Flora of 24: 240–250. 2000.

54. Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 8: t. 628. 1822. 蜘蛛抱蛋属 zhi zhu bao dan shu

Liang Songyun (梁松筠 Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. Tamura Antherolophus Gagnepain; Colania Gagnepain; Evrardiella Gagnepain; Macrogyne Link & Otto; Plectogyne Link. Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. creeping, elongate; nodes dense. Leaves solitary or 2–4-tufted, basal, erect, long petio- late; leaf blade many veined. Scape usually very short, with 2–8 scales, 1(or 2)-flowered. Flowers bisexual, terminal, generally em- braced by 1 or 2 bracts at perianth base. Perianth campanulate, urceolate, or cupular, fleshy, apically (4–)6–8(–10)-lobed. Stamens as many as and opposite perianth lobes, usually inserted in proximal part of perianth tube; filaments very short or absent; anthers dorsi- fixed. Ovary 3- or 4-loculed; ovules several per locule. Style short, sometimes articulate; usually peltate or mushroom-shaped, large, entire or lobed at margin. Fruit a , globose to ovoid-ellipsoid, usually 1-seeded. About 55 : China, , Japan, Laos, Thailand, ; 49 species (46 endemic, one introduced) in China. Aspidistra has never been well studied so, for the convenience of later criticisms, we use the narrowest species concept in this treatment. Ac- cordingly, the key to the species may not function completely in some cases. Further studies are needed in order to understand the precise species variation and to establish an adequate species concept in the genus. 1a. Leaves 2–5-tufted (at least mostly so in a clone). 2a. Perianth urceolate. 3a. Perianth surface with many deep, longitudinal grooves ...... 49. A. hekouensis 3b. Perianth surface ± flat, not deeply grooved. 4a. Scapes usually tufted; leaf blade rounded or nearly so at base ...... 45. A. typica 4b. Scape solitary. 5a. Stigma 10–12 mm in diam., margin slightly 3-lobed ...... 46. A. caespitosa 5b. Stigma 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., margin 3-lobed or (4 or)6-crenate. 6a. Leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate; stigma strongly convex centrally, margin 3-lobed ...... 47. A. urceolata 6b. Leaf blade lorate to lorate-oblanceolate; stigma not strongly convex centrally, margin (4 or)6-crenate ...... 48. A. minutiflora 2b. Perianth campanulate or subcupular. 7a. Perianth subcupular; lobes deltoid, erect and smooth ...... 38. A. cyathiflora 7b. Perianth campanulate; lobes oblong, oblong-ovate, or deltoid-ovate, recurved and/or papillose. 8a. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate; perianth white; anthers 5–6 mm ...... 39. A. dolichanthera 8b. Leaf blade lorate, linear, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly oblanceolate; perianth blackish purple, purple, purple-red, pale green, or pale yellow-green, not white; anthers 1.5–4 mm. 9a. Leaf blade spotted with pale yellow on both surfaces, narrowly oblanceolate; perianth lobes with 4 papillose keels adaxially ...... 40. A. yingjiangensis 9b. Leaf blade without yellow spots, lorate, linear, or linear-lanceolate; perianth lobes with 2, 4, or 6 keels, or sometimes without a keel. 10a. Stamens inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned nearly as high as stigma ...... 41. A. muricata 10b. Stamens inserted near base or proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma. 11a. Perianth lobes with 4 smooth keels adaxially ...... 42. A. hainanensis 11b. Perianth lobes with 4–6 papillose keels adaxially. 12a. Stigma with white convex markings adaxially; perianth lobes 7–8 mm ...... 43. A. omeiensis 12b. Stigma purple, with 3–6 minute grooves adaxially; perianth lobes 15–19 mm ...... 44. A. linearifolia 1b. Leaves solitary, spaced. 13a. Perianth urceolate. 14a. Perianth tube with fleshy keels on both surfaces; ovary keeled ...... 34. A. carinata 14b. Perianth tube and ovary without keels. 15a. Perianth lobes narrowly oblong ...... 37. A. marginella 15b. Perianth lobes deltoid-ovate or ovate. 16a. Leaf blade oblong or narrowly oblong-lanceolate; perianth lobes purple, deltoid ...... 35. A. leshanensis 16b. Leaf blade oblanceolate-oblong; perianth lobes yellow, ovate ...... 36. A. fenghuangensis 13b. Perianth campanulate (including urceolate-campanulate in in Taiwan). 17a. Perianth white or yellow (at least abaxial surface wholly white or yellow). 18a. Perianth white ...... 1. A. cavicola 18b. Perianth yellow (at least mostly so). 19a. Scape 10.5–22.5 cm; perianth lobes 8–15 mm ...... 2. A. longipedunculata 19b. Scape 0.5–2.5 cm; perianth lobes 4.5–7 mm. Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.

20a. Perianth lobes narrowly ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm, not keeled adaxially; stamens inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned higher than stigma ...... 3. A. triloba 20b. Perianth lobes lanceolate, 5–7 mm, with 2 fleshy keels adaxially; stamens inserted in proximal part of perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma ...... 4. A. flaviflora 17b. Perianth pink, red, purple, blue, or pale green. 21a. Perianth pale green with purplish brown speckles. 22a. Leaf blade lanceolate, 25–30 × 4.5–5.5 cm; perianth lobes with 2 keels adaxially ...... 5. A. punctata 22b. Leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate or lorate-lanceolate, 2.5–3.0 × 4.5–5.5 cm; perianth lobes with 4 keels adaxially ...... 6. A. fasciaria 21b. Perianth pink, red, purple, or blue (sometimes tube white), sometimes with colored speckles. 23a. Scapes usually 2–5-tufted; perianth lobes smooth adaxially ...... 33. A. saxicola 23b. Scape solitary. 24a. Perianth lobes basally expanded inward forming toothlike, subulate, or oblong appendages. 25a. Perianth lobes 0.3–1 cm, shorter than or nearly as long as tube. 26a. Perianth lobes 0.3–0.4 cm, shorter than tube ...... 28. A. oblongifolia 26b. Perianth lobes 0.7–1 cm, nearly as long as tube ...... 29. A. longanensis 25b. Perianth lobes 2.4–7.5 cm, much longer than tube. 27a. Perianth tube villous, lobes 7–7.5 cm, appendages papillose ...... 32. A. longiloba 27b. Perianth tube glabrous, lobes 2.4–4.5 cm, appendages not papillose. 28a. Perianth pale purple; perianth lobes less than 2 × as long as tube; berry softly prickly ...... 30. A. patentiloba 28b. Perianth red-pink; perianth lobes ca. 3 × as long as tube; berry glabrous ...... 31. A. luodianensis 24b. Perianth lobes without appendages basally. 29a. Stamens inserted at or above middle of perianth tube, positioned as high as or higher than stigma. 30a. Perianth 0.9–1.2 cm ...... 7. A. claviformis 30b. Perianth 1.7–2.5 cm. 31a. Stamens inserted above middle of perianth tube, positioned much higher than stigma; perianth lobes (5 or)6 ...... 8. A. retusa 31b. Stamens inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned slightly higher than stigma; perianth lobes 7 or 8. 32a. Perianth tubular-campanulate, lobes ovate-deltoid, not keeled adaxially ...... 9. A. attenuata 32b. Perianth urceolate-campanulate, lobes narrowly deltoid, 2-keeled adaxially ...... 10. A. daibuensis 29b. Stamens inserted nearly at base of or proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma. 33a. Perianth pink ...... 13. A. mushaensis 33b. Perianth not pink (at least in Chinese plants). 34a. Stigma subglobose or mushroom-shaped, 1–1.9 cm in diam. 35a. Style articulate; stigma mushroom-shaped, 1–1.2 cm in diam...... 11. A. fungilliformis 35b. Style not articulate; stigma subglobose, to 1.9 cm in diam...... 12. A. subrotata 34b. Stigma peltate, orbicular to cross-shaped, sometimes convex adaxially, 5–14 mm in diam. 36a. Perianth lobes equaling or longer than tube. 37a. Scape 1–4 cm; perianth 1–1.8 cm ...... 15. A. austrosinensis 37b. Scape 0.3–0.5 cm; perianth 3–3.5 cm ...... 17. A. longipetala 36b. Perianth lobes shorter than tube. 38a. Stigma cross-shaped ...... 26. A. cruciformis 38b. Stigma usually orbicular, not cross-shaped. 39a. Perianth 3–3.5 cm ...... 16. A. tonkinensis 39b. Perianth 1–2.5 cm. 40a. Stigma with 3 or 4 globose, fleshy projections at center adaxially ...... 14. A. acetabuliformis 40b. Stigma without globose projections. 41a. Stigma with 4 hollows at center adaxially ...... 27. A. leyeensis 41b. Stigma without hollows. 42a. Fleshy keels on adaxial surface of perianth lobes fimbriate ...... 18. A. fimbriata 42b. Fleshy keels on adaxial surface of perianth lobes not fimbriate. 43a. Leaf blade oblanceolate, or at least partly so. 44a. Leaf blade 5–9 cm wide; perianth lobes subdeltoid; stigma 3(or 4)-lobed at margin ...... 21. A. xilinensis 44b. Leaf blade 2–4 cm wide; perianth lobes narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong; stigma 4- or 8-lobed at margin. 45a. Perianth lobes narrowly lanceolate; stigma 1–1.2 cm in diam., 4-lobed at margin ...... 19. A. ebianensis Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.

