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The 2012 Mahatma Gandhi International (MAGI) Award for Peace and Reconciliation

his award was created in 2003 in commemoration of the centenary of Tthe Indian Opinion, a newspaper PPRROOFFIILLEE started by Gandhiji in South Africa. The Born: 28 April 1924, Chinsali, significance of this award lies in the Zambia recognition each year of work done by Parents: Reverend David Kaunda people around the world silently and with commitment towards promoting and Helen Kaunda peace and reconciliation. The presenta- Education: University Qualification tion of this award is meant to encourage Marriage Partner: Betty Kaunda others to work towards peaceful solu- Children: 10 tions. Wars and violence lead to destruc- tion, poverty and hunger. Nonviolence and peace are today the most valuable and; for continuing the work of building commodity for “human” survival. The peace in the continent in true Gandhian presentation of this award must help tradition. people all over the world to embrace the Dr Kenneth Kaunda dedicated his life path of nonviolence. to the freedom of Zambia and Southern The Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha Africa and continues to promote peace Awards were created in 2006 in celebrat- throughout the African Continent. ing the centenary of Satyagraha. These Dr Kaunda (affectionately known as awards recognise the courage, selfless- KK) is the youngest of eight children. ness and commitment of people who par- His mother, who held the distinguished ticipated in the liberation struggle of honour of having been the first African South Africa and those who are present- woman to teach in colonial Zambia, ly giving selfless service to humanity must have had a great impact on Ken- locally, nationally and internationally. neth because in 1943 he became a These awards have raised awareness of teacher. A year later, he was appointed the importance of reconciliation efforts headmaster, a position he remained in in South Africa. The legacy of Mahatma until 1947 when he began to show an Gandhi, Chief Albert Luthuli, Moses active interest in politics. Kotane and G. M. “Monty” Naicker lives In 1951, a few years after apartheid was on in Durban. Local and international introduced in South Africa, Dr Kaunda dignitaries have been taken on a nonvio- became the organising secretary of the lence heritage tour as part of their visit Northern Rhodesian African National to Durban. This function over the past Congress and two years later its secre- years has been organized in partnership tary general. with the Durban City Council and the Premier of Kwa Zulu Natal together Zambian African National Congress with a number of businesses and profes- sional organizations. This event is now In 1959, however, he broke away from recognized as an important event in Dur- the organisation to form the Zambian ban. It is simple yet draws large crowds African National Congress (ZANC) and gives a very significant message of which was similar to the African Nation- allowed the ANC to set up its headquar- multi-party election, he graciously Gandhian philosophy of Truth, Ahimsa al Congress (ANC), but was banned soon ters in Zambia and was so impressed accepted the election results and retired (nonviolence) and community service after its formation. Following the organ- with the organisation that he adopted from politics. (Ubuntu) isation’s ban, Dr Kaunda was jailed and the tune of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika into Dr Kaunda is dedicated to the creation The Gandhi Development Trust has sentenced to nine months in prison. Zambia’s national anthem. of peace and conflict resolution in been working in collaboration with As a result of ZANC’s banning, the Africa. In 1992 he founded the Kenneth Satyagraha, World Council on Religions United National Independence Party Under His Leadership Kaunda Peace Foundation. for Peace and other community based became the organisation’s successor and Since his retirement, he has engaged organizations on promoting the Gandhi- in 1960, after his release, Dr Kaunda was His advocacy went beyond the South- himself in several charities, chief of an ideals of service, selflessness, truth elected its president. ern African region. As a believer in which are those dedicated to fight and commitment to the welfare of all Critical of the socio-political situation peaceful conflict resolutions, Dr Kaunda against the spread of HIV/AIDS, a dis- (Sarvodaya) in Africa at that time, Dr Kaunda was in also played critical roles in the resolu- ease to which he lost his son. With the This year the Mahatma Gandhi Inter- the forefront of the efforts to liberate tion of the territorial conflicts between establishment of the Kenneth Kaunda national Award will be presented to His African countries. In 1960 he served as Kenya and Somalia that began in 1960. Children of Africa Foundation, he is Excellency Dr Kenneth Kaunda. the President