Teacher Guide You’ve Come A Long Way, Dolly!

Abstract During this activity, students construct a timeline depicting the history of cloning. They present, and then place in order, key events in cloning using the birth of Dolly the sheep as a reference point. Since students are not given the date of each event, they need to consider the relative progression of cloning techniques and the increasing complexity of cloned organisms. Once the timeline is complete and the dates are confirmed, students are asked to consider and discuss the scientific and social/political significance of the events.

Learning Objectives • Students will understand that cloning is not a new science • Students will understand that scientific advances are a process with one “discovery” enabling the next • Students will think critically about the social or political impact of scientific progress • Students will learn about the advance of cloning technologies and the current state of cloning science Estimated time • Class Time 70 minutes (may be extended by class discussion or assessment) • Prep time 30 minutes Materials • Classroom set of Mock Newspaper Articles (cut each page in half along dotted line) • Student handouts • Tape • Stickers in two colors for each student Background Current media attention seems to indicate that cloning is a recent scientific phenomenon. However, less-publicized studies in cloning have been carried out since 1885.

The steps leading to current cloning methods began with cloning very simple organisms by artificial embryo twinning (splitting a very early embryo in half in a Petri dish). Some of the first cloned organ- isms came from embryos that were split in two using a fine piece of hair as a noose. Further experi- ments using this technique established the fact that the nucleus directs cell growth and division.

The next step was cloning by nuclear transfer. This is the process of taking the nucleus from a donor cell and placing it in an unfertilized, enucleated egg cell. Experiments using this technique began with simple organisms and progressed to more complex mammals. Dolly the sheep was the first organism to be cloned using the nucleus from an adult somatic cell as opposed to an embryonic cell, thus indicating yet another advance in cloning technology.

© 2020 University of Utah Updated July 27, 2020 1 Cloning technology has also been used to create transgenic organisms by placing selected genes in the nuclei of cultured adult somatic cells and then using those nuclei to create transgenic cloned embryos. When grown to maturity, these organisms can be used to produce harvestable proteins for human use. Scientists are working on using cloning techniques to harvest human stem cells for medical treatment as well.

It is important that students understand the difference between the embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning techniques. Since the embryo used for embryo twinning was produced by sexual reproduction, none of the resulting clones will be genetically identical to either parent. This is also true for cloning via nuclear transfer using nuclei from embryonic donor cells. However, since the nucleus used for somatic cell nuclear transfer is taken from one of a donor’s somatic cells, the clone is genetically identical to this “parent.” This ability to use an adult cell eliminates the need for an embryo, enabling clones to be produced by asexual rather than sexual reproduction.

Activity Part One: 1. Begin class by discussing the significance of the birth of Dolly the sheep and the fact that Dolly’s birth is just one event in the long history of cloning.

2. Tell the students that:

• They will be using The Cloning Times newspaper articles to construct a timeline depicting the history of cloning. Each article describes a significant event in the timeline. The name of the scientist who carried out the research or a person important to that event is listed after the headlines. A sentence summarizing the event is printed in bold type at the beginning of each article. • As there are no dates on the articles, it is up to them to determine where to place their event along the timeline (a designated space along the wall of the classroom). Initially, they will use the birth of Dolly as a reference point. • To construct the timeline, they will present their article headline and summary sentence to the class, and then tape the article on the wall in the order they think it belongs relative to events already posted. They will probably make many adjustments along the way. 3. Hand out articles and student handouts. Ask the students to read the Activity Instructions and begin.

4. Next, ask the student/group whose headline reads: Hello Dolly! to read their headline and sum- mary sentence (in boldface type) aloud to the class. Have that student tape their article in the middle of the space you have designated for timeline construction. This student must go first as their event is the reference point.

5. Call on students at random (or ask for volunteers) to read the headline and summary sentence (in boldface type) of their newspaper article aloud. After each presentation, have the student place the article along the timeline in the area they think it belongs, and ask them to explain why they are placing their event in that particular place. Students who are unsure of where to place their article may ask for input from the rest of the class.

