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Přeshraniční Trh Práce Ve Vybraném Pohraničním Regionu – Na Příkladu Hodonín – Myjava/Skalica

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Přeshraniční Trh Práce Ve Vybraném Pohraničním Regionu – Na Příkladu Hodonín – Myjava/Skalica MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA GEOGRAFICKÝ ÚSTAV Přeshraniční trh práce ve vybraném pohraničním regionu – na příkladu Hodonín – Myjava/Skalica Bakalářská práce Lenka Hubáčková Vedoucí práce: doc. RNDr. Milan Jeřábek, Ph.D. BRNO 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Lenka Hubáčková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Geografický ústav Název práce: Přeshraniční trh práce ve vybraném pohraničním regionu – na příkladu Hodonín – Myjava/Skalica Studijní program: Geografie a kartografie Studijní obor: Geografie Vedoucí práce: doc. RNDr. Milan Jeřábek, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 47 Klíčová slova: přeshraniční trh práce, česko-slovenské pohraničí, přeshraniční spolupráce, cizinci, zaměstnanost, dojížďka, prostorové vztahy Bibliografic Entry Author: Lenka Hubáčková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Geography Title of Thesis: Cross-border labor market in the border region – the example of Hodonin – Myjava/Skalica Degree Programme: Geography and Cartography Field of Study: Geography Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Milan Jeřábek, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 47 Keywords: cross-border labour market, Czech-Slovak borderland, cross- border cooperation, foreigners, unemployment, commutation, spatial relations Abstrakt Bakalářská práce se věnuje přeshraničnímu trhu práce na česko-slovenském pomezí. Konkrétně se zaměřuje na zhodnocení situace na území okresů Hodonín, Myjava a Skalica. Analyzuje intenzitu přeshraniční dojížďky za prací a vzájemné prostorové vztahy. Soustřeďuje se především na faktory ovlivňující trh práce. Abstract This bachelor thesis deals with the cross-border labour market in the Czech-Slovak borderland. It's specifically focused on evaluating the situation in the regions of Hodonín, Myjava and Skalica. It analyses the intensity of cross-border commuting for work and reciprocal spatial relations. It concentrates mainly on the factors, that influences the labour market. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala doc. RNDr. Milanovi Jeřábkovi, Ph.D. za odbornou pomoc a rady, které mi při zpracování bakalářské práce vstřícně poskytl, stejně jako za věnovaný čas. Dále bych ráda poděkovala také své rodině, která mě po celou dobu podporovala a umožnila mi studium na Masarykově univerzitě. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně pod vedením doc. RNDr. Milan Jeřábek, Ph.D. a s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno, 12. května 2016 Lenka Hubáčková OBSAH 1 OBECNÁ ČÁST ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Úvod a cíle práce .................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Metodika práce ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Rešerše literatury ................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Trh práce a jeho specifika v modelovém pohraničí .............................................................. 11 1.5 Aktivity a výsledky úřadu práce (EURES) .......................................................................... 12 2 PŘEDSTAVENÍ ŘEŠENÉHO ÚZEMÍ ..................................................................................... 14 2.1 Okres Hodonín ................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Okres Myjava ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Okres Skalica ..................................................................................................................... 16 3 ANALÝZA SITUACE V MODELOVÉM REGIONU .............................................................. 18 3.1 Ekonomická aktivita, zaměstnanost, nezaměstnanost .......................................................... 18 3.2 Struktura cizinců ................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.1 Okres Hodonín ............................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2 Okres Myjava .............................................................................................................. 24 3.2.3 Okres Skalica .............................................................................................................. 25 3.3 Dojížďka do zaměstnání ..................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Firmy okresu Hodonín s největším počtem zaměstnaných Slováků ..................................... 29 4 PŘESHRANIČNÍ PROJEKTY 2007 - 2013 .............................................................................. 