is to av Photograph from coll•x:tion of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright, 1914. E CHOPE LAID IN RUIN5-This photograph is typical of the destruction left in the wake of the gigantic armies during the Great War. It was taken after the battle at Mons, Belgium (August 22-23-24, 1914). The war photographers entered just after the G<'rman troops left the city in devastation. Around this Old World cathedral raged a fierce artillery duel.
(2) A CONTElVIPORARY RECORD OF EPOCH-1\-f.AKING EVENTS FROl\11 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, DIPL01\1ATIC CORRESPONDENCE, MILITARY ORDERS AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBITS
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FRANCIS TREVELYAN MILLER, LL.D., LITT. D. Editor-in-Chief of the Ten-volume" Ph! t! graphic History of the Civil War" Founder of The Journal of American History Editor of The Search-Light Library rI
ADVISORY BOARD OF MILITARY AUTHORITIES Major-General A. W. Greely, U. S. A. Rear-Admiral Austin M. Knight. U. S. N. Major John Bigelow, U. S. A. Rear-Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, U. S. N. Captain A. L. Conger, U. S. A. Rear-Admiral Colby M. Chester, U. S. N.
HISTORIC COLLECTION OF WAR PHOTOGRAPHS
CONNECTICUT M:CMXIV STATE LIBRARY lhtNtlt~ork itibw AUG 28 1957 NEW YORK HARTFGRD P hotogro.phs and text copyright, 1914, by McBride, Keller & Company CONNECTICUT
13) Photograph from ool~ection of Bro"'-n Brothers. Copyright, 1914. MOBILIZATION OF THE Al:STRIAN ARMY-This photograph was taken immediately after the Austro-Hungarian Em pire declared war on Servia on July 28, 1914, It shows the aged Emperor Francis Joseph's troops being mobilized for the Great War. Of all the armies that fought in the tremendous conflict this was the most diversified-a polyglot of nationalities.
(41 TROOPS MOVING ONTO THE BATTI,EGROUNDS-Fighting under the Austrian flag were Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Poles, Croats, Ruthenians, Slovem•s, Bohemtans and a score of races. The offi<•ial military language was German. Austria had three separate military est:l blishments: the Imperial Royal army. the "Laudivehr," and the Hungarian "llonved." 15) -
Photograph from collection of Brown Brothers. €opyright, 1914:. TRAGIC CAUSE OF THE GREAT WAR-This photograph shows Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (standing.) wilh . Emperor William of Germany seated on his horse. The assassination of the Archduke and his wife, - the Duahess of Hohenberg, on June 28, 1914, led directly to the war.
(6) Historian's Foreword liE purpose of this work is to present in historical narrative and actual \var photographs the first authoritatiYe and comprehensive record of the epoch-making events enacted on the battlegrounds and in the world's capitals during the tragic days of the Great 'Var of the ~ations T -the greatest war in the history of Lhe world. It is in the nature, therefore, of a standard contemporary history of the times-social, political, and economic-as well as a repository for the permanent record of official docu ments, military movements, and diplomatic intercourse. This historical service has been performed by a board of historians and mili tary authorities, who have received the evidence from every source and have weighed it with judicial deliberation. It is absolutely neutral in its policy, in complete agreement with the position taken by the rnited States at the beginning of the conflict, and in full accordance with the proclamation of neutrality issued by President 'Yilson and herein given historical record. Each nation engaged in the conflict has been granted the opportunity to present its own case in these pages for the judgment of future generations. This work depends entirely upon ex-perts in interpreting the military campaig11s and the naval engagements from the official records, and is intended as an official source book to which the reader may turn for accurate information. It is the further purpose of this work to collect and to preserve for posterity the actual photographs taken during the war. These photographs are incontro vertible witnesses of the historical crises that they perpetuate. They are the sole survivors that will stand throughout the centuries as unimpeachable evidence of the epochal events that changed the destinies of nations. It is not within the province of this work to enter into the deductions and argu ments that will engage historians for many generations to come, but ·rather to collect the material upon which the future historian may work. Its duty is to perpetuate the photographic evidence, digest the official records, reduce the state ments to their proper proportion, and place the facts before the reader in their correct perspective. It includes also for purposes of record a symposium of the viewpoints of contemporary historians. The editors take this opportunity to extend their appreciation of the advice and courtesies extended by the Ambassadors of the various governments; the officials in the vVar Department and in the Navy Department, at \Vashington; the Presidents of the American universities who contributed to the symposium of contemporary judgments, and to the various officials in London, Paris, and St. Petersburg (Petrograd), also in Berlin and Vienna, who placed material at their disposal. They further extend their thanks to Admiral George Dewey, President of the General Board of the United States Navy; .l\Iajor-General Leon ani 'Yood, Chief of Staff of the United States Army; and the various other mili tary and naval authorities who extended advice and counsel. It is hoped that this contemporary history, which is dedicated to American neutrality, may be made to occupy a very serviceable position in the records of civilization.
