AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER STATION AT AUGARH
OISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OP THE DEGREE OF iila£iter of ^iiQiop^p IN Economics
BY Shaukat Haseen
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Df. Ashok Mittal
DEPARTMENT OP ECONOMICS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH (INDIA) JANUARY 1991 lei ^ Co-:-P^**
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LI ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY !)jj).ir(inL'ii( ol i cmidiiiits ALIGARH (INDIA)
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TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This Is to certify that Miss Shaukat Haseen has worked for her M. Phil degree under my supervision on "An Economic Study of Harduaganj Thermal Power Station at Aligarh". The M. Phil dissertation is her original work and is fit for submission for the award of M.Phil degree in Econonrdcs.
.-,\.u-.-h-^- A3H0K MITTAL CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i-11
LIST OF TABLES iii-iv
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 1-7
Problem of The Study 1 Objectives And Scope of the Study 2 Data Base And Methodology 3 Definitions of the Terms Used 4 Limitation 5 Plan of the Study 6
CHAPTER II - POWER SECTOR IN INDIA 8-34
Power Resources in India 8 Growth of Powsr Sector in India 10 Growth of Installed Power Capacity In India 11 Growth of Power Generation In India 14 Sectorwise Power Consumption 16 Transmission 18 Thermal Power Plants In India 19 Renovation And modernisation of Thermal Power Plants 25 Supply of Coal to Thermal Power Plants 27 Review of the Literature 28 Economics of Power Supply In Uttar Pradesh 31 Summary 34 CHAPTER III - HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER STATION: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 35-71
Expansion of Harduaganj Thermal Power Station 35 Perfonnance of 'A' Power House 37 Performance of 'B* Power House 48 Performance Of 'C Power House 61 3u mm a ry 71
CHAPTER IV - HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER STATION: REVENUE & EXPENDITURE 7 2-94
Financial Sources of UP3EB 7 2 Amendments in Electricity Supply Act, 1948 7 3 Harduaganj Power Station: Financial Sources 7 5 Revenue Account 7 6 Capital Account 83 Coal Expenditure 8 6 Oil Expenditure 90 Summary 93
CHAPTER V - CONCLUSION 95-109
Summary of The Study 95 Conclusion 103 Suggestions 108
APPENDICES . 110-126
BIBLIOGRAPHY 127 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel in duty bound to express tny deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Ashok Mittal for his guidance and supervision o£ my research work and for providing lead when needed. His valuable suggestions served as a beacon light to ma throughout my journey towards completion of my work,
I am also obliged to give humble thanks to Professor (Mrs.) Kishwar Shabbir Khan, Chair-person, Department of Economics for providing necessary facilities needed for carrying on my work and also for her precious suggestions which went a long way to determine the scope for my research work.
I sincerely thank to Professor M.A. Raz for taking the pains of going through the manuscript of my work.
My sincere thanks are also due to Professor T.V.S, Ram Mohan Rao (I.I.T., Kanpur) for his valuable suggestions.
My field work at Harduaganj Thermal Power Station which looked arduous was made easy by the humane and sympathetic treatment extended by a full team of officers there, namely, Mr. S. Zaidi, Mr, Singh and Mr, P.S.L, Bhatnagar^ Executive Engineers. I thank them for all their ii
kindness very very sincerely. I ani no less thankful to Mr. Verma, Accounts Officer, Harduaganj thermal power station, who helped me to collect relevant information f rom hi s dom ai n.
I can not forget the extremely helpful assistance rendered by the respectable Librarians and staff of the ' following Libraries which I had to visit in connection with my work; Ministry of Energy, New Delhi, Central liliecLricity Authotity, New Delhi. Department of Economics, A.M.U., Aligarh and Maulana Azad Library A.M.U., Aligarh.
My thanks are also due to Mr. M. Owais Khan who has realy taken pains in typing the dissertation quickly and efficiently.
I shall be immensely pleased if they accept my heart felt thanks.
( Shaukat Haseen ) iii
LIST OP TABLES
Table Page No. 2.1 Installed Power Capacity In India (MW) 12
2.2 Power Generation In India (1950 to 198 6-87)(Mu) 15
2.3 Sectorwise Power Consumption (1960-61 to 1987-88) in Percentage 17
2.4 Thermal Power Plant Performance in India (in percentage) 20
2.5 Plant Load Factor of Thermal Power Plants By States (198 1-82 to 1987-88) 22
2.6 Plant Load Factor Of Thermal Power Plant In Uttar Pradesh 24
2.7 Plant Load Factor: Before and After Renovation in Uttar Pradesh 26
3.1 'A' Power House, Unit - I, Power Generation, PLF, AF and Outages 38
3.2 Outages in 'A' Power House Unit I 40
3.3 'A' Power House, Unit II 42 Power Generation, PLF AF and Outagas
3.4 Outages in 'A' Power House, Unit II 44
3.5 'A* Power House, Unit - III Power Generation, PLF, AF and Outages 45
3.6 Outages in 'A* Power House Unit III 47
3.7 'B' Power House, UNIT - I 30 Power Generation PLF AF and outages
3.8 Outages in 'B' Power House Unit-I
3.9 'B' Power House, Unit II Power Generation, PLF, AF ami Outages 53
3.10 Outages in 'B* Power House Unit II 55
3.11 'B' Power House, Unit - III 55 Power Generation, PLF AF and Outages 3.12 Outages in 'B' Power House Unit III 58 IV
3.13 'B' Power House Unit IV Power Generation, PLF, AF and Outages 59
3.14 Outages in 'B' Power House Unit IV ,60
3.15 'C Power House, Unit I
Power Generation, PLF, AF and Outages 62
3.16 Outages in 'C Power House Unit I 64
3.17 'C Power House, Unit-II
Power Generation, PLF, AF and Outages 65
1.18 Outages in 'C Power House Unit II 67
3.19 'C Power House, Unit III Power Generation, PLF, AF and Outages 68 3.20 Outages in 'C Power House Unit III 70
4.1 Revenue Account: Income And Expenditure 871 6 4.2 Revenue Income 8758 4.3 Revenue Expenditure 4.4 Budget Estimate of Capital Account 4.5 Consumption and Cost of Coal in 'A* Power House 87 4.6 Consumption and Cost of Coal in 'B* 4.7 ConsumptioPower Housne And Cost of Coal at 'C power 88 House 90 4.8 Consumption and Cost of oil in 'A* Power House 91 4.9 Consumption and Cost of Oil in 'B' Power House 9 2 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Power is the basic input for industrial development and economic growth of a country.
"The availability of easily transportable and cheap energy transformed the face of western world through wide-spread industrialisation, generation of new employment and consequent urbanisation, modernisation of agriculture, increase social and civic amenities for community etc. Indeed electricity delinked the working of human mind from primeval and tribal attitudes to one of enlightened vision." (Kumar,
R. , 1986).
In this chapter an attempt has been made to explain the problem, scope, objectives and limitations of the present study. The data base, methodology and plan of the study have also been underlined in brief.
1.1 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY :
Electricity is an important intermediate input in the production of various commodities. It is mainly produced in the public sector in India with three types of sources namely^hydel, thermal and nuclear. The thermal power plant constitute the back-bone of power scenario in
India as they contribute the highest share in the total production of electricity and hence,are very important for the economy. It is being generally observed that the thermal power plants are generating electricity much less than their installed capacity, in particular, the Hard"ua- ganj thermal power plant. Harduaganj thermal power plant IS one oE the oldest thermal power plants which is catering to significant portion of electricity in western Uttar Pradesh,
some of the units in Harduaganj thermal power plant have run more than their life. Fire accident had taken place many a times in the power station. As a consequence of the fire there wa3 a complete shut-down of the units for a long period of time. Availability factor was low because of major overhauling of the units. Supply of coal is irre gular and inadequate to the plant due to shortages of railway wagons and other technical reasons. Coal received by the plant is of sub-standard quality. Oil is used to lubircate the machines due to inferior quality of coal. Increased consumption of oil is raising the total cost of electricity generation because oil is very expensive. The cost of eluctticity generation is continuously increasing. Therefore, the economic viability of the aforesaid thermal power plant deserves an investigation.