of the Pan-African Free- The release of Nelson Mandela took able to raise awareness on the pandemic. dom Movement for East, Central and place under his leadership as the Chair- The foundation works with the United Southern Africa (Pafmesca) man of the Front-line States. On Septem- Nations Development Programme to His Excellency In 1964 Dr Kaunda began a new chap- ber 1985, the six front-line states called improve health and nutrition in various ter in his political life when he was on the South African government to African countries. appointed the Prime Minister of North- release Nelson Mandela and all other Dr Kaunda has written a number of Dr Kenneth Kaunda ern Rhodesia. Later that year, he was political prisoners. books, Black Government; Zambia Shall n 18 September 2012 Dr Kaunda will elected the first president of post-colo- They also called for the unbanning of Be Free; A Humanist in Africa; Human- receive the MAGI Award for Recon- nial Zambia. A great friend of South the ANC and the Pan Africanist Con- ism in Zambia and its Implementation; Ociliation and Peace in recognition of Africa’s leaders like Oliver Tambo, Chris gress (PAC). In addition, they urged the Humanism in Zambia Part II; Letter to his humility, courage, selflessness and Hani and Walter Sisulu, he was an open United States and European countries to My Children and Kaunda on Violence. conviction in the struggle against the supporter of the South African anti- increase their pressure to push the In 2002 the South African government oppression of his own people in Zambia; apartheid movement and other African apartheid regime to begin negotiations awarded him the Order of the Compan- for the support and assistance given to liberation movements. with South African liberation move- ions of O.R. Tambo, an order of peace in the people of Southern Africa during the In addition to the ANC, Dr Kaunda was ments. recognition of co-operation and active struggle against colonialism and an active supporter of two Zimbabwean When Dr Kaunda was defeated by expression of solidarity towards South apartheid and the negotiations process (then Rhodesia) liberation parties. He Frederick Chiluba in Zambia’s 1991 Africa. Page 6 • AUG / SEPT 2012 AUG / SEPT 2012 • Page 7

The 2012 Satyagraha Award for Peace and Reconciliation The 2012 Satyagraha Award for Peace and Reconciliation

improve the living standards of the establishment of the Zanempilo Denis Golberg African people which could not be Bantu Stephen Biko Clinic and Creche, both of which PPRROOFFIILLEE improved through political free- PPRROOFFIILLEE were very well supported. enis Goldberg is amongst many Born: 11 April 1933, Cape Town dom only. Thus, in 1995, while still ne of the chief architects of the Born: 18 December 1946, Tylden In 1975 Biko was instrumental in South African heroes who had the Parents: Sam and Annie Goldberg in London, he founded a develop- Black Consciousness Movement, in Parents: Matthew Mzingaye and Alice the founding of the Zimele Trust Dcourage to stand up against the Education: BSc Engineering (UCT) ment organisation, “Community Ohis short life Bantu Stephen Biko Nokuxola “Mamcethe” Biko Fund to assist political prisoners injustices of apartheid and, as a result, H.E.A.R.T”, with its principal focus showed supreme leadership, courage, and their families and the Ginsberg endured many painful years in jail and Marriage Partner: Esme on health, education and recon- tenacity and sacrifice in the struggle for Education: MBChB (Natal) (expelled Trust to assist black students. away from his family. Bodenstein; struction training. The organisa- the liberation of the people of South in 1972 before On 18 August 1977, Biko was His earliest recollection of becoming Eldelgard Nkobi tion has raised over 16 million rand Africa. completion arrested together with his col- aware of racism is at the age of six when Children: Two in funds for Rape Crisis in Cape Biko was born into a family that placed Marriage Partner: Ntsiki Biko league and comrade Peter Cyril he was reading the news headlines whilst Town, an organisation that pro- tremendous value on education. His Children: Five Jones at a police roadblock outside sitting on his father's lap. He learnt about vides counselling for rape sur- father believed that education was the of King William's Town. The com- the discrimination directed at black peo- the Congress of Democrats (COD), the vivors. propellant to upward social movement rades were tortured at the head- ple, about the exploitation and unemploy- Coloured People's Congress (CPC), and In 2002 Goldberg returned to SA and independence. sation’s reticence in tackling the deeply quarters of the Security Division ment that dogged the lives of blacks in the South African Indian Congress and soon after was appointed advi- Biko's political outlook began in 1963 racist policies of government and univer- in Port Elizabeth. It was during this this country. Denis' childhood