17) Photograph from CoJJe~Jon of Paul Thompson. Copyright, 1914. GREAT HRITAIK'S CALL TO ARMS-Photograph taken in the historic Guildhall, London, on Septemb<'r 4, 1914. when Great Britain's Prime Minister, -Ron. Henry Herbert Asquith, delivered the patriotic sp<'<'<'h !hat uroused England to war. 1t marked the beginning of a national campaign for recruits lo !he Br·itish Ar·my. (81 Wqt Amrriruu Jrnplr aub tqt ~rrat War
~P fellow countrpmen : j' ~uppo~e tl)at rberp tf}ougl)tful man tu ~mcrira f)a~ .2ll[l n~ltrl:l {Jim~clf l:luring tl)e la~t troubleb wrdt,ll wl)nt inffurncc tf)e ~uropean war map ertrt upon tf)e ·unitel:l ~tate~, anl:l "] tafu tl)e Iibcrtp of abbre~~rng a few \tJorl:l~ to pou in orber to point out tf)at it i~ rntirdp \tJitl}in our own d)oice lul}at it~ effect upon u~ \tJiU be null to urge berp earne~tfp upon pou tlJr ~ort of ~peecl) anb conl:luct tul}icl) will be~t ~afeguarb tf)e nation again~t bi~tre~~ nub bi~n~tcr. -Qtl}e effect of tf)e war upon tf)e irtniteb ~tate~ tutU brpenl:l upon \tJf)at :ll.mericmt dti;rn~ ~ap null bo. ~http man \tJfJo reaUp lohe~ ~merim will act anl:l ~peak in t(Je true ~pirit of ncuttalitp, \tJf)icf)· ~ t{Je ~pirit of impnrtiahtp anb fairne~~ anb frienbhnc~~ to all concernel:J. qrf)e ~pirit of tf)e nation in tf)i~ critical matter will be bcttrmincl:J largdp bp \tJf)at inllibilmal~ nub ~ocietp null tf)o~e gatf)creb in public meeting~ bo anb !;lap, upon tu{Jat nelu~papcr~ anb maga:;ittcl;l contaitt, upon wf)at our mini~terl;l utter in tf)eir pulpit~ anl:l mm proclaim a~ tf)cir opinionl;l on tf)e l;ltrertl;l. ~be people of t{Je irtnitel:J ~tatel;l are brawn from mtlnp nationl;l, anb chtrflp from t(Je nation~ now at tuar. Jt i~ natural null ittehitable tf)at tl)rre l;lf)oulb be tl}e utmol;lt barietp of l;lpmpatl)p aull bel;lire among tf)em luit(J regarl:J to tl)e il;ll;luel;l anb circum~tanre~ of tl)e cottffict. ~ome will tui~b one nation, otl)cr~ anot{Jer, to ~ucceeb itt tf)e momentoul;l l;ltruggle. 'jt tutU be rn~p to etcite pal;l~ion anl:l lltfficult to allap it. ~l)ope re~pon~iblr for netting it tum a~~ume a l)eabp re~pon~ibilitp - re$ponl;libthtp for no lel;l~ a tl)iug tl)an tl)at tl)e people of tl)c Uniteb ~tutcl;l, tul)ol;le lobe of t{Jeir countrp anl:J whol;le lOAJaltp to it~ gobernment Pf)oull:J unite tl)em n~ 'ltlmericanl;l aU, bouull in l)onor anb affection to tl)inft fir~t of f)er anl:J l)er interegt~, map be bihil:lel:J in ramp~ of l)o~tile opinion~. bot again~t eacb otl)rr, inholheb in tl)e \Uar it~df in impul~e anb opinion, if not in action . .!'ncb bihcr~ionl;l among u~ luoulb be futal to our peace of minl:l anb mtgbt ~crioul;llp ~t&mb in tbe wap of proper performance of our l:Jutp a~ tl)r one great nation at peace, tl)c one people l)olbing it~df reabp to plap a part of impartial mcbintion anb l;lpealt tl)e coun ::: . gel~ of peace anb accommobation, not tUt a parti~nn but a~ a fricnb. ~ r bcnture, tl)erefore, mp fdlotu countrpmm, to gpcalt a ~olrmn tuorb of warning to pou again.st tl)at beepe~t, mo~t ~ubtle, mo~t el;ll;lrntial breacl) of ttcutralitp tul)idJ map ~pring out of pa~anl;ll)ip, out of pa.S~ionattlp taltittg ~ibe~. ~be Uttittb ~tatel;l mul;lt · be ntutral, in fact al;lludl a~ in name b.uring tl)el;le l:Jap~ tl)at are to ttp men · ~ ~oull;l. Ule mul;lt be impartial in tl)ougl)t a~ well ag in action, mltl;lt put a curb upon our ~rntimentl;l a~ tudl a~ upon eberp tranl;laction tl)at migl)t be conl;ltrueb a~ a preference of one partp to tl)e ~trugg{e before anotl)er. . ~P tl)ougl)t i~ of ~mcrica. j' am ~peaking, j' fed ~ure, t{Je eantel;lt \Uigl) anb purpol;le of eberp tl)ougl)tful 'ltlmerican tl)at tbi~ gn·at countrp of ourl;l, lul)icl) il;l, of courl;le, tf)e finn in our tl)ougf}t~ anl:J in our l)cart~, l;ll}oulb ~l)olu l)erl;ldf in tbi~ time of peculiar trial a nation fit beponl:J otl)cr~ to erl)ibit tl)c fitte poi~e of unbil;lturbcl:l jubgment, tl)e l:Jignitp of ~rlf::: conttol, t{Je efficitttcp of bi~pal;ll;lionate action, a nation tlJat ncitl)er ~itl;l in jUbgmmt upon otl)er~ nor il;ll:li~turbel:J in l)er own couugd~, anl:l \.nl)icl) keep~ l)erl;ldf fit anb free to l:Jo tubat bt l)onel;lt aull lli~interegteb anl:J ttulp l;ltrhicrable for tl)e peace of tbe tuorll:l. ~ball tue not rel;lolbe to put upon our~ribcl;l tl)e re~traint tul)icl) tum bring to our people tl)e l)appine~~ aull tl)e great aull lal;ltiug infiurncc for peace tue co bet for t{Jcm?
Address to the People of the United States-Issued from Washington on August 18, 1914.