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY :
The objective of the present study is to examine the performance of the plant and to identify the factors responsible for the poor performance of the plant. Another objective is to examine financial aspects including revenue income and expenditure of the plant. The study is made on the performance of the plant from 1961-62 to 1988-89 and on financial operations from 1977-78 to 1987-88.
1.3 mTA BASE AND METHODOLOGY :
The data source of this study is mainly secondary, obtained from various divisions of Harduaganj thermal power plant and Government publications.
There is no Government agency which compiles data and information on the individual thermal power plant regularly. Harduaganj thermal power plant does not have any statistical division, hence,data collection has been a serious problem. All the same we have tried to get informa tion from various divisions of the plant.
We have obtained details of electricity generation, availability factor and running hours from efficiency divi sion. Details of planned and forced outages were not avai lable before eighties as power plant started measuring planned and forced outages since 1981-82.
Eata on revenue recaipt and expenditure of the plant has been collected from 'Payments & Accounts Division'. Most of the data on the power station is unpublished. To identity the factors responsible for the performance of the plant we could not use simple techniques available in econometric literature as quantification of those factors was very difficult. Therefore, we have tried to examine the time profile of the actual generation of electiicity, ratio of,electricity generation to installed capacity, number of hours the plant was available for operation and variable cost of the plant. we have made an attempt ^ to assess the performanc'^ of the various units of Harduaganj
thernidl powi-r plant on the basis of plant load factor, forced outages and planned outages.
1.4 DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS USED :
Watts:
Watt is the unit of electrical power or the rate at which electricity is being produced and used. One thousand watts is known as a Kilowatt (KW). A Kilowatt- hour (Kwh) is the unit of electrical energy and is equal to 1,000 Watts-hour.
Plant Load Factor:
Plant load factor (PLF) provides a measure of average performance of thermal power plant and is defined
^s: p^j, _ No. of Kwh generation during a year Installed capacity x 8760 ^ ^ The numerical figure in the denominator is obtained by multiplying the number of days in a year with number of hours in a day.
Outages :
Outages represent the complete close down of the unit in a year. Outages are of two kinds i.e. forced outa ges and planned outages. Both of them are measured sepa rately.
Forced Outages :
Forced outages are those when a unit is closed down due to technical and unforeseen causes.
Planned Outages :
Planned outages represent shut down of a unit for scheduled maintenance and overhauling.
1.5 LIMITATIONS:
The generation of electricity is a highly technical and engineering problem. On the basis of plant load factor and outages a rough estimation may be made about the per formance of the Plant,Another limitation of the study is non availability of the required data and information over a significant period of time. Hence^we are compelled to limit our study on financial aspect of the plant for a period of twelve years as data is not available before 1977-78. Though quality of coal is of great significance, but it is beyond our scope because it is mainly concerned with the technical side of the plant and factors responsible for the forced outages cannot be easily identified.
1.6 PLAN OF THE STUDY :
The whole study is divided into five chapters.
In the present chapter, an attempt has been made to outline the problem, objectives, scope, limitations, data base and methodology of the present study in brief. The definitions of various terms used in the study are also given, i
The second chapter deals with growth of power sector in India. A comparison of three sources of power, nafhely^ thermal, hydel and nuclear has been made in the beginning, Sectorwise power consumption in India is briefly discussed. A brief discussion on the overall performance of thermal power plants in India has also been presented. An attempt is also made to review the available relevant literature brief.
In the third chapter the growth and main events of Harduaganj thermal power plant have been given. It examined electricity generation, plant load factor and outages of the plant. The gap between the installed capa city and actual generation of electricity, reasons of forced outages and modernisation scheme have also been examined.
In the fourth chapter an assessment of financial problems of Hardu^ganj thermal power plant has been made through its annual budgets. The time profile of fuel cost, which constitute a major portion of total revenue expendi ture has been studied.
The fifth chapter concludes the findings of the preceding chapters. Alongwith the conclusion, a few sugges tions have also been made for improving power generation in Harduaganj thermal power plant. GHAPTSR II
POWER SECTOR IN INDIA
power Industry in India has developed into one of thti r;o3t important basic industries of our economy and thus constitutes a basi:r infrastructure for economic deve lopment of the country.
In this chapter, an attempt has been made to throw some light on the power sector in India, its generating capacity and actual generation of electricity. A compari
son between the three sources of power i.e. hydel, thermal
and nuclear is also made. Review of the available relevant literature has bean outlined in brief.
2.1 POWER RESOURCES IN INDIA i
There is a wide range of fuels from which electric power can be generated. These fuels include fossil fuels like coal, gas, petroleum products, nuclear materials as well as renewable sources of energy such as biomass, geother- mal, hydel and solar source.
There are three main types of plant for electric power generation in the public sector on the basis of major input resources i.e. hydel, thermal and nuclear.
2,1.1 Thermal Power Resources :
Though India ranks fifth in the production of coal in the world, it has reserves of only 201 tonnes of coal per person as compared to 13,747 tonnes in U.S.A., 3'', 122 tonnes in U.3.5.R. and 1,060 tonnes in China. The known reserves of coal in India constitute only 0,8 per cent of t:,3 total world coal resources. While the total estimated resources of coal in India are 1,48,791 million tonnes, the mineable reserves may amount to about 60,000 million tonnes. Based on the demand projections upto the turn of the century and assuming an annual growth of 4 per cent in coal consump tion thereafter these resources would be sufficient for about 130 years.
2.1.2 Hydro Power Resources ;
The Central Electricity Authority has made a syste matic re-assessment of hydro electric resources of the country. The estimated annual energy potential is placed at 472.15 billion Kwh units which is equivalent to 89,830 Mw at 60 per cent load factors. Of this potential 49.67 billion Kwh units have already been developed and 2 6,96 billion Kwh units are under development. More than 80 per cent of hydro poL'jjnLial still remains unharnessed despite inherent advantages of hydro-electric power plants over' thermal and nuclear plants.
