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Strategy and Action Plan for Ex-Situ Conservation of Threatened Plants in Finland

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Strategy and Action Plan for Ex-Situ Conservation of Threatened Plants in Finland STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR EX-SITU CONSERVATION OF THREATENED PLANTS IN FINLAND Action 11: Assessment of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in coastal ecosystems and the implementation of new policies and conservation strategies Marko Hyvärinen1,2, Mari Miranto1,2, Ritva Hiltunen2 and Leif Schulman1 1Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki 2Botanical Gardens, University of Oulu Contents Foreword! 3 Abstract! 4 Introduction! 4 Conservation of biodiversity! 4 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)! 5 European Strategy for Plant Conservation 2008-2014 (ESPC)! 7 Finnish implementation of the ex-situ conservation targets of GSPC! 8 Ex-situ conservation status of threatened wild plants in Finland! 8 Current methods and facilities! 9 Strategic plan! 10 Ex-situ conservation of native plants in relation to other conservation strategies! 10 Setting priorities! 10 Ex-situ conservation criteria! 13 Action plan! 14 Targets and actions! 14 Recommended additional research topics! 17 References! 17 Appendix: instructions for the co%ection of plant material! 20 Cover: Cypripedium calceolus (classified vulnerable) growing in the Botanical Gardens of the University of Oulu, Photo: R. Hiltunen Ex-situ conservation strategy and action plan! 2 Foreword Vulnerability Assessment of ecosystem services for Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation (VACCIA) was a EU LIFE+ project in 2009–2011. VACCIA was coordinated by the Finnish Environment Institute and the participating institutes included the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Universities of Helsinki, Jyväskylä and Oulu. VACCIA was divided into thirteen Actions. Here we summarise part of the work carried out in the Action 11: ’Assessment of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in coastal ecosys- tems and the implementation of new policies and conservation strategies’ coordinated by Marko Hyvärinen. The present paper is the third deliverable from the Action. The two other ones are: ’Climatic and Habitat Contributions to Populations of Managed Forest Landscapes’ by Markku Orell et al. and ’Between devil and (not a very) deep blue sea: Endangered sea shore species in a changing climate’ by Sami Aikio et al. All reports of VACCIA are found in the web page of the Finnish Environment Institute (tinyurl.com/6vv8yvk). The strategy and action plan for ex-situ conservation of threatened plants in Finland describes the essential links between Finnish national solutions in ex-situ conservation of native plants and international processes that started after the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992. The schedule for the implementation of the action plan is left open. However, it should be un- derstood that Finnish implementation of ex-situ conservation is bound to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and, hence, the overall aim is to achieve the desired level of ex-situ con- servation by 2020. We wish to thank the staff of the Finnish Environment Institute for coordinating the VACCIA project. Special thanks are extended to Martin Forsius, Jussi Vuorenmaa and Irina Bergström whose invaluable help in different stages of the process has been instrumental to the success of VACCIA. We are also indebted to Kari Laine, Jouko Inkeröinen, Riku Paavola and Raija Kivelä of Thule Institute, University of Oulu for their help in the financial administration of the Action 11. Moreover, staffs of the botanic gardens of the Universities of Helsinki, Oulu, Turku, and Joen- suu are acknowledged for their invaluable help during the survey, on which this paper is based. This work was supported by EU Life+ programme and by a grant awarded to Mari Miranto by the Finnish Cultural Foundation. Helsinki and Oulu 30.11.2011 The Authors Ex-situ conservation strategy and action plan! 3 Abstract As a part of an EU Life+ funded initiative “Vulnerability Assessment of ecosystem services for Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation” (VACCIA) the living collections of Finnish botanic gardens were investigated to find nationally threatened vascular plant species of known wild origin. In total, 77 accessions within 56 vascular plant target taxa were cultivated as living plants, representing 18% of the total nationally threatened taxa (314). The results of the survey formed were used to develop a national strategy and action plan for ex-situ conservation of threatened native plant species in Finland. The action plan includes five targets that aim to (i) secure the extant ex-situ collections, (ii) in- crease in the number of ex-situ conserved taxa, (iii) development of ex-situ conservation to bo- real and arctic-alpine species, (iv) incorporation of ex-situ conserved species into restoration and reintroduction programmes (v) and wider use of ex-situ collections in education and public outreach. These targets are achieved by taking thirteen specific and concrete actions that, for example, include an