Boston Review Newsletter Published by Carnegie Corporation of a Small Political and Literary New York

Carnegie

ResultsSPRING 2008

Carnegie Results is a quarterly Boston Review newsletter published by Carnegie Corporation of A Small Political and Literary New York. It highlights Magazine Dramatically Increases Corporation-supported Its Visibility and Impact organizations and projects that have produced reports, Celebrating more than three decades of publication, Boston continues to fine-tune itself as a nexus for people seek- results or information of Review ing cutting-edge ideas in a forum that encourages dialog about special note. politics and culture. Recently, the magazine has found ways to boost its visibility and impact.

Over the years Boston Review has evolved into a forum where its devoted readers find a debate-like approach to serious political issues and avant garde cultural articles and poetry. Like many small publications, it scrambles to stay afloat financially, but has been developing innovative ways to exponentially boost its readership and garner more media attention. In the summer of 2007, the magazine launched a modernized web site that has engaged thousands of additional readers and led to robust discussions in the blogosphere. This effort, Carnegie Results

combined with a new book publishing pro- readership way beyond the base of 8,000 gram, enhanced marketing strategies and print subscribers. streamlined business systems are giving the “It’s amazing to see that we have been get- magazine renewed vigor. ting as many as 120,000 visits (to the web In 2007 alone, Boston Review readers were site) each month,” says Joshua Cohen, richly rewarded with in-depth articles on co-editor of Boston Review and professor of subjects such as global warming, refugees political philosophy at Stanford University. and sectarianism and race and the trans- “When we did the article by Glenn Loury formation of the criminal justice system. on race and imprisonment, that story alone A hallmark of the bimonthly magazine is got close to 100,000 visits. The article on that it provides a forum for discussion: for Ahmadinejad had 20,000 visits in one week.” example, the May/June 2007 issue, with a Carnegie Corporation funding of theme of “Nukes, Democracy, and Iran,” Boston Review began in 2003 with two featured articles from four authors, includ- Dissemination Program awards totaling ing former chief of the United Nations $100,000 and continued in 2006 with an weapons commission Hans Blix on additional $75,000 for highlighting and dis- nuclear disarmament (“Reviving Global seminating the work of Carnegie Scholars Disarmament”). A July/August 2007 article and $7,100 for communications capacity by Carnegie Scholar Glenn C. Loury (“Why building. In 2007, a grant of $40,000 was Are So Many Americans in Prison?”) drew a awarded for a conference on challenges great deal of attention and, as a result of the in Iraq held in collaboration with the John article, Loury, who is a professor of social F. Kennedy Library Foundation. “Carnegie sciences at Brown University, was invited Corporation grants have helped us to get to testify before the U.S. Congress. Abbas into a position to grow and have helped Milani’s article on Iran’s president Mahmoud greatly with our ability to launch a new Ahmadinejad (in the November/December web site and to do outreach,” says Deborah 2007 issue) included information about Iran Chasman, co-editor of Boston Review. “The abandoning its nuclear weapons program. Ahmadinejad article was picked up by Arts The web site (www.bostonreview.net), which & Letters Daily, The Wall Street Journal daily was supported by Carnegie Corporation, blog and the Andrew Sullivan blog in the offers all its content free to subscribers as Atlantic. Our pieces really get discussed now, well as nonsubscribers. A “comment on this and we have been able to raise our visibil- article” section encourages readers to join ity enormously with the help of Carnegie in discussion about the topics, resulting in Corporation.” a lively interchange and has helped extend