2.1.3 Nuclear Power Resources :
The unnium re^; about 70.000 tonnes which is equivalent to about 1,900 million tonnes ot coal. This resource alone will be equivalent to 120 billion tonnes of coal used in breeder reactors. The long range potential of nuclear energy in ^ whose India depends on the development of thori urn/reserves exceed 3,60,000 tonnes. When used in breeder reactors, this resource would be ecjuLvalsnt to "^00 billion tonnes of coal which is about five times the coal reserves of India. 2.2 GROWTH OP POWER SECTOR IN INDIA : Before independence there were very few and small power stations in India which were owned and operated by private as well as public establishments. The first generating plant in India was established in Darjeellnq in 1897. This was followed by a hydro-elec tric plant in Mysore in 1902. Before independence the power generation and consumption situation was very poor in India inspite of abundant resources and potentialities. What little development had taken place was mainly confined to the urban and industrial areas like Bombay, Calcutta, Ahmedabad and Kanpur. In 1910 the Indian Electricity Act was passed to regulate the actions of individual private undertakings. In spite of this Act, growth of power generation was very 11 slow. In 1938 the National planning Committee of the Congress made a number of recommendations for the growth of electric power generation and consumption. These recommendations were the guiding force behind the power policy in the post-independence era. Power was given a very high priority in the planned scheme of development. The Constituent (Legislative) Assembly passed the Electricity (Supply) Act on 10th Sep tember, 1948 to provide for rationalisation of production and supply of electricity. In pursuance of the provisions of the Act, the State Governments, constituted Electricity Boards in their respective areas in the course of period from 19 50 to 19 67. These Boards are entrusted with the general task of promoting power generation, transmission and distribution within their respective areas, in the most efficient and economic manner and with priority to backward and rural areas. The progress in power sector is very impressive in the post-independence era, since our planners realised the importar^ce oE power sector for agricultural and industrial development. 2.3 GROWTH OF INSTALLED POWER CAPi^CITY IN INDIA : The generation capacity determines the maximum limit 12 of power generation available during a particular period. The Government of India has significantly increased the generation capacity after independence by allocating more and more financial resources in each successive plan. The following table shows the installed power capacity (MW) in India. TABLE 2,1 " ' -•••'• • -• w_^ INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY (MW) IN INDIA Year Hydel Thermal Nuclear Total 1950 559 1,153 - 1,712 1956 1,061 1,825 - 2,886 1961-62 2,419 2,800 - 5,219 19 66-67 4,757 5,335 - 10,092 197 1-7 2 6,612 8,222 4 20 15,254 197 6-77 9,025 11,804 640 21,469 198 1-82 12, 17 3 19,312 8 60 32,345 198 6-87 15,963 31,394 1,230 48,587 Source: Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, 1987, Bombay, 13 The total installed power capacity in India has increa.'sed from 1,7 12 MW in 1950 to 48,587 MW in 1986-87 registering 9.7 per cent compound annual growth. The decadel study reveals that compound annual growth rate is fluctuating all the time (Appendix 2.1). It is lowest (7.5 percent) in 1970-71 and 1980-81 and highest (12.2 per cent) in 1960-61 and 1970-71. The gap between hydel and thermal capacities was not very significant till 1965-66 (Appendix 2.1). During this period 4,124 MW was obtained from Hydel resources and 4,90^3 Mw from thermal stations. Table 2.1 shows that from 1966-67 the gap in power generation between thermal and hydel resources started widening. During Fourth Five-Year Plan greater emphasis was laid on thermal power projects. In 1969-70 (Appendix 2.1) power was obtained from nuclear sources for the first time. During 1976-77 the installed capacity in the hydel plants stood at 9,025 Mw while it was 11,804 MW in thermal stations and 640 Mw in the nuclear stations. During 1981- 82 the installed capacity of hydel resources were 12,173 Mw and thermal was 19,31? Ml'J. Hydel power capacity has increased from 559 Mw in 1950 to 15,963 MW in 1986-87 recording 9.8 per cent of compound annual growth rate. The decadel study shows 14 that compound annual growth has been decreasing (Appen dix 2.1). Thermal power capacity was 1,15 3 Mw in 1950. It has increased to 31,394 Mw in 1986-87 registering 9.6 per Cent of compound annual growtVi rate. The decadel study reveals that compound annual growth rate is fluc tuating between 8 to 11 per cent (Appendix 2.1) I. Nuclear power capacity has also increased from 420 MW in 1969-70 to 1,230 Mw in 1986-87. But compound annual growth rate has decreased. 2.4 GROWTH OF POWER GENERATION IN INDIA • with the rise in generating capacity power genera tion has been continuously increasing since 1950-51. The bulk of electricity generation has taken place from coal. 15 The following Table shows the Power Generation in India from 1950 to 1986-87 in Million Units. TABLE 2.2 POWER GENERATION IN INDIA (1950 to 1986-87) IN MILLION UNITS Year Hydel Thermal Nuclear Total 1950 2,520 2,587 - 5,107 1956 4,295 5,36 7 - 9,662 1961-62 9,814 9,856 - 19,670 1966-67 16,734 19,642 - 36, 3 76 1971-72 28,024 31,712 1,189 60,925 1976-77 34,8 36 50,245 3,252 83,333 1981-82 49,565 69,515 3,021 1,22,101 1986-87 53,764 ] ,28,818 5,023 1,87,605 11. Source: Centre for monitoring Indian Economy, 1987, Bombay, The above Table reveals that total power genera tion has incroc-sed rapidly from 5,107 million units (MU) in 1950 to 1,87,605 MU in 1986-87 recording 10.5 per cent compound annual growth rate. The decadel study reveals that compound annual growth rate remained the same 16 (12.7 per cent) from 1950-51 to 1960-61 and from l960-6i to 1970-71. It was 7.1 per cent from 1970-71 to 1980-81. The generation of hydel electricity was 2,520 MU in 1950. It had increased to 53,764 MU during 1986 regis tering 8.9 per cent compound annual growth. The decadel study reveals that generation Dy hydel resources remained constant for two decades after which it has decreased con siderably (Appendix 2.2). The generation of thermal power was 2/587 MU in 1950 which increased to 1,28,818 MU in 1986-87 registering 11.5 per cent of compound annual growth. Though genera tion is continuously increasing, the decadel study reveals that compound annual growth rate has been decreasing. Compound annual growth rate was 13,4 per cent between i960- 61. It has decreased to 8.1 per cent between 1970-71 and 1980-81. The generation of nuclear power has increased frOm 1,339 MU in i969_70 to 5,023 MU in 1986-87 recording 2.2 per cent of compound annual rate of growth between 1970-71 and 1980-81. 2.5 SECTORWISE POWER CONSUMPTION : The consumption of power is divided into various sectors like domestic, commercial and Industrial etc. The I. consumption of power by various sectors is presented in the Table given on the next page. 17 TABLE 2.3 SECTORWISE POWER CONSUMPTION (l960-5l to 1987-88) IN PERCENTAGE Year Domes Commer Indus Rail - Agri Others tic cial trial way culture 1960-61 10.7 6.1 69.4 3.3 6.0 4.5 1965-66 8.8 6.2 70.6 4.0 7.1 3.3 1970-71 8.8 5.9 67.6 3.2 10.2 4.3 1975-76 9.7 5.8 62.4 3.1 14.5 4.5 1976-77 9.5 6.2 62.5 3.3 14.4 4.1 1977-78 9.9 6.4 61.6 3.3 14.6 4.2 1978-79 9.8 5.6 61.8 ?.8 15.6 4.4 1979-80 10.8 6. 0 58.9 2.9 17.2 4.2 1980-81 11.2 5.7 58.4 2.7 17.6 4.4 1981-82 11.6 5.8 58.8 2.8 16.8 4.2 1982-83 12.7 6.1 55.4 2.8 18.6 4.4 1983-84 12.9 6.4 55.8 2.6 17.8 4.5 1984-85 13.6 6.1 55.2 2.5 18.4 4.2 1985-86 14.0 5.9 54.5 2.5 19.1 4.0 1986-87 14.2 5.9 52.5 2.4 20.7 4.3 198 /-88 14.7 b. U 48.8 2.6 23.8 4.2 Source: Economic Survey, Govt, of India, New Delhi, 1988-89. 