DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution Vs. Creationism: an Introduction of the Country Where There Is Still an Ongoing Dolphin Mysteries Is Awell-Written, Inter (2Nd Edition)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution Vs. Creationism: an Introduction of the Country Where There Is Still an Ongoing Dolphin Mysteries Is Awell-Written, Inter (2Nd Edition) BOOK REVIEEWS ELIZABETHCOWLES, DEPARTMENT EDITOR $l gE i Sl Er [@ l l 13iE 1 !A of species presented) as well as notes to the text, a glossary, and a bibliography. Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction of the country where there is still an ongoing Dolphin Mysteries is awell-written, inter (2nd Edition). By Eugenie C. Scott. 2009. debate about restricting the teaching of evolu esting book on several levels. The authors' Greenwood Press. (ISBN 978-0-313-34427 tion. Luckily for us, we have Eugenie Scott's fascination with their subjects and respect 5). 351 pages. Hardback. $49.95 scholarly writing to support the teaching of for their habits and habitats are in evidence Eugenie Scott, Executive Director of the evolution while it continues being targeted by throughout the text.Much of dolphin behav National Center for Science Education, is the antievolution movement. ior remains mysterious; the authors vividly one of the leading authorities in discuss convey the difficulties of the study of swift ing the controversy around the teaching of moving underwater animals. However, many Jose Vazquez behaviors are so clearly described and illus evolution. The second edition of her book Master Teacher Science of trated that the reader feels as if real dolphins includes recent developments in the evo Liberal Studies Program lution/creationism controversy in schools, had swum across the pages of the book, New York University playing with seaweed, displaying affection such as the Dover trial. This book is hard New York, NY 10003 or aggression, and at times being as curious Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/71/7/436/55238/20565349.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 ly an introduction; it is the equivalent of [email protected] an encyclopedia since she covers so much about the researchers as the humans are of ground, and includes plenty of reference them. The descriptions of behavior are par material. The book is divided into three parts ticularly interesting in the lesson of similar and 14 chapters. Part I, "Science, Evolution, ity in behavioral signals across species, and Religion, and Creationism," is an interesting how research on one species can enhance Dolphin Mysteries: Unlocking the Secrets of compendium of these four concepts and is the understanding of behavior in another. Communication. By Kathleen M. Dudzinski delicately balanced. Part II, "AHistory of the In terms of school-aged readership, however, and Toni Frohoff. 2008. Yale University Creationism/Evolution Controversy," takes Dolphin Mysteries has a separate, but just Press (ISBN 978-0-300-12112-4). 224 pages. the reader through a journey of conflicts as important, message about the process of Hardcover. $30.00. against evolution over several decades. Part field research, design of are scientific study, and the III, "Selections from the Literature," expands Dolphins perhaps on scientific, legal, and educational issues the most appealing ocean importance of intellectual regarding evolution and creationism. animal - their grace of collaboration. The exten sive support materials in The most effective sections of the book movement, the beauty of the notes and appendix are parts I and II,when Scott provides a thor their design, their obvious are even interesting to ough coverage of concepts and ideas that both intelligence and social inter read. There are few flaws sides of the controversy argue. She also gives action, and their apparent in this excellent book. much background information for those who joy of play all contribute to The underlying emotional are not up-to-date on the controversy so they centuries of human fasci appeal of dolphins that can analyze why creationism does not have nation. This appeal makes inherently leads to the a place in our science classrooms. Part III Dolphin Mysteries inher risk of anthropomorphiz seems disjointed and I kept wondering why ently interesting, but the ing, is, for the most part, some excerpts of legal briefs and media clips true strength of the book carefully avoided. were included and what the take-home mes lies in that it iswell written sage was after reading those. Nonetheless, in and full of information. This excellent book is 'this section of the book, she includes a deft Dolphin Mysteries is well worth reading by any description of legal and educational issues co-authored by Kathleen student or teacher interest that any science teacher should be aware of. Duzinski and Toni Frohoff, both research ed in marine mammals, the study of animal There are some illustrations throughout the ers specializing in dolphins and dolphin behavior, methodologies of field research, book, as well as tables and graphs providing communication. They write in one voice, but and the processes of scientific research and much evidence about the issues discussed in indicate when opinions or observation come thought. various chapters. One of the most effective from an individual. Descriptions are supple chapters is titled "Neocreationism," in which mented by photographs and