45b. Perianth lobes narrowly oblong; stigma 0.5–0.6 cm in diam., 8-lobed at margin ...... 20. A. oblanceifolia 43b. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, never oblanceolate. 46a. Leaf blade subrounded or broadly cuneate at base; stigma 6-lobed at margin, lobes with a white hollow on adaxial surface ...... 25. A. zongbayi 46b. Leaf blade cuneate at base; stigma 4-lobed at margin, lobes without a hollow on adaxial surface. 47a. Keels of perianth lobes strongly fleshy, not papillose ...... 22. A. elatior 47b. Keels of perianth lobes not fleshy, papillose. 48a. Stigma strongly convex, lobes entire ...... 23. A. lurida 48b. Stigma slightly convex, lobes emarginate at apex ...... 24. A. sichuanensis 1. Aspidistra cavicola D. Fang & K. C. Yen in D. Fang et al., rowly ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 × 3 mm, slightly fleshy. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 180. 1993. Stamens 6 or 7, inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned higher than stigma; filaments 1–1.5 mm; anthers broadly 洞生蜘蛛抱蛋 dong sheng zhi zhu bao dan elliptic, ca. 1 mm. Pistil ca. 3 mm; style articulate; stigma Rhizome subterete, ca. 3 mm thick, densely covered with slightly enlarged, ca. 1.7 mm in diam., 3-parted at margin. Fl. scales. Leaves solitary; 7.5–25 cm; leaf blade elliptic to Apr. 2n = 36*. elliptic-ovate, 5–14 × 2.2–4.4 cm, base rounded or broadly • Sparse forests along valleys; 300–400 m. SC Hunan (Qiyang cuneate, distal margin denticulate, apex acuminate, mucronate. Xian), W Jiangxi (Jinggangshan). Scape 0.7–1.5 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary, erect. Perianth 4. Aspidistra flaviflora K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Phyto- white, campanulate, 5- or 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 5 × 5 mm; tax. Sin. 20: 485. 1982. lobes broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 × 4 mm, 3-veined. Stamens 5 or 6, 黄花蜘蛛抱蛋 inserted in proximal part of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers huang hua zhi zhu bao dan oblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Pistil ca. 4.5 mm; stigma scarcely or Rhizome terete, 3–7 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole slightly enlarged, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., slightly exceeding an- 10–26 cm; leaf blade spotted with yellow-white, oblong-lanceo- thers. Berry pale purple, subglobose or depressed globose, 7–10 late to narrowly elliptic, 19–30 × 3–6 cm. Scape 0.5–1.5 cm, mm in diam., ca. 3-seeded. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 36*. bracts 1 or 2. Flower solitary, fragrant. Perianth yellow, tinged • Limestone caverns; 500–600 m. NW Guangxi (Fengshan Xian). purplish adaxially and whitish abaxially, campanulate, 5- or 6- lobed apically; tube 7–13 × 5–7 mm; lobes reflexed, lanceolate, 2. Aspidistra longipedunculata D. Fang in X. X. Chen & D. 5–7 × 2–4 mm, with 2 fleshy keels adaxially. Stamens 6, in- Fang, Guihaia 2: 78. 1982. serted proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma, 长梗蜘蛛抱蛋 chang geng zhi zhu bao dan subsessile; anthers elliptic, ca. 2 mm. Pistil 3–8 mm; stigma purple, 3–4 mm in diam., adaxially concave, slightly 3- or 6- Rhizome subterete, 4–10 mm thick, densely covered with lobed at margin. Berry ovoid, 1–1.5 cm in diam., tuberculate. Fl. scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 4–45 cm; leaf blade narrowly Sep–Oct, fr. Jan–Jul. 2n = 38*. elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 17–50 × 3.5–13.5 cm, base cune- • Forested slopes; ca. 800 m. SC Sichuan (Muchuan Xian). ate, apex acuminate. Scape purple-brown, 10.5–22.5 cm; bracts 6–9. Flower solitary, nodding, slightly fragrant. Perianth yellow, 5. Aspidistra punctata Lindley, Bot. Reg. 12: t. 977. 1826. campanulate, (6–)8(–10)-lobed apically; tube ca. 7 × 10 mm; lobes reflexed, suboblong, 0.8–1.5 cm × 7(–9) mm, slightly 紫点蜘蛛抱蛋 zi dian zhi zhu bao dan fleshy, smooth adaxially. Stamens 6–10, inserted at or slightly Rhizome terete. Leaves solitary; petiole 7.5–50 cm, rigid; below middle of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers subreniform, leaf blade lanceolate, 25–30 × 4.5–5.5 cm. Scape rather short; ca. 5 mm. Pistil 7–8 mm; stigma slightly enlarged, ca. 1 mm in bracts ca. 5, speckled with purplish brown. Flower solitary, nod- diam., exceeding anthers, inconspicuously 3-lobed at margin. ding. Perianth pale green, densely speckled with purplish Fl. Apr–May. 2n = 36*. brown, campanulate, fleshy, 8-lobed apically; tube hemispheric; • Forests along ravines. SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian, Ningming lobes ovate, with 2 fleshy keels adaxially, keels dark purple, Xian). densely and minutely papillose. Stamens 8, inserted at middle 3. Aspidistra triloba F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y. Lang, of perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma, subsessile; an- Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 380. 1981. thers oblong. Ovary with deeply colored speckles, ovoid, ang- led; stigma white, orbicular, large, adaxially with 4 radial, fork- 湖南蜘蛛抱蛋 hu nan zhi zhu bao dan tipped ridges from center to margin. Fl. Mar. Rhizome subterete, ca. 4 mm thick, densely covered with • Damp places along streams. Guangdong (Yunan Xian, Zeng- scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 7–9 cm, rigid; leaf blade slightly cheng Xian), Hong Kong. spotted with yellow, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 11.5– 6. Aspidistra fasciaria G. Z. Li in K. Y. Lang et al., Acta Phy- 23 × 3–5 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Scape 1.5–2.5 cm; totax. Sin. 37: 484. 1999. bracts 2–4. Flower solitary. Perianth yellow, campanulate, 6- or 7-lobed apically; tube ca. 1.3 × 1 cm; lobes ± recurved, nar- 带叶蜘蛛抱蛋 dai ye zhi zhu bao dan Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.