6. When student presenters read the following three events, stop, and ask the class to write that summary sentence in the proper space on the Cloning Times Record. You will need to tell them the year of the event. © 2020 University of Utah You’ve Come A Long Way, Dolly! — Teacher Guide 2 • Frogs cloned by nuclear transfer from a tadpole embryo (1952) • Female mouse cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer (1998) • Human cloning might also be used to create stem cells for new medical treatments (2001) • This will help keep the students focused during the activity and provide additional refer- ence points along the way. Use these events to rearrange the posted newspaper events as necessary. 7. When students have placed their newspaper articles in the proper order, the large, light letters in the background will spell out “You’ve Come A Long Way Dolly”. Once all of the events are cor- rectly placed, give students time to copy the headlines and summary sentences down in order on their Cloning Times Record, thus revealing the actual date of each event.

Activity Part Two: Designate one sticker color to represent scientific significance and the other sticker color to repre- sent political/social significance. Give the students one sticker of each color.

8. Ask students to first place the designated sticker on the timeline event they think is of the most scientific importance. Discuss these choices as a class.

9. Next, ask students to place the other sticker on the event they think has the most social or politi- cal importance. Discuss these choices as a class.

Activity Part Three: 10. Use the Questions (Part III) on the Cloning Timeline Activity Discussion and Questions student handout (S-3) in one of the following ways:

• Discuss the questions as a class. • Ask students to choose a question and write a one-page response using information from the constructed timeline to support their answer. • Have students chose one question to answer by drawing a mural, comic strip, or flip-book using information from the constructed timeline. • Assign each question to a small group to discuss and present their answer to the rest of the class. Adaptations • This activity can be done as a whole class or within smaller groups. • Ask students to discuss their articles in small groups and decide on an order before beginning their presentations. • Have students use a highlighter to highlight key elements (in addition to the headline) in their newspaper article before presenting. • Ask students in more advanced classes to present an article summary, in addition to the title and summary sentence, to the class

Funding for this module was provided by a Science Education Partnership Award (No. 1 R25 RR16291-01) from the National Center for Research Resources, a component of the National Institutes of Health. © 2020 University of Utah You’ve Come A Long Way, Dolly! — Teacher Guide 3 The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Seeing Double? Sea Urchins Cloned! Slimy Salamanders Cloned: What’s Next? Hans Adolf Edward Dreisch Hans Spemann

Sea urchins cloned by What did this tell us? Each Salamander cloned by Yes! Spemann fashioned a tiny shaking one embryo into cell in the embryo has its using a noose to separate noose from a strand of baby hair two separate cells. own complete set of genetic the cells in an early and tightened it between two instructions and can grow into cells of a salamander embryo Can the earliest embryos be split embryo. a full organism. This was the first until they separated. Each cell into individual cells, which go on A sea urchin has successfully ever demonstration of cloning grew into an adult salamander. to become separate organisms? been cloned using embryo by embryo twinning. Spemann also tried to divide Does each embryonic cell twinning. Now, can this be done more advanced salamander contain a complete set of in a more complex organism embryos using this method, but genetic material that can direct – say, something with a real he found that cells from these the formation of an organism? backbone, like a salamander? embryos weren’t as successful Will the twinning approach still The sea urchin is a relatively at developing into adult work? simple organism that is useful for salamanders. studying development. Dreisch Spemann’s first challenge was What did this tell us? Embryos showed that by merely shaking to figure out how to split the two from more complex organisms two-celled sea urchin embryos, cells of an embryo much stickier can also be “twinned” to form it was possible to separate the than sea urchin cells. Could he multiple organisms – but cells. Once separated, each cell tie off the two cells with a length only up to a certain stage in grew into a complete sea urchin. of thread, dental floss, or even a strand of hair? development. Technique Technique

Two-celled sea urchin embryo Baby hair noose separates sticky cells of two-celled embryo Shake to separate Ycell O Two identical sea Two identical urchins salamanders The Cloning Times The Cloning Times It’s True: The Nucleus is in Charge Frogs Galore! Nuclear Transfer Becomes a Reality Hans Spemann Robert Briggs and Thomas King

