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A Self-Healing PDMS Polymer with Solvatochromic Properties† Cite This: Chem ChemComm COMMUNICATION A self-healing PDMS polymer with solvatochromic properties† Cite this: Chem. Commun., 2015, 51,8928 Xiao-Yong Jia, Jin-Feng Mei, Jian-Cheng Lai, Cheng-Hui Li* and Xiao-Zeng You* Received 8th March 2015, Accepted 22nd April 2015 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01956g www.rsc.org/chemcomm Coordination bonds are effective for constructing functional self-healing matrix, the polymers can show various functions such as chromism, materials due to their tunable bond strength and metal-ion-induced luminescence, magnetism, and nonlinear optics. functionalities. In this work, we incorporate a cobalt(II) triazole complex Cobalt(II) can coordinate with 1,2,4-triazole or triazole deri- into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. The resulting polymers show vatives to form two kinds of cobalt(II) coordination polyhedra: solvatochromic behaviour as well as self-healing properties. distorted octahedron33,34 and tetrahedron.35 The two coordination modes can be reversibly transformed using external stimuli (such Most natural biomaterials have the innate ability to self-heal or as healing, cooling or adding solvents), and thus may provide a self-repair upon encountering damage. For example, a minor possibility for self-healing. In this work, we incorporated a wound on the human skin can be completely healed over time. cobalt(II) triazole coordination complex into a polydimethyl- To mimic the self-healing properties of natural biomaterials siloxane (PDMS) matrix (Scheme 1). Upon being damaged, the and extend the lifetime of the material in numerous applications, polymer film can be healed via heating. Moreover, the colour of many synthetic self-healing polymers, which can repair the internal the film changed from blue to light pink upon dipping into and external damage, have been developed.1 The initial polymeric water or methanol due to the change of the coordination self-healing materials relied on micro-encapsulated healing agents number of Co(II) from 4 to 6. More interestingly, owing to the within the bulk polymer. Due to the consumption of the encapsu- reconfiguration of the Co(II)–Ntriazole coordination bond during lated agents, the repair in such a system is not repeatable.2,3 To the solvent-induced chromic process, the damaged film can be solve this problem, reversible bonds (such as alkoxyamine,4 healed at room temperature if the cut surface were pre-treated by disulfide5,6), cross-linking reactions (such as Diels–Alder reaction,7,8 dipping into methanol solvent. radical dimerization reaction,9 cycloaddition reaction10,11)orweak The synthesis of the polymer is described in detail in the dynamic bonds (such as hydrogen bonds,12–16 p–p stacking inter- Experimental section. Briefly, the triazole-containing PDMS actions,17–19 host–guest interactions20,21) are typically incorporated into polymers as cross-linkages so that they will break first upon being damaged and reform after external stimuli, leading to repeatable self-healing.22–24 Recently, coordination bonds have been demonstrated to be effective for carrying out highly efficient self-healing.25–32 The strength of a coordination bond lies between that of a covalent bond and van der Waals interactions and most importantly, they can be tuned. By careful selection of the combination of ligand and metal ion, it is possible to tune the bond strengths into weak and dynamic, which are favourable for self-healing. Moreover, upon the introduction of metal ions into the polymer State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: The syntheses and characterization of polymers, and supplementary figures. See DOI: 10.1039/ Scheme 1 Structure and preparation of the chromic and self-healing c5cc01956g polymer. 8928 | Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, 8928--8930 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Communication ChemComm (TIA-PDMS) polymers were prepared by crosslinking between bis(3-aminopropyl) terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) and 5-(4H- 1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)isophthaloyl dichloride. Subsequently, the TIA-PDMS polymers were coordinated to Co(II)byaligand substitution reaction using CoCl2 (Fig. S1, ESI†). A ligand to metal molar ratio of 2 : 1 was used based on the literature and UV-Vis titration results (Fig. S2, ESI†). TGA and DSC analyses showed that the polymers having a T below À100 1Care g Fig. 2 (a) Photograph of the solvatochromic process; (b) UV-Vis diffuse thermally stable below 200 1C. The mechanical properties of reflectance spectroscopy of samples before and after dipping into solvents. the as-prepared film (Co-TIA-PDMS) were measured in air, at room temperature, via tensile–strain tests. The as-prepared 35 film can be stretched to 560% of its original length and has a cobalt(II)complex. After