2 When Vartan Gregorian, President of scholarship, advance well-reasoned intel- Carnegie Corporation, reinvigorated the lectual ideas and reach influential audiences Dissemination Program, he was mindful of beyond the narrow world of the academy. Andrew Carnegie’s mandate “to promote the Boston Review simply fit the bill.” advancement and diffusion of knowledge.” st Since 2002, 16 Carnegie scholars have con- In Meeting the Challenges of the 21 Century tributed articles to Boston Review. Khaled (Carnegie Corporation, 2007), Gregorian M. Abou El Fadl, a professor of law at the wrote that the program is “designed to University of California at Los Angeles and lift issues of critical importance onto the a leading authority on Islamic law, wrote national agenda” and stressed that “wide dis- two articles for Boston Review, and their semination of the issues addressed through book program published two of his books. our grantmaking and actualized by the work Among other Carnegie Scholars, Lawrence of our grantees is an integral part of all our Rosen, who is professor of anthropology efforts.” Dissemination of knowledge is suf- at Princeton University, wrote “Orientalism fused throughout Corporation programs, Revisited” in the January/February 2007 including the Carnegie Scholars program, issue; the article evaluates the discipline of which began in 1999. The program has a Middle Eastern studies and its potential to highly competitive process to select schol- influence policy. Since January 2006, scholar ars for their focus on significant ideas, but Stephen Ansolabehere has compiled the they are also chosen because of their ability “State of the Nation” survey in each issue of to explain and communicate in ways that Boston Review. A full-page presentation fea- engage those outside their discipline. turing data that Ansolabehere has gleaned “By emphasizing the role of the public intel- from public opinion surveys, it gives insights lectual with the Carnegie Scholars program, about voters’ views on various domestic and Patricia Rosenfield, director of the program, foreign policy issues. wanted to stress and give incentives for scholars to engage the larger world,” says Susan King, Vice President, External Affairs and Program Director, Journalism Initiative, The Early Years Special Initiatives and Strategy, who has led Founded by a group of people who sought the Corporation’s Dissemination Program to develop a small arts and cultural publica- since 2000. She adds, “With that as the core tion that drew on the knowledge, skills and idea behind the Carnegie Scholars program, interests of the Boston area academic com- there was a stronger imperative to part- munity, Boston Review (initially called New ner with organizations that respect good

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Boston Review) was first published in June the issues to subscribers, the group would 1975 and included an interview with Susan hold “bundling parties” to sort the copies Sontag. The focus of the publication then of the magazine according to zip codes for was much less political than it is today. The mailing. The costs of producing the publica- archives section of the web site gives an indi- tion, about $1,500 to $2,000 per issue, were cation of the wide range of articles in early shared by three members of the group. issues, including interviews with Grace Paley Various volunteers would come and go and Joseph Campbell and an article about through the years, and Silvey herself left the “Latin American Boom,” a period in the within two years. Gail Pool, who was a free- 1960s and 1970s when there was a surge in lance writer at the time, began working as interest in Latin American authors. Over the an editorial assistant in 1976 and eventually decades, the magazine has had many dif- became one of the editors. “I remember the ferent iterations, with each version reflect- excitement of it all,” she says. “Even getting ing the focus and interests of the editors one new subscription was a big deal to us.” who have guided the publication. Since no She is author of Faint Praise: The Plight of complete history of Boston Review has been Book Reviewing in America (University of recorded, this brief report has been pieced Missouri Press, 2007), which she says grew together through conversations with several out of “Inside Book Reviewing,” an essay of its editors, past and present. Memories are that she wrote for Boston Review in 1987. In sometimes a bit hazy about details, but this 1980 when Pool and Lorna Condon were account describes generally how the maga- working together as co-editors, the twin zine has evolved. challenges of developing editorial content and trying to secure funds for the magazine Anita Silvey, who was a member of the initial led them to seek a publishing company that group that founded the paper, remembers would financially support the journal. They that the volunteer staff would assemble approached Arthur J. Rosenthal, the founder informally in the apartment she and Jeffrey of Basic Books, who was then director of Hart, a Harvard professor and founding Harvard University Press. Rosenthal said editor, shared. “Everyone would come at that although the Press would not be able 5 or 6 o’clock and we would work into the to assist in the project, he himself thought “it night,” says Silvey, who is author of 100 Best was a worthwhile small journal of literary Books for Children (Houghton Mifflin, 2004). value” and was interested in supporting the “I remember doing that almost every night venture. “Arthur loved Boston Review and until three or four o’clock in the morning. cared a lot about the mix of culture and poli- There was more cat hair in the paste-ups tics [that it represented],” says Margaret Ann than anything.” When it came time to send Roth, who later edited the magazine. 4 In the summer of 1980, Nicholas Bromell, largely made up by advertising, subscrip- who was then a graduate student at Stanford tion increases and grants from foundations, University and had worked with Rosenthal including the Rockefeller Foundation, at Harvard University Press, became guest National Endowment for the Arts and the editor for one issue. “It turned into a four- Massachusetts Council on the Arts and year stint,” says Bromell, who eventually Humanities. A breakthrough moment in returned to Stanford to earn his doctorate the history of Boston Review occurred in degree in English and American literature 1981 when a special issue on “The Nuclear and is now professor of American Studies Threat” that included articles by Robert Jay and director of the graduate program in Lifton, Helen Caldicott, Shirley Hazzard, the English department at the University Alice Kimball Smith and H. Bruce Franklin of Massachusetts (and a contributing edi- became a finalist for the National Magazine tor of Boston Review). “Arthur and I were Awards. feeling our way along,” says Bromell of Roth, who was then married to Rosenthal, the first issues he edited. “He did not have had been involved in book publishing a specific vision of what he wanted to do and was developing educational materi- with this publication, except to in some way als for WGBH radio and television shows. carry forward what the prior people had She enjoyed “hanging around and listen- wanted to do. That was to have a publica- ing” to what was happening with Boston tion, if not The New York Review of Books, at Review, and in 1984 agreed to help market least a serious publication dealing with liter- the magazine. After Bromell returned to ary and political culture.” Under Bromell’s graduate school, Boston Review had sev- editorship, contributors of political articles eral editors, including Mark Silk, who later included John Kenneth Galbraith, Joseph wrote for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution S. Nye, Noam Chomsky and Anthony and is now director of the Trinity College Lake. Among others, Bobbie Ann Mason, program on public values. When Silk left in Adrienne Rich, Ann Beattie and James Merrill 1986, Roth took over as editor, discovered contributed to the arts and literature sections, that she loved the work and remained in the and Eric Wanner, who is now president of position. She also continued in a marketing the Russell Sage Foundation, guest-edited capacity, except for a few years when Garen a special issue on computers and psychol- Daly filled that job. At this time the Boston ogy. The budget grew substantially during Review office was on Massachusetts Avenue these formative years. “When Arthur came in Boston, halfway, as Roth describes the on we had a total annual budget of about address, between Harvard and MIT; later the $50,000,” says Bromell. “By the time I left, office moved to Boston’s Chinatown. “The it was about $250,000. The difference was 5 Carnegie Results