expertly-drawn Cate Hibbitt the author describes the origins of the intel in figures by John Norton. The line drawings Science Teacher ligent design (ID) movement. She analyzes in in particular are excellent conveying dolphin Lincoln School much detail the arguments made by Michael posture and behavior described in the text. 301 Butler Avenue Behe, an ardent supporter of ID, and provides Chapters include "ADolphin's Life" (basic Providence RI 02809 very elegant explanations to disprove ID given biology, anatomy, and social behavior of dol [email protected] the unscientific arguments on which it is based phins), "The Expressive Dolphin" (dolphin and the lack of empirical data (pp. 122-130). communication between individuals and ELIZABETH COWLES teaches freshman biology, bio groups); "Eavesdropping" (techniques used Science teachers at both the pre-college chemistry, and entomology at Eastern Connecticut State and college levels should benefit from the by researchers to study dolphins and dolphin University. She has taught at the undergraduate and grad wealth of information presented by Scott. communication); and chapters on human/ uate college levels for over 20 years. Her interests include Although during some sections, it lacks dolphin interactions, including discussion of insect toxicology, protein characterization, and astrobiol momentum and the style becomes monoto conservation issues. The book also contains ogy. Cowles holds degrees in biology and biochemistry from Cornell University and Michigan State University. Her nous, particularly in section III, I enjoyed three appendices ("A Behavioral Guide to address isDepartment of Biology, ECSU, 83 Windham St., reading this book. It should be required read Dolphin Signals," "Etiquette for Interaction Willimantic,CT 06226; e-mail: [email protected]. ing for school district administrators in parts with Dolphins," and a list of scientific names THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER VOLUME 71, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER 2009 a .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ten Misunderstandings About Evolution a Very Brief Guide for the Curious and the Confused by Dr
    Ten Misunderstandings About Evolution A Very Brief Guide for the Curious and the Confused By Dr. Mike Webster, Dept. of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University ([email protected]); February 2010 The current debate over evolution and “intelligent design” (ID) is being driven by a relatively small group of individuals who object to the theory of evolution for religious reasons. The debate is fueled, though, by misunderstandings on the part of the American public about what evolutionary biology is and what it says. These misunderstandings are exploited by proponents of ID, intentionally or not, and are often echoed in the media. In this booklet I briefly outline and explain 10 of the most common (and serious) misunderstandings. It is impossible to treat each point thoroughly in this limited space; I encourage you to read further on these topics and also by visiting the websites given on the resource sheet. In addition, I am happy to send a somewhat expanded version of this booklet to anybody who is interested – just send me an email to ask for one! What are the misunderstandings? 1. Evolution is progressive improvement of species Evolution, particularly human evolution, is often pictured in textbooks as a string of organisms marching in single file from “simple” organisms (usually a single celled organism or a monkey) on one side of the page and advancing to “complex” organisms on the opposite side of the page (almost invariably a human being). We have all seen this enduring image and likely have some version of it burned into our brains.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the New Distributive Model of Evolution Instruction
    JUDGING DARWIN: UNDERSTANDING THE NEW DISTRIBUTIVE MODEL OF EVOLUTION INSTRUCTION Louis J. Virelli III TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 82 II. THE EVOLUTION INSTRUCTION DEBATE ................................. 86 A. Religiously Explicit Policies ............................................. 89 B. Facially Neutral Challenges ............................................. 92 III. THE DISTRIBUTIVE MODEL ...................................................... 98 IV. THE DISTRIBUTIVE MODEL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ......... 106 A. Administrative Law Principles ....................................... 106 B. Administrative Features of the Distributive Model ...... 111 C. The Distributive Model and the Establishment Clause ............................................................................. 117 V. NEW ISSUES UNDER THE DISTRIBUTIVE MODEL .................... 123 A. Political Legitimacy ........................................................ 123 B. Additional Questions ..................................................... 132 1. Judicial Review ........................................................ 132 2. Delegation ............................................................... 136 a. Procedural Due Process ................................... 138 b. Municipal Liability and Qualified Immunity .. 141 VI. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 143 Associate Professor of Law, Stetson University College of Law; J.D.,
    [Show full text]
  • How Religiously Neutral Are the Anti-Creationist Organisations?