Rhizome creeping, terete, covered with scales. Leaves Flower solitary. Perianth tubular-campanulate, 2–2.5 cm, 7- or solitary, spaced; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate or lorate- 8-lobed apically; lobes reflexed, speckled with black, ovate- lanceolate, 50–60 × 2.5–4.5 cm, leathery, base gradually deltoid, 7–8 mm. Stamens 7 or 8, inserted at middle of perianth narrowed, margin entire, apex acuminate. Scape 1.8–2.5 cm; tube, subsessile; anthers narrowly oblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Pistil 4– bracts 4–6. Flower solitary, erect. Perianth yellow-green, 5 mm; ovary broadly conical, ca. 2 mm; style ca. 2 mm; stigma speckled with purple, campanulate, 15–16 × 1.5–2.5 mm, peltate, large. Berry green, globose, 2–2.5 cm in diam. Fl. Jun, fleshy, 6–8(–10)-lobed apically; tube 7–8 × 1.2–1.5 mm; lobes fr. Jun. 2n = 36*. dark purple, deltoid-ovate, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, with 4 keels • Mountains; 1000–2000 m. Taiwan. adaxially, papillose. Stamens 6–8(–10), inserted at base of perianth tube; anthers broadly ovate, ca. 3 × 2.5 mm. Pistil ca. 10. Aspidistra daibuensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 143. 5 mm; style short, not articulate; stigma peltate, enlarged, ca. 1920. 1.3 cm in diam., convex and purple-red adaxially, 6–8(–10)- 大武蜘蛛抱蛋 da wu zhi zhu bao dan lobed at margin, lobes suborbicular at apex. Fl. Jun. Rhizome stout, densely covered with scales. Leaves soli- • ?Guangxi. tary; petiole 10–13 cm; leaf blade green and sometimes with Aspidistra fasciaria was described from a cultivated at the white or yellowish white spots adaxially, oblong-lanceolate to Guilin Botanical Garden, Yanshan, NE Guangxi, but no details of a lanceolate, 45–50 × 8–12 cm, base cuneate, apex acute to acu- wild origin were cited. minate. Scape erect, 2–2.5 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. 7. Aspidistra claviformis Y. Wan, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(4): Perianth urceolate-campanulate, 2–2.5 cm, 8-lobed apically; 166. 1984. lobes narrowly deltoid, ca. 10 × 5 mm, thickened, adaxially with 2 fleshy keels at middle. Stamens 8, inserted at middle of 棒蕊蜘蛛抱蛋 bang rui zhi zhu bao dan perianth tube; anthers yellow. Ovary cylindric. Berry globose, Rhizome subterete, 6–8 mm thick, densely covered with 1–1.5 cm in diam. Fl. Jan. 2n = 36*. scales. Leaves solitary, much spaced; petiole (15–)25–50 cm; • Forests; 700–1800 m. Taiwan. leaf blade elliptic, 17.5–30 × 5.5–8.5 cm, apex long acuminate. Scape 0.9–3.5 cm; bracts 3–5, white, speckled with purple. 11. Aspidistra fungilliformis Y. Wan, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube 4(4): 165. 1984. white, sometimes speckled with purple, 8–11 × 6–7 mm; lobes 伞柱蜘蛛抱蛋 san zhu zhi zhu bao dan reflexed, purple, ovate, 4–5 × 3–4 mm. Stamens 6, inserted just above middle of perianth tube, positioned nearly level with stig- Rhizome subterete, 3–5 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; ma, subsessile; anthers oblong, 4.5–5.5 mm. Pistil purple, 7–9 petiole 5–17 cm, rather slender; leaf blade generally yellowish mm; stigma scarcely enlarged, slightly concave and white adax- white spotted, ovate-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 8.5–14 × 2.8– ially, 3-lobed at margin. Fl. Nov. 2n = 36*. 6.5 cm. Scape 1–4 cm; bracts 4–6, white, speckled with purple. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube • Forests on limestone hillsides. W Guangxi (Long’an Xian, Napo Xian). purple-black adaxially, purple abaxially, 1.2–1.6 × 1.1–1.3 cm; lobes spreading or reflexed, white adaxially, purple abaxially, 8. Aspidistra retusa K. Y. Lang & S. Z. Huang in K. Y. Lang, broadly oblong, 6–10 × 5–8 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 379. 1981. perianth tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers subreniform, 2–2.5 mm. Pistil 1–1.2 cm; style articulate; stigma hemispheric, 广西蜘蛛抱蛋 guang xi zhi zhu bao dan mushroom-shaped, very large, 5–6 mm × 1–1.2 cm, exceeding Rhizome subterete, ca. 5 mm thick, densely covered with anthers. Fl. Nov. 2n = 36*. scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 16–33 cm; leaf blade oblong to • Forests in limestone ravines; 300–400 m. W Guangxi (Long’an oblong-lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Scape 2.5–4.5 Xian, Tian’e Xian). cm; bracts 5 or 6. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, (5 or) 6-lobed; tube 1.3–1.5 × 0.9–1 cm; lobes ± recurved, deltoid- 12. Aspidistra subrotata Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7: ovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm, rather thick. Stamens (5 or)6, inserted dis- 223. 1987. tally in perianth tube, positioned much higher than stigma, sub- 辐花蜘蛛抱蛋 fu hua zhi zhu bao dan sessile; anthers ovate, ca. 1.8 mm. Pistil ca. 4 mm; style obvi- ously articulate; stigma slightly enlarged, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., Rhizome subterete, 8–10 mm thick, densely covered with 6-lobed or undulate-lobed at margin. Fl. Apr. 2n = 36*. scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 22–28 cm, rigid; leaf blade ob- • NE Guangxi (Jinxiu Yao Zu Zizhixian, Lingui Xian, Yangshuo long-oblanceolate, 25–45 × 5.5–8 cm. Scape ca. 5.5 cm; bracts Xian). 3 or 4, white, speckled with purple. Flower solitary. Perianth dark purple, 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 8 × 18 mm; lobes hori- 9. Aspidistra attenuata Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 2: 145. 1912. zontally spreading, ovate-lanceolate, 1.8–2.3 cm × 8–10 mm, 薄叶蜘蛛抱蛋 bo ye zhi zhu bao dan adaxially minutely papillose, 4-keeled, keels papillose, central 2 extending to tube and fused with those of other lobes. Stamens Rhizome terete, thickened, ca. 1 cm thick, usually covered 8, inserted at middle of perianth tube; filaments ca. 2 mm. Stig- with scales. Leaves solitary; petiole 30–40 cm; leaf blade oblan- ma subglobose, to 1.3 × 1.9 cm. Fl. Nov. 2n = 38*. ceolate, 45–50 × 7–10 cm. Scape erect, 3–5 cm; bracts 3–5. • S and W Guangxi (Dongxing Xian, Napo Xian).

Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.