18 It is clear from the Table 2,3 that the largest share of power goes to industrial sec^^or followed by agricultural and domestic sector. The table 2.3 indicates that from 1960-61 to 1987-88 there has been an increase in domestic consumption from 10.7 per cent in i960-6i to 14.7 per cent in 1987-88, the share of power consumption by industrial sector has decreased from 69.4 per cent to 48.8 per cent. The agricultural power consumption has increased from 6.0 per cent in l960-5i to 23.8 per cent in 1987-88, There is a nominal decline in the case of- commercial consumption from 6,1 per cent to 6.0 per cent. The consumption of power in railway^has declined fran 3.3 per cent to 2.5 per cent. 2.6 TRANSMISSION : With the increase in generation c-.pacity, trans mission and distribution networks have been expanded simultaneously. The development of high transmission voltage has been undertaken by State Electricity Boards during the Five year plans. Transmission voltage has increased from 66 KV in l990 to 132 KV in l93] to 220 KV in 1954 to 400 KV in 1979, covering thousands of kilo meters throughout the country. 19 2.7 THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA : Thermal power dominates the Indian power scene as it constitutes over 67 per cent of total installed capacity and contributes about 69,8 per cent of total power generation at present, A modern thermal plant is a highly complex mar vel of engineering, built essentially of structural steel. Important processes and operations occurring in a power sta tion involve cai.i^ubl^on of coal, transfer of its heat energy to water and steam in such a manner as to obtain high thermal efficiency in the conversion process end use of superheated steam at high pressure to drive the turbine in order to cause motion of the rotor at nigh revolution ary speed inside a generator, resulting finally in the generation of electricity, A thermal power station will be able to generate electric power to its rated capacity only, if all its constituent sub units (viz., water treatment plants* pul verisation and firing system, the boiler itself, turbine, generator, condenser and auxiliary systems such as pumps, fans, etc) operate cooperatively. While any single rupture anywhere in its vast network of tubes will bring the giant unit to a grinding halt. Troubles anywhere can 20 make the boiler only partially available. Partial availability means capacity is not utilized fully which burdens thu whole system with demand for additional capa city and loss of revenue, I. 2.7.1 Performance ef Thermal Plants In India : Plant load factor provides an indication of the performance of the thermal plants. Table 2.4 shows that the all India average plant load factor has remained constant from 1979-80 to 1983-84. It has improved since 1984-85, because a number of measures liave been taken to achieve optimum utilization of the existing thermal capa city. TABLE - 2.4 THERMAL POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE IN INDIA (IN PERCENTAGE ) Ye d r i'lunt Load Manned Forced Plant i''actor Outages Out ages Availability 1973-74 50.4 19.9 8.8 71. 2 1976-77 53.3 9.8 13.2 77.0 19 77-78 51.4 13.4 14.? 71.31 1978-79 48.3 14.3 14.7 69.11 1979-80 44.7 12.3 18.8 68.93 1980-81 44.6 13.31 20.27 66.42 1981-82 46.8 11.72 19.82 68.43 1982-83 49.4 12.52 20.93 NA 1983-84 4 7.9 11.25 24.07 NA 1984-85 50.1 NA NA NA 1985-86 52.'! NA NA NA 1986-87 53.2 NA NA NA 21 The torccd outages nave increased trom 8.8 per cent in 1973-74 to 24.07 per cent in 1983-84, the planned outa ges has decreased from 19.9 per cent in 1973-74 to 11.25 per cent in 1983-84. Due to excessive outages full gene rating capacity has not Peen utilized in thermal plants. The above data reveals the forced outages are responsible lor low plant load tacLor in thermal plants. It their incidence could Pe reduced, the plant load tactor could be raised resulting in higher generation without any addition to the installed capacity. 2.7.2 State-Wise Plant Load factor ; State-wise plant load factor of thermal plants from 1981-82 to 1987-88 is given in table 2.5 on the next page. 22 TABLE 2.5 PLANT LOAD FACTOR OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS BY STATES: 1981-82 TO 1987-88 1981- 1982- 1983- 1984- 1985- 1986- 1987-' 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Electricity- Board - - 44.1 44.9 4 9.2 49.8 53.5 Andhra Pradesh 46.6 51.1 54.6 54.4 64.8 69.7 76.2 Punjab 41.8 51.0 54.0 64.3 58.9 68. 3 71.5 Rajasthan ^ - - 72.3 5 7,2 5 7.6 54.8 71.5 Tamil Nadu 37.8 44. 0 39.4 49.0 56.5 64.7 68.7 Karnataka - - - - 33.5 45.6 64.5 Gu jrat 53.6 57.9 55.3 54.0 53.2 54.0 ^ 60.0 Maharashtra 49.4 50.2 51.0 46.6 54.8 50.7 57.0 Madhya Pradesh 49.9 58.5 53.1 51.7 53.3 53.8 53.3 Delhi 50.0 51.0 47.7 58.9 63.8 6 7.2 49.1 ULtar i-'radesh 37.6 39.6 35.1 31.6 3 7.3 4 0.8 4 7.1 Haryana 37.3 32.2 31.1 34.7 32.8 33.8 '40.6 Vv'ost Bengal 37.6 38.5 35.9 36.5 42.2 41.8 38.6 Bihar 35.5 38.5 32.8 30.5 34.1 33.3 33.0 Orissa 35.9 35.2 33.3 32.2 31.7 31.7 32.5 Assam 34.8 36.9 34.2 29.6 2 7.5 18.5 31.0 J & K 9.1 1.0 1.5 NA NA NA NA Central Sector NA NA 54.8 55.4 61.9 64.9 63.3 Private Sector NA NA 64.1 63.0 5 7.5 61.1 6 7.6 All India 46.8 49.4 4 7.9 50.1 52.4 53.2 56.5 Source : Centre for Mcnitoring Indian Economy, 1989, Bombay. 23 The plant load factor in Andhra Pradesh has conti nuously increased from 46.6 per cent in 1981-82 to 76.? per cent in 1978-88. In Punjab it has increased except during 1985-86. In Tamil Nadu the plant load factor decreased only during 1983-84. It has significantly decreased m Delni State c-lectricity Board from 67 per cent m 1986-87 to 49.1 per cent in 1987-88. The plant load factor has been very low m Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board anc remained between 31 to 40 per cent till 1986-87. The plant load factor is below 40 per cent in Haryana, West Bengal, Bihar Orrisa and Assam. During 1987-88 Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujrat, PanjaC) anc Maharashtra achieved plant load factor higher than all India average of 54.4 per cent. The plant load factor in Uttar Pradesh increased to 40.8 and 47.1 per cent during 1986-87 and 1987-88 respectively. 2.7.3 Plant Load Factor In Uttar Pradesh: Plantwise plant load factor of thermal plants in Uttar Pradesh from 1983-84 to 1986-87 is given in Table 2.6 on the next page. 24 TABLE - 2.6 PLANT LOAD FACTOR OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN U.P. 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 UPSEB 35.1 31.6 37.3 39.8 Utter Pradesh Obra 35. 7 29.7 41.6 37.5 Panki 46.8 48.8 34.2 53.1 Harduaganj 'A' 20.5 32.0 23.5 14.1 llarduaganj 36.0 29.6 34.8 38.7 'B' ^ > C< RP.i Kanpur 24.5 24.8 14.2 Paricha - 2.8 28.2 47.9 Anpara _ _ _ 62.6 Others 7.6 24.9 Source: Centre for Konitering Indian Economy, , 1988, Bombay. Table 2,6 clearly shows that The plant load factor is below 40 per cent in Obra Power plant except during 1985- 86. It has been increasing in Panki Power Plant. The Plant load factor has declined to 14 per cent in llarduaganj 'A' Power Plant, while it has increased in Harduaganj 'Hi ana 'C Power Plants. The plant load factor was the highest (62 per cent) in Anpara Power Plant. 25 It has become obvious frcm the performance of thermal plants that chronic power shortage in an acute form in India is due to under utilization of thermal capa cities and low availability factor in the plants, 2.8 RENOVATION AND MODERNISATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS: The Government of India had approved a Centrally sponsored scheme for the renovation and modernisation of. thermal power station in 1984 at a cost of "s. 500 crores, extending to 34 selected stations and 152 generating units. Under this scheme, funds are advanced to the State Elect ricity Boards for renovation and modernisation of thermal power plants in the form of loans to be repaid in 15 annual instalments, with a moratorium of 5 years. During 1984-88 an amount of Rs.243.9l crores was utilized under this programme. Table 7.1 on payi' 26. IT'-.ent i [JP b«Eore 'ix^^^ after renov^.tion in Uttar Pradesh. 26 TABLE - 2,1 PLANT LOAD FACTOR: BEFORE AND AFTER RENOVATION IN UTTAR PRADESH Station Unit Capacity PLF PLF (MW) before renova- after partial tion average renovation Fig.(Percentage) April - Dec. 1988 Obra 2 50. 0 45. 7 51.50 Obra 4 50. 0 49.9 46.70 5 50. 0 43.8 56.70 6 100. 0 37.9 53.00 8 100. 00 43.2 45.60 9 200 33.3 61.00 10 200 31.4 56.40 11 200 26.4 70.70 12 200 40.2 75.50 13 200 35.1 53.60 Panki 4 110 43.2 63.50 Hardua- 5 60 4 0.9 52.0 0 ganj 6 60 38.0 55.30 7 110 37.4 46.80 Source:Department of power. Report 1988-89, New Delhi, 1989. 