rent was cheap, and our office was in an old September/October 1991 issue. “My idea union building. Our floor had been used for was to have a political magazine that would labs and examining rooms,” she says of the be more devoted to argument and reason- quirky quarters. “It was marvelous and a lot ing than the screechiness that I thought was of fun. We could go right across the street characteristic of most political magazines. to the market, and, if you wanted, buy a live There was a need for a left-center-of-gravity duck.” In addition to the regular roster of magazine of ideas that would be different writers, Roth often found authors through from other publications with a similar broad word-of-mouth suggestions. “The authors political outlook. I didn’t want everything were paid, but not very much,” she says, that appeared in the magazine to be from the adding that the magazine had less of a politi- same point of view, but rather to provoke cal thrust under her editorship than it has debate in a way that emphasized low rheto- now. In November 1990 Rosenthal retired ric and avoided personalizing issues and as director of Harvard University Press and personalizing attacks on people. Preserving moved, with Roth, to New York City to join that editorial style required a lot of effort. Farrar, Straus & Giroux as publisher of its Hill There are plenty of other places where you & Wang Division. Boston Review needed a can get dramatic rhetoric. We are guided new home. by a philosophical idea of a public reason shared by citizens, and we show respect to our readers by exploring the complexity of issues. We provide the serious content for A Shift In Focus the emerging electronic public sphere.” Boston Review Joshua Cohen, who until 2007 was a profes- also shows respect for its sor of political science and philosophy at writers, and over the years it has drawn MIT, became involved with Boston Review an impressive array of authors. One of when Bromell asked if he might be inter- these is Nir Rosen, who is a New America ested in taking it over. “That sounded like a Foundation Fellow; his article “Al Qaeda in nice idea, and I didn’t know enough to say Lebanon: The Iraq War Spreads,” which is no,” Cohen says. “I hadn’t even been on part one of a two-part series on the regional my high school newspaper.” Plunging into fallout of the Iraq war, appeared in the the effort, he put together a small advisory January/February 2008 issue. Although he board, but says it soon became clear that it has written for mainstream magazines such The New Yorker The New York Times, was not going to be a group activity, and so as and the editorship shifted into his hands with the Rosen says, “No other publication gives me the freedom that Boston Review does.