    How Religiously Neutral are the Anti‐Creationist Organisations? Two case studies by Don Batten and Jonathan Sarfati 1) USA’s so‐called ‘National Center for Science Education’ In NCSE Reports 15(2):9, 1995, the Executive director, Eugenie C. Scott, protests against Dr John Morris of the Institute for Creation Research saying the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) is ‘an offshoot of the American Humanist Association’. Scott claims confusion could possibly be due to NCSE's journal, Creation/Evolution, being started by the American Humanist Association (AHA) and initially edited by the executive director of the AHA, Frederick Edwords (a philosopher, not a scientist). The journal ‘was later sold by AHA to NCSE’, says Scott. Although humanism is an atheistic religious belief, Scott claims that NCSE was intended from the start to ‘be a religiously‐neutral organization focusing on science and education’. Scott says that NCSE has members from all sorts of religious persuasions, including ‘conservative evangelical Christians’. NCSE is supposedly just interested in ‘science education’. However, it seems strange that the only ‘science education’ NCSE seems interested in is evolution; not chemistry, physics, astronomy, or even experimental biology. ‘Science’ seems to be a euphemism for ‘evolution’, certainly nothing to do with the operational science that put men on the moon, cured diseases, etc. In NCSE Reports 16(1):7, 1996, readers are directed to an article ‘on our web site at http://www.csicop.org’. This is the Skeptics' (USA) web site, the ‘Science and Reason Site’, as the Skeptics claim, which overtly espouses materialism (atheism) with direct links to the Council for Secular Humanism and other atheistic / anti‐Christian sites.
    [Show full text]
  • The 'Science and Religion Movement' an Opportunity for Improved Public Understanding of Science?
    The 'Science and Religion Movement' An Opportunity for Improved Public Understanding of Science? The "science and religion movement" of the late 1990s can help improve the climate for acceptance of science and of evolution as a valid science. The theistic science movement, however, is different; it needs monitoring, and its growth would be detrimental to science. EUGENIE C. SCOTT hat are we talking about when we talk about "science" and "religion"? Science is a way of Wknowing that attempts to explain the natural world using natural causes. It is agnostic toward the super- natural—it neither confirms nor rejects it. So science is methodologically materialistic: matter, energy, and their interactions are used to explain nature. Supernatural causes are ruled out for philosophical as well as practical reasons: science requires testing of explanations against the natural world, and testing requires that some variables be held con- stant. Supernatural forces by definition cannot be held con- stant, thus supernatural explanation is outside of what sci- ence can deal with. Mostly, methodological materialism is SKEPTICAL INQUIRER July/August 1999 29 embraced by scientists because it works so well; we have found tered to a group of scientists in 1996, researchers found no out a great deal about how the universe operates. To say "God appreciable change in the number of "believing" scientists— did it" does not lead us to greater understanding and tends to about 39 percent (Larson and Witham 1997). Many scientists discourage further research. Even conservative theologian don't see religion and science as inherently incompatible. Alvin Plantinga agrees that resorting to direct supernatural In fact, this incompatibility view is found in only one of causes to explain the natural word is a "science stopper" four ways that (Christian) religion and science historically (Plantinga 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Dra. Eugenie C. Scott
    Interview with Dra. Eugenie C. Scott Interview with Dra. Eugenie C. Scott Heslley Machado Silva1 1Centro Universitário de Formiga (UNIFOR-MG) Dr. Eugenie Carol Scott is an American anthropologist who was the executive director of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE). She was a professor and researcher at the Universities of Kentucky and Colorado in the fields of Medical Anthropology and Skeletal Biology. But her name is remembered as a reference in the struggle for quality scientific education and against the teaching of the pseudo-sciences of creationism and intelligent design. With many articles published in the main academic journals of the world and several books, highlighting the recognized "Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction" and "Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design Is Wrong for Our Schools " Eugenie Scott has always been in the front line to prevent creationism from being