establishment of a national seed-bank for threatened native species. The overall target of the strategy and action plan is to reach the level of 40% of threatened species in ex-situ conservation by 2016 and 75% by 2020. In order to achieve this 180 new taxa (at the species, subspecies, or variety level) will be collected in addition to the 57 already ex-situ con- served. Moreover, the material would be maintained in conditions where there is no danger of cross-breeding with closely related taxa. For a genetically representative sample, seeds from as many populations as possible, and from 50–200 genetic individual in the ideal case, should be collected. Introduction C ONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Conservation of biodiversity is one of the key ways to maintain both well established and po- tential future ecosystem services that, among other things, underpin our economy and well be- ing. Biodiversity is our life insurance, giving us food, fresh water and clean air, shelter and medicine. It also mitigates natural disasters, pests and diseases and contributes to regulating the climate. Therefore biodiversity was seen as an important component in VACCIA project, in which the vulnerabilities of a variety of ecosystem services to changes in the environment were assessed. The natural diversity of plant life is in a key role as it forms the basis of nearly all other life on earth and, hence, conservation of native plants is seen as high priority everywhere. Current rates of species extinction are staggering and comparable only to some major catastrophic events in the evolutionary history of life on earth (Quammen, 1997). Ex-situ conservation strategy and action plan! 4 Driven mainly by human activities, species are currently being lost 100 to 1,000 times faster than the natural rate (Wilson, 1992). This is mainly due to changes in land use and entailing loss of habitats. Moreover, changes in climate are already adding to and enhancing this destructive trend. In order to mitigate these threats, new ways to adapt to rapid changes are needed. One of the outspoken aims for the whole humankind is to halt the loss of biodiversity (CBD, 2002) using a variety of means. Plants are universally recognised as a vital component of the world's biological diversity and an essential resource for the planet. In addition to the cultivated plant species used for variety of purposes, many wild plants have great economic and cultural importance and potential, as fu- ture crops and commodities more so as humanity grapples with the emerging challenges of en- vironmental and climate change. Every day new scientific discoveries of novel ways of using plants are made. Plants play a key role in maintaining the planet's basic environmental balance and ecosystem stability and provide an irreplaceable component of the habitats for the world's animal life. At present, a complete inventory of the plants of the world has not been assem- bled, but it is estimated that the total number of vascular plant species may be of the order of 400,000 (e.g. http://tinyurl.com/d3hr2a8). G LOBAL S TRATEGY FOR P LANT C ONSERVATION (GSPC) The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which sets several outcome-oriented global targets for 2010, was approved in Decision VI/9 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2002. Botanic gardens and their international collabora- tive organisation Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) have actively promoted the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC, CBD, 2002) and its implementation by publishing a specific agenda for biodiversity conservation (Wyse Jackson & Sutherland, 2000) and taking part in the revision process that lead to the adoption of a new GSPC in COP 10 in Nagoya, Aichi (COP 10), with a number of revised targets. The updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation consists of the following five objectives that are subdivided into a total of sixteen targets: Objective I: Plant diversity is well understood documented and recognized Target 1: An online flora of all known plants. Target 2: An assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, as far as possible, to guide conservation action. Target 3: Information, research and associated outputs, and methods necessary to implement the Strategy developed and shared. Ex-situ conservation strategy and action plan! 5 Objective II: Plant diversity is urgently and efectively conserved Target 4: At least 15 per cent of each ecological region or vegetation type secured through ef- fective management and/or restoration. Target 5: At least 75 per cent of the most important areas for plant diversity of each ecological region protected with effective management in place for conserving plants and their genetic diversity. Target 6: At least 75 per cent of production lands in each sector managed sustainably, consis- tent with the conservation of plant diversity. Target 7: At least 75 per cent of known threatened plant species conserved in situ. Target 8: At least 75 per cent of threatened plant species in ex-situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and at least 20 per cent available for recovery and restoration programmes.
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