experi- (SAIC). Goldberg contributed greatly to sor to Ronnie Kasrils, then Minis- when he was just a 15-year-old learner at sities. time that he sustained a massive ences of associating with people of differ- the formation of the COD of which he ter of Water Affairs and Forestry. Lovedale College, a missionary institu- Although Biko was elected onto the brain haemorrhage. ent races visiting his parents - both com- later became leader. Goldberg is the recipient of many tion at which his older brother Khaya had Natal University’s Student Representa- On 11 September 1977, Biko was mitted communists - taught him to regard Following upon his wife's release after peace accolades, among them the enrolled a year earlier. tive Council (SRC) in 1967, being uncon- transported to Pretoria central all people equally, regardless of colour being briefly detained in the early 1960s Chief Albert Luthuli peace prize, Later that year, the two brothers along vinced of the real value of NUSAS mem- student uprising. prison without a medical escort. The fol- and class differences. and fearing further harassment from the A year later, at the end of the Rivonia in recognition of his work against with 50 other learners were arrested on bership for black students, in 1968, Biko As a result of his political activities, lowing day he died on the floor of an His first involvement in the liberation State, Goldberg instructed her to leave for trial which drew international interest , apartheid. the suspicion that they were supporters of and his university colleagues founded the Biko was expelled from the University of empty cell. struggle was at university where despite London with their two children, while he with 19 other ANC leaders, Goldberg was To date Goldberg has undertaken 34 the outlawed Poqo, an armed wing of the South African Student Association Natal after which he devoted his time to Biko's death helped highlight to the the prohibition of mixed race gatherings, remained to pursue the struggle against sentenced to four terms of life imprison- speaking tours in many parts of Ger- Pan African Congress (PAC). Steve was (SASO), of which he was elected first the Black People's Convention (BPC). The international community the brutality of he joined the Modern Youth Society apartheid. ment. many, Britain, France, United States, interrogated by the police and despite the president in 1969. The formation of SASO BPC, an umbrella of the Black Conscious- South African security laws and also led (MYS), a non-racial organisation. In 1960 Goldberg was detained without As he recalls, “Life in prison was South Africa and other countries. He has lack of evidence that he had any political was triggered by the emergence of the ness Movement, was formed after Biko directly to the decision by Western coun- Goldberg's association with the MYS trial for four months and in 1961, follow- unpleasant with active dislike by guards also written a short screenplay, 'My inclinations, he was subsequently Black Consciousness Movement and and his colleagues argued for a broader tries to support the UN Security Council's was also inspired by the desire to build ing the formation of Umkhonto Wesizwe, and officers of all ranks who tried to Angel, My Hero' about a child with expelled and black- listed from all govern- NUSAS's unwillingness to adopt radical based black political organisation in the vote to ban arms sales to South Africa. not only for whites, but for all people. he became the technical officer of this break our spirits. In general there was Parkinson's disease. ment schools. policy positions. country. Biko believed that South Africa ought to “Government would not spend money on underground wing. Working with Fred hostility, and also some small element of Goldberg never tires of doing humani- His brother Khaya was imprisoned for The formation of SASO was also The BPC addressed socio-political mat- be a non-racial society.In a rare television dams, nor for roads and railways for Carneson, Looksmart Ngudle and Barney support. Police and warders of all ranks tarian work. More recently, concerned being a member of the banned PAC, an intended to encourage black student par- ters, engaged in a number of community- interview, Biko stressed that there should blacks, which was morally wrong. To Desai in the Regional Command they hated us because we were white political about the lack of reading material and event which awakened the ‘great giant’, ticipation in political activism. It soon based projects and published a yearly not be a minority or a majority racial change this, we realised that we first had were tasked to sabotage communication prisoners who had betrayed them.” the diminishing effort of learners to read, Steve's political consciousness. became a formidable organization, journal called the Black Review, which group and called on the adoption of non- to get rid of the apartheid system, and in Cape Town. When Goldberg was released in 