(9) Historians and Military Authorities
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF SYMPOSIUM OF HISTORICAL FRANCIS TREVELYAN MILLER, Litt.D., OPINIONS LL.D. Br Editor-in-chief of the ten volurne "Photographic His Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, LL.D., Litt.D., tory of the Civil War." Fo!lndcr of "The Journal of Ph.D. President of Columbia University American History." Dr. John Grier Hibben, LL.D., Ph.D. ASSOCIATE EDITORS President of Princeto_n UniPersity Dr. William H. P. Faunce, LL.D., D.D. EGBERT GILLISS HANDY President of Brown University Founder of The Search-Light Library Dr. William DeWitt Hyde, LL.D., D.O., S.T.D. President of Bowdoin College WALTER R. BICKFORD Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D. Formerly of Editorial Board of the "Photographi~ Professor of G01>ernment in Harvard University History of the Civil War" a.J!d "The Journal of Dr. Hugo Munsterberg, LL.D., Litt.D., M.D., Amerir.an Hi.,tory." Ph.D. Professor of Psychology in Harvard University MILITARY ORDERS AND ARMY Dr. Brander Matthews, LL.D., Litt.D. MOVEMENTS Professor of Literature in Colllrnbia.. Un·it•ersity (Contents of this work are based on official military docum<."nts by Dr. Irving Fisher, Ph.D. following authorities:) Professor of Politi.cal Economy in Yale University Earl Horatio Herbert Kitchener Dr. Albert Bernhardt Faust. Ph.D. Secretary .for l'V a.r and Comma nder-in-rhi~f of tht· Professor of German in Cornell Unir.ersity British Army · Dr. Robert Louis Sanderson Gen. Joseph Joffre Professor of French in Yale Univertrity Commander-in-chief of the French A nn.IJ Sir John Denton P. French And the presidents and professors of history in Commander of the BritiRh /';.rpedilionary Forrr i;, nearly all the leading American Universities France Gen. Helmuth von Moltke Chief of Sta_ff of the German Army NAVAL ORDERS AND NAVY Grand ·Duke Nikolas Nikolaivitch MOVEMENTS Generalissimo of the Russian Army (Contents of thia work are based on official navy documents by Baron Conrad von Hotzendorf. foUO'\\":ing authoritie~:) Chief of Sta_ff of the AuNtria.n A rm.11 Winston Spencer Churchill Gen. Radumil Putnik First Lord of the Admiralty for Great Britain Cornmandrr-in-ch.ie.f of the St•rriml Army Crown Prince Frederick William Sir John Rushworth Jellicoe Comm«~tder of a Oaman Arm.11 ('orp.< 1n Fmr/l'c Vice Admiral and Commander-in-chief of the lJome Fleet for Grent Britain Gen. Paul-Marv-Cesar-Gerald Pau Commm~der o.f ~ Frenrh Army ('orp., Admiral Hugo von Pohl Gen. von Kluck Chit'j of the Admimlty Staff for Germctn!l Com1na.nder of Oerman R.ight ll"lll(l iu Fran f'P Admiral Sir George Callaghan Gen. Joseph Gallieni C'ommander of the North Sea Fieri for Great Britain Military Got•ernor of Pun• Gen. Rouzsky Vice-Admiral Boue de Lapeyere Commander of R7LNRia.n Army in (;u/iriu Commandn of the French Nary Gen. Nikolai Januschkervich Admiral von Holtzendorff Chief of Russian General Nta{T Commander of the German H igh l:iea..• Fleet Field Marshal Baron von Der Goltz German Gournor-Genera.l in Btlginrn Admiral Count von Baudissin Grand Duke Albrecht of Wurttemberg Commander of thl' German North Sea Station a./ C'ommander of a German .~rmy C'orw in Fmnf'l' Wilhelmshm,en Prince Ruprecht of Bavaria Rear-Admiral Sir David Beatty Commander of a Oerman Army (' orps in Fronre Comma1uier of a British Squadron in the British Gen. Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien North Sea Ji'leel Commander of Briti.,h /, ~ft Wi11!1'" Fratlf·r Vice-Admiral Kuroi Gen. Yankovitch ('ommander of the Ja.panesc llome Fieri C'om manlier of the Srrna.u Army And many other distinguished army officers And many other commanders of the navies.
(101 Official Documents and Proclamations
-4_ __ - ~. :7. ~=::::::.::::::::>~ K1'ng of G-reat Britain and Ireland Emperor of India
Emperor of Ge·rmany· and King of Emperor of A11. •<;tr ·ia and King of Prussia llungary Raymond Poincare Pres£dent of the Republic of France Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada Baron de Broqueville, Printe M im:ster of Belgium Count Okuma, Prime N.iniste·r of Japan M. Alexandre Millerand, Minister of War for France Gen. W. A. Soukbomlinoff, JJ.fini.•ter of War for Ru.•sia Albert I. Gen. von Falkenhayn, Minister of War for Ger- King of the Belgians many Count Oka, Mini.ster of War for Japan M. Nickiforov, Minister of War far Servia M. Krobatkin, M·inister of War for Austro- Hungary Yoshihito Herr von Jagow, Srcretary of Foreign Affairs fo·r Gumcmy Empe1·or of Japan M. Theophile Delcasse, Min·ister of Foreign Affairs far France M. Sazonof, 1Ui-nister of Foreign A,(fairs for Russia Nicholas I. Baron Kato, Mini.vler of Foreign Affairs for Japan Marquis di San Giuliano, Minister of Foreign King of Afontenegro Affairs for Italy Sir Edward Goschen, British Ambassador to Ger Right Honorable Herbert Henry many Sir Maurice de Bunsen, British AmbUIIsador at Asquith Vienna Prin"e 1.\finister of Grea:t Britain Sir F. Bertie, British Ambassador at Paris Sir G. Buchanan, British Ambassador at St. Peters Sir Edward Grey bu-rg ( Petrcyrad) Sir R. Rodd, British A-mbassador at Rome Secretary of State for Fonign Affairs Prince Charles Max Lichnowsky, German of Great B-ritain A mba.Ysador to Great BT'itain Count von Pourtales, Ger·man Ambassador at 8t. Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg Peter.,burg ( Petrograd) Baron von Schoen, German Ambassador at Paris I mper£al Chancellor of Germany Count von Rex, Ge-rman A-mbassador in Tokio M. Paul Cambon, F-rench Amba.ssador at London. Count Leopold Berchtold M. Jules Cambon, French Ambas.yador to Germ.any .J!inister of Foreign Affa·i-rs of Aus Count Benckendorff, Russian AmbMsado·r at London tria-Hungary Count Mensdorff, Austrian Ambassador to Grrat Britain M. Viviani Prince Henry of Prussia, Special Ger1nan Envoy to Prime Afin-ister of France Rn.vs·ia Sir F. Villiers, British Envoy Extraordinary and .l1 in Nikola Pashitch i"l''r Plotipotentinry to Belgium Sir Arthur Nicolson, Brillsh I 'nder 8errrtnr!{ for /-'rim e Jfin·ister (!f Senia ~·orl'"llfll Affair_.