27 As a result of the implementation of the entire renovation and modernisation programme, the plant load factor of the concerned power stations v;ere expected to improve trcm an average of about 45 to about 51 per cent. Table 2.7 shows the improvement in the plant load factor of the thermal units on which substantial renova tion and modernisation work has been carried out in Uttar Pradesh. Analysing Table 2.7 it becomes clear that the plant load factor has improved a lot after renovation work. It is surprising that the plant load factor decrea sed in unit 4 of Obra Thermal Power Plant after renovation. 2.9 SUPPLY OF COAL TO THERMAL PLANTS : There are 6i coal based thermal power station in the country. Nearly 41.5 per cent of the total coal rccjuircmcnt in tho country is for the use in thermal power stations. All the power stations are linked for coal supplies from various coal sources according to the qualitative parameters fixed for them by the technical experts. The supply of raw coal to the thermal power sta tions has been continuously increasing. It has increased from 64.36 millions tonnes in 1984-85 to 93.69 million 28 tonnes in 1987-88. Inspite of this increase in the supp ly of coal many thermal pov;er stations have to close the ir operation due to non-availability of coal. And some times when the supply of coal is adequate, the quality is not good. The Indian Railv.ays account for 90 per cent of the coal despatch. But due to many constraints like shortage of railv-ay wagons, non-availability of rail tracks, etc. the Indian Railways is not able to transport the required amount of coal to the power stations in time. The committee under the Chairmianship of Shri Mohd. Fazal (l987) which was set up by the Government to look into the problems oi coal supplies to power houses made recommendations covering various aspects of coal supplies to power houses, such as linkages to be given to power houses from specitic collieries, transportation of coal to power houses, signing of agreement between coal India Ltd and State electricity Boards etc. Most of the reco- mmendationG of tti cofiimittee have been accepted by the Government. 2.10 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE : There is perhaps not a single study related to economics of thermal power plants in India by individual 29 researchers. Though, there are some reports by the Govt, of India, but they cover mostly the technical/engineer ing side of the plants. In this section an attempt has been made to review in brief the earlier studies related to the power plants or energy. John Survey (l988) examined the development and problems of the Inoian power plants sector. The author finds thut the electricity supply is highly capital intensive. The State Electricity Boards own the major part around 8l per cent of electricity supply. Remain ing 5-6 per cent is owned and optjraLed by National Ther mal Power Cooperation, 5-6 per cent is ovmed jointly by SEB's and Central government. Also other ?-3 per cent is controlled by the Department of Atomic Energy. In this study iiidin emphasis is being laid to Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL) a public enterpries, manufac turing power equipments. The financial performance of BHEL and industrial material and components supplied to BHEL has also been examined. Ashok. V. uesai (l987) outlines some of the forces that shaped the grov;th of power system in India and asse ssed the efficiency of the system. The author has examined the oemand for power which has increased rapid ly in agricultural and infustrial sector after Independence. 30 The resources of electricity are also discussed. Elec tricity is mainly generated from hydro and thermal resources in Indict. The '-"'evelopment of hydro electricity is slow due to long construction period and political problems. Vvith the result 60 per cent power is generated from coal. Actual po\%er generation comes to about 50 per cent of capacity, and one third of it is consumed in power stations or lost in transmission. Efficiency of hydro plants depends on the availability of v;ater. The thermal plants' efficiency has been reduced due to break dovm and low load operation. Rajendra Kumar (l987) throws light on social and economic scenario of thermal plants. According to the author demand for power has been increasing in urban as well as in rural areas, yet the power availability from- already installed capacity is very poor. Some critics tnink that this is because most of the power generation is v,ith State Electricity Boards who treats performance as of secondary importance as they function under the bureaucratic system of nianagement, others attribute it to inefficient, un'ki]len untr.iincd rnanj'Ov;or in power stations. Technology orienteo persons suggest the use of washed coal,change in coal combustion system and proper 31 stocking of spares. The author finds that high ash content in coal is responsible for increased pollution and heavy erosion in super heaters and economiser tubes in thermal stations. To increase the load at power plants, demand for thp washing of coal before despatch to power stations is ta vour eri. 2.11 ECONOMICS OF POWER SUPPLY IN UTTAR PRADESH : In Uttar Pradesh, State Electricity Board was constituted under the Electricity (supply) Act. 1948, to establish,^ operate and maintain power generating stations^ sub-stations and main transmission lines, as well as supply, and distribution of electricity within the State. Power is generated at different power plants, transmission of power from the station takes place at a very high voltage. Then it is distributed according to the needs and demands of consumers. Electric power is used as an input foe industry and agriculture, and as a consumer good for domestic and commercial consumers. In the first case, it nas tne nature of an intermediate product or raw material used in industry or agriculture in the production of a final product. On the supply side, the cost of supply varries according to the voltage levels, 32 This is because electricity has to be transmitted and distributed at different voltages. Household consumers are given electricity at a low voltage, while industrial consumers get it at a high voltage. Price of electricity is a monopolistic price as Uttac t-radesh state l::lectricity Board (UPSEB) is the sole supplier of electricity. Since UPSEB is not a pro fit oriented organisation, prices are charged keeping in view the v/elfare of the society. It does not charge the consumers with actual cost of generation and distribution of electricity. The cost of electricity generation is more than what is cnarged from the consumers because the board is taken to be an important utility concern which must serve the public without giving any heed to its eco nomic viability. Prices are discriminatory because more price are charged by industrial units and less by agricultural unit s. The routine financing of the plant is taken care by the State Government on the basis of the annual budget prepared by the plant authorities. Grants-in-aid given to the plant does not directly depend on the realisation of the revenue from the consumers of electricity. Time to time, for modernisation and renovation schemes the 33 pi^nt authorities approach the Central and State Govern ment for financial assistance. Hero, we find a very peculiar situation where distribution of the commodity (i.e. electricity), the price determination and realisation of revenue are taken care by different departments of UP3EB other than the plant. The plant authorities do not have any say on these aspects. Their main task is to generate electricity and supply it to national grid. Therefore, the study of " has economic aspect of the plant/a very limited scope. The performance of the plant can only be examined by annual generation of electricity, plant load factor and availabi lity factors. Thermal power plants are highly technical units, whenever we iiscussed the problems of the plant with the authorities they had told us such problems like poor quality of^ coal, irregular supply of raw material, break down of machines, etc. In general these problems are rela ted with more or less to the technical side. 34 SUMMARY : It is evident from the discussion in the present » chapter that thermal pov/er energy is contributing maxi-^ mum share in total electricity generation in India. The plant load factor is a matter of great con cern in thermal plants. The plant load factor was around 