After a few cell divisions, Spe- Frog cloned by nuclear “fertilized egg” develop into a The cell nucleus controls tadpole? the development of a sal- mann loosened the noose, let- transfer from a tadpole ting the nucleus slide back to its amander embryo. embryo. The scientists created many normal original position in the cell. tadpole clones using nuclei from ear- What part of the embryonic sal- Fascinated by the idea of nuclear ly embryos. But just like Spemann’s amander cell directs its growth Spemann then used his noose transfer, Briggs and King wanted salamander experiments, cloning and division? Is it the nucleus? to separate this “new” cell from to see whether they could use this the rest of the embryo. Since the technique to clone an even more was less successful with donor nuclei Using a high-tech gizmo – a nucleus was now in the original complex organism: the frog. from more advanced embryos: the strand of baby hair tied into a cytoplasm, this cell resembled few tadpole clones that did survive Their first challenge was to isolate noose – Spemann temporarily a fertilized egg more than an grew abnormally. squeezed a salamander’s fertil- the nucleus from a donor cell: in this embryonic cell. Nevertheless, What did this tell us? Most impor- ized egg to push the nucleus to case, a cell from an early tadpole this single cell grew into a new tantly, this experiment showed that one side of the cytoplasm. The embryo. Next, they had to prepare a salamander embryo. nuclear transfer was a viable cloning egg divided into more embry- recipient frog egg cell by removing technique. It also reinforced two ear- onic cells only on the side of the What did this tell us? The nucle- its nucleus – a process called enucle- lier observations. First, the nucleus noose with the nucleus. us from an early embryonic cell ation. Last, the donor nucleus and directs the complete growth the recipient egg cell were united. directs cell growth and, ultimately, Even if all these procedures were an organism’s development. Sec- Technique of a salamander. Essen- tially the first instance of successful, would the new ond, embryonic cells early in devel- nuclear transfer, this ex- opment are better for cloning than Noose pushes nucleus to periment showed that an cells at later stages. one side of egg cell Technique embryonic cell nucleus could substitute for the Donor cell separated Nucleus removed Cell grows into nucleus in a fertilized egg from tadpole embryo from embryo cell tadpole clone Cell division cell.

Noose loosened; returning nucleus to original position

UCell separated from embryo ’V Embryo cell nucleus inserted into egg cell Cell grows into salamander Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times For Cloning, Any Nucleus Will Do Cloning with a Wee Wittle Wabbit Egg John Gurdon J. Derek Bromhall

Frog cloned by nuclear What did this tell us? Nuclei Rabbit cloned by transfer from a differen- from fully differentiated somatic embryonic cell nuclear What did this tell us? Cloning cells can be used for cloning. tiated tadpole cell. transfer. mammals using nuclear transfer This means that that there is is possible. Can the nucleus from an adult no loss of genetic material as The next cloning challenge was cell, more differentiated than an cells in an organism divide and to try nuclear transfer in a more embryonic cell, serve as a donor? differentiate. complex mammalian organism, like the rabbit. Mammalian egg To find out, Gurdon transplanted cells are much smaller than those the nucleus of a tadpole stomach of frogs or salamanders, so they cell into an enucleated frog egg. are harder to manipulate. In this way, he created tadpoles that were genetically identical to Using glass pipettes as tiny the one from which the stomach straws, Bromhall transferred the nucleus from a rabbit embryo cell was taken. cell into an enucleated rabbit egg cell. He considered the procedure a success when a morula, or advanced embryo, developed after a couple of days.

Technique Technique

Donor cell extracted Nucleus removed Cell grows into Donor cell extracted Nucleus removed Cell grows into from tadpoleE stomach from stomach cell tadpole clone from rabbitC embryo from embryo cell rabbit morula Embryo cell nucleus Stomach cell nucleus inserted into egg cell inserted into egg cell Nucleus removed from egg cell Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Baa-Baa from an Eartly Kind of Cell Mooove Over for Having a Cow! Steen Willardsen Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone

Sheep cloned by embry- What did this tell us? Cloning Cow cloned by What did this tell us? This onic cell nuclear transfer. by nuclear transfer is possible in embryonic cell nuclear experiment lengthened the larger mammals. list of mammals that could be Would nuclear transfer work in transfer. cloned by nuclear transfer. Still, sheep? To find out, Willadsen Rabbits, sheep – can even mammalian cloning was limited chemically separated one cell larger animals, such as cattle, to using embryonic cells as from an early-stage lamb em- be cloned? First, Prather and nuclei donors. Cloning using bryo and fused it to an enucleat- Eyestone used a small electrical nuclei from differentiated adult ed egg cell. He then used a small shock to fuse early-stage cow somatic cells wasn’t thought electric shock to mimic fertiliza- embryonic cells to enucleated possible. tion by a sperm cell, causing the egg cells. They implanted the w new cell to divide. resulting embryos into the wombs of surrogate mother Finally, Willadsen placed the cows to nurture them through resulting embryo into the womb pregnancy. The first two cloned of a surrogate mother sheep to calves were named Fusion and nurture it through pregnancy. Copy. This was the first large mammal to be cloned by nuclear transfer from an embryonic cell.