31 5 DOTAZNÍKOVÉ ŠETŘENÍ ..................................................................................................... 33 5.1 Postup a metody výzkumu .................................................................................................. 33 5.2 Vyhodnocení odpovědí ....................................................................................................... 34 6 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................................................... 38 POUŽITÉ ZDROJE A LITERATURA ........................................................................................ 39 Literatura ................................................................................................................................. 39 Internetové zdroje .................................................................................................................... 40 Ostatní ..................................................................................................................................... 42 SEZNAM ZKRATEK.................................................................................................................. 43 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ ................................................................................................................. 44 SEZNAM TABULEK.................................................................................................................. 45 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH ...................................................................................................................... 47 8 1 OBECNÁ ČÁST 1.1 Úvod a cíle práce Příhraniční oblasti jsou svojí polohou v blízkosti státních hranic vždy do jisté míry ovlivňovány. Síla těchto vlivů a jejich charakter závisí především na typu hranice a na charakteru sousedních regionů. Hranice může být uzavřená nebo zavřená, částečně otevřená nebo otevřená. V případě uzavřené hranice roste význam bariérového hraničního efektu, což znamená jednostrannou orientaci příhraničního regionu na vnitrozemí a posílení perifernosti. Naopak otevřená hranice přináší kontaktní hraniční efekt, jenž představuje rozvoj vztahů přes hranice. Hranice funguje jako filtr, který usměrňuje procesy procházející hraničními přechody (Jeřábek a kol., 2004). Ve své práci se zabývám konkrétně procesy odehrávající se v oblasti práce trhu mezi českým okresem Hodonín a s ním sousedícími slovenskými okresy Myjavou a Skalicí. Abychom mohli lépe pochopit tyto procesy, je třeba si nejdříve definovat charakter a funkci státní hranice, která od sebe okresy odděluje. Hranice mezi ČR a SR je – ve smyslu hranice mezi dvěma suverénními státy – poměrně mladá, vznikla teprve po rozdělení ČSFR v roce 1993. Je tedy pochopitelné, že mezi českou a slovenskou částí existovalo odjakživa mnoho vazeb, jak rodinných, tak pracovních. Tyto vazby však nemusely být nutně přerušeny. K proměně hraničního efektu přispěly některé mezivládní smlouvy, které vstoupily v platnost ihned od ledna 1993 a tak vzájemné vazby mezi ČR a SR mohly oproti jiným sousedním státům zůstat na nadstandardní úrovni. Vstup obou států do Evropské unie v roce 2004 a jejich začlenění do Schengenského prostoru o tři roky později pak ještě více pomohlo ke snížení vlivů hranice (Šerý, 2013). Na otevřené hranici se také pochopitelně více rozvíjí všechny formy přeshraniční mobility, mezi které patří také přeshraniční pracovní migrace. Ta je obecně na všech hranicích obousměrná, ale výrazně diferenciovaná. Hlavní proud pracovních sil vede ze země s nižší ekonomickou a celkovou životní úrovní a nižšími mzdami do země s vyšší úrovní (Zich, 2007). Hlavním cílem mé bakalářské práce je zhodnotit stávající situaci v oblasti přeshraničního trhu práce mezi Českem a Slovenskem, na příkladu již zmíněných okresů Hodonín, Myjava a Skalica. Nejdříve jsem analyzovala jednotlivé regiony samostatně a poté jsem se zaměřila na konkrétní počty dojíždějících cizinců resp. občanů druhého (sousedního) státu a jejich strukturu. Dále bych chtěla poukázat na přeshraniční spolupráci mezi Slovenskem a Českem, se zaměřením na aktivity v rámci příslušných euroregionů. V praktické části se pak věnuji vlastnímu dotazníkovému šetření. 1.2 Metodika práce Bakalářská práce se skládá ze dvou hlavních částí, z obecné části a praktické části. Při zpracovávání obecné části bylo prvním krokem studium dostupné literatury k danému tématu. Nejednalo se při tom pouze o knižní monografie, ale i sborníky, články, studie 9 a analýzy v českém i slovenském jazyce. Vzhledem k tomu, že téma má být bráno hlavně z geografického hlediska byla prvotní pozornost
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