6 No other publication gives me the space to visibility. The web site has links with other realize my vision, allowing me to write in web sites, and Cohen has become more of sufficient length and detail to overcome the a public spokesperson for Boston Review, simplifications that are so often imposed especially since he formed a partnership when writing for the general public or when with www.bloggingheads.tv. Chasman says, constrained by space. With the Boston Review “The impact of print circulation goes beyond I also don’t have to worry about my views our subscribers. Boston Review is being quot- being restricted.” ed more and more in the media, including in Harper’s, The Washington Post, Utne Reader MIT provided office space in the politi- and on National Public Radio, Slate.com and cal science department for the publishing the Charlie Rose show. The increased visibil- operations from 1996 to 2006 and also pro- ity has drawn attention from opinion makers vided indirect financial assistance. Boston and policymakers. For example, the board Review has received support from the John of the National Science Foundation, Mario D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Cuomo’s office, and Barack Obama’s cam- the HKH Foundation, the NEA, Lannan paign have all requested copies of issues that Foundation and Rockefeller Family and were of special interest to them.” Associates, and Stanford has provided some assistance in conjunction with Cohen’s In addition to politically focused articles, move from MIT. Recently, the William and Boston Review introduces its readers to new Flora Hewlett Foundation awarded the mag- voices in fiction. “I pick authors by reading azine three project grants for issues address- a story about five times,” says Junot Díaz, ing problems of democracy and of eco- fiction editor of Boston Review and author nomic development, for a total of $120,000. of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao When Cohen moved to Stanford in 2006, (Riverhead Hardcover, 2007). “The story Boston Review offices were relocated to has to stick with me, even when I’m on line Somerville, Massachusetts. In the fall of 2002, at the movies.” Boston Review is also a major Deborah Chasman joined Boston Review as national poetry outlet and over the last eight a co-editor, bringing twenty years of experi- years 14 poems published in the magazine ence in publishing as an editor of Beacon have been selected for inclusion in The Press. Under her direction, Boston Review Best American Poetry series, making it the completely revamped its web site, comput- fourth largest contributor to that anthology. erized subscriber operations, streamlined A regular Boston Review feature is Harvard other business systems, brought in Junot law professor Alan A. Stone’s “On Films” col- Díaz as fiction editor, added staff members umn that in 2007 featured criticism of In the and worked toward greatly improving its Valley of Elah, Away from Her, Do the Right

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Thing and others. In a joint venture with MIT Harris [author of The Rise and Fall of Gay Press, in 2005 the magazine formed Boston Culture (Ballantine Books, 1999)], who at the Review Books, a series that produces four time was earning his masters in English from books a year, two volumes in the spring and Harvard,” remembers Roth. “He seemed to two in the fall. These books follow a format just appear one day, and he was so smart of expanding articles that have appeared and so capable. He worked to earn money, in the magazine and publishing them as interned for us [for a while] and then worked books. The arrangement with MIT Press again to earn money.” In more recent years continues a history of Boston Review book there have usually been twelve interns annu- publishing that began in the 1990s with Love ally, with each unpaid internship lasting five of Country by Martha Nussbaum, who is or six months. “Boston Review takes about professor of law and ethics at the University twenty-five per cent of its applicants,” says of Chicago. The book built on an article Chasman. “We seem to attract extraordinary by her that appeared in Boston Review and young people, and, from our side, we could included 29 replies from readers, including not function without them.” As they fan out Arthur Schlesinger, Jr, Sissela Bok and Robert to pursue careers as writers and editors or in Pinsky. More than 25 books have appeared professions other than journalism, former now with Boston Review content, from interns continue as informal ambassadors for Beacon Press, Princeton University Press the magazine and help widen its audience. and Oxford University Press. Scheduled In the mid-1990s, intern Archon Fung devel- for publication the spring of 2008 by oped the magazine’s first web site. “This was Boston Review Books are Why Nuclear in the early days of the World Wide Web,” Disarmament Matters by Hans Blix and The says Fung. “Before there was Netscape or Road to Democracy in Iran by Akbar Ganji Explorer or Firefox, there was Mosaic.” He (translated by Abbas Milani); both books recently was awarded tenure as professor of originated as articles in the magazine. public policy at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, and says “Boston Review has helped me enormously as a forum in which to make my own ideas from Interning At Boston Review the ivory tower accessible to its broad, smart Boston Review depends on interns to supple- and politically engaged reading audience.” ment its slim staff. In the early years, students Fung uses articles from the magazine as from local colleges interned for about a course materials for his classes and says the month. “One of our early interns was Daniel debate format is ideal for teaching purposes. “There is always a strong, provocative and