taught in US schools. She has been rewarded by various scientific entities for her efforts in this line. She has several university degrees honoris causa, presided and is member of several American academic associations. Even for the merit of her academic life in favor of scientific education she received an unusual homage in 2014, having the Asteroid 249540 received the name of Eugeniescott (2010 HX14). There is no space here to describe all of Dr. James Underdown director of the Center for Inquiry West and the Scott's academic accomplishments, so we must Independent Investigations Group (IIG) West awarding Dr. thank, be proud, and enjoy the opportunity to Eugenie Scott for his scientific merit to IIG, August 21, 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • The College Student's Back to School Guide to Intelligent Design
    Revised November, 2014 Part I: Letter of Introduction: Why this Student’s Guide? Part II: What is Intelligent Design? Part III: Answers to Your Professors’ 10 Most Common Misinformed Objections to Intelligent Design (1) Intelligent Design is Not Science (2) Intelligent Design is just a Negative Argument against Evolution (3) Intelligent Design Rejects All of Evolutionary Biology (4) Intelligent Design was Banned from Schools by the U.S. Supreme Court (5) Intelligent Design is Just Politics (6) Intelligent Design is a Science Stopper (7) Intelligent Design is “Creationism” and Based on Religion (8) Intelligent Design is Religiously Motivated (9) Intelligent Design Proponents Don’t Conduct or Publish Scientific Research (10) Intelligent Design is Refuted by the Overwhelming Evidence for Neo-Darwinian Evolution Part IV: Information About the Discovery Institute’s Summer Seminars on Intelligent Design COPYRIGHT © DISCOVERY INSTITUTE, 2014 — WWW.INTELLIGENTDESIGN.ORG PERMISSION GRANTED TO COPY AND DISTRIBUTE FOR NONPROFIT EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. 2 Part I: Letter of Introduction: Why this Student’s Guide? Welcome to College, Goodbye to Intelligent Design? The famous Pink Floyd song that laments, “We don’t need no education / We don’t need no thought control,” is not just the rant of a rebellious mind; it is also a commentary on the failure of education to teach students how to think critically and evaluate both sides of controversial issues. Few scientists understood the importance of critical thinking better than Charles Darwin. When he first proposed his theory of evolution in Origin of Species in 1859, Darwin faced intense intellectual opposition from both the scientific community and the culture of his day.
    [Show full text]
  • O Que É O Cepticismo? Respostas Simples Para Algumas Questões Frequentes
    O que é o Cepticismo? Respostas Simples Para Algumas Questões Frequentes Adaptado de: The Media Guide to Skepticism Objectivo: Providenciar um guia claro e de fácil leitura sobre o ponto-de-vista “céptico” subscrito por muitos que podem chamar-se a si mesmos de cépticos ou pensadores críticos; para distinguir o cepticismo prático do uso popular da frase “eu sou céptico” e daqueles que afirmam ser “cépticos” de alguma conclusão científica bem-estabelecida (como as alterações climáticas). O que é o cepticismo? O cepticismo é uma abordagem usada para avaliar alegações que enfatiza as provas e aplica as ferramentas da ciência. O cepticismo é mais frequentemente aplicado a alegações extraordinárias – aquelas que contrariam a visão consensual actual. O processo céptico considera as provas obtidas por observação sistemática e pela razão. A conclusão a que se chega no fim deste processo céptico é provisória porque podem surgir posteriormente provas adicionais ou melhores que apontem para outra explicação mais adequada. Exemplo: O Sr. X diz-nos que um novo comprimido melhorou bastante a sua memória. Esta alegação, se for verdade, é importante e extraordinária. Desta forma, seria apropriado aplicar o cepticismo à mesma. Nós quereríamos ver as provas de que a sua memória melhorou e que o comprimido foi responsável por isso. Nós consideramos também explicações alternativas que possam explicar por que o Sr. X diria que o novo comprimido melhora a sua memória: ele pode estar enganado, pode estar a atravessar um período menos stressante, ele quer sentir que gastou o seu dinheiro nos comprimidos de forma sensata, ele foi pago para promover os comprimidos, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Bigfoot and Other Wild Men of the Forest. by Eugenie Scott. San Fransisco: FORA.Tv, Episode 113, January 13, 2009