1985, Goldberg has taken on an initiative to While at university, Biko constantly spreading to numerous other campuses provided an analysis of political trends in racialism. then we could build for all people.” In 1963 Goldberg was again arrested at after 22 years, he left South Africa and source books from the UK and donate showed a zest for knowledge outside the around the country. the country. Before he died, Biko wrote, “We have set Committed to the liberation of the Lilies-Leaf Farm and detained for 90 days joined his exiled family in London where them to as many schools as possible in all medical field, elevating his prominence After serving as the organization’s Pres- In 1973 Biko was banned by the out on a quest for true humanity and country, Goldberg became a member of but refused to divulge information on his he resumed his duties as a spokesperson nine provinces. Over 3 million books have amongst other student leaders. He joined ident, Biko was elected Publications apartheid regime and restricted to King somewhere in the distance we can see the many 'non-racial' congresses in the engagements with blacks. Three months for the African National Congress and its been distributed. the National Union of South African Stu- Director for SASO where he wrote prolifi- Williams’ Town. The banning order glittering prize. Let us march forth draw- Congress Alliance, a joint anti-apartheid later, he was charged together with Nel- representative on the anti-apartheid Com- In 2010 Goldberg published his autobi- dents (NUSAS), a liberal student body cally under the pseudonym, Frank Talk. failed to deter his political activity and he ing strength from our common plight and movement established in the 1950s under son Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki mittee of the United Nations. ography, “The Mission: A Life for Freedom dominated by white students. In the 1960s, set up a BPC office serving as its Branch brotherhood. In time we shall be in a posi- the direction of the African National and others for conspiracy to overthrow After the first democratic elections in in South Africa.” He currently lives in the body sympathised with the plight of Through the inspiration of Biko's grow- Executive. His banning order was amend- tion to bestow upon Africa the greatest Congress (ANC). Other groups included the state. April 1994, Goldberg realised the need to Hout Bay, Cape Town. black students, resulting in an increase in ing legacy, South African youth at high ed to restrict him from any association gift possible, a more human face.” black student membership. Many stu- school level mobilised to form the South with the BPC. Although his dream of becoming a med- dents, including Biko became increasing- African Students's Movement (SASM) Despite this blow to the BPC, it made ical doctor wasn't fulfilled, he became a ly dissatisfied, however, with the organi- which played a critical role in the 1976 great strides in serving the community in doctor of the soul. them for the freedom struggle. Mewa Ramgobin When in 1983 Ramgobin’s banning PPRROOFFIILLEE order was lifted, he was elected to espite the apartheid regime’s Born: 10 November 1932, Inanda the position of national co-treasur- believes strongly that poor commu- attempts to restrict him from politi- Parents: Ramgobin Sheochand and er of the United Democratic Front Susan Barbara Brittion nities should claim their power and Dcal activism, Mewa Ramgobin (UDF), South Africa’s largest coali- PPRROOFFIILLEE stand up for their rights, one such remained unswerving in the struggle for Maharjia Ramgobin tion of anti-apartheid groups. s a child Sue Brittion witnessed her Born: 2 January 1938, Poland example is her involvement in the South Africa’s liberation and true to Education: BA Honours (UNISA) Ramgobin was one of five people home in England being destroyed by Parents: Lesa and Harry Webb Abahlali Basemjondolo “shack Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophies of Satya- Marriage Partner: Ela Gandhi who was arrested and detained for Abombs during the Second World War. Education: Diploma in Adult dwellers” movement that seeks to graha and nonviolence. 19 days while the preparations for This life-changing experience awakened protect the homeless and voiceless (divorced); Education (UKZN) His political awareness was aroused Mariam Ramgobin the launch of the Tricameral Parlia- her to the senselessness of war and from removal and persecution. during his teen years in the difference in mentary elections were taking encouraged her to start working towards Marriage Partner: Divorced As an active member of the World the treatment of his African friends. He Children: Six place. promoting nonviolence and peace. Children: Three Council of Religions for Peace, she soon began to realise the hypocrisy of They were released on a technical- Brittion resisted the pressure of fellow upholds the belief that people of dif- complaining about discrimination