50 per Cent during the last 20 years in India, Sametimes it is even less than 4 5 per cent. The position of ther mal power plants in Uttar Pradesh is even vvorse as plant load factor on an average was around 40 per cent during the last one decade. The plant load factor of Hardua- ganj thermal power plant has been less than the national average of 54.4 per cent. Therefore, the study of Harduaganj thermal power plant deserves a thorough investiaation. CHAPTER- III HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER STATION; JrlLRFOKMANCK ANALYSIS Harduaganj thermal power plant established in 1942 is 16 KM away from Aligarh city. This particular site for power house was selected because railway lines were close to get main input i.e. coal and water from upper Ganga was easily available for cooling of condenser. Besides it was close to load centreslike Muradabad, Ali garh, Agra, Khurja, Ghaziabad, etc. Initially an old 20 MW unit was shifted from Bhat- para (Vvest Bengal) due to second world war. The power house Was commissioned in 1945, The equipments were fifty years old and were not working properly, the power house had to be closed down very soon. In this chapter an attempt has been made to study the annual electricity generation by the sub-houses of the power plant, their plant load factor and outages in order to assess the performance and present status of the plant. 3.1 EXPANSION OF HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER STATION: Western Uttar Pradesh had large scope for industrial development and agricultural growth hence>it was considered that the old power house near Aligarh should be expanded as it is close to the load areas. 36 In 1962 two units each of 30 MW capacity were commissioned under stage-I extension. In 1964, another 30 MW unit was intalled under stage-II extension. Total expenditure on 'A' power house was around Ps. 999 Lakhs. As '•deTtand for power was increasing continuously for industries and agriculture, further extension of the power station became unavoidable. In 1968 two units each of 50 MW were installed and commissioned. The total cost of these two units was Ps. ?055 Lakhs (appro ximately) , Under stage-iv extension of the power house, two units each of 55 MVn were commissioned in 197?. The total expenditure on these units was Rs. 3381 Lakhs, This power house is known as Harduaganj 'B' power house. Again two units of 60 MW capacity each were commi ssioned in 1977. Total expenditure on these units was around Rs. 7483 Lakhs. One unit of llO MW installed capa city was conunissloned in 1978 with total expenditure of Rs. 388 2 Lakhs. This is known as 'C power house in Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. Total installed capacity of all the 10 units in Harduaganj thermal power plant is 540 MW but capacity has been reduced to 385 MW due to technical constraints. 37 The power plant is connected with Uttar Pradesh grid by 66,220 and 4 00 KV transmission lines. The thermal plant consists ot three sub-power houses namely, A,B and C. A and C power houses have three units of generation each and 'B' power house has four units of power generation. 3.2 PERFORMANCE OF 'A' POWER HOUSE : The 'A' power house has three separate units of power generation. The total installed capacity of 'A' power house is 90 MW, All the equipments of 'A' power house were imported from United Kingdom, West Germany and Japan. The operation of 'A' power house was quite , satisfactory till 1979-80 as boilers, turbine, generators and auxiliaries were working regularly. But the perfor- rndnco ot 'A' power house was affected after the fire accident which took place in 1980. The generation capa city of 'A' power house was reduced to 70 MW in 1981 and 30 MW after 1984 due to technical reasons. Figure I shows that the generation of electricity by 'A' power house has I. been fluctuating significantly during last 23 years. There was a sudden fall in electricity generation in the year 1980-81. z < a. on UJ o z o LzU UoJ < z a. < < a. o a: UJ o UJ o a. -J z < ai X < < O < X (SllNn NOnillN) NOIiVb3N39 38 3.2.1 Power Generation By Unit I : Unit I of 'A' power house was cornmissioned in April 1962 with 30 MW installed Capacity, All the equip ments of this unit were imported from United Kingdom. TABLE - 3.1 'A' POWER HOUSE, UNIT-I; POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Generation PLF (%) A F (%) Outages (MU) 1962-63, 70.45 26.81 52.59 NA 196 7-68 166.79 63.46 79.97 NA 1972-73 99.50 37.86 82.53 6.30 1977-78 98.08 37.32 69.71 27.39 1982-83 15.36 5.85 9.98 90.02 1983-84 76.4 4 29. 00 4 7.00 38.08 1984-85 85.58 32.56 60.69 39.65 1985-86 48.26 18.36 34.61 65.30 1986-87 20.40 7.76 17.03 82.92 1987-88 22.52 8.57 21.15 80.00 1988-89 2.37 0.90 0.28 98.00 PLF : Plant Load Factor AF: Availability Factor Source: Hdrduagcinj Thermal I'owc r Plant, Computed. 39 Power generation had increased from 70.45 million units (Ku) in 1962-63 to 166.79 Mu in 1967-68. After this year the power generation has been decrease ing. Power generation was low during 1972-73 and 1977-- 78 due to non availability of boilers. Again genera tion was low after 1977-78 as turbine had broken in 1977- 78. Power production was affected badly in 1979-80 due to major fire accident in 'A' power house. There was a caiiplete damage to the electrical equipments such as transformers, switchgears, control cables, busbars busduct system, etc. The unit was rehabilitated again and Was put back on bars on February, 1983, but was again under long shut down from 22, 7« 1983 to 7.9« 1983 due to flash over in 11 KV system. Generation had main tained a steady decline after 1985-86 on account of poor performance of boilers and outdated equipments. Plant Load Factor : It may be observed from table 3,1 that the plant load factor is fluctuating rather violently over the entire period from 1962-63 to 1988-89. It was highest (63,29 per cent) in 1967-68 and lowest (0.90 per cent) in 1988-89. The plant load factor has become very low after the fire accidents. The main cause of low plant load factor is that the plant is working for over 26 years and has 4 0 considerably deteriorated due to aging. Design of boilers are outdated and they have become weak. The normal life span of thermal plant is 25 to 30 years. (Kumar, Rajendra, 1^87). Outages : The details of outages of unit-I are not available from 1962 to 1970. Percentage of outages was less from 1972-73 to 1977-78, but have increased after 1977-78 due to fire accident. From 1985-86 to 1988-89, percentage of outages have remained more than 50 per cent. TABLE - 3.2 , OUTAGES IN 'A' POWER HOUSE UNIT I (Percentage) • - - • ~ Year Forced Outages PI anned outages 1983-84 53.21 NA 1984-85 39.28 NA 1985-86 36.38 28.98 1986-87 82.94 NA 1987-88 55.92 23.17 ' 1988-89 8.49 90.49 Source : Renovation and Modernisation saction, Harduaganj Thermcil Power i'lant. 41 Percentage of torced and plannea outages are available since 1983-84. It is clear from table 3.2 that during 1983-84 to 1987-88 forced outages were high er than planned outages. Forced outages were responsi ble lor low yeneiuLion. l'lanne Present Position : The piusuuL position of Unit-1 is very dark and dismal due to technical/engineering reasons., The details of present position of the unit is given in appendix - 3.11 5.2.2 Power Generation By Unit-II : Unit-II of 'A* power house was commissioned in July 1962 with 30 MW installed capacity. All the equip ments were imported from abroad. The turbine was manufac- turccJ in West Cxjrni.iny, whilo boilers were manu f ac tu red in United Kingdom. 42 TABLE - 3.3 'A' POWER HOUSE UNIT - II POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF^AND OUTAGES Year Generation PLF (%) A F (%) Outages(%) - (In Mu) 1962-63 12.82 4.87 27.15 NA 1967-68 124.12 47.22 65.11 NA 1972-73 156.60 59.59 90.31 6.57 1977-78 102.80 39.12 79.27 13.15 1982-83 18.77 7.15 13.XO 90.00 1983-84 0.89 0.31 0.65 100.00 1984-85 27.80 10.58 22.73 57.00 1985-86 68.70 26.14 53.40 NA 1986-87 30.45 11.59 33.63 60.00 1987-88 0.57 0.21 1.20 100.00 1988-89 0.53 0.2 0 1.20 100.00 PLF: Plant Load Factor AF: Availability Factor Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant, Computed. Tabic 3.3 reveals that unit - 13 was working well till 1977-78. Power Generation had increased to 156.60 Mu in 1972-73 and 157.415 Mu in 1979-80 (Appendix-3.2), The operational availability was more than 60 per cent. But generation was affected after 1979-80 as there was a 43 i:irc dccident .Th3 un^t'•<^"i'ji'^ti''^ closed frcxn ?1,4.80 to 4.11. 