13. Aspidistra mushaensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 144. (Paris), sér. 2, 6: 190. 1934. 1920. Rhizome terete, 4–5 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; 雾社蜘蛛抱蛋 wu she zhi zhu bao dan petiole 10–13 cm; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong, 13–20 × 4–5.5 cm, margin slightly undulate. Scape ca. 3 cm; bracts ca. 5. Rhizome terete, ca. 6 mm thick, covered with scales. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube Leaves solitary; petiole 20–50 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to line- dull purple, speckled with dark purple-red adaxially and pale ar-lanceolate, 30–40 × 3–5 cm, leathery, base cuneate, apex purple abaxially, 2–2.3 × 1.6–1.8 cm; lobes white adaxially, acute to acuminate. Scape 1–2 cm; bracts triangular-ovate. Peri- dull purple with pale purple speckles abaxially, ovate to semi- anth pink, broadly campanulate, ca. 1 cm, 8-lobed apically; orbicular, 1–1.2 × ca. 1.2 cm. Stamens 6, inserted near base of lobes deltoid-lanceolate, adaxially distinctly 2-keeled, margin perianth tube, subsessile; anthers reniform. Style white, articu- often folded. Stamens 8, subsessile; anthers ovate, ca. 2 mm. late; stigma peltate, large. Fl. Oct–Nov. 2n = 36*. Ovary cylindric, 5–6 mm; stigma broadly peltate, mushroom- shaped, large. Berry globose, 1–2 cm in diam. Fl. Apr. 2n = 36*. Forests; ca. 1800 m. NW Guangxi (Tian’e Xian), S Guizhou (Luodian Xian), SE Yunnan (Pingbian Miao Zu Zizhixian) [Vietnam]. • 800–1900 m. C and N Taiwan. 17. Aspidistra longipetala S. Z. Huang, Guihaia 6: 273. 1986. No material of this species has been seen by the present authors. 长瓣蜘蛛抱蛋 chang ban zhi zhu bao dan 14. Aspidistra acetabuliformis Y. Wan & C. C. Huang in Y. Rhizome subterete, 5–7 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole Wan, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 396. 1987. 6–7 cm, rather slender; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 13–17 × 5–6 碟柱蜘蛛抱蛋 die zhu zhi zhu bao dan cm. Scape 3–5 mm; bracts 5 or 6. Flower solitary. Perianth pale yellow adaxially, purple-red abaxially, 6-parted apically; tube Rhizome subterete, 4–7 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; ca. 1 × 1.8 cm; lobes suberect, ovate-lanceolate, (1.7–)2–2.5 cm petiole 9–11 cm; leaf blade spotted with yellowish white, ob- × ca. 5 mm, rather thick. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth long-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, ca. 25 × 4–5 cm. Scape 1– tube, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; 2.7 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 8- style ca. 5 mm, thickened, 12-ribbed; stigma peltate, large, 1– lobed apically; tube purple adaxially, white abaxially, 9–10 1.2 cm in diam., slightly 12-lobed at margin. Fl. Mar–Apr. mm × 1.2–1.4 cm; lobes recurved, purple, deltoid, ca. 5 × 5 mm, adaxially with 2 or 3 fleshy, papillose keels. Stamens 8, • Forests in ravines. C Guangxi (Liucheng Xian, Wuming Xian). inserted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 1.5 mm; 18. Aspidistra fimbriata F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y. anthers oblong, ca. 2.6 mm. Pistil ca. 4 mm; stigma large, ca. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 76. 1978. 7 mm in diam., with 3 or 4 fleshy, globose projections at center adaxially, 8-lobed at margin. Fl. Oct. 流苏蜘蛛抱蛋 liu su zhi zhu bao dan • Guangxi. Rhizome 4–6 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole 25–35 cm, Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, stiff; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 30–45 × 3.5–6 cm. Scape 3– without precise locality. 10 mm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth campanulate, 8– 15. Aspidistra austrosinensis Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia 10-lobed apically; tube 7–9 mm × 1–1.5 cm; lobes slightly 7: 221. 1987. recurved, purple speckled abaxially, ovate-deltoid, 6–8 × 3.5–5 mm, with 4 fleshy, fimbriate keels adaxially. Stamens 8–10, 华南蜘蛛抱蛋 hua nan zhi zhu bao dan inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers broadly Rhizome subterete, 5–8 mm thick. Leaves solitary, spaced; ovate, ca. 1.8 mm. Pistil ca. 4 mm; stigma purple, peltate, large, petiole 45–55 cm, stiff; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 40–45 × ca. 7 mm in diam., 4-lobed at margin, lobes emarginate at apex. ca. 5.5 cm, margin denticulate. Scape 1–4 cm; bracts 4 or 5, Fl. Nov–Dec. 2n = 38*. white, speckled with purple. Flower solitary. Perianth campan- • Forests along ravines; 400–500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan. ulate, 6-lobed apically; tube pale yellow, 7–8 mm × 1–1.2 cm; lobes slightly recurved, purple, subdeltoid, 8–10 × 6–7 mm. 19. Aspidistra ebianensis K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu in K. Y. Stamens 6, inserted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 1 Lang et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 492. 1999. mm; anthers ovate, 3.5–4 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; stigma large, ca. 峨边蜘蛛抱蛋 e bian zhi zhu bao dan 5 mm in diam., obviously exceeding anthers, undulate at mar- gin. Fl. Oct. Rhizome creeping, subterete, covered with scales. Leaves solitary; leaf blade spotted with yellowish white, oblanceolate- • Guangxi. oblong, 35–65 × 3–5 cm. Scape 3–5 cm. Flower solitary. Peri- Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, anth purplish or purplish red, campanulate, 8-lobed apically; without precise locality. tube 1–1.2 cm; lobes purple or purplish red, narrowly lanceolate, 16. Aspidistra tonkinensis (Gagnepain) F. T. Wang & K. Y. rarely deltoid-lanceolate, 8–11 × 2–3 mm, 2–4-keeled to middle Lang in K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(1): 77. 1978. of tube. Stamens 8, inserted at base of perianth tube; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm. Pistil 3–5 mm; style short; 大花蜘蛛抱蛋 da hua zhi zhu bao dan stigma purple, peltate, 1–1.2 cm in diam., convex, 4-ridged at Colania tonkinensis Gagnepain, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. center adaxially, 4-lobed at margin, lobes emarginate at apex.

Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.