banning orders, which did not deter him ity and went underground. On the white people to join and support the ferent faiths should work together to towards Indians whilst ignoring this from political involvement. Five years day that the tricameral parliament’s apartheid regime. She also educated her tion Campaign (ECC), a coalition of promote peace. Brittion is also a towards Africans. later, in 1970 after his banning order election results were to be three daughters to believe in social justice human rights, religious, students and member of the Vuleka Trust which When he was 19 years old, Ramgobin expired, he set about establishing an announced six South African lead- for all and taught them from an early age women's groups that opposed the con- encourages training in participato- took part in the 1952 Defiance Campaign organisation to seek the release of politi- ers including Ramgobin sought the dangers of defining people by the scription of white South Africans into an ry education on topics such as diver- and at a subsequent mass meeting at Dur- cal activists in prison and a Committee refuge in and occupied the offices of colour of their skin. army that was used to maintain sity and basic human relations. ban's Red Square, met Inkosi Albert for Clemency, which called for the release the British Consulate in Durban. Sue has long been an influential indi- apartheid. It was also aimed at preventing She is committed to the equality of Luthuli for the first time. of all political prisoners and the unban- This action drew international vidual in the country having dedicated white boys from joining the apartheid women and men to the extent that Ramgobin became involved in the stu- ning of the ANC, was set up with him as attention on the human rights abus- her life to fighting for peace and social army. one of her main objectives was to dent movement while at university. Dur- chairperson. time with a house arrest order which es in South Africa and led to the eventual justice. Before SA achieved democracy in Her involvement with the peace move- The organisation created links with peo- ensure that the Anglican Church in SA ing this time, he was an active member of During this time he began working restricted him from moving out of the negotiated settlement in the country. 1994, she and the Diakonia Council of ment posed a great danger to herself and ple in Europe to join hands to maintain made it possible for women to be ordained National Union of South African Stu- towards the revival of the Natal Indian Inanda district. Mewa was elected into parliament in Churches started an initiative where they her family. The SA Security Services con- peace before and after the first SA demo- to the priesthood. In November 2005, she dents (NUSAS) and headed the non-Euro- Congress (NIC) which was founded by He was therefore forced to close down 1994 and remained there until his retire- trained people to monitor violence. The tinued to raid her home and office taking cratic elections in 1994. Despite the dis- was ordained in the Anglican Church pean SRC of the University of Natal, Gandhiji. his offices in Durban and open an office ment in 2009. apartheid government realised the effect all working documents from her office. banding of pre-democracy structures after serving as a deacon for a year. engaging with leaders like Alan Paton, At a meeting called to obtain a public in Verulam. He was unable to attend the He has written three books, Waiting to that the organisation had and tried by all “This was when I had to make a choice, I such as these, Brittion continues to work Having spent 23 years with the Diako- Baba Archie Gumede, Steve Biko and mandate to revive the NIC, he was elected inaugural conference of the newly Live, The People Shall Govern: An means to stop it. had to either join them or act against tirelessly towards achieving equal justice nia Council of Churches, a coalition of Rick Turner. With fellow students, they chairman of the ad hoc committee. revived NIC. overview of the Freedom Charter and The In 1985 Brittion was detained and inter- them.” She opted for the latter and con- for all. religious organizations around Durban staged numerous boycotts in protest His involvement in the campaign, how- During the period under house arrest, Prisms of Light. rogated for two weeks by South Africa's tinued with her anti apartheid work. Sue has also worked closely with com- working for peace and social justice, Brit- against racially motivated injustices. ever, was short-lived as he was served which lasted until 1983, Ramgobin trained At present he is the chairperson of the infamous security service for her role as a Eventually, in 1993 she took part in the munities in Durban to advocate the phi- tion retired in 2004 but continues to work In 1965, Ramgobin received his first with his second 5 year banning order this many of today’s leaders and mobilised Phoenix Settlement Trust. founding member of the End Conscrip- Ecumenical Peace Makers' Programme. losophy of peace and nonviolence. She for economic and environmental justice. Page 8 • AUG / SEPT 2012