(II) Photograph from collectiOn of Underwood•& Underwood. Copyright, 19J4. MONARCHS OF THE SEAS AND THE AIR-Remarkable photograph taken while a Zeppelin dirigible airship was flying over a fleet of battleships lying in the Kiel Canal, the chief German naval bast". During the battles of th!' Great War tht·s< airships hovered over the contending armies, directing thE> fir,· of the German artiller,v and dropping bombs on 1 ht• fo" (12) Contemporary Judgment by American Historians
'Ye are overwhelmed hy this calamitv which has come to our modern world. The continental war is like. a ·Greek ti·ag~d~·; instead of individuals, nations are pla~·ing their roles upon a colossal stage, which embraces the plains, rivers, and mountains of all Europe. There are certain great events which we ma~· follow as mere spectators with interest and yet with indifference, but this European war is not one of them. 'Ye cannot remain the same :ort of men that we were before this disaster, which has suddenly halted the world's progress. It would be for America a greater tragedy than this war of nations is for Europe, if the result of it all should be that Europe emerges finally from this ex perience chastened and purified, and that with all their losses, the nations in arms should nevertheless show a substantial gain in character and self-reliance, in lo~·al devotion and useful helpfulness. while we, far removed from these grim and desperate scenes. should remain insensible to our great opportunities and respon sibilities, and continue in our habits of self-seeking and self-indulgence. and self concern. It is for us, however, as a people, to prove her«:> in this new <'ountry that Christian traditions and Chrislian civilization are still a deep significance and essmtial value. \Y«:> must rise to the level of our national responsibility. and begin to write upon a fresh page the clean record of a peopl<•'s renewed faith and loyall~· .JOJIX GRIER IIIBBE.:\, LL D., Ph. D .. J>rp.n'dent of Pri wet on l' n i l'en~ity
It seems prett~· ckar that no civilized people will ever again p<~rmit its gov<•m• ment to enter into a competitive armament rnc('. Tl1e time nw~· not be so very far distant when to be the first moral power in the world will he a considerably greater distinction than to lw the first militar~· powt>r. The armed peace which preceded this war, and led dirf'ctly to it, was in some respects worse than \Yar itself: for it had many of the evils of wnr, without war's educational adYantages. We are not likel~· to return again to that form of wick edness and foil,\·· In the Europe of tomorrow there will he no place for seeret treaties and understandings, for sleepless intemational enmity and t reach<·r~·. for careful!~· stimulated nlce and religious hatred, or for wars made on the soh• responsibility of monarchs and of ministers. It is not tlw SlaY or tlw Teuton, tlw Latin or the Briton, the Oriental or tlw American. who is the enemy of civiliza tion and of culture. :.Militarism- there is the enemy. \Ye may :vet li\'(' to see our gr<"at polictes of peace. of freedom from entangling alliances, of a world concert instead of a continental balance of power, of an inter national judiciar~· a ud of' an in lema tiona) policc. of international co-opera lion instead of international suspicion. generally assented to: and. as a result, the world'~ resources set free to impro\·e the lot of peoples, to advance scienee and seholarship. and to raise human it~· to a h·\·el ~·<•t unheard of. Hen• liPs tlw pal h of nat ioual glory for us. and lwre is the eall to adion in the near futur(' XICJIOL.\~ :\Il ' HIL\ Y Bl"TLEH. LL.D .. Litt. D .. Ph I> .. Pr(':m/Pnt of Columbia l'nir('r.<1dy.
(131 Photograph from collection of Paul Thompson. Copyright, HH4. (; REAT WAR-Photograph showing His Majesty George V .. King of Gr\'at llritain and Ireland, Emperor of [ndin, standing n the royal carriage. Beside him sits President M. Raymond Poincare, PrPsiclcnt of France. Only once befor(• in hi.,lory, m the Crimean War, had En!(land and F'ranl'e--deadl.v fops for 100 .wars-joinNI hands agaimt a r·omnwn fo<'.
(H) CHAPTER I The Great War of the Nations-Its Political and Social Foundations
HE momentous year of Nineteen Hundred and Fourteen of the Christian era will stand in the annals of mankind as the year of the World's Crisis-the time of the outbreak of the Great \Var of the Nations that shook the foundations of modern civilization. This epochal event, which marks the rise and fall of empires, T is fixed in the calendar of the lVIohanunedan era as the year 1332, and in the Jewish era as the year 5675, while it is recorded as ~574 in the Japanese era, and 1836 in the Hindu era. Since the dawn of history, many mighty empires have risen and fallen-Egyptian, As syrian, Babylonian, lVledo.-Persian, lVIacedonian, and, supreme over all, the Roman. With one exception, they now form a subject of interest only to the archeologist and the historian. The Roman Empire alone has left an indelible stamp on the civilization of the world. The fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A. D. has stood through the centuries as the most notable event in secular history. It marked the passing of the ancient world and the inaug uration of the modern. But it is possible that the Great 'Var of 1914 may prove to be a still more important event. It may be that from this year the future historians will trace the fall of military autocracy and the beginning of the era of world democracy. ·william H. Sew ard, a member of Lincoln's Cabinet in the American Civil War, once said: "Democracies are prone to war, and war consumes them." This remark may soon be happily reversed. It is estimated that the wars which have occurred since the beginning of authentic history-all of which have contributed to this one inevitable outcome--have consumed not less than fifteen billion human lives. This is equal probably to all the peoples who have in habited the globe for the last six hundred years. Through a strange paradox of history, however, at the moment when the world had led itself to believe that it was about to enter upon an age of universal peace, it found itself in the bloody thrall of the direst cataclysm of war that mankind had ever known-every nation of the earth trembling under the ter rific blow at civilization and straining to avoid being drawn into the vortex. The Great War of 1914 can be understood only by a full comprehension of its magni tude. The total land area of the earth is 55,641,102 square miles; nearly one-half of this, or 27,709,370 square miles,-the territory of five empires, three kingdoms, and one republic, on the six continents,-was thrown into the maelstrom of war within twenty-six days from its initial outbreak. The total population of the earth is 1,623,300,000; out of this number 896,542,692, or more than one-half, were living in those countries which were plunged into the war. This, it must be borne in mind, was the situation at the beginning of the great struggle, which, with its subsequent complications, constantly extended its area. There are thirty-five families of mankind in the world, of whom twenty, or four-sevenths, immediately became engaged in the war. These include not merely the Teuton, the Anglo Saxon, the Slav, the Latin, the Celt, the lVIagyar, the Czech, but the Mongol of Japan, the Algerian of North Africa, the Sikhs and Gurhkas of India, with the innumerable tribes and peoples subject to the various warring nations, although not taking actual part in the eonftict: the Bantus in the Congo, Kaffirs in South Africa, Hottentots in Southwest Africa, South Sea Islanders, North.Amcrica.n Indians- all were involved in the tremendous struggle.
(15) Photograph from rotlection of Paul ThomJ)80n. Copyright , HlJ4 SERYIA.'\' ARMY ON THE FIRI?\G Ll?\E-Photograpb sbowin~Servi~'s fighting soldiers, who bore the first shock of the Gr.. al War, when the Austrian .troops crossed the river-bound frontier and attacketl their co1mtr,v, on July 2\J. 1914. Tbi, \\as thirty-one days after the a~sassination of Arehdukt> Francis Ferdinand-the event which precipitated the \\ar (16) BAYONETS THAT HELD OFF AIISTRIA-HUNGARY- These are the soldiers who, hardened to warfare in the just-ended Balkan Wars, held off the troops of Austro-Hungary until the huge hosts of the Russian Empire were able to rush lo the front and assume the burden of the Great War-not only for Servia, but in support of England, :France, and Belgium. (17) INVASION OF BELGIUM BY THE GER.¥AN8-This photograph was taken while the Belgians were holding back the advance of the gigantic German army in August, 1914. It shows the soldiers before the trenches at Tirlemont, a small town in northeastern Belgium, in a desperate effort to check the German invasion.