8 closely argued point of view, followed by Boston Review, she felt “pretty sure” that she equally sharp responses and counterpoints,” wanted to be an editor and a writer. “After a he says. “These forums model how students few weeks there, I was certain of it,” she says. should think through controversial propos- “As interns, we helped with just about every als and ideas in their own minds.” aspect of putting the magazine together including fact checking, copyediting, sub- Chrissy Hennenberg was inspired by her stantive editing, reviewing submissions internship to apply to medical school, in and design. In some of these areas we were part because Chasman introduced her to asked to take on a lot of responsibility. In the work of Paul Farmer, who is professor of others we just contributed our opinions, but medical anthropology at Harvard University the editors always took our suggestions seri- and subject of Tracy Kidder’s book Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of ously and engaged us in great debates about Dr. Paul Farmer, A Man Who Would Cure ideas and aesthetics.” Ablutz is now studying at Columbia University’s Journalism School, the World (Random House, 2004). Former in its intensive one-year program centered intern Maddy Kotowicz, who is now a grad- on reporting and writing; the experience at uate student in creative writing at Boston Boston Review helped her gain admission University, describes her internship experi- to the program and also has informed her ence as profound. Kotowicz, who interned journalism studies. “I can see my articles for four months beginning in the fall of 2005, from an editor’s perspective and can look continued at the magazine in a publicity at local stories with an eye for their larger and advertising capacity. “The job gave me a social and intellectual significance,” Ablutz lot of practical experience, including atten- explains. “Our professors say that in the age dance at a spring 2006 Carnegie Corporation of 24-hour news coverage and infinite blog conference on dissemination in Washington, commentary, people need newspapers and D.C., that included a roundtable discussion magazines to provide in-depth writing. That and presentations by Donna Brazile and is what Boston Review has been publishing Eleanor Clift,” says Kotowicz. She also found all along.” the networking opportunities valuable and was able to attend Book Expo America for A 2003 Dartmouth College graduate, Brad the first time. “That was a neat experience,” Plumer was headed for graduate school to she says. “I was able to share the magazine pursue an advanced degree in mathematics. with people from NPR, authors and others in But post-graduation, he began to reconsider the publishing world.” which path to take, decided that he would explore magazine writing and applied for When Kate Ablutz began an internship at an internship at Boston Review. “The experi-

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ence there showed me how magazines are distribution, we are planning to redesign the put together,” says Plumer, who ruefully publication to make it more of a magazine remembers doing a great deal of fact check- size and give it more heft and the percep- ing during his five-month internship from tion of quality to match the standards of the January to May 2004. Plumer says he “wasn’t editorial content,” Skinner says. Another a political person at all in college,” so while avenue that is being explored is how to pro- at Boston Review he tried “frantically to learn vide a media-rich environment that will give as much about politics as possible to fool added prominence to an article by promot- people into thinking that I knew the first ing author interviews on radio and television thing about education policy as opposed to shows. algebraic set theory.” His internship paved The emphasis on delivering Boston Review’s the way for a job at Mother Jones magazine content in new ways while reinvigorat- where he began work as a web intern, wrote ing the print version as well was one that some articles and became assistant web intrigued Carnegie Corporation’s Susan editor before moving to The New Republic, King. “When we revived the Dissemination where he is now an assistant editor. Program there were many within the Corporation who argued against supporting books or scholarly journals since the energy had moved from the printed word Looking Ahead to the electronic platform,” she explains. As they continue to seek ways to re-energize “But under Corporation President Vartan Boston Review, Cohen and Chasman concen- Gregorian, the foundation’s emphasis has trate on the concept of a niche publication always been on the content of communica- for their dedicated community of readers. In tions and the importance of what is being an effort to expand the newsstand presence communicated, not simply on the medium of Boston Review, the editors are working through which it is being communicated.” with Stephanie Skinner, publisher, to plan Adds King, “When Deborah Chasman, with a redesign of the print version of the maga- whom we had worked at Beacon Books, zine, so it can compete more effectively moved to Boston Review and emphasized the for newsstand space. The current oversize desire to concentrate on outreach, experi- Boston Review format relegates copies of mentation and a series of books exploring the publication to a flat display area on the democratic ideas, we thought that Boston bottom of newsstand shelves. “To revamp Review offered real opportunity. The invest- Boston Review and do a much larger national ment in the bi-monthly journal emphasized

