rebellion and civil war,1 the distribu- tion of violence within civil wars,2 the behavior of violent actors toward civil- ians,3 popular support for violent actors,4 and the use of particular types of violence.5 Yet less is known about how and why violence erupts in the ªrst Adria Lawrence is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University and a research fellow at the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies. From 2007 to 2008, she was a research fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. The author would like to acknowledge Ana De La O, Thad Dunning, Jeff Goodwin, Jenna Jordan, Stathis Kalyvas, Harris Mylonas, David Patel, Roger Petersen, Mustapha Qadery, Keven Ruby, Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl, Susan Stokes, Lisa Wedeen, Elizabeth Wood, the anonymous reviewers, and participants at workshops at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy, and Yale University for comments and helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. Special thanks are owed to Matthew Kocher for his advice and feedback. Many thanks to Younes Amehraye for research assistance in Morocco. 1. For examples, see Paul Collier and Anke Hoefºer, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War” (Oxford: Center for the Study of African Economics, March 2002); Nicholas Sambanis, “What Is a Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Deªnition,” Journal of Conºict Res- olution, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • C Destination.^ We Are Hardly in the Initial Stages in the Ond Moment Or As an Optional Extra
    VERBUM ic Biblical Federation I I I I I I CDCD Today's World and G o d ' s W o r d CNJ CNJ o n d> CNJ h- z w 0) N° 78 English Edition 1/2006 CATHOLIC BIBLICAL FEDERATION BULLETIN DEI VERBUM 'is a quarterly publica tion in English, French, German and Spanish. (/) Editors H Z Alexander M. Schweitzer tJ Ciaudio EttI H Assistant to the editors Z o Dorothee Knabe o Production and layout bm-projekte, 70771 Leinf.-Echterdingen A subscription for one year consists of four issues beginning the quarter payment is Today's World and God's Word received. Please indicate in which language you wish to receive the BULLETIN DEI Opening One's Heart to the Other: VERBUM. Aspects of Reading the Bible In Context Anna Fumagalli Subscription rates Ordinary subscription: US$20/ €20 Between Incarnation and Critical Prophetism: Supporting subscription: US$34/ €34 Word of God and Cultures Third World countries: US$14/ €14 Lucien Legrand, map Students: US$14/ €14 The World of Today and the Word of God: Air mail delivery: US$ 7 / € 7 extra A Mutual Challenge In order to cover production costs we recom mend a supporting subscription. For mem Michel Camdessus 12 bers of the Catholic Biblical Federation the subscription fee is included in the annual membership fee. Life of the Federation Banking details Nigeria: Continental Celebration for the Year of the General Secretariat Bible in the African Region 17 (Address as indicated below) LIGA Bank. Stuttgart Ecuador: Interconfessional Bible Meeting of the Account No. 64 59 820 Latin American and Caribbean Subregion (FEBIC LAC) 18 IBAN-No.
    [Show full text]
  • European Colonialism in Cameroon and Its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014
    EUROPEAN COLONIALISM IN CAMEROON AND ITS AFTERMATH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SOUTHERN CAMEROON, 1884-2014 BY WONGBI GEORGE AGIME P13ARHS8001 BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS (MA) DEGREE IN HISTORY SUPERVISOR PROFESSOR SULE MOHAMMED DR. JOHN OLA AGI NOVEMBER, 2016 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Dissertation titled: European Colonialism in Cameroon and its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014, was written by me. It has not been submitted previously for the award of Higher Degree in any institution of learning. All quotations and sources of information cited in the course of this work have been acknowledged by means of reference. _________________________ ______________________ Wongbi George Agime Date ii CERTIFICATION This dissertation titled: European Colonialism in Cameroon and its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014, was read and approved as meeting the requirements of the School of Post-graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, for the award of Master of Arts (MA) degree in History. _________________________ ________________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date Supervisor _________________________ ________________________ Dr. John O. Agi Date Supervisor _________________________ ________________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date Head of Department _________________________ ________________________ Prof .Sadiq Zubairu Abubakar Date Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty for His love, kindness and goodness to me and to the memory of Reverend Sister Angeline Bongsui who passed away in Brixen, in July, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Version Finale 5 Oct 2010
    UNIVERSITÉ DE LA RÉUNION FACULTÉ DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES CENTRE DE RECHERCHES LITTÉRAIRES ET HISTORIQUES DE L’OCÉAN INDIEN ENGAGEMENT LITTÉRAIRE ET CRÉATION ROMANESQUE DANS L’ŒUVRE DE MONGO BETI THÈSE DE DOCTORAT LITTÉRATURES FRANCOPHONES PRÉSENTÉE PAR MOHAMED AÏT-AARAB SOUS LA DIRECTION DE M. LE PROFESSEUR GWENHAËL PONNAU ANNÉE UNIVERSITAIRE 2010-2011 VOLUME 1 REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie tout particulièrement le professeur Gwenhaël Ponnau pour sa grande disponibilité, son attention, son aide, ses conseils et sa patience. Qu'il trouve ici l'expression de toute ma gratitude. Merci aux professeurs Jean-Philippe Watbled et Jacques Tual qui, en tant que directeurs du C.R.L.H.O.I., m’ont toujours activement soutenu tout au long de la préparation de cette thèse. Merci à tous les collègues de la Faculté des Lettres dont les remarques et les conseils ont enrichi ce travail, sans parler de leur soutien moral durant les moments de doute. Merci enfin au Conseil Scientifique de l’Université de La Réunion qui m’a permis de travailler dans les meilleures conditions matérielles possibles. À MES PARENTS, À SAÏDA, YANNIS ET ADAM. NOTE LIMINAIRE En 1988, nous avons soutenu à l’Université de Lille III, sous la direction du professeur Bernard Mouralis, une thèse de IIIe cycle intitulée « Évolution des personnages dans l’œuvre romanesque de Mongo Beti ». La présente étude s’appuie, en partie, sur ce premier travail, mais dans une perspective différente qui prend, notamment, en compte deux éléments importants. Primo, entre 1988 et 2001, le corpus betien s’est enrichi de nouveaux écrits.
    [Show full text]