The 2012 Satyagraha Award for Peace and Reconciliation

campaign against the racist Tricameral Zak Yacoob parliament. He was also a member of the PPRROOFFIILLEE underground structures of the ANC. ak Yacoob has overcome the adversity Born: 3 March 1948, Durban Despite Yacoob’s multifarious socio- of blindness to become a judge in the political commitments, he never forgot the Parents: Nunshimoosa and disadvantage of growing up blind and Zconstitutional court of South Africa. Rokaya Yacoob Currently, he serves as the acting deputy remains involved in the Natal Blind and chief justice of South Africa. Education: BA LLB (UKZN) Deaf Society and the South African From 1956 to 1966, Yacoob attended Dur- Marriage Partner: Anu National Council for the Blind. Also, he has served on many school committees, ban's Arthur Blaxall School for the blind Children: Two where he completed his primary educa- parent-teacher bodies, rate payers’ associ- tion. During his university life, Yacoob achievement read: “We believe in empow- ations and civic organisations. was actively involved in many clubs and ering visually impaired people to do what Zak Yacoob was a member of the council organisations and was instrumental in they dare to dream and his achievements at the University of Durban Westville forming the first elected students’ repre- have been built on a foundation of justice, from 1989-1993 and 1995 to 1997. He became sentative council. hard work and determination to succeed. between students, pupils, teachers, par- the chancellor of the University of Dur- Yacoob served his pupillage in Durban, We hope this appointment opens the eyes ents and educational authorities. He was ban Westville (UDW) from May 2001 to the city in which he grew up, after which of all South Africans in showing how also an executive member of the Natal December 31 2003, and served as its last in 1973 he was admitted as an advocate. As much success and independence visually Indian Congress (NIC) from 1981 to 1991 chancellor before it merged with the Uni- a junior counsel, from 1973 to 1991, his impaired people can achieve”. where his duties included organising versity of Natal. work revolved largely around human Zak has always had a passion in his protests, distributing publicity material Zak’s contribution to the achievement of rights in apartheid South Africa as he heart to help people no matter their colour and addressing a number of anti- democracy in South Africa did not end at served and represented many people who or status in life. In acknowledging the cen- apartheid mass meetings. that point. He was a member of the tech- contravened security laws and other trality of the constitution he said, “We Zac became involved in the Durban nical committee on fundamental rights oppressive legislation, victims of unfair know that inequality, suffering, poverty, Housing Action Committee (DHAC) during the negotiation process, part of the evictions and tariffs. From 1990 to 1991 he inhumanity, and indignity remain the tasked with ensuring that the Durban City Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) represented the accused in the Vula trial order of the day for many millions of peo- Council managed fairly its housing from 1993 to 1994 and one of the panel of which involved high ranking members of ple in this country. The constitution is schemes. In addition, he was part of the independent experts in the constitutional the African National Congress. In addi- there to ensure that people who are vul- Durban Detainees Support Committee assembly. tion, Yacoob ran a significant and diverse nerable and marginalised because of their from 1981 to 1985 where he campaigned for Zak Yacoob has made huge sacrifices general legal practice. poverty or for other reasons are protected community support for detainees, the spending less time with his family and In February 1998 Zac became part of the and their quality of life improved”. release of detainees, the amelioration of more time in the struggle against Constitutional Court of South Africa and Inevitably, Yacoob has been deeply the conditions under which the detainees Apartheid and has set an example for when he was appointed Acting Deputy involved in socio-political issues. In 1980, were held and helping to organise work- future generations to follow. In addition, Chief Justice of South Africa, The South he chaired the Durban Committee of Ten, shops, meetings and conferences to expose he has set a significant precedence that no African National Council for the Blind a group formed to mobilise for the release the evils of detention without trial. From obstacle should stop you from being suc- was elated. The statement lauding his of pupils in detention and facilitate talks 1983 to 1985, Yacoob was involved in the cessful and making a difference.