Strange as it may seem, this is the first war in the world in which all religious belief:s are thrown into murderous conflict. There are in the world 494,~50,000 Christians,-of these approximately 367,000,000, or three-fourths, passed under declaration of war. There are 340,000,000 Confucians,-of whom those of Hongkong and of Kiao-chow became in Yolved. There are ~~0,000,000 Hindoos, all of whom were immediately affected; ~.00,- 000,000 1\-Iohammedans, of whom 84,000,000, or two-fifths, became belligerents; ~00,000,000 Buddhists, of whom 79,000,000, or about two-fifths, fell w1der the war proclamation; ll0,- 000,000 Polytheists, of whom 80,000,000, or about three-fourths, lived within the war-ridden empires; and 10,000,000 Jews, more than three-fomths of whom were subjects of the war ring nations. The Great War of 1914 will be known, moreover: as the war of science and invention the war iit which man used for the first time in history all the resources which his mastery of the forces of Nature had put into his hands- all the creations of seventy centuries of human genius. The scientific developments of the last century were all pressed into mili tary service. Chemistry provided the powerful explosives that were used with such terrible effect to destroy cities and armies. The art of engineering rendered possible the rapid excavation of subterranean shelters and the twmeling of passages through mountains. Phys- (ISJ Photograph from collection of the Tntematiooal Ne\vs Sen·ice. Copyright, 1914. H~LGI~N ARMY ON TRE FI.RING LINE-Here is seen the advance line of the BelgiHn defense. The main army is m their rear. They are occupymg a position of advantage, practically screened from the view of tlu:ir encmv. The Ge~· mans captured Tirlemont on August 18, 1914, and pressed on to Brussels, which they entered thr 1cs, astronomy, biology, botany,- indeed, all the arts and sciences known to man, were requisitioned. Napol'eon once said: "ll is a !Jrinciple of war lhat when you can ww tlw lightning it is better than cannon." The marvelous inventions are here utilized on a phenomenal scale. We see fortr·esses hitherto deemed impregnable fall before colossal siege guns. Wirel messages from continent to continent. Eleclricit~· and otJ1cr mechanical agents operale the gigantic machinery of destruction. The submarine proves its terrible power in destroying mighty battleships with lightning-like rapidit:)'. The new and even more potent science of aerial navigation receives its first practical test as a human agency- boY ering over cities and dropping deadly bombs to devastate the earth beJow. The movements of the riYal armies are instantly revealed to each other by tbeir aerial watchmen in LIH· clouds- the spies and p)lots of the skies. The automobile is transformed into an engine of' warfare--huge armored batteries moving at sixt,v miles an hour. It is a gigantic death struggle, fought not by lmman prowess, but b,v human genius by the products of human science and invention. We hardl~· rc~nlize that lhc operations on these battleground;.; indicate an advance in the arL of warfare on Lhc mellwd~ cmpl<>,n!d in the I•'ranco-Prussian War as great as those metl10ds were an adYance on the archc•·y ol' ( H! ) Photograph from collection of Browo Brothers. Copyright, H114. BHITISH CAVALRY ON THE WAY TO BAT fLE-Europeanstatesmen had come to regard the day gone by forever when England would interfere actively in European politics. Such ealculations were rudely upset by the mobilization of the Brit ish troops (shown in this ohotOIUllllh) and thf·ir despatch, under guard of the British navy, to the Continental battlefields. (20) MOBILIZATIOK OF THE ARMY OF GREAT BRITAIN-Remnrkahle photograph takt•n while the Hritish cavalry were starting for the world's greatt'st battlegrounds. Great Britain entered the war on August 4, 19lt\, in defense of Belgium, andfought as the ally ot France R.nd Russia. TbefirstBritishtroops landedinFrance ouAugu~'t;J, 1914. (21) Photograph from collection of Broy,'lt Brother~. Cop).•right, 1914. WAR LORD OF THE RUSSIAN HOSTS-Photograph taken while His Imperial Majesty Nicholas II., Czar of all the Russias, i~ riding at the head of his troops as Commander-in-chief of the largest army the world has ever seen. Russia entered the Great War in reply to Germany's dedar lion against her on August 1, 1914. Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on August u. Agincuurt. The military operations of Napoleon seem as crude as those of Hannibal, when compared with the vast scientific machinery at work in this twentieth century conflict. Had the great Corsican lived in the days of this war, he would have seen his famous remark disproved: "The general is the all in all of an army." This was indubitably true in his day, but in modern war he would find the "factor of chance," of which he made so much, almost eliminated; it had become a mathematical calculation. The causes of the Great 'Yar will engage historians in analyses and deductions for gen erations to come. They are variously assigned, according to the views of the respective combatants, as will be seen in the official proclamations and state papers to be recorded in later chapters. ~ever in the history of the world has any country admitted the injustice of its claims in any war in which it has been engaged. In this war, as in all others, each of the contending nations, loudly and apparently quite sincerely, throws the blame on its foes, and the conflicting claims will properly be recorded in these pages. \Var is never the outburst of a sudden passion; it is always the result of a long proces sion of events and an accumulation of causes that either rise to their natural culmination or are terminated by some overt act that arouses the populace to action. So it was in the Great 'War, in which the accumulation of centuries was ignited by a tragic incident that oc- <22; RUSSIAN INVASION OF GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-The Russians began their invasion of the two empires on August 6 and 11, 1914. The Czar took personal command a short time later in the Great War, leading his legions into Prussia nnrl Austria with irresistible force. His attitude in SUJ)port of Servia drew German.v's rled:ualion of war a~ain.•L loin •. c:mred in the picturesque city of Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia, on the morning of the 28th of June, 1914. Here the event took place that brought European politics to their fulminating point and shattered the 'peace of the nations into a million fragments. Before proceeding farther with the economic foundations, let us joumc.v for a few mo 1 ments to the scene of this tragedy that touched the fuse that immediately plunged half the world into the delirium of war. Its plot is uot unlike that of a Shakespearean traged.''