Berry obovoid, 2–6 × ca. 2 cm, scabrous. Fl. May. was said to be of Chinese origin, but no wild plants have been found in China. Sako and Maruno (Bull. Kagoshima • About 800 m. Sichuan. Univ. For. 11: 33–78. 1983) and Sako et al. (ibid. 16: 83–108. 1988) 20. Aspidistra oblanceifolia F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y. noted that the species originated from Kuroshima, Suwanose, and Uji Islands (Osumi Islands, S of Kyushu, Japan). The Uji Islands are largely Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 487. 1982. covered with thickets of Ardisia sieboldii Miquel, where Aspidistra 棕叶草 zong ye cao elatior grows abundantly. Kuroshima Island is largely covered with forests of (Makino) Hatusima ex T. Yamazaki & Rhizome subterete, 5–7 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole Mashiba, the understory of which is occupied by A. elatior. 6–13 cm, stiff; leaf blade sometimes inconspicuously yellowish 23. Aspidistra lurida Ker Gawler, Bot. Reg. 8: t. 628. 1822. white spotted, narrowly oblanceolate, 35–50 × 2.5–4 cm. Scape 3–2 mm; bracts several. Flower solitary. Perianth purple-red, 九龙盘 jiu long pan campanulate, fleshy, 8-lobed apically; tube 9–11 × 6–10 mm; lobes slightly recurved, oblong, 3–4 × 1.5–2 mm, 2-keeled near Aspidistra kouytchensis H. Léveillé & Vaniot; A. kouy- base and papillose adaxially, keels fleshy, papillose. Stamens 8, tchensis var. aucubimaculata H. Léveillé; Macrogyne conval- inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers ovate, lariifolia Link & Otto. ca. 1 mm. Pistil 3.5–4 mm; stigma purple, peltate, orbicular, Rhizome terete, 4–10 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole large, 5–6 mm in diam., exceeding anthers, 4-ribbed adaxially, 10–15 cm, stiff; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 15–22.5 × 3–5 8-lobed at margin. Fl. Apr. 2n = 38*. cm. Scape arching, ca. 3 cm; bracts ca. 5, dark reddish. Flower solitary, nodding. Perianth dark purple, cupular-campanulate, • Moist places in forests; 400–1300 m. S Guizhou (Dushan Xian), 6-lobed apically; tube basally pale yellow-brown speckled W Hubei (Badong Xian), Sichuan. with purple; lobes ovate-deltoid, shorter than tube, adaxially pa- 21. Aspidistra xilinensis Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan, Acta pillose. Stamens 6(–8), inserted proximally in perianth tube, Phytotax. Sin. 25: 397. 1987. positioned nearly level with stigma, subsessile. Pistil equaling perianth tube; ovary purple speckled; stigma peltate, orbicular, 西林蜘蛛抱蛋 xi lin zhi zhu bao dan large, strongly convex adaxially, inconspicuously 4-lobed at Rhizome subterete, 5–9 mm thick, covered with scales. margin, lobes entire at apex. 2n = 36*. Leaves solitary, spaced; petiole 20–37 cm; leaf blade with yel- • Rock crevices in limestone mountains; ca. 300 m. Guangdong, lowish white spots, oblanceolate to subelliptic, 25–45 × 5–9 NC Guangxi (Liuzhou Shi), SC Guizhou (Guiding Xian). cm. Scape 0.5–5 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth 24. Aspidistra sichuanensis K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Bot. campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube pale yellow, 9–10 × 10 Yunnan. 6: 387. 1984. mm; lobes slightly recurved, pale purple, subdeltoid, 6–8 × 4–6 mm, adaxially 4-keeled, keels fleshy, papillose. Stamens 6, 四川蜘蛛抱蛋 si chuan zhi zhu bao dan inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers broadly Rhizome terete, 6–12 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole ovate, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 8 mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, 10–35(–40) cm; leaf blade sometimes with yellowish white large, ca. 7 mm in diam., obviously exceeding anthers, 3(or 4)- spots, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 20–35 × 4–8 cm. Scape lobed at margin. Fl. Sep. 0.5–5 cm. Flower solitary. Perianth subcampanulate, (6–)8- • NW Guangxi (Xilin Xian). lobed apically; tube brown-purple adaxially, purple abaxially, 22. Aspidistra elatior Blume, Tijdschr. Natuuri. Gesch. Phy- 7–9 × 0.9–1.5 cm; lobes recurved, purple-red, deltoid-lanceo- siol. 1: 76. 1834. late, 3–6 × 2–3 mm, adaxially 4-keeled, keels densely papillose. Stamens (6–)8, inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile. 蜘蛛抱蛋 zhi zhu bao dan Stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., slightly convex centrally, 4-ridged, (3 or)4-lobed at margin, lobes emar- Aspidistra punctata Lindley var. albomaculata Hooker; ginate at apex. Berry tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Jan–Mar. 2n = 38*. Plectogyne variegata Link. • Forests, bamboo forests, thickets; 500–1100 m. Guangxi (Jinxiu Rhizome subterete, 5–10 mm thick. Leaves solitary, Yao Zu Zizhixian, Napo Xian, Xing’an Xian), Guizhou (Anlong Xian, spaced; petiole 5–35 cm, stiff; leaf blade sometimes with yel- Zunyi Xian), W Hunan (Yongshun Xian, Zhijiang Xian), Sichuan, lowish white markings, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or sub- Yunnan (Kunming Shi). elliptic, 20–45 × 6–10 cm. Scape 0.5–2 cm; bracts 2–4. Flower 25. Aspidistra zongbayi K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Phyto- solitary. Perianth purplish to dark-purple, rarely pinkish, cam- tax. Sin. 20: 486. 1982. panulate, (6–)8-lobed apically; tube 1–1.2 × 1–1.5 cm; lobes greenish at margin, deltoid, 6–8 × 3.5–4 mm, adaxially 4-keeled, 粽粑叶 zong ba ye keels purple-red, very thick, fleshy, smooth, central 2 up to 1.5 Rhizome terete, 3–5 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole 5– mm wide. Stamens (6–)8, inserted at base of perianth tube, 25 cm, stiff; leaf blade with yellowish white spots basally, ellip- subsessile; anthers elliptic, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 8 mm; stigma tic to elliptic-lanceolate, 14–25 × 3–7 cm. Scape 2–3 cm; bracts peltate, orbicular, large, 1–1.3 cm in diam., 4-lobed at margin, 1 or 2. Flower solitary. Perianth purple-red, campanulate, 6-lobed lobes emarginate at apex. Fl. Jan–Apr. 2n = 36*. apically; tube 5–7 × 8–11 mm; lobes recurved, deltoid-ovate, 4– Widely cultivated in China [native to Japan (Osumi Islands)]. 5 × 2–4 mm, adaxially with 4 fleshy, papillose keels. Stamens 6, inserted proximally in perianth tube, subsessile; anthers ovate.

Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.