82 cue to file. Atter rehabilitation of the unit it was again put to work in December 1982, but could hardly work for few months when generator got damaged in April 1983 and unit was again out of v.'ork from ?5.4,83 to 1.4,84 C^eneration was negative during 1981-82. After this year generation has been low due to trouble in oil pumps and inadequate availability of boilers. Power generation was also affected because the boilers of this unit were designed for 'B' grade coal» but the coal received by this house was of 'D' grade or some times of 'E' grade. Poor quality of coal has been another reason of under utilization of the unit. Plant Load Factor : During 1967-68 plant load fei^-tor in the unit was 47.22 per cent and increased to 71.07 per cent in 1970-71 (appendix - 3.2). After this year Unit-II steadily dec lined in its capacity utilization. With the exception of 1979-80, the plant load factor has always remained below 20 per cunt m the last onu decide. The capacity utilization of this unit has not improved since the fire accident took place. 44 Outages : Details of outages are available from 1971-72, Outages have increased from 6,57 per cent in 1972-73 to 13,15 per cent in 1977-78. Unit was closed down for annual overhauling of the machine and parts. Outages hdve increased to 100 per cent after the fire accident.' Power plant has started m.easuring forced and pla nned outages since 1983-84. TABLE - 3.4 OUTAGES IN 'A' POWER HOUSE UNIT - II Year Forced Out ages PI armed outages 1983-84 99.35 NIL 1984-85 56.37 16.71 1985-86 56.37 NA 1986-87 69.78 NA 1987-88 65.83 33.40 1988-89 NA NA , Source : Renovation and Modernisation section, Harduaganj Thcrmdl Power Plant. Table 3.4 reveals the forced outages have been over and above planned outages. Forced outages were responsible 45 for the non-availability of the plant and low generation. Present Position : Present position o*" the unit is very gloomy as there are technical troubles in auxiliaries and generator, Details of present position is given in appendix - 3.12 3.2.3 Power Generation By Unit-Ill : Unit-Ill of 'A' power house was commissioned in May 1964 with 30 h/t of installed capacity. The turbine and two boilers of this unit v.ere supplied by Japan. TABLE - 3.5 'A' POWER HOUSE UNIT - III POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Gene rat ion P L F (%) A F (%) Outages i%) ' (m riu) 1964-55 169.00 64.31 94.4? NA • 1969-70 178.23 67,82 85.33 NA 1974-75 113.91 43.34 65.99 11.23 19 79-8 0 173.24 6 5.74 83.1? NA 1985-85 138.30 52.63 88.61 1?. ?? 1985-86 67.97 25.86 46.61 27.67 1986-87 66.49 25.30 44.05 NA 1987-88 85.26 32.44 55.23 NA 1988-89 ^ 79.91 30.40 4 7.04 NA PLF: Plant Load Factor AF: Availability Factor Source : Harduaganj Therma] lower Plant, Confuted. 45 Genor^tion of grower in Unit II r had incre-Tsei from 159.00 MU in 1964-65 to 178.23 Mu in 1969-70. During these ya-irs availability factor was more than 80 per cent. Gene ration decreased to 113.91 Mu in 1974-75. But again increased to 17 3.24 Mu in 1979-80. Aftar 1979-80 genera tion had declinei as a major fire accu red in the 'A' power hou se. It is clear from table 3.5 that the unit had been running consistently well before the unfortunate fire acci dent which had dainagad electrical installations and the Unit remained closed for a longer period of time. The capacity utilization of this unit was batter in comparison to other two units of 'A' power house. Plant Load Factor : Performance of this unit was satisfactory as the plant load factor had increased from 64.31 per cent in 19 64-65 to 57.82 per cent in 19 69-70. However, after this year the capacity utilization declined with the exception of 1979-80. Operational availability of this unit was 94.42 per cent, it decreased to 47.04 per cent in 1988-89. For the past four years the plant load factor has deteriorated due to indeq\jate availability of boilers, aged and worn out components and weak pressure parts. 47 Outages : Details of outages are not available before 197 2-7 3, During 1974-7 5 outages were 11.23 per cent as unit was closed down for overhauling. Percentage of outages had increased to 27.67 per cent in 1985-8 6. Outages were 90 per cent in 1980-8 1 iue to fire accident. T^L_E_-_3^6 OUTAGES IN ' A* POWER HOUSE UNIT - III Ye.HI: t'''orr:,ii outag'j.s Planned Outages 1983-84 59.03 NA 1984-85 16.22 NA 1985-86 32.54 NA 1986-87 51.17 4.74 1987-88 44.77 4.15 1988-89 47.46 5.44 Source : Renovition and Modernisation Section, Harduaganj Thermal powar plant. It is cla^r from table 3.6 that percentage of forced outages had increased over and above schedule outages. 48 Present Position : The plant is in operation for over 23 years and the performance of the unit has deteriorated due to aging and erosion of the parts. Present position of the unit is poor due to technical failures. Details of technical failures are qiven in appen.Ux - 3.13. Renovation And Modernisation Of 'A* Power House : The Central Government had provided Rs. 109.80 Lakhs in 198 6-87 and ^^.189.9 2 Lakhs in 1987-88 for renovation of ' A' power house. The Central Government again sanctioned Us. 3 62.77 Lakhs in 1988-89 for renovation purposes. Un.der State plan scheme fcor renovation and modernisa tion of 'A' power house Rs.98.80 Lakhs were provided in 198 6- 87 and Rs.74.04 Lakhs in 1987-88. EXjring 1988-89 Rs.254.69 Lakhs were sanctioned for renovation of pxDwer supply system. 3.3 PERFORMANCE OF 'B' POWER HOUSE : The total installed capacity of 'B* power house is 210 MW [L h.i;i Lour unlLi. All t hi; equl pin«ri Is ol: Unlt-I and II were imported from Soviet Union. The equipments of Unit-Ill and Unit-IV were manufactured indigenously by Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHiL) . Unit I and II were erected under the guidance and 49 control of Soviet experts. During the last stage of comple tion it was noticed that the coal for which boilers of Unit- I an-i IT were designe-i was not available in India. According ly Soviet experts made minor modifications so that the available coal of high calorific value could be burnt in the boilers without any damage to the plant. But inspite of minor modifications boilers could not work properly. On - account of boilers constraints the loai each of Unit I and II is re-itrickai to 4^ MW In-jtoiJ of SO M;^. Plgure-II indicates that electricity generation in 'B' power house has maintained an increasing trend till 1976-7 7. After this year there was tremendous decrease in generation of electricity. 3.3.1 Power Generation By Unit - I : Unit ~ I was commissi one! on 23 June, 19 68, with 50 MW installed capacity, but capacity was derated to 42 MW. 1-68-99 -89-^8 UJ -^9-98 CO o 98-S8 X Q: •S8-t78 o o. t'8-£8 "m £9-28 o ^ -S8-18 Hr < 5: 0 -I8-08 zaUJ: C4 >• UoJ l- -08-6Z. ^ 0 h- < CC -6Z.-8I z< < _l 0 IT a. 0 -SL-LL < Ql UJ Ul UJ _J >• -U-9L ^ _J < o H- a. O) -9L-SL _j < "•z^ -SL-VL 2Ql UJ X -VL-ZL H- —) Z -ZL-ZL < o< ZL-\L 3 Q ct: < AL-OL X- -0^-69 -69-89 O O 099QQQOOO O o O O O O o 01 fM OOQOOOOOO CM (SilND NOlllllN) N0JlVa3N39 50 TABLE - 3.7 •B* POWER HOUSE UNIT - I POWER GENERATION, PLP, AP AND 0UT;CBS Year Generation P L F (Vo) A P (%) Outages (%) (in Mu) 19 68-59 243.01 55.48 66.71 NA - , 1973-74 285.86 65.26 78.53 11.78 1978-79 320.79 73.24 86.86 NA 1983-84 141.56 32.32 43.94 NA 198 4-8 5 165.34 37.75 53.82 NA 1985-8 6 100.77 23.01 33.99 4 6.30 198 6-87 180 .80 41.28 55.61 7.39 1987-88 218.72 49.80 65.78 NA 1988-89 51.83 11.83 17.3 6 56.43 PLP: Plant Lo^i Factor r^: Availability Factor. Source : Hariuaganj Thermal power Plant, Computed, Unit I start^i generation o£ power from 1968-69. Performance of this Unit was satisfactory in the beginning. Generation had increased from 243.0 1 Mu in 19 68-69 to 320.79 Mu in 1978-79, percentage of outages were minimum during this period. After 1978-79 generation no longer remained the svne as it was in beginning. During 1984-85 and 1985-86 generation was low due to high pressure parts 51 failure and othc^r tiBchnical failures. Plant Load Factor : The plant load factor had increased from 55,48 per cent in 1968-69 to 73.23 per cent in 1978-79 which shows an improvement in the capacity utilization and efficiency of the unit. Bu' thi.