Technique Technique

Donor cell extracted Nucleus removed Cell grows into Donor cell extracted Embryo cell nucleus Cell grows into from sheep embryo from embryo cell sheep clone from cow embryo moves to egg cell cow clone

OElectric shock M Electric shock fuses Embryo cell nucleus embryo cell with egg cell inserted into egg cell Nucleus removed from egg cell Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Cloning Laws Appear on the Horizon Baa-Baa Times Two from a Petri Dish Cell Zoo William Jefferson Clinton Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell

U.S. President Clinton What did this tell us? Just Sheep cloned by nuclear What did this tell us? Cells requested legislation to because something is technically transfer from cells grown cultured in the laboratory can possible does not mean that also supply donor nuclei for protect human research it is socially responsible. In a in the laboratory. cloning by nuclear transfer. subjects. democratic society, many points All previous cloning As cloning techniques improved of view are considered before laws are passed. experiments used donor nuclei human cloning seemed more from cells that were part of possible, and the issue began developing embryos. In their to appear on policymakers’ next experiment, Wilmut and agendas. In 1995, President Campbell used donor nuclei Clinton formed the National from a slightly different source: Bioethics Advisory Council cultured mammalian cells, which (NBAC). This council, made up were kept alive in the laboratory. of scientific experts and non- Wilmut and Campbell scientists, evaluated ethical, transferred the nuclei from religious and legal issues cultured cells into enucleated concerning the protection of sheep egg cells. The lambs born human research subjects. This from this procedure were named would later be relevant to the Megan and Molly. controversies surrounding human cloning. Technique Donor sheep cell from Cultured cell nucleus Cell grows into E laboratoryA cell culture moves into egg cell sheep clone Electric shock fuses cultured cell with egg cell

Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Hello Dolly! Promises and Pitfalls of Human Cloning Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell William Jefferson Clinton than a differentiated adult cell. Sheep cloned by somatic U.S. President Clinton research, several of these went cell nuclear transfer. ahead with their research plans. Using the electric shock blocked federal funding technique, Wilmut and Campbell for human cloning Based on the NBAC One of the biggest challenges in fused enucleated sheep egg cells recommendations, Clinton mammalian cloning was using a research. with udder cells from a female encouraged Congress to pass a differentiated adult somatic cell adult sheep. Of 277 attempts, law banning human reproductive as the donor. What was the big After Dolly the sheep was cloned only one produced an embryo cloning in the United States. deal? in 1996, Clinton temporarily that was carried to term in a However, he supported cloning restricted the use of taxpayer surrogate mother. This famous research that could lead to Every cell’s nucleus contains funds to support research on lamb, named Dolly, brought significant medical benefits a complete set of genetic human cloning. He also asked cloning into the limelight. including therapeutic cloning to information. However, the the National Bioethics Advisory create human embryonic stem pattern of using this information What did this tell us? Dolly was Council (NBAC) to assess human cells for research. differs between adult cells and cloning research. The NBAC the first mammal ever to be What did this tell us? Cloning embryonic cells. This means that concluded that any attempt cloned using a donor nucleus procedures can be used for when an adult cell nucleus is used to clone humans by nuclear from an adult somatic cell. Her different results. Duplicating a as a donor, its genetic information transfer is an “irresponsible, arrival brought the potential human using cloning creates must be reset, or re-booted. This unethical, and unprofessional implications for cloning, many ethical problems. allows the cell to behave like a act” but recommended that any especially controversies over However, using cloning to create brand-new embryonic cell rather laws be temporary and reviewed cloning humans and stem cell cells and tissues to treat illnesses again in several years. While the research, into the public eye. might be beneficial. Technique NBAC requested that private Donor cell from udder Udder cell nucleus Cell grows into organizations also delay cloning cells in adultL sheep moves into egg cell sheep clone O Electric shock fuses udder cell with egg cell Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Monkey See, Monkey Do, Monkey Monkey Cloned As Two Following Dolly, Pharming Polly Li Meng, John Ely, Richard Stouffer, and Don Wolf Angelika Schnieke, Keith Campbell, and Ian Wilmut Wilmut, Campbell and Schnieke set out into surrogate mothers. Out Transgenic sheep clones Monkeys cloned by to create cloned sheep that expressed of 29 cloned embryos, two can produce treatments for embryonic cell nuclear the human gene encoding the blood monkeys were born. One was human medical disease. transfer. clotting Factor IX (“factor nine”). This a female named Neti, and the How can humans benefit from cloning protein can be used to treat people with Primates are good models other was a male named Ditto. technology? Why would we want to do for studying human genetic hemophilia, a disorder that results in the What did this tell us? Primates, this? disorders. Cloning identical inability to stop bleeding when injured. which are humans’ closest Transgenic technology – the transfer of primates would decrease the To create the transgenic sheep, the relatives, can be cloned. genes from one species into another – genetic variation and number scientists introduced the human Factor IX was being refined just as mammalian of animals in research studies gene into the nuclei of sheep skin cells cloning hit the limelight. This technology related to human genetic grown in a laboratory dish. These nuclei makes it possible to produce transgenic conditions. were then transferred to sheep egg cells, animals that serve as production factories creating transgenic cloned embryos. Similar to previous cloning for medically useful proteins. experiments, Wolf’s team of Polly was the first transgenic sheep One convenient way to produce large scientists fused early-stage produced this way. quantities of a transgenic protein is embryonic cells with enucleated What did this tell us? Sheep can be to engineer an animal to produce the monkey egg cells using a small genetically engineered to produce protein in its milk. Simply by milking the electrical shock. The resulting therapeutic proteins for humans in their animals, we can collect the protein, purify embryos were then implanted milk. The convergence of transgenic and it and use it for medical purposes. cloning technologies resulted in a new Technique Technique approach to treating human diseases. Donor cell from mon- Embryo cell nucleus Cell grows into The Factor IX gene is Cell nucleus (with gene) Cell grows into key embryo cells moves into egg cell monkey clone inserted into cells moves to egg cell sheep with gene Fa cto N r IX GeneG Electric shock fuses cell Electric shock fuses (with gene) with egg cell embryo cell with egg cell Nucleus removed from egg cell Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times To Clone or Not to Cone? Dolly Shows Folks How to Clone a Mouse Richard Seed and Lee Bo-yeon Teruhiko Wakayama and Ryuzo Yanagimachi

Perspectives on cloning research world rejected Bo- Female mouse cloned The new cell was chemically humans and human yeon’s claim, demanding more by somatic cell nuclear stimulated to divide and scientific evidence. implanted into a surrogate cloning research. transfer. What did this tell us? Advances mother mouse. The first cloned mouse pup, named Cumulina, Some people support human in genetics are presenting the Dolly was cloned using genetic was born 19 days later. cloning. For example, Richard world with new choices. The material from differentiated Seed is an American physicist potential for human cloning adult cells. Can other mammals What did this tell us? Cloning and self-proclaimed “fertility exists and may soon become a be cloned this way? using donor nuclei from adult expert.” In 1998 he announced reality. Some people support cells can be performed in plans to clone a human being researching this potential. Wakayama and Yanagimachi mammals other than sheep. before any federal ban could used mouse cumulus cells be enacted. Around the same as nucleus donors. These time, South Korean researcher differentiated cells nourish egg Lee Bo-yeon claimed to have cells in female adult mice. But used nuclear transfer with an instead of using an electric enucleated egg and a somatic shock to transfer the nucleus, the cell from the same woman. scientists injected the nucleus directly into the egg cell. He reported that one of the resulting eggs began dividing. However, the Korean research Technique team halted its development Cumulus cell extracted Cell grows into at the four-cell stage, before from adult female mouse female mouse clone it could be implanted into a Wsurrogate mother’s womb. The A Cumulus cell nucleus injected into egg cell Richard Seed Lee Bo-yeon Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Fibro Brings Macho to Cumulina’s Arena Infertility Drives Cloning Research Teruhiko Wakayama and Ryuzo Yanagimachi Severino Antinori and Panayiotis Zavos