. ! Nestling in the midst of brilliantly beautiful gardens of immense expanse is Sarajevo- th(' curious illusion of a jewel with two facets- a city living in two centmies. One facet, sep m·ated from the other by the broad and swiftly moving 1Vliljacka River~ is brilliant in il.s bventieth century light, suggesting a miniature Paris; its radiant structures, its spacious streets broken by alluring squares, and its electric railways, are all thoroughly modern- a city of Occidental progress. The other facet presents a very different vision in its dull gray tones; it reminds the sightseer of the ancient lineage of the city, recalliilg the \'ariou:-. peoples that have constituted its population. High up on a crest overlooking the city are the ruins of the thirteenth century castle bttilt in medieval days by the original occupants, the Hungarians. Beneath the castl'e loom the minarets of the huge Turkish mosqu e of (2.1) Photograph from collec.tioo of Paul Thompson. CoDyright, 1914. GER'M.A.K AR:\IY OX ITS CONQl'EST OF FRA::-.ICE- This photograph shows the artillery or the great German army on the road to battle. nermany declared war against France on August 4, 1914, and began her campaign against Paris. It was through the resistance of the Belgians that the German Forces were held back until Great Britain and Rus ia cnuld move. (24) ARTILLERY ON THE ROAD TO PARI:s--The German artillerists frequently were compelled to put their shoulders to tbt> wheel to help the artiller;r horses in pulling their heavy loads through fields and forests of Belgium and France. Mud and swol len rivers l1elped to hinder their rapid progress to the position from whiC"h they expected to shell the historic French capital. (25) Photograph from collection of American Pre"" Association. Copyright, 1914. WAR LORDS OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE-Photograph taken while the Emperor of Austria, Francis Joseph, and the Emperor of Germany, Wilhelm II., with their staffs, were on the way to review the Austrian army before the war. The Kaiser is shown in the uniform of the Austrian army, one of the200 unifornrs that m11ke up his military wardrobe. Photograph from collection of Brown Brother:J. Copyright, 1914:. KING OF THE SERBS I~ MEDIEVAL ROBES-Photograph taken while King Peter of Servia was being escorted by two prirH"eS of royal blood. Prince Paul is leading the horse, while Prince Alexandt>r carries the robe suggt>stive of medit>val pomp. It was this monarch of 4,000,000 people whose refusal to accede to Austria's demands brought about the Great War. (26) THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT \VAR IIusref Bey. The narrow streets are lined with Oriental bazaars, where silks and metal ware of local manufacture are displayed for sale. A short journey across any qf the numerous stone-arched bridges that join the two sections of the city is like passing froln the twentieth century to the fifteenth, or vice versa. It was here--in this dual city, on this historic morning-that a pistol shot was to echo down through the centuries. The brilliant pen of Macaulay is needed at this time to describe the events. Sarajevo was gayly decorated with bunting and flags. The Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his morganatic wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, were to be its royal guests on their way to the summer army maneuvers. The crowds waited expectantly. Soldiers and police guarded the thoroughfares, for Bosnia was known to be a hotbed of hatred against the enforced rule of Austria-Hungary. ·Frequent plots against the royal rulers had been discovered, and even the Servian minister had warned the Archduke against entering Sara jevo at this time. As the royal procession, bound for the local city hall, made its appearance, scattered· cheers greeted the ducal couple, who were surrounded by a brilliantly costumed suite of aides. But in the main the homage from the crowd was that of an oppressed people who did not take kindly to their lot. The fever of the recent Balkan \Var still stirred their blood. In the crowd of spectators were two Bosnian youths, inconspicuous because of their age and their humble dress. One, a native Bosnian of twenty-one, with apparent non chalance hid his right hand beneath his coat. As the royal automobile bearing the Arch duke and the Duchess arrived opposite him, he withdrew his hand and hurled its contents, a bomh. directly at the ducal party. Scarcely waiting to witness its effect, he fted toward the neighboring river, pursued by horror-stricken spectators and police. Instinct warned the Archduke. Lifting his hand, he warded off the bomb, which fell in the street behind his automobile. An instant later, a sharp explosion sounded. The automobile immediately following the royal car was blown to fragments. Its occupants, the Archduke's aides, were severely wounded, as were a score of hystandct·s. Among the first to reach the scene was the Archduke. It was he, unshaken by his own narrow escape, who directed the removal of the wounded. In the meantime, the perpetrator of the crime had been caught and severely nssaultnrl before the police rescued him nnd marched him off to imprisonment. At the police stalion he gave his name as Nedeljo Gabrinovics, and his occupation as a compositor. The Duchess, appalled by the narrow escape, appealed to her royal husband to abandon the journey. But the GoYernor of Bosnia, approaclling her graciously, declared: "It is all m·er; we have not more than one murderer in Saraje\·o." Thus reassured, the procession continued to the eiLy hall, where the Ar·ehdnke indig nantly voiced his anger: "lien Bm·gomaster," he cried, "It is perfectly scandalous. We have come to SHrn.icvo on a visit, and a bomb is thrown at us." On the retmn journey through the city, Ute gunrd nt·ound the r·o.\'al g11e~ts was aug mented; an aide crouched on the running board of the Ardrduke's em. \Vord of lite at tempted as~assination had swept through lhe city, and the crowd of spedalor;-; had greatly increased. Among tltern was the sccond Bosninn ~'oul h, a lad of nirwken. \Yill1ottt a word of warning, be lcrqwd from llu~ sidewalk lo within llm~e pac<'s of lire :\r<·hdrrke';-; ear. He held a pis tol in his hand. !<'iring dir<~ctl~, :rl the :\n:hdrrkc }Urd tl1e Duchess, his nim was per{Pd. \Vith a rnuffled ny, ll1<: D11cltcss ~ank l'orw;ml (:m ' r ..,-:.,.:;, . . ' ,~.~ Photograpb Crom collection of Underwood & Underwood . Copyright, 1914 ARMY OF FRANCE 0~ THE BLOODY FIELD OF THE MARNE-Photo~ra.ph taken while Fren<'h infantry was hurlin~ its terrifir forr(• iut.o the German lines from a thin mask of woorls, along tlw River Marnt', on Seplembe•· 3-9, 1914 . 'l't.i, was one of I t.c most sanguina•·y battles in all the chronicles of warfare. The battle front rang-e d over a hundred miles. (281 FRE ·cH INFANTRY HOLDING OFF THE GERMAN INVASION-The Battlt> of tlH· ::Vlarne markl.-d tht- hig!J tid!' of the German advance upon Paris, and the beginning of the ebb tid" of the Tculonic inv.asion. Tht- l<'rt-m•h official archives 11nd govemnoenl we 1·e removed to Bordt>aux for safe ly on Septembn 3, 191 4. (29) Photograph from· collection of Paul Thompson. Copyright. 