Pistil 4–5 mm; stigma yellowish white or purple, peltate, orbic- 17.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 14–21 ular, large, ca. 9 mm in diam., 6-lobed at margin, lobes with a × 6–8.5 cm. Scape 1.5–5 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary. Peri- white hollow adaxially. Berry ellipsoid-ovoid, 1–1.3 cm in anth blue-purple, subcampanulate, 8-lobed apically; tube 0.8–1 diam., tuberculate. Fl. Jan–Feb, fr. Aug–Dec. 2n = 38*. × 1.3–1.6 cm; lobes triangular-lanceolate, 9–10 × 6–7 mm, • Forests; ca. 1200 m. Sichuan. adaxially with 2 papillose keels distally, basally expanded inward forming subulate appendages connate into a ring. 26. Aspidistra cruciformis Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan & Stamens 8, inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7: 217. 1987. anthers ovate, ca. 4 mm. Pistil 8–10 mm; stigma peltate, 十字蜘蛛抱蛋 shi zi zhi zhu bao dan orbicular, large, 1–1.2 cm in diam., convex at center, 4-parted and 12-lobed at margin. Fl. Jun. 2n = 38*. Rhizome subterete, 6–12 mm thick. Leaves solitary; peti- • ole 30–50 cm; leaf blade with yellowish white spots, elliptic to Shady and moist places on limestone hillsides. WC Guangxi oblong-elliptic, 25–35 × 6–9 cm. Scape 0.6–1.5 cm; bracts 2 or (Long’an Xian). 3. Flower solitary. Perianth dark purple, subcampanulate, 8- 30. Aspidistra patentiloba Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan, Bull. lobed apically; tube 1.1–1.4 × 1.4–1.6 cm, adaxially papillose; Bot. Res., Harbin 9(2): 99. 1989. lobes slightly recurved, oblong to deltoid, 5–6.5 × 4–5 mm, 柳江蜘蛛抱蛋 liu jiang zhi zhu bao dan adaxially papillose. Stamens 8, inserted proximally in perianth Rhizome subterete, 0.8–1.5 cm thick. Leaves solitary; peti- tube; filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ovate, ca. 2 mm. Pistil ca. 5 ole 22–40 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 28–60 × 6–13 cm. mm; stigma peltate, cross-shaped, large, 1.2–1.4 cm in diam., 4- Scape 2.5–4 cm; bracts ca. 7. Flower solitary. Perianth pale pur- lobed at margin. Berry subglobose, ca. 7 mm in diam., scabrous. ple, deeply 8-lobed; tube ca. 1.4 × 1.8 cm, glabrous; lobes yel- Fl. Sep. lowish adaxially, linear-lanceolate, ca. 2.4 cm × 5–8 mm, basal- • NW Guangxi (Longlin Ge Zu Zizhixian, Tian’e Xian). ly expanded inward forming toothlike or spurlike appendages. 27. Aspidistra leyeensis Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7: Stamens 8, inserted at middle of perianth tube, subsessile; an- 219. 1987. thers ovate, ca. 3.5 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; stigma purple, orbicular, large, to 1.5 cm in diam., concave adaxially, 16-lobed at margin. 乐业蜘蛛抱蛋 le ye zhi zhu bao dan Berry purple, subglobose, 1.4–1.7 cm in diam., softly prickly. Rhizome subterete, 6–10 mm thick. Leaves solitary or Fl. Apr, fr. Jun. 2n = 38*. occasionally paired; petiole 10–21 cm, stiff; leaf blade usually • C Guangxi (Liujiang Xian). with yellowish green spots, narrowly lanceolate, 30–55 × 4–6 cm. Scape 1.5–6 cm; bracts 4–6. Flower solitary. Perianth pur- 31. Aspidistra luodianensis D. D. Tao, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. ple except for white base, campanulate, 8-lobed apically; tube 43: 121. 1992. 1–1.2 × 1.3–1.5 cm, adaxially papillose; lobes spreading or re- 罗甸蜘蛛抱蛋 luo dian zhi zhu bao dan flexed, deltoid-ovate to oblong, 7–9 × 4–6 mm, 3- or 4-keeled and papillose adaxially, keels fleshy, papillose. Stamens 8, in- Rhizome terete, 2–2.5 cm thick, without scales. Leaves serted proximally in perianth tube; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers solitary; petiole 30–60 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 80–110 × 10– 13 cm. Scape 1–1.5 cm; bracts 1 or 2, purple. Flower solitary. ovate, 1.5–2 mm. Pistil 5–6 mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, Perianth red-pink, campanulate, deeply 6-lobed apically; tube 0.9–1.1 cm in diam., with 4 hollows at center adaxially. Fl. Mar. 1–1.5 × 2–2.5 cm, glabrous; lobes recurved, linear-lanceolate, • NW Guangxi (Leye Xian, Tian’e Xian). ca. 4.5 × 0.5 cm, basally expanded inward forming toothlike or 28. Aspidistra oblongifolia F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y. spurlike appendages. Stamens 6, inserted at middle of perianth Lang et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 476. 1999. tube, subsessile; anthers suboblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Pistil 5–9 mm; ovary 3–5-ribbed; stigma purple, orbicular, large, 1–1.5 cm in 长圆叶蜘蛛抱蛋 chang yuan ye zhi zhu bao dan diam. concave adaxially, slightly 8-lobed at margin. Berry red, Rhizome creeping, subterete, covered with scales. Leaves globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam., glabrous. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun. 2n = solitary; leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, 10.5–14 × 4–5 cm. 38*. Scape 5–10 mm. Flower solitary. Perianth purple, campanulate, • Streamsides in evergreen forests in limestone areas; ca. 500 m. 6-lobed apically; tube 7–8 mm; lobes oblong, 3–4 × ca. 2.5 NW Guangxi (Tian’e Xian), S Guizhou (Luodian Xian). mm. Stamens 6, inserted proximally in perianth tube; anthers broadly elliptic, 1.2–1.5 × 0.8–1.2 mm. Pistil 6–7 mm; style 32. Aspidistra longiloba G. Z. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 156. long, slender; stigma enlarged, ca. 1.7 mm in diam., convex 1988. adaxially, 3-ridged. Berry globose, 8–10 mm in diam., scab- 巨型蜘蛛抱蛋 ju xing zhi zhu bao dan rous. Fl. Nov. • N Guangxi (Hechi Xian). Rhizome subterete, ca. 1.5 cm thick. Leaves solitary; peti- ole purple-brown, 45–75 cm, rigid; leaf blade oblanceolate, 50– 29. Aspidistra longanensis Y. Wan, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 70 × 10–15 cm. Scape 5–11 cm; bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary, 151. 1985. erect. Perianth purple, deeply 12(–14)-lobed apically; tube 3.5– 隆安蜘蛛抱蛋 long an zhi zhu bao dan 3.7 × 3.5–4 cm, villous; lobes slightly recurved, linear-lanceo- late, 7–7.5 × 1–1.2 cm, basally expanded inward forming ob- Rhizome terete, 3–6 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole 9–

Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.