Male mouse cloned by male pup, named Fibro, was the Human cloning might claim of achieving a human somatic cell nuclear only successful clone in 274 solve problems of clone. transfer. attempts. couples having difficulty in becoming pregnant. What did this tell us? Not being Up to this point, all successful What did this tell us? Cloning able to have a baby causes a using adult somatic cells isn’t adult cell cloning attempts used A group of reproductive experts lot of emotional pain in some restricted to females or to cells cells associated with the female announced their plan to clone a people’s lives. Scientists are associated with the reproductive reproductive system. human within the next two years. looking at cloning as a possible system. solution for infertility. Can a male-derived adult cell be This international group includes used to generate a male mouse? Greek-American researcher Wakayama and Yanagimachi Panayiotis Zavos and Italian isolated donor nuclei from cells researcher Severino Antinori. collected from the tail tips of Zavos and other scientists have adult male mice. After injecting argued the benefits of human these nuclei into enucleated egg cloning research in front of a cells, the scientists transferred the U.S. Congressional Committee resulting embryos into surrogate formed to discuss issues raised mother mice. The single resulting by human cloning. Antinori announced that a woman would Technique give birth to a cloned baby in January 2003, but provided Tail tip cell extracted Cell grows into male no scientific details for the from adult male mouse mouse clone pregnancy. Many scientific Y expertsD are skeptical about his Tail cell nucleus injected into egg cell Panayiotis Zavos Severino Antinori Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Human Cloning to Bolster Stem Cell Therapies? New President, New Policies Advanced Cell Technology George Walker Bush

Human cloning might also from reproductive cloning in that U.S. President Bush bans What does this tell us? Not be used to create stem cells it aims to produce cells and tissues federal funding of all everyone differentiates between for new medical treatments. rather than a complete human being. human cloning research. the two types of cloning. Scientists at Advanced Cell How might cloning a human benefit President Bush created the Technology, an American medical research? President’s Council on Bioethics. biotechnology company, cloned the This group carried out a mission Early embryos are composed of first documented human embryo by similar to former President stem cells, which can become any nuclear transfer, using the nucleus Clinton’s National Bioethics kind of cell in the human body. A from an adult cumulus cell. The Advisory Council. potential approach to repairing cloned egg developed into a six- tissue damage in a patient’s body celled embryo before it stopped The Bush administration is by using the patient’s genetic growing. This experiment showed prohibited taxpayer funding material to clone an early embryo that therapeutic cloning might be a to support research involving that would be split into individual realistic approach to producing stem the cloning and destruction stem cells. cells for medical purposes. of human embryos. He also supported a federal ban on both These cells would be grown in the What did this tell us? The end human reproductive cloning and laboratory, producing matching result of cloning isn’t always a fully therapeutic cloning to create tissue to repair the damage. This developed organism. Cloning might stem cells for research. approach, called therapeutic also be used to create stem cells for cloning, differs new medical therapies. Technique Cumulus cell extracted from adult female human Cell divides to form a four-celled embryo Embryo cells split to Oform stem cell lines L Cumulus cell nucleus injected into egg cell

Nucleus removed from egg cell The Cloning Times The Cloning Times Supernatural Belief in Cloning House Supports Cloning Ban Human Cloning Advocates George Walker Bush

Different perspectives on to analyze all sides of an issue Human cloning bill before making your own human cloning and its passed in the U.S. House potential. decisions. Also, the human cloning issue extends well of Representatives. The Raelian Movement is a beyond the borders of the United The U.S. House of religious sect whose members States, influencing citizens of all Representatives passed a ban believe that humans are clones countries. against both reproductive and created by aliens. In 1997, the therapeutic human cloning in Raelians organized Clonaid, “the 2002. The bill was then sent first human cloning company.” to the Senate, the other half of Then in 2002, the Korean office of Congress, for a vote. Clonaid claimed to have a woman What does this tell us? If such a pregnant with a cloned embryo. bill passed, scientists funded by However, South Korean officials taxpayer money can be put in jail found no evidence supporting if they do any cloning research. the report. They rushed to enact a government ban on all human cloning in the country. What did this tell us? Different groups of people hold different beliefs and values.L It’s important Y!

Rael with model of alien spaceship