1914 FOOT SOLDIEUS OF THE RCSSIAX EMPIRE-This photograph shows a Russian in£antry regiment, gray-coated and shod 1n the Russian leathf'ro knee boots, presenting the bristling front of ba~·ooets which faced the Austrians and Germans on the bat- t If' front. This regiment is typical of the Czar's infantrymen in the huge host of Russ.i:>o sold:ers, numbering over 5,000,000. husband's knees, wounded to death. "Sophie!'' he pleaded, leaning over her, '·Remain alive for our children." llis words were· cut short by a bullet that crashed through his throat, bringing about his death a short time after. The assassin was seized inslantly and hurried away to the police station, where he gave his name as G.nTio Prinzip, and described himself as a commercial school student. Thus it was that this pro-Servian youth hrought about the most tremencl.ous cataclysm in I he history of war. As a direct result of his pistol shots, nine nations were destined to be swept into the greatest war tlie world has ever cxpericncrd befot·e a little more than a month had passed. The news of lhe tragedy f'pt'ead rapidly throughout the earth. To the general public it was a tragedy, but only one of numy that had marked the pnthway of royalty-the irony of the "divine right of kings." To the diplomats it was n erisis in European affairs and world politics. European ciYilir,ation seemed to collapse . • Austria declared war on S(~n·ia in reparation for the assassination. alleged by her to be the culminntim1 of a long series of conspiracies; Germitny declared war on Russia, Belgium. ancl. Franc<': (;real Britain dPdar<'d war on Ger many; \[ontcn<'gro declar<'d \\·:non Auslria; .Japan (30) HOSTS THAT MARCHED FROM THE RUSSIAN FRONTIER-Armies o£ infantrymen, mustered in at territorial centrr, marched on foot the bread tho£ the Russian Empire in Europe to the firin,g linealongtheeastern frontier. The le~ions wt-reso va.;t that railroad !arilities were inadl'quate to rapidly move tht> twenty-seven army corps making up the total Ru sian arm.'· of eveuts. Each nation adopted the maxim of Cicero: '' Lcl wm· be so carried on that no oUwr object may seem to be in view except the acquisition of peace." On these reasons the histori ans of the various nations will doubtless debate for centuries. But the impartial historian of the future--some coming Thucydides or Hallam-will search much deeper for the real and ultimate causes of this war. And he may decide that i l was the inevitable outcome of certain basic influences that had long affected the political lift· of Europe. This war cannot be judged from the immediate conditions. To lay the foundations, it i:- necessary to go back to the formation of the European peoples, after the fall of the Romall Empire, and pass rapidly through four periods of war which culminate in the twentieth centur~ · . First, there were the conflicts by or against b.arbarians for national existence, such as the war~ between the Danes and the English. Next came the long epoch of dynastic war · and thos(' waged for territorial aggrandizement, of which the Hundred Years' ·war between France and England is a typical instance. After that, the Reformation brought in its train the wars of religion, such as the Thirty Years' War in Germany. Then again the European world reYerted to dynastic conflicts, such a. the ·war of the Spanish Succession, and produced a :\8poleon to wage the mightiest contests for power and territory. The fall of Napoleon, in the second decade of the nineteenth centur,v, forms a landmark in European histor~· that has a direct Learing on the Gn•al "'ar of 1914. But at the time it (31) Photo.R"raph from colleeti&n of Brown Brothers. Copyright. 19lf. KING OF THE BELGIAN8-Photograph taken while His Majesty Albert, King of the Belgians, was receiving an ad Photograph from collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright. 1914. KlNG OF MONTENEGRO-His l\faj e ~ty Nicholas 1., MIKADO OF JAPAN-His Majesty Yoshihito, Emperor King of Montenegro, ruler over the smallest of Japan, who had been reigning just two years on country involved in the great war. the outbreak of the Great War. (32) Photograph from collection of Uoderwood & Underwood. Copyright, 1914. TROOPS FROM INDIA IN THE GREAT WAR-First among the British colonial troops to arrive on the European battle field were the troops from India, who were rushed by transport through the Suez Canal. These are lhe most feared of all Great Britain'scolonial allies. Shrieking like demons, they lightonfoot:\gainsllhecavulry wilb their curved nalivcswords. was an inYisible landmark. The great Powers of Europe failed to discern the "handwriting on the wall" in the N apolconic upheaval; they regarded it merely as an incident that caused infinite trouble, but was now closed. They proceeded, so far as possible, to put back every thing that the great Corsican had disturbed into ils former, and, as they Lhought, its proper place. The Bourbons were recalled to France, Spain, and Naples; the Pope was restored to his ancient throne; England and Russia remained heedless of the warning of democracy; while the loose confederation of German States had been little affected hy the extinction c,r the anachronistic Holy Roman Empire. This restoration closed the incident smoothly and satisfactorily-or at least so thought the Powers. The various peoples had only to settle down quietly, meekly obey their kings, and go about their business. Little did the stales men of that time dream of the events of the years 18..J.8, 1870, and-1914. From the time of the downfall of Napoleon, new influences were at work which the com placent statesmen left out of their calculations- the spirit of democracy, born of the great Revolution. Though apparently crushed, it had come to stay. The time was approachin g when the People were to speak, an_d none could say them nay; it was only a calculation of years when autocracy should consume itself. This spirit of democracy was the subtle but unseen leawn under the Great "Tar of 1914. It was the bold but foolhardy attempt of kings and emperors to di\·crt that spirit into other channels through what is kno·wn as militarism. The nH'Ila<'(' to tlw ruling classes of socia li sm, republicanism, and less extre.me forms of democracy, led to the creation of this miiitarism . The unrest of the proletariat was to he quieted h.v the diversion of an artificial pntriolism . Photograph from collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright, 1914. BEHIND THE FORTIFICATIONS IN FRONT OF PARIS-This photograph shows the French army turning the tide of German invasion from the gates of Paris on September 3-9, 1914. During these desperate days the world's gayest city was practically deserted, apparently to fall into the hands of conquerors, but the pendulum of battle swung the other way. · But another influence, not unconnected with the first, had been potently at w01·k as a foundation for the Great War-it was industrialism. The nineteenth century saw the crea tion of that vast phenomenon-the modern world of commerce and industry. In this con nection, two opposite influences came into play-constructive and destructive forces. Com merce and industry are naturally opposed to the waste of war, but they have become, owing to basic economic causes, powerful influences in creating war. The lust for commercial suprem acy is the insidious power behind the colossal military e:xpenditure of the European nations a wanton expenditure that violates a fundameptal principle of economics, because, in time of peace, it is an absolutely unproductive expenditure. Militarism exists to-day largely as the knight-errant of industry. It stands armored like the medieval crusaders, with lance in hand, ready to enter upon the conquest of new markets for its commerce and trade. 