When he became a father, his busy John schedule never stopped him from spend- PPRROOFFIILLEE ing time with his six children whom he taught to be humble and respect people of Langalibalele Dube Born: 11 February 1871, Inanda all races. Parents: Reverend James and Amongst many of Dube's achievements Langalibalele’ his middle name, mean- Elizabeth Dube was the establishment of a Zulu newspa- ing ‘bright sun’ was demonstrated very Education: Ph.D. (UNISA) per in 1904, “Ilanga lase Natal” (Sun of Natal), a mouth-piece for black people ‘early in his life as he excelled in his Marriage Partner: Nokutela Madima schooling years at Adams School at the which also promoted the idea of a united Inanda station, where his father James Children: Six African front. The newspaper emphasised Dube served as a Congregational Church the need for education and financial help Dube's strong belief in the preservation of Minister. Consequently, at a young age, from white philanthropists with an over- indigenous languages. with the help of William Willcox, John got all vision of equal education for all races. Between 1894 and 1896, he built two an opportunity to leave South Africa for The tone of his writing in the paper churches in the Incwadi village and in iah Shembe and Mahatma Gandhi used to the United States. often appeared radical and during the 1897 returned to the US with the intention take walks from the Settlement and Bambata Uprising of 1906 he was arrested Between 1888 and 1890, Dube studied sci- of furthering his training. Dube was Ekuphakameni to Dube's house. Accord- as an 'Ethiopian' and an agitator but was ence, mathematics, classical Greek, and a inspired by Booker T Washington, whose ing to historical records, they talked about subsequently released. After this, Dube course in oratorical skills at Oberlin ideas dominated Dube's educational and the issues and challenges of human injus- began to take part in a number of political School. The skills he learnt and the con- political thoughts in so far as Washington tices and all three shared a common belief meetings, one of which was the gathering nections he made during these years, laid encouraged his students to become self- of resisting oppression and discrimina- in Bloemfontein where African leaders the foundations for his later accomplish- reliant by teaching them skills such as tion in nonviolent and peaceful ways. discussed the South African Bill of 1909. ments. printing, farming, shoemaking, cooking Dube communicated his belief in nonvi- During meetings Dube showed great lead- During his time in the US, in the compa- and many others. This inspired Dube to olence countrywide during meetings, in ership skills and earned trust from the ny of William Wilcox, Dube lectured develop a similar initiative aimed at pro- his books and in his newspaper. Leaders public, qualities which led to his election throughout Ohio, Pennsylvania and New moting the rights of Black people. who came after Dube, like Nelson Man- as the first President of the African York and succeeded in raising a sum of Before returning to South Africa, Dube dela, adopted this legacy of nonviolence National Congress in 1912. money later used to start a school was ordained as a priest, and in 1900 he and continued to preach it after liberation He was a man who wore many hats: (Ohlange) in Inanda. During this time achieved his dream, when he bought 200 in 1994, despite being victims of discrimi- politician, teacher, preacher, editor etc. Dube published a thirty-five page book acres of land in the Inanda district and nation and many years in jail. To date non- He was also an author of many books, one titled “A Familiar Talk Upon My Native established the Zulu Christian Industrial violence is preached by various peace of which was entitled, “The enemy of a Land” which highlighted Dube's desire to Institute. A year later, the Institute was organisations around the country. Non- Black man is Himself” in which he tells bring agricultural and industrial reforms renamed, Ohlange Institute and func- violence affords people the time to think of to his fellow indigenous Africans. tioned as a school where African children alternative ways of solving differences. It blacks that despite the oppression, their In 1892, owing to ill health, Dube received an education. Dube dedicated his also gives an opportunity to learn each destiny lies in their hands to stand up and returned to South Africa followed, a year life to working for his people, using the others ways of doing things and get to discover ways to overcome oppression, later, by Wilcox. They teamed up at skills he had acquired in the US to enlight- know one another, instead of resorting to mainly through co-operation amongst Amanzimtoti High School where Dube en people on their rights and to fight for violence which curbs any country's devel- black communities while maintaining taught. Encouraged by his wife and Wilcox human rights through education. opment. peace. to start his own mission, Dube established Ohlange is close to the Phoenix settle- Also, on his return, Dube formed links Dube believed that the greatest weapon a small day school in Incwadi Village in ment, where Gandhi started the newspa- with other leaders to form the Natal against any form of abuse is education. the Umkhomazi Valley. At this school, per, Indian Opinion and not far from the Native Congress (NNC) in July 1900, which Dube himself was highly educated and in where Dube taught English and mathe- dense religious settlement of Ama- was committed to political actions with 1937 became the first black South African matics, students were encouraged to read Nazaretha, where the Nazareth people the aim of taking the grievances of black to graduate with a Ph.D. from Unisa. He in their own language, as a result of founded the prophet, Shembe. Inkosi Isa- people to the government. passed away on 11 February 1946.