    The RELICT HOMINOID INQUIRY 1:87-92 (2012) Video Review Bigfoot and Other Wild Men of the Forest. By Eugenie Scott. San Fransisco: FORA.tv, episode 113, January 13, 2009. 84 min 55 sec. http://fora.tv/2009/01/13/Eugenie_Scott_Bigfoot_and_Other_Wild_Men_of_the_Forest Something “must be seriously wrong” FORA.tv presents the poorly tested medical and psychotherapeutic Web's largest collection practices.1 That a professional anthropologist of conference and event would make a serious address on such a videos drawn from top controversy-laden topic as Bigfoot is in itself conferences, universities, noteworthy, and for that Scott is to be and public forums. commended. However, as will be seen, the Among their listings is a inaccuracies, selectivity and superficiality of recording of a talk the content fall short of what might be delivered in the Ask a expected of such a scholarly presentation. Scientist lecture series. The series is an The title and emphasis of this review draw informative, entertaining, monthly event, held from the repeated statement by Scott that, “If at a San Francisco cafe. It was first launched these creatures [Bigfoot] exist, an awful lot of in 2003, by Juliana Gallin, a graphic designer what we know from other basic sciences must and native of San Francisco. In 2009, Dr. be seriously wrong. Given the probabilities, I Eugenie Scott delivered a presentation in the know what side I come down on.” She series titled, Bigfoot and Other Wild Men of implies that this is the crux of the matter at the Forest. Scott is the Director of the hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin's Other Books
    COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS involved in transplanting them is paid for their contribution. Because the buyers insist on using the language of gifts, the recompense for the donor — from clinics, hospitals or brokers — is tiny. So only the poor and desperate are tempted. Profiteers increase the supply through coercion. Protecting donors’ anonymity enables buyers to turn a blind eye to the source of their flesh. And as Carney puts it: “The one-two punch of anonymity and dona- tion means that profit-taking middle­ men control the entire supply chain.” The global industry in body parts exploits the varied regulations and eco- nomic conditions in different coun- tries. The fact that body parts have often travelled across continents also obscures their source. By the time an Indian child’s papers reach an adop- tion agency in the United States, for example, there is often no easy way of verifying whether that child was given up voluntarily. Banning organ commerce will not help, Carney says, because the red market would be driven further underground and “Every child, the poorest would kidney or continue to supply bag of blood it in return for ris- should be ible fees. Nor will labelled fully embracing with the the market work, name of the as demand will rise An 1881 Punch cartoon satirizing Charles Darwin’s body of work that connected humans with worms. person who alongside supply. Physicians will find EVOLUTION provided it.” new indications for transplants as more organs become available, and as they hold out hope for ever-smaller improve- Darwin’s other books ments in the lives of very sick patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Leap of Faith: Intelligent Design's Trajectory After Dover Joshua Rosenau
    University of St. Thomas Journal of Law and Public Policy Volume 4 Article 8 Issue 1 Fall 2009 Leap of Faith: Intelligent Design's Trajectory after Dover Joshua Rosenau Follow this and additional works at: http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustjlpp Part of the First Amendment Commons, Law and Philosophy Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Bluebook Citation Joshua Rosenau, Leap of Faith: Intelligent Design's Trajectory after Dover, 4 U. St. Thomas J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 278 (2009). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UST Research Online and the University of St. Thomas Journal of Law and Public Policy. For more information, please contact Editor-in-Chief Patrick O'Neill. LEAP OF FAITH: INTELLIGENT DESIGN'S TRAJECTORY AFTER DOVER JOSHUA ROSENAU* Here on these cliffs ofDover So high you can't see over And while your head is spinning Hold tight, it'sjust beginning -The Decemberists, "We Both Go Down Together"' With the failure of Intelligent Design (ID) in Kitzmiller v. Dover,2 the questions stand: what will be next in the creationism-evolution conflict? Can ID overcome the evidence and legal arguments that sank it in Dover, Pennsylvania? Will a new strategy emerge? And if so, will that successor fare any better than ID, creation science, or biblical creationism before that? To address these questions, Part I of this article examines the history of creationism and the ID movement. Part II gives specific attention to the Kitzmiller3 case and examines whether the ruling was, as critics argue, overbroad and incorrect in its conclusions about whether ID is science or creationism.