long, papillose appendages ca.13 × 6 mm. Stamens 12(–14), 36. Aspidistra fenghuangensis K. Y. Lang in K. Y. Lang et al., inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37: 494. 1999. 6 mm. Pistil ca. 9 mm; style articulate; stigma peltate, orbicular, 凤凰蜘蛛抱蛋 feng huang zhi zhu bao dan large, to 2.2 cm in diam., 12(–14)-lobed at margin. Fl. May– Jun. 2n = 38*. Rhizome creeping, subterete, covered with scales. Leaves • Guangxi. solitary; leaf blade with yellowish white markings, oblanceo- late-oblong, 30–50 × 4.5–6.5 cm, margin sparsely denticulate. Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, Scape 0.5–2.5 cm. Flower solitary. Perianth pale yellow, urceo- without precise locality. late, 6–8-lobed apically; tube ca. 4 × 8 mm; lobes incurved, 33. Aspidistra saxicola Y. Wan, Guihaia 4: 129. 1984. ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, with 2 keels adaxially, keels fleshy, papil- lose at base. Stamens 6–8, inserted at middle of perianth tube; 石山蜘蛛抱蛋 shi shan zhi zhu bao dan anthers long elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.8 mm. Pistil ca. 3 mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, enlarged, ca. 6 mm in diam., convex adaxi- Rhizome subterete, 5–7 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole ally, 3- or 4-ridged, 3- or 4-lobed at margin, lobes emarginate at 5–14 cm, rigid; leaf blade slightly spotted with yellowish white, apex. Fl. Sep. elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 12–23 × 4.5–7(–9.5) cm. Scapes us- • About 700 m. W Hunan (Fenghuang Xian). ually 2–5-tufted, 0.5–2.5 cm; bracts 4–6. Flower solitary. Peri- anth purple, campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube 8–10 × 6–7 37. Aspidistra marginella D. Fang & L. Zeng in D. Fang et al., mm; lobes broadly ovate, 4–5 × 4–6 mm, smooth adaxially. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 182. 1993. Stamens 6, inserted at middle of perianth tube, subsessile; an- 啮边蜘蛛抱蛋 nie bian zhi zhu bao dan thers oblong, ca. 4.5 mm. Pistil 7–8.5 mm; stigma purple, pel- tate, orbicular, large, 4–5 mm in diam. Berry dark purple, tri- Rhizome subterete, 3–5 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole gonous globose, 1–1.4 cm in diam., tuberculate. Fl. Oct. 2n = 11–17(–25) cm; leaf blade usually ovate, 12–23 × 5.5–9 cm. 36*. Scape 2.5–6 cm. Flower solitary, slightly nodding. Perianth • Evergreen forests on limestone slopes; 300–400 m. WC Guang- pale green, speckled with purple on both surfaces, urceolate, 6- xi (Long’an Xian). or 8-lobed apically; tube 1–1.3 cm; lobes usually incurved, nar- rowly oblong, ca. 9 × 2 mm, basally expanded inward forming 34. Aspidistra carinata Y. Wan & X. H. Lu in Y. Wan, Bull. a crenate appendage, margin erose. Stamens 6–8, inserted Bot. Res., Harbin 9(2): 97. 1989. proximally in perianth tube, subsessile. Pistil ca. 7 mm; stigma 天峨蜘蛛抱蛋 tian e zhi zhu bao dan large, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., 16-dentate at margin. Berry dark pur- ple, depressed globose, 1.2–1.4 cm in diam., slightly tuberculate Rhizome subterete, 6–8 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole and prickly. Fl. May. 2n = 38*. 22–24 cm; leaf blade green with yellowish white spots, linear- lanceolate, 60–70 × 3.5–4.5 cm. Scape 1–2 cm; bracts ca. 4. • Forests in limestone areas; 500–600 m. SW Guangxi (Longzhou Flower solitary. Perianth suburceolate, 8-lobed apically; tube ca. Xian). 8 × 7 mm, with fleshy keels on both surfaces; lobes reflexed, 38. Aspidistra cyathiflora Y. Wan & C. C. Huang in Y. Wan, deltoid-oblong, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, adaxially with 2 or 3 papillose Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(2): 100. 1989. keels. Stamens 8, inserted proximally in perianth tube, sub- 杯花蜘蛛抱蛋 bei hua zhi zhu bao dan sessile; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. Pistil ca. 7 mm; ovary en- larged, ridged; style articulate; stigma peltate, orbicular, ca. 4 Rhizome subterete, 6–11 mm thick. Leaves solitary or 2- mm in diam., convex at center, 8-lobed at margin. Fl. Nov. or 3-tufted; petiole 2–14 cm; leaf blade linear-oblanceolate, 25– • N Guangxi (Jinxiu Yao Zu Zizhixian, Tian’e Xian). 45 × 1.8–3.5 cm. Scape 0.8–2 cm; bracts 3–5. Flower solitary. Perianth pale yellow-green, spotted with purple abaxially, sub- 35. Aspidistra leshanensis K. Y. Lang & Z. Y. Zhu, Acta Bot. cupular, 6-lobed apically; tube purple adaxially except for white Yunnan. 6: 385. 1984. base, ca. 7 × 13 mm; lobes erect, pale yellow adaxially, deltoid, 乐山蜘蛛抱蛋 le shan zhi zhu bao dan 5–7 × 5–6 mm, smooth. Stamens usually 6, inserted at base of perianth tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers broadly ovate, 2–3 Rhizome subterete, 4–8 mm thick. Leaves solitary; petiole mm. Pistil ca. 5 mm; stigma purple or with yellow center, pel- 27–45 cm; leaf blade sometimes with yellowish white spots, tate, orbicular, 5–8 mm in diam., with 3 white grooves, 3(or 4)- oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 20–40 × 3–6 cm. Scape 1–6 cm; lobed at margin. Fl. Dec. bracts 4–6. Flower solitary. Perianth urceolate, 6–8(or 9)-lobed apically; tube purple-brown adaxially, purple abaxially, 0.8–1.2 • Guangxi. × 1–2 cm; lobes recurved, white or yellowish white adaxially, Described from a cultivated plant originating from Guangxi, purple abaxially, deltoid-ovate, 5–6 × 4–5 mm, with 2 short, pa- without precise locality. pillose keels near adaxial base. Stamens 6–8(or 9), inserted at 39. Aspidistra dolichanthera X. X. Chen in X. X. Chen & D. base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers ca. 2 mm. Pistil 4–6 Fang, Guihaia 2: 77. 1982. mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 1–1.5 cm in diam., 6–8(or 9)-lobed at margin. Berry ca. 1.5 cm in diam., tuberculate. Fl. 长药蜘蛛抱蛋 chang yao zhi zhu bao dan Sep. 2n = 38*. Rhizome subterete, 6–9 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted; • Moist places in forests; ca. 600 m. SC Sichuan (Leshan Shi). petiole 20–30 cm, rigid; leaf blade green with sparse, yellow