10 our scholars for whom we Readers Offer Their Opinions wanted a larger audience, but also recognized the AOL has deemed Boston Review’s web site “A must-see”; People effort that Chasman and magazine calls it “prestigious”; and the Chronicle of Higher the leadership brought to Education” says it is “spunky.” Here’s what a few readers have the idea of re-energizing said over the years about the 33-year-old political and literary Boston Review so that it forum: would find an expanded “Operates at a level of literacy and responsibility which is all too audience on the Internet. rare in our time.” The number of readers —John Kenneth Galbraith, author of The Good Society who have been introduced to Glenn Loury’s “Boston Review has an almost ferocious commitment to issues— work, for example, is not just debating them, but exploring their root systems. testament to the power of Free-spoken, intelligent and 180 degrees from the soundbite content, the passion of an mentality that governs most writing on controversial subjects.” institution to be reborn on —Sven Birkerts, author of The Gutenberg Elegies different platforms with- “Boston Review offers some of the most penetrating and out compromising its val- challenging cultural commentary, political discussion and social ues, and the importance analysis to be found anywhere in the United States. It is a must of leaders like Cohen and read.” Chasman.” —Randall Kennedy, author of Race, Crime and the Law The success of the new “America is a big country, and Boston Review is one of the two or web site has also encour- three best intellectual and political publications we have.” aged the editors to con- —Charles Simic, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet tinue tweaking the site in ways that will draw more “I thank you dearly every time I open your pages.” visitors. Already, the home —Jorie Graham, chancellor of the American Academy of Poets, page is being changed a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and a 1990 MacArthur Fellow more frequently, and the site is being geared up site, both of which Carnegie Corporation to handle more paid advertising and take has supported, have moved the publica- donations online. These and other efforts are tion from being simply an intellectual focused on finding more readers who enjoy journal of literary and policy ideas to exploring the world of ideas. Re-tooling a destination for people searching for Boston Review and the launch of its new web

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Spring 2008 Results

C a r n e g i e Co r p o r a t i o n o f Ne w Yo r k 437 Madison Avenue new ideas and new voices. “Knowledge and the dissemina- New York, New York 10022 Phone: (212) 371-3200 tion of knowledge are two of the most powerful tools at our Fax: (212) 754-4073 Web site: www.carnegie.org command,” says Vartan Gregorian. “While striving to meet Vice President, External Affairs Director, Journalism Initiative, Special Initiatives the challenges of the 21st century, we must bear in mind that and Strategy: Susan Robinson King Editor; Director, Publications and Public Affairs: Eleanor Lerman dissemination of knowledge is only effective if that knowl- Manager, Strategic Communications: George Soule edge reaches its intended audience. As we seek to overcome Editor/Writer: Karen Theroux Program Associate: Ambika Kapur Communications Coordinator: Adrienne the complications associated with information overload, Faraci Public Affairs Assistant: Patricia Pagnotta Researcher: Ronald Sexton we must remain mindful of the need to focus our efforts, so Carnegie Corporation of New York is a phil- that we do indeed disseminate knowledge to the people for anthropic foundation created by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understand- whom it is most useful.” ing among the people of the United States. Subsequently, its charter was amended to permit the use of funds for the same purposes in Boston Review certain countries that are or have been mem- The re-energized is doing exactly that. bers of the British overseas Commonwealth. Board of Trustees Thomas H. Kean, Chairman Richard W. Riley, Vice Chairman Vartan Gregorian, Ex officio Bruce Alberts Written by: Joyce Baldwin. Baldwin has written on a wide Kofi Annan Pedro Aspe Geoffrey T. Boisi range of topics for many national publications and is author Richard H. Brodhead Fiona Druckenmiller of two biographies for young adult readers. Amy Gutmann Susan Hockfield James B. Hunt, Jr. William A. Owens Ana Palacio Norman Pearlstine Thomas R. Pickering Janet L. Robinson Kurt Schmoke Helene L. Kaplan, Honorary Trustee Warren Christopher, Honorary Trustee Newton N. Minow, Honorary Trustee

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