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
    Case 4:04-cv-02688-JEJ Document 338 Filed 12/07/2005 Page 1 of 30 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA TAMMY KITZMILLER; BRYAN AND CHRISTY REHM; DEBORAH FENIMORE : AND JOEL LIEB; STEVEN STOUGH; BETH EVELAND; CYNTHIA SNEATH; JULIE SMITH; AND ARALENE (“BARRIE”)D. AND FREDERICK B. CALLAHAN, CIVIL ACTION Plaintiffs, vs . NO. 4:04-~~-2688 DOVER AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT; (JUDGE JONES) DOVER AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF DIRECTORS, (Filed Electronically) Defendants. PLAINTIFFS’ RESPONSE TO AMICUS BRIEFS Plaintiffs submit this brief in response to the amicus curiae briefs of the Foundation for Thought and Ethics (the “FTE”), the Discovery Institute, and a collection of scientists, all of which are designed to persuade the Court that it should issue a ruling that does not take any position about whether intelligent design is religious or scientific. Case 4:04-cv-02688-JEJ Document 338 Filed 12/07/2005 Page 2 of 30 Consistent with the incestuous relationships among the amicis, the briefs of the FTE and the Discovery Institute, arguing that intelligent design has nothing to do with religion, are written by the same attorney, Randy Wenger of the Alliance Defense Fund (“ADF”), a legal organization dedicated to advocating the rights of Christians.’ Mr. Wenger’s co-author on the Discovery Institute brief, David K. DeWolf, also wrote the brief for Amici Curiae Biologists and Other Scientists, a number of whom are Discovery Institute fellows. As a fellow of the Discovery Institute himself, Mr. DeWolf has advocated the incorporation of intelligent design into public school curriculums,2 but, now that the Dover board has followed that suggestion, the Discovery Institute has abandoned that position (indeed, neither it nor the FTE styles its brief as being “in support of defendants”), 1 According to its website, “ADF is Christ-Centered.
    [Show full text]
  • Clearing up Confusion About Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism
    Scholars Crossing Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of Biology and Chemistry 2005 Who Believes What? Clearing up confusion about Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism Marcus R. Ross Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/bio_chem_fac_pubs Recommended Citation Ross, Marcus R., "Who Believes What? Clearing up confusion about Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism" (2005). Faculty Publications and Presentations. 79. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/bio_chem_fac_pubs/79 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology and Chemistry at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism Marcus R. Ross Department of Geosciences, 330 Woodward Hall, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, [email protected] ABSTRACT universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as The question of what differentiates young-Earth natural selection" (www.discovery.org/csc). Access creationism (YEC) from Intelligent Design (ID) has Research Network defines ID as "the view that nature resulted in inaccurate and confusing terminology, and shows tangible signs of having been designed by a hinders both understanding and dialogue. Though both preexisting intelligence" (www.arn.org). Expressly YEC and ID groups have drawn distinctions between lacking in these definitions are references to religious themselves, previous attempts to classify design-based texts, such as the Bible.
    [Show full text]