dipping into water or methanol solvent, Young’s modulus of 1.12 MPa, which is significantly higher the bands at 627, 667 and 689 nm almost disappeared. The than that of a typical self-healing material. The self-healing resulting spectra are typical for six-coordinated octahedral cobalt(II) properties of the polymer are illustrated in Fig. 1. The healing complexes. The light pink film can return to its original colour properties were evaluated by both microscopy and tensile test. upon heating for several minutes or exposure in air for hours. As shown in Fig. 1a, the notch on the film almost disappeared Several other solvents were also investigated, but only water and after healing at 120 1Cfor24halthoughdistincthealedscars methanol show a distinct chromic behaviour (Fig. S3, ESI†). were still visible. In a more quantitative way, the healing efficien- As the coordination of Co(II) ion changed from four-coordinated cies were evaluated by tensile–stress curves. It can be seen from to six-coordinated during the solvatochromic process, we envisaged Fig. 1b and c and Table S1 (ESI†) that healing efficiencies are a that such a reversible change of the coordination configuration function of healing time and healing temperature. Longer healing may facilitate the self-healing. Therefore, we investigated the effect time and higher healing temperature result in higher healing of solvent pre-treatment on self-healing properties. We dipped the efficiencies. However, the toughness of the film decreased upon cut film into methanol till its colour changed from blue to light continuous heating at high temperature. This is because uncoor- pink, and then exposed the film to air at room temperature for dinated Co(II) ionic clusters were formed during heating and different times. The damaged film can be healed at room tempera- healing, thus leading to its incomplete, insufficient crosslinking. ture (Fig. S4, ESI†). The colour of the healed film turned back to The as-prepared polymer film also shows solvatochromic pro- blue again. The colour change can be used to monitor the self- perties. When dipped into water and methanol, the colour of the healing process through the naked-eye. The toughness of the film changed from blue to light pink (Fig. 2a). UV-Vis diffuse healed film was not reduced since no heating is needed, as shown reflectance spectroscopy revealed that the main bands of the in Fig. 1d. Moreover, in comparison to the film after high tem- complexes showed significant changes after treating with water or perature healing, which shows indistinct chromic behaviour upon methanol (Fig. 2b). The original film displays optical bands at 627, dipping into water or methanol, the film after methanol-assisted 667 and 689 nm, which are similar to those in solution (Fig. S2, room temperature healing shows the same chromic properties as ESI†) and are characteristic of the four-coordinated tetrahedral the original ones. Scheme 2 illustrates the difference of self-healing mechanisms with and without methanol pre-treatment. For self-healing without methanol pre-treatment, the healing is due to the formation of ionic clusters.29 The crosslinking units consist of doubly positively charged Co(II) centers, which can trigger the formation of ionic clusters. Owing to the insufficient mobility of ionic clusters in the polymer matrix, some Co(II) ions are unavailable for bond reforma- tion upon heating and healing. Therefore, heating healed films show lower toughness due to insufficient crosslinking. However, for self-healing with methanol pre-treatment, the healing is due to the reversible transformation of the coordination pattern of cobalt(II) from four-coordinated to six-coordinated. During this process, some of the Co(II)–Ntriazole bonds are disassociated and exchanged, thus leading to the healing of the damaged films. As the Co(II) complexes are not fully disassociated during this process, no free Co(II) ions or ionic clusters are generated and therefore the toughness of the healed films is not significantly reduced. Fig. 1 The self-healing properties of the Co-TIA-PDMS film. (a) Microscopic In summary, we have developed a self-healing polymer with image of the film before and after healing at 120 1C; (b) The stress–strain curves of the film healed at different temperatures for 24 h; (c) the stress– solvent-induced chromic property film by the incorporation strain curves of the film healed at 120 1C for different times. (d) The stress– of cobalt(II) triazole complexes into the PDMS matrix. The strain curves of the film healed at RT with pre-treatment by methanol. preparation of the polymer is very simple and controllable. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, 8928--8930 | 8929 ChemComm Communication 7 X. Chen, M. A. Dam, K. Ono, A. Mal, H. Shen, S. R. Nutt, K. Sheran and F. Wudl, Science, 2002, 295, 1698. 8 N. Bai, K. Saito and G. P. Simon, Polym. Chem., 2013, 4, 724. 9 B. Ghosh and M.
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