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Hydrological and Suspended Sediment Modeling in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia Agizew Nigussie Engida

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Hydrological and Suspended Sediment Modeling in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia Agizew Nigussie Engida Hydrological and Suspended Sediment Modeling in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia Agizew Nigussie Engida To cite this version: Agizew Nigussie Engida. Hydrological and Suspended Sediment Modeling in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia. Hydrology. Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, 2010. English. tel-00539152 HAL Id: tel-00539152 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539152 Submitted on 24 Nov 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité «TERRE, UNIVERS, ENVIRONNEMENT» Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée et soutenue publiquement par AGIZEW NIGUSSIE ENGIDA le 15 NOVEMBRE 2010 MODELISATION HYDROSEDIMENTAIRE DANS LE BASSIN VERSANT DU LAC TANA EN ETHIOPIE Hydrological and Suspended Sediment Modeling in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia Thèse dirigée par MICHEL ESTEVES JURY M. Etienne Jaillard Directeur de Recherche IRD, LGCA Grenoble Président Mme Isabelle Braud Directeur de Recherche CEMAGREF, HH Lyon Rapporteur M. Philippe Ackerer Directeur de Recherche CNRS, LHyGeS Strasbourg Rapporteur M. Jean Albergel Directeur de Recherche IRD, IRD Nairobi Examinateur M. Michel Esteves Directeur de Recherche IRD, LTHE Grenoble Directeur de thèse Thèse préparée au sein de l’équipe RIVER du Laboratoire d’études des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) Front matter i Water is needed in all aspects of life. The general objective is to make certain that adequate supplies of water of good quality are maintained for the entire population of this planet, while preserving the hydrological, biological and chemical functions of ecosystems, adapting human activities within the capacity limits of nature and combating vectors of water-related diseases. Agenda 21: 18.2 UN Conference on Environment & Development, 1992 ii Front matter Front matter iii BR¬t& çY¿ WÄs@ xqRBL¦lh#¿ XGz!xB/@R çY¿ xNt m-g!Ãü½ yMTwd"M xM§k@ nHÂÝÝ mZ ፶፱፥፲ Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have come to fruition without the support and encouragement of different individuals and organizations. First and foremost, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Michel Esteves. His interest to the study, serious follow-up, proper guidance, constant encouragement, and insightful and timely comments have been invaluable in shaping and enriching the dissertation. His valuable assistances in other matters are also gratefully acknowledged. I have learned many other qualities from him which would be important for my career as a researcher and academician. I am thankful to Dr. Hadush Seged, Dr. Yonas Michael, Dr. Semu Moges, Dr Yilma Seleshi, Dr. Dagnachew Legesse, Ato Yohannes Daniel and Ato Essayas Kaba for providing me with valuable data and/or documents. I am also grateful to Pierre Viallet for his supports in relation to the application of the distributed hydrological model, DHSVM. My acknowledgements are also extended to the Ministry of Water Resources and the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia for their cooperation in providing relevant hydro- meteorological data. I am indebted to different staffs of Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Technology and Civil Engineering Department for having facilitated various administrative matters. My appreciation also goes to staffs of the RIVER research group, LTHE, TUE and CROUS de Grenoble, who in one way or the other facilitated my study and stay in France. I appreciate the sandwich scholarship of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs that enabled me pursue the PhD study. Moreover, I acknowledge the financial assistances of the French Embassy in Addis Ababa and the French Institute of Research and Development (IRD) which allowed me to visit the study area and collect primary and secondary data. I thank all the jury members for having devoted their precious time to evaluate this work and particularly, Mme Isabelle Braud and M. Philippe Ackerer for their constructive comments and suggestions. I am grateful to my relatives and friends for their encouragement and wishes of successful accomplishment. Many thanks are due to my father, mother, brothers, sisters and all other members of my family for their prayers, unconditional love and support. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my lovely wife, Alaynesh Goshime, for her constant encouragement, patience and strength in shouldering diverse responsibilities during my absence. Special thanks to my little daughter, Ruth, whose birth has filled our home with immeasurable joy. I was struggling to finalize this dissertation while others were around her singing her very first happy birthday to you. I hope I will be around in the coming birthdays. iv Front matter Front matter v Abstract This study is conducted in Lake Tana basin located in the Upper Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia where water resources issues are critical and availability of relevant data is poor. The study is divided into three major components that include evaluation and analysis of the existing data, evaluation of the applicability of a physically-based distributed hydrological model and water and suspended sediment balance modeling for Lake Tana. The temporal and spatial coverage of various hydro-meteorological variables was assessed in light of recommended practices in the literature. Analyses of the hydro- meteorological datasets comprised data quality control, and determination of their characteristics in space and time. The applicability of the fully distributed physically-based hydrological model was assessed on selected catchments. The modeling exercise revealed the importance of weather data disaggregation models in generating meteorological forcings at finer time scales. Considering the quality and resolution of the inputs used, the performance of the distributed model could be judged satisfactory in two of the selected mesoscale catchments. The water balance modeling of Lake Tana was done at a monthly time step and involved estimation of the major inflow and outflow components. A dynamic conceptual model was used to estimate the contribution of catchments for which data could not be obtained. The results of the water balance model at monthly and annual time scales was generally good and the observed lake levels could be reproduced satisfactorily. Estimation of the suspended sediment balance of the lake involved development and use of rating curves and a regional area-specific model. The results of the study are useful for planning and management of water resources in the study area. Keywords: hydrological modeling, DHSVM, weather data disaggregation, suspended sediment, Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia Résumé Cette étude a été menée dans le bassin versant du lac Tana situé dans le haut bassin du Nil Bleu en Ethiopie, où les enjeux liés à l’exploitation des ressources en eau sont critiques et la disponibilité de données pertinentes est faible. L'étude est divisée en trois parties principales qui comprennent l'évaluation de la qualité et l'analyse des données existantes, l'évaluation de l'applicabilité d’un modèle hydrologique à base physique et le calcul des bilans en eau et des matières en suspension du lac Tana. Les couvertures spatiales et temporelles des variables hydro-météorologiques ont été évaluées à partir des méthodes recommandées dans la littérature. L’analyse des jeux de données hydro-météorologiques comprend le contrôle de la qualité des données, et la détermination de leurs caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles. L'applicabilité du modèle hydrologique à base physique a été évaluée sur deux bassins versants. Cet exercice de modélisation a montré l'intérêt des méthodes de désagrégation temporelle pour générer des données météorologiques à des échelles de temps plus courtes. Compte tenu de la qualité des données utilisées, la performance du modèle dans deux des bassins versants a été jugée satisfaisante. Le bilan en eau du lac Tana a été calculé au pas temps mensuel ce qui a impliqué l'estimation des différents termes. Un modèle dynamique et conceptuel a été utilisé pour estimer les contributions des bassins versants pour lesquels les données hydrométriques sont manquantes. Les résultats du calcul sont généralement bons et les niveaux observés du lac sont reproduits de manière satisfaisante. L'estimation du bilan des matières en suspension pour le lac a nécessité le développement et l'utilisation des courbes débit-concentration et un modèle régional. Les résultats présentés dans ce travail sont utiles pour la planification et la gestion des ressources en eau dans cette région d’Ethiopie. Mots-clés: modélisation hydrologique, DHSVM, désagrégation des données météorologiques, matières en suspension, lac Tana, Ethiopie vi Front matter Front matter vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................
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