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Aspects of British Electoral Politics 1867-1880 This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Aspects of British Electoral Politics 1867-1880 Bennett, David Christopher Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Nov. 2017 Aspects of British Electoral Politics 1867-1880 by David C Bennett Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, School of Arts and Humanities King’s College London, University of London March, 2014 © David C Bennett, 2014 1 Abstract This dissertation examines the development of electoral politics in Great Britain between 1868 and 1880. It focuses on the general elections of 1868, 1874 and 1880 together with the intervening by-elections and explores the impact on popular politics of changes in the size and composition of the electorate as well as alterations to the electoral system arising from the 1867 Reform Act and the Ballot Act of 1872. It further argues that electoral statistics are important and useful but many historians have chosen not to use them in relation to this period because of the inherent difficulties in their measurement when there was a preponderance of multi-member seats. This is corrected by the use of an improved technique - a stratified voter methodology - to calculate these statistics more accurately and provide a more meaningful basis for analysing voter turnout, swing and related trends. Core themes are the nationalisation of popular politics and the development of mass support for the Conservative party. These are considered through an exploration of the interaction of ideology, language and electoral politics and the ways parties sought to build their allegiances and support through ideas, language and organisation. The impact of the Ballot Act on corruption, undue influence and party organisation is investigated together with the importance of by-elections to the electoral process, emphasising their importance in the development and nationalisation of popular politics. Finally, a new survey of approximately 900 candidates’ addresses is used to show the development of ideology and language, together with the construction of national party messages. These investigations show the rapid decline of the importance of localised ‘politics of place’ in elections in this period but also that local organisation was important to the development of national ideology and was more extensive in 1868 than previously thought. Overall, the parties, especially the Conservatives in developing their support amongst the new electorate, are shown to have had a more adaptable and positive approach than they have sometimes been given credit for. 2 Contents Abbreviations and definitions 6 Tables 8 Introduction 10 I Background 10 II Historiography 19 III The use of electoral statistics 26 IV Other historiographical issues 30 IV Methodology and sources 31 V Structure 34 Chapter I The general elections of 1868, 1874 and 1880 35 I Introduction 35 II The 1867 Reform Act and its implications 36 III The general election of 1868 40 IV The general election of 1874 46 V The general election of 1880 51 VI Turnout 57 VII Uncontested seats 63 VIII Non-concurrence of polling dates in late Victorian and Edwardian general elections: The case of the 1874 general election 77 Chapter II The Ballot Act, corruption, violence and expenses 81 I Introduction 81 II By-elections and the general election of 1874 85 III The Hartington Committee and electoral violence 89 IV Bribery, election petitions and expenses 93 V Influence 103 VI Changes in the nature of electoral politics 112 VII Conclusions 115 Chapter III Issues, ideology, language and rhetoric 117 I Introduction 117 II Issues in the general elections of 1868, 1874 and 1880 119 III The party leaders’ addresses 146 IV The appeal to patriotism 152 3 V Conclusions 164 Chapter IV - Organisation 166 I Introduction 166 II Central party structures 168 III Electoral sociology and organisation 171 IV Liberal associations 173 V Grass roots conservatism 177 VI Language, imagery and culture 187 VII Conclusions 191 Chapter V - By-elections 193 I Introduction 193 II Numbers of by-elections, causes and swings 195 III Turnout at by-elections 199 IV Importance of by-elections to contemporaries 200 V Issues in by-election campaigns 203 VI Electoral politics and the Eastern Question 1876-78 208 VII Conclusions 224 Chapter VI Resolving political change 226 I Changes in the electoral environment 226 II Changes in structure, language and organisation 226 III General elections and electoral statistics 230 IV The legacy of the 1870s 232 Appendix I Multi-member constituencies and psephological statistics for elections in Great Britain between the Second and Third Reform Acts 234 I The issues arising in dealing with multi-member constituencies 234 II The 1874 general election in Pontefract 237 III Methods of dealing with electoral statistics in multi-member constituencies 241 IV The calculation of electoral swing 249 V Party strategy in multi-member constituencies 252 Appendix II Selected electoral statistics 260 Appendix III Local party organisations in existence in the 1860s 265 Appendix IV Counties and boroughs by category 274 Appendix V Bibliography 283 4 5 Abbreviations and definitions Abbreviations NUCCA National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations PP Parliamentary Papers PD Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates Definitions North/South South = south of a Severn-Wash line; north = north of it, not including Wales and Scotland. Home Counties The counties nearest to London comprising: Surrey, Kent, Essex, Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. The electoral statistics used in this thesis have been prepared using a stratified voter methodology. The method of calculating votes in multi-member seats is described in Appendix I. The stratification of constituencies has been made according to their geographical location in the north or south as defined above. The stratification of English boroughs by size is set out below: English Boroughs have been classified in size according to their electorates in 1874 so that: Small = electorates of no more than 1,500 Medium = electorates of between 1,500 and 7,501 Large = electorates in excess of 7,500. 1874 has been used as a reasonable mid-point for the period. The same categorisation has been used for the 1868 and 1880 general elections so that the same constituencies remain in each category for all three elections in order to maintain consistency. Thus, certain constituencies may be slightly smaller than their categorisation at the 1868 general election, and slightly larger at the 1880 election. As the vast majority of constituencies grew at roughly similar rates this is not thought to produce any distortion in the interpretation of the results. 6 Analysis of the total electorate in English county and borough categories North South Number Electorate Number Electorate 1874 1874 Counties 35 362,330 47 395,350 Boroughs <1,501 13 13,725 44 44,767 Between 1,501 and 33 132,481 46 161,284 7,500 Greater than 7,500 32 630,030 15 357,261 A listing of the constituencies in each category is given in Appendix IV. Since there were far fewer constituencies in Wales and Scotland they have only been stratified between boroughs and counties. 7 Tables Table I-1 Increase in electors in Great Britain as a result of the 1867 Reform Act ...... 37 Table I-2 The general election of 1868 - number of seats ............................................ 42 Table I-3 The general election of 1874 - number of seats ............................................ 47 Table I-4 The general election of 1880 - number of seats ............................................ 53 Table I-5 English constituencies in which the Conservatives made gains in 1874 which were retained in 1880 .................................................................................................... 55 Table I-6 Turnout at general elections .......................................................................... 57 Table I-7 The relationship between the Conservative share of the vote and electoral turnout - summary of Cornford’s results ....................................................................... 61 Table I-8 The relationship between the Conservative share of the vote and electoral turnout in constituencies in Great Britain in the three general elections between
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