'Ve have examined two new influences that have been at work for the last century in the production of war-militarism in support of industrialism. The statesmen, who in 1815 arranged the map of Europe at their will, may perhaps be excused for their ignorance of them. But they neglected another influence which has been patent in history eyer since human records have been written, and which was doubtless a powerful force for untold centuries before-the spirit of race-. a subtle force that also inoculated the Great War of 1914. This race spirit has gathered the members of rude tribes and of civilized nations alike since the beginning of mankind. We cannot here analyze it, but it is so great and palpable a fact that no statesman can afford to ignore it. The spirit of race may be crushed, but it will rise again and again, to the utter discomfiture of the statesman's best laid plans. (34) FRENCH INFANTRY IN THE TRENCHE8-This is a realistic vision of the actualities of war. The flat portion of north easte~n yrance here depicte~ lent itself to such operations. T~e French infa~try ~re here seen to have dug rough trenches; . thetr Implements are behmd them, and under the protection of the fortificatiOns they are pouring a deadly fire. This racial spirit as it appears to-day in Europe is the formation of centuries. \'Vithouf suggesting any solution of these problems, we may express the opinion that the plan reached by the Great Powers in the first dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire was the "root of much evil." Principalities were carved out without any regard to racial distinctions. Thus we find in the Balkan States races joined together in _unnatural political wedlock, with the result that large sections of the population are in a constant state of turmoil and give their moral allegiance to some neighboring country ruled by their blood relations. The chaotic mixture of races in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and its forcible inclusion of large Slavic populations, is responsible for much of the confusion and unrest that came to a climax in the Great War of 1914. The perpetual conflict between what has been conveniently termed Germanism and Slavism may be assigned as a contributory cause of this war. These, then, are. the foundations under the Great ·war, whose military movements and diplomatic developments we are soon to consider. The philosophical historian no longer glibly sets down some one obvious and easily intelligible fact as the real cause of these wars. Even in the case of such apparently purely dynastic wars as those of the Roses or the Hun dred Years' War, some influences other than those on the surface are dimly seen at work. If this be so, much more is it true in the case of this modern titanic conflict. We have en deavored only to indicate briefly the influences. which have been at work in European politics during the past century, and which will receive the careful attention of the philosophical and impartial historian in the fu~ure. The more direct causes and the brilliant strategy of the battles on land and sea will be desct·ibed in detail in the following chapters. (35) Pbotogrnpb from =I ioo of Paul Thom . Copyright, I 1-4. • • III;GE GERMAN SIEGE :.\fOR TAR-This is but one of the monstrous war engmcs used by the G(•rman army. It IS so heavy that. its wht:els have to be equipped with "pads"' like a caterpillar, to prevent i~ from sinkin!{ _to its hubs in soft ground. Forty horses, or powerful motor tractors, are reqUirt'rl to move 1t. Photograph from co11ectiun of Underwood & Underwood. Cop~· right, 1914. Photograph from collection of lntf>mational >lewllServlce. Copyright. 1914. FRENCH FLYI:-.JG liOWITZER-Thi is an 8-inch BELGL\N ARMORED .\l'TO:\IOBILES-Thesc auto railron. Photograph from collection of Brown Brothers. CoPyright. 1914. Photograph from collection of Paul Thompson. Copyright. 1914. TORPEDO ON ITS FLIGHT OF DEATH-This is a AN ENGLISH MOBILE FORTRESS-This is one of the submarine torpedo beginning its death mission from huge armored automobiles. Its occupants can in a French battleship. It is loaded with guncotton. comparative safety ride into the enemy's ranks. (37) 'ho t~raph from collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright. 1914. ( 1\J FIRING LINE WITH THE JAPANESE-Photograph of Japanese artillery and artiiiPrists hurling a .500-pound projectile from a sipgp gun weighing over 10 tons. It was with guns like thpse that the .JapanesP, as all iPs of Great Britain, bombarded the t:,•rm:tn fortifiC'alions at Kian-C'how in China, whilt· th('ir na\•:tl \'CR~d~ hurl('il fw:l\·,v ~h..!ls at th(• (;('rman hattlt•Mhips. 138) How to Secure This Valuable War Library Published in weekly parts-Ten Cents a part-Printed in Alco-Gravure Purpose of This Great Work Keep Posted on the War This monumental "Photographic History qf This authentic history fills a great need in the Great War" is being produced to give the {Our home and business. It keeps you cmrectly American people the first absolutely unbiased mformed on matters that vou must know about. record of the epoch-making events that are d~ It gives you the e.ract truth. It digests the offi stroying nations and remoulding the geography cial records, weighs the evidence,. reduces the of the world-a priceless memorial of the stir statements to their proper proportion, and places ring times in which we are living. It will be the facts before you in their correct perspective. strictly neutral in its viewpoint, according t'o These are the principles upon which the ·· Pho the proclamation of President Wilson. Each tographic History of the Great War" is based. nation engaged in the conflict will be given t~e It is not a diary -of current events, but an authen opportunity to present its own case for the JUdfl tic and pe·rmanent record for .future reference. ment of future gene·rations. It will depend eq It is a gigantic work which every American will tirely upon experts in interpreting the military hand down from generation to generation. It movements from the official records-an official is destined to become the standard illustrated source hook to which the people may turn fdr history of the titanic upheaval which has upset accumte information. ' the world. Keep Your Record for Posterity A Guarantee of Unbiased Begin today to collect these parts and make Authority your own war library. You will soon find that_ you own a rare collection of actual photographs of This great work is guaranteed by the fact tP.at every important event in the World's Greatest •W ar it~ editor-in-chief. (Franc~s ~revelyan . ]\~iller. -the Fall of Liege, the Capture of Brussels, the L1tt. D., LL. D.) 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TO THE PUBLISHER: I believe that Be Sure and Order Ne~ Week's Xa,ne Part Today Street___ _ This war library is to b~ distributed in weekly To!mt ______State ______parts throughout the Umted States. Each of these parts represents a cost exceeding $19,000 may become interested in the Photographic each week. These parts will increase rapidly in History (!1' the Grt' al War, and SlifJ(!Csl that number, until they become the most valuable hi111 I war books in the world. The plan of distribution yon mail { her r a sample copy. has been worked out on a basis whereby ~very reader can secure this monumental work at the Signed _____ in.~ignificant sum of Ten Cents a Part. An unprecedented demand is confidently expected. 8t-reet Those \Yho wish to avoid disappointment should have their copies reserved for them, otherY,ise Town ______,')fate ____ _ it !s probable that they cannot be secured ~t any pnce. Begin Today to Collect These Rare War Photographs