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spots, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 18–30 × 8–15 cm, base round- 43. Aspidistra omeiensis Z. Y. Zhu & J. L. Zhang, Acta Phyto- ed. Scape 5–15 cm; bracts 3–6. Flower solitary. Perianth white, tax. Sin. 19: 386. 1981. campanulate, 6- or 7-lobed apically; tube 6–8 × ca. 8 mm; lobes 峨眉蜘蛛抱蛋 e mei zhi zhu bao dan recurved, oblong, ca. 12 × 7–8 mm. Stamens 6–7, inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers oblong, 5–6 mm. Stig- Rhizome 1–2 cm thick, stout. Leaves 3–5-tufted; petiole ma slightly enlarged, ca. 1.7 mm in diam., exceeding anthers. 5–13 cm; leaf blade lorate, 8–100 × 2–4 cm. Scape 3–12 mm; Fl. Apr. 2n = 36*. bracts 3 or 4. Flower solitary. Perianth purple or purple-red, • SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian). campanulate, 6(–8)-lobed apically; tube 0.8–1.1 × 1.2–1.4 cm; lobes deltoid-ovate, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, 4(–6)-keeled adaxially, 40. Aspidistra yingjiangensis L. J. Peng, Acta Bot. Yunnan. keels fleshy, papillose, extending from middle or base of tube to 11: 173. 1989. apex of lobes. Stamens 6(–8), inserted proximally in perianth 盈江蜘蛛抱蛋 ying jiang zhi zhu bao dan tube; filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers transversely elliptic. Pistil ca. 6 mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 0.9–1.3 cm in diam., ex- Rhizome terete, 4–6 mm thick. Leaves 3-tufted; petiole ceeding anthers, with white, convex markings. Fl. Mar. 2n = 38*. 11–13 cm; leaf blade green with pale yellow spots, narrowly • Forests, humus-rich places; 600–1100 m. Sichuan. oblanceolate, 50–80 × 2–4.5 cm. Scape 1–1.5 cm; bracts 2 or 3. Flowers solitary or paired. Perianth campanulate, 6-lobed api- 44. Aspidistra linearifolia Y. Wan & C. C. Huang, Guihaia 7: cally; tube 7–10 × 7–10 mm; lobes oblong-ovate, 7–10 × 3–5 220. 1987. mm, adaxially with 4 fleshy, papillose keels. Stamens 6, insert- 线萼蜘蛛抱蛋 xian e zhi zhu bao dan ed at base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers broadly elliptic, ca. 4 mm. Pistil 4–5 mm; stigma purple, peltate, orbicular, large, Rhizome subterete, 1.3–2 cm thick. Leaves 2–5-tufted; 5–7 mm in diam., 6-lobed at margin. Berry purple-red, globose, petiole 3–10 cm; leaf blade lorate, 60–100 × 1.5–3.5 cm. Scape 5–7 mm in diam. Fl. Oct. 2n = 36*. 2–5.5 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth blackish pur- ple, campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube 0.8–1.3 × 1.8–2.2 cm, • Forests; 1500–1600 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian). papillose adaxially; lobes slightly recurved, deltoid-ovate, 1.5– 41. Aspidistra muricata How ex K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. 1.9 cm × 0.8–1.0 mm, 6-keeled adaxially, apex widened, keels Sin. 19: 383. 1981. fleshy, papillose, central 4 extending from base of tube to apex of lobes. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; 糙果蜘蛛抱蛋 cao guo zhi zhu bao dan anthers subreniform, ca. 3 mm. Pistil ca. 9 mm; stigma purple, Rhizome terete, ca. 5 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted; peltate, orbicular, large, ca. 1.4 cm in diam., exceeding anthers, petiole 5–10 cm; leaf blade lorate to linear-lanceolate, 30–50 with 3–6 minute grooves and 6 ridges adaxially. Fl. Mar. 2n = × 1–1.5 cm. Scape 1–1.3 cm; bracts 4 or 5. Flower solitary. 36*. Perianth pale green, campanulate, 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 10 • W Guangxi (Bose Xian). × 6.5 mm; lobes recurved, oblong, ca. 5 × 3 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned nearly level with 45. Aspidistra typica Baillon, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: stigma, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 3 mm. Pistil ca. 6 mm; 1129. 1894. style articulate; stigma orbicular, slightly enlarged, ca. 4 mm in 卵叶蜘蛛抱蛋 luan ye zhi zhu bao dan diam., slightly 6-lobed at margin. Berry globose, ca. 1 cm in diam., tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Oct. Rhizome subterete, ca. 7 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted; • NC and W Guangxi (Luocheng Xian, Napo Xian). petiole 12–21 cm, stiff; leaf blade green, sometimes sparsely yellowish spotted, ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 18–32 × 7–12 cm, 42. Aspidistra hainanensis Chun & How, Fl. Hainan. 4: 533. base rounded or nearly so. Scapes usually tufted, arching or hori- 1977. zontal, 2.5–4.6 cm; bracts 3–5. Flower solitary. Perianth purple, 海南蜘蛛抱蛋 hai nan zhi zhu bao dan urceolate, 6-lobed apically; tube 0.9–1.2 × 1.4–1.8 cm; lobes suberect, ovate, 3–5 × 3–5 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of Rhizome ca. 8 mm thick, stout. Leaves 2–4-tufted; petiole perianth tube, subsessile. Stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 0.9– 3–10 cm; leaf blade lorate, 50–70 × 1–1.5 cm. Scape 5–18 mm; 1.5 cm in diam., slightly 6-lobed at margin. Fl. Jun. bracts ca. 4. Flower solitary. Perianth purple or tinged with yel- Forests. ?SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan (Hekou Yao Zu Zizhixian) low, campanulate, 6(–8)-lobed apically; tube 1–1.2 × 1.3–1.5 [Vietnam]. cm; lobes recurved, oblong-ovate, 8–10 × ca. 2 mm, 4-keeled adaxially, keels fleshy, smooth, central 2 extending from base 46. Aspidistra caespitosa C. Pei, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. of tube to apex of lobes, other 2 short or sometimes inconspic- Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 12: 101. 1939. uous. Stamens 6(–8), inserted proximally in perianth tube, sub- 丛生蜘蛛抱蛋 cong sheng zhi zhu bao dan sessile; anthers transversely elliptic, ca. 1.5 × 2 mm. Pistil ca. 8 mm; stigma peltate, orbicular, large, 1–1.3 cm in diam., 3-lobed Rhizome ca. 6 mm thick. Leaves usually 3-tufted; petiole at margin. Fl. Mar–Apr. 2n = 38*. 10–18 cm or shorter; leaf blade lorate, 40–80 × 1–2.5 cm. • Moist places along ravines, forests; ca. 600 m. S Guangdong Scape solitary, arching or horizontal, 2–11 cm, geniculate; bracts (Xinyi Xian, Zhuhai Shi), EC Guangxi (Jinxiu Yao Zu Zizhixian), S 4 or 5. Flower solitary. Perianth purple or tinged with purple, Hainan (Sanya). urceolate, 6-lobed apically; tube 1–1.2 × 1.6–2 cm; lobes sub-

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erect, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 10 × 4 mm. Stamens 6, inserted near xian). base of perianth tube, subsessile. Stigma peltate, large, 1–1.2 No material of this species has been seen by the present authors. cm in diam., slightly 3-lobed at margin. Berry purple, ovoid, ca. 6 mm in diam., scabrous. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 38*. • Forests, bamboo forests; 500–1600 m. Sichuan. 47. Aspidistra urceolata F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang in K. Y. Lang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 381. 1981. 坛花蜘蛛抱蛋 tan hua zhi zhu bao dan Rhizome subterete, ca. 6 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted; petiole 8–16 cm, rigid; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 20–25 × 3–4 cm. Scape solitary, ca. 3 cm, slender; bracts ca. 3. Flower solitary. Perianth with many purple speckles, urceolate, 6-lobed apically; tube ca. 5 × 5 mm; lobes slightly incurved, deltoid, ca. 1 × 1 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; anthers narrowly elliptic, ca. 1 mm. Pistil ca. 2 mm; ovary basally enlarged; stigma ca. 1.5 mm in diam., highly convex at center, 3-lobed at margin, lobes emarginate at apex. • Guizhou. Known only from the type specimen (Anonymous 7128, IBSC), which was collected in Guizhou without precise locality. 48. Aspidistra minutiflora Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 113. 1903. 小花蜘蛛抱蛋 xiao hua zhi zhu bao dan Rhizome subterete, 5–6 mm thick. Leaves 2- or 3-tufted; leaf blade lorate to lorate-oblanceolate, 26–65 × 1–2.5 cm, basal- ly gradually narrowed into inconspicuous petiole. Scape soli- tary, 1–2.5 cm, slender; bracts 2–4. Flower solitary, small. Peri- anth blue-green, tinged and speckled with purple, urceolate, 4.5–5 × 4–6 mm; lobes erect, deltoid, 1–2 × 1–1.5 mm. Sta- mens (4–)6, inserted at base of perianth tube, subsessile; an- thers nearly broadly ovate, 1.2–1.5 mm. Pistil 2.5–3 mm; stig- ma orbicular, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., (4–)6-crenate at margin. Fl. Jul–Oct. 2n = 38*. • Moist places on hillsides, cliffs; ca. 400 m. N Guangdong (Ren- hua Xian), Guangxi, ?Guizhou, Hainan (Baoting Xian), Hong Kong, SW Hunan (Xinning Xian). 49. Aspidistra hekouensis H. Li et al., Sendtnera 5: 15. 1998. 河口蜘蛛抱蛋 he kou zhi zhu bao dan Rhizome 6–13 mm thick. Leaves 2–4-tufted; petiole 10– 18 cm; leaf blade dark green with pale green or yellowish spots, elliptic, 12–22 × 8–12.5 cm, leathery, base attenuate to obtuse and decurrent at petiole, apex cuspidate. Scape solitary, 3–4 cm; bracts ca. 3. Flower solitary. Perianth blackish purple, urceo- late, 1.5–1.8 × 1.8–2.3 cm, with many deep, longitudinal grooves, adaxially smooth, abaxially slightly verrucose, 6-lobed apically; tube strongly constricted at mouth and opening 4–5 mm wide; lobes reflexed, yellow adaxially, oblong, 5–6 × ca. 3 mm. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma, subsessile; anthers oblong, ca. 2.5 mm. Stig- ma peltate, orbicular, large, 1.5–1.8 cm in diam., radiate rugose adaxially. Berry yellowish green, subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., with 12 longitudinal wings. Fl. Mar–Jul. • Dense forests; 200–300 m. SE Yunnan (Hekou Yao Zu Zizhi-

Flora of China 24: 240–250. 2000.