> capacity was not utilized fully after 1981-82,as the plant lodd factor remained below 50 per cent. The plant load factor decreased to 11.83 per cent during 1988-89. Operational availability was 66.71 per cent in 1968-69 it increased to 86.86 per cent in ' 1978-79. After this year it has always been fluctuating. Due to low Plant load factor, Russian experts have sugges ted complete replacement of aged pressure parts. Outages : Details oi outages are available from 1971-72. From 1971-72 to 1976^ the unit has remained closed due to annual overhauling for a short duration. After 1977-78, outages hcjve increased due to trouble in generator and boilers. 52 TABLE - 3.8 OUTAGES IN 'B' POWER HOUSE UNIT I \ Year Forced Outages Planned Outages 1983-84 56.76 NA 1984-85 41.45 3.58 1985-86 21.38 43.68 198 6-87 43.61 0.74 1987-88 24.05 NA 1988-89 56.88 64.93 Source: Renovation and Modernisation Section, Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. Forced outages have increased as generator got dcimaged. Planned outages were 3.58 per cent in 1984-85, it increased to 64.93 per cent in 1988-89. Present P9sition : Present Position has deleriorated due to technical problem. Details of present position of the unit is given in aPPcndix-3.14. 3.3.2 Power Generation by Unit II : Unit II was commissioned on 11th January, 19 69 with 50 N5W of installed capacity, but capacity was derated to 4 2 MW. 53 TABLE - 3,9 'B' POWER HOUSE UNIT II POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Generation P L F (% ) A F (%) Outages {i n Mu) (%) 1968-69 48.31 11, 02 12.39 NA 1973-74 219.65 50.14 5 7.71 36.61 1978-79 174.18 39. 76 50.20 42.72 1983-84 155;23 33.34 45.67 22»83 1984-85 176.10 40.18 50.18 5.75 1985-86 85.45 19.50 31.04 68.21 1986-87 198. 04 45. 21 60.90 6.30 1987-88 203.89 46.55 62.99 NA 1988-89 101.51 23.18 32.45 21.91 PLF: Plant Load Factor, AF: Availability Factor Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. i'owGr cjfiiurcdtloi) hfid incr^viscM from 40.31 Mu in 1968-69 to 219.65 Mu in 1973-74, Operational availabili ty have also increased during this period. But genera tion and availability of the unit decreased during 1977- 78 and 1978-79 due to problems in turbine. Production was negative during 1980-81 and 1981-82 respectively as generator of this unit had become damaged ( aPPendix-3,5) 54 Power generation has been very low for the past six years due to forceci shut down of the plant. Plant Load Factor : Table 3,9 reveals that the plant load factor is fluctuating highly since the last 20 years. It was highest (77,47 per cent) in 1975-76 and lowest (l9.5 per cent) in 1982-83, Hdnt load factor has been decreasing since 1977, The performance of this unit has not been upto the mark for the last few years on account of frequ ent failure of pressure parts and problems in turbine and generator. Outages : It is clear from table 3,9 that percentage of outa ges are fluctuating. Schedule overhauling was the maih Cause of low capacity utilization. During 1977-78 and 1978-79 unit remained out of work due to trouble in turbine and generator. 55 TABLE - 3.10 OUTAGES IN 'B' POWER HOUSE UNIT II Year Forced Outages Planned Outages 1983-84 34.26 20.19 1984-85 4 0. ?8 5.23 1985-86 69.97 NA 1986-87 38.99 NA 198 7-88 36.77 NA 1988-89 50.99 15.77 Source: Renovation and modernisation section/ Hardua- ganj Thermal Power Plant, Table 3.10 shows that forced outages have been in creasing and their percentage is higher than planned outages. Forced outages are responsible for low genera tion in Unit II. Present Position: Presently, the unit is facing the problem of fre quent leakages in boiler and failure in other machinery Parts. Details of all technical failures are given in cppendix - 3.15. 56 3.3.3 Power Generation By Unit III : Unit IJ.1 of 'B' power house was commissioned on 22nd January 1972 with 55 MW Capacity. It was supplied by BHEL. Recently, its Capacity has been derated to 30 MW due to technical constraints. TABLE ~ 3.11 'B' POWER HOUSE, UNIT - III POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Generation PLF (%) A F (%) Outages (in Mu) (%) 1971-72 86.66 17.98 24.84 NA 1976-77 341.26 70.83 74.92 10.95 1981-82 143.78 29.84 43.60 NA 198 2-83 275.83 57.25 74.04 NA 1983-84 200.73 41.66 55. 23 21.64 1984-85 163.71 33.98 51.45 21.00 1985-86 172.97 35.90 52.22 40.82 1986-87 164.37 34.12 47.02 13.42 1987-88 206.26 42.69 57.96 7.39 1988-89 57. 20 11.89 18.00 NA PLF: Plant Load Factor, AF: Availability Factor Source: Karouaganj Thernml Pov;er Plant. 57 Performance of this unit was not satisfactory in the beginning. Generation was low from 1971-72 to 1974- 75 due to forced outages. Generation had increased after this year, but generation declined after 1977-78 - due to problems in boiler and its auxiliaries and other technical difficulties. Plant Load Factor: During 1976-77 the plant load factor was 70.83 per cent , after this year it has continuously been fall ing with the exception of 1982-83, Plant load factor has never been more than 50 per cent. Operational availabili ty was 74.92 per cent in 1976-77 and it decreased to 18 per cent in 1988-89. Outages : Percentage of outages had increased from 10,95 in 1976-77 to 40.82 in 1985-86. 58 TABLE ., 3.12 OUTAGES IN 'B' POWER HOUSE UNIT III Year Forced Outages Planned Outages 1983-84 31.51 13.35 1984-85 25.81 ?7.73 1985-86 22.31 22.40 1980-87 47.01 NA 1987-88 34.80 7.19 1988-89 16.25 65.73 Source: Renovation and modernisation section, Harduaganj Thermal Pov;er Plant. It is apparent from table 3.12 that in unit III, forced outages have decreased but planned outages have been increasing planned outages were 65.73 per cent dur ing 1988-89. Present Position: Capacity of this unit has been derated to 30 MW due to technical difficulties. ,T./l Power Generation By Unit TV ; Unit IV of 'B' Power house was commissioned in September 1972 with 55 MW installed capacity. 59 TABLE - 3^13 'B' POWER HOUSE, UNIT ~ IV POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Generation P L F (%) A F (%) Outages (in Mu) (%) 1972-73 78.07 16.20 22.71 21.36 1977-78 184.96 38.38 4 0.76 56.00 1982-83 148.17 30.75 43.13 25.47 1983-84 205.11 42.57 58.28 NA 1984-85 153.96 31.95 41.16 47.82 1985-86 198.47 41.11 58.74 NA 1986-87 194.74 40.42 57.50 NA 1987-88 40.15 8. 33 10.93 NA 1988-89 209,96 43.58 51.36 NA FLF: Plant Load Factor, AF: Availability Factor, Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. Computed. Performance of this unit was not upto the mark as technical problems v;ere experienced during the operation of the plant. Generation was low as the capacity of this unit had derated too. Plant Load Factor : It becomes clear from table 3.13 that the plant load factor was oelow 50 per cent with the exception of 60 1975-76 and 1979-80. The Pl<.-nt load factor was highest (57.70 per cent) during 1979-80 and lov/est(8.33) per cent during 1987-88. Plant load factor has been falling due to problems in machinery. Outages: Percentage of outages was high during 1977-78 and 1978-79 as generator rotor had become damaged. The unit remained out of \'oik for one year. Percentage of outages have decreased slightly after 1982-83. TABLE - 3.14 OUTAGES IN 'B' POWER HOUSE UNIT IV Year Forced Out ages PI anned outages 1983-84 39.51 NA 19B4-85 ^ 1?.53 46.28 1985-86 23.13 18.22 1986-87 42.28 0.16 , 1987-88 15.10 75.34 1988-89 32.52 13.08 Source: Kenovation and modernisation section, Harduaganj Thciindl t'owcj r L'KiuL. 61 Table 3.14 reveals that both forced and planned outages are responsible for non availability of the unit, I. Present Position: The load is restricted to 46 MW only due to tech nical difficulties. 3.4 PERFORMANCE OF 'C POWER HOUSE : This power house has three units with 230 MW of installed capacity. All the equipments of this plant were supplied by bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL) Figure III indicates that electricity generation by 'C* power house has increased with marginal decline in 1980- 81, 1982-83 and 1984-85. 3.'.1 Power Generation By Unit I Unit I Was coTimissioned on ?lst March 1977 with 60 MW of installed capacity. It was erected and commi ssioned under guidance and supervision of BHEL. HARDUAGANJ THERMAL POWER PLANT GENERATION IN'c'POWER HOUSE INSTALLED CAPACITY 230 MW lOOOn 900 w BOOH z => 700 z O 3 600 i _j - 500i z o r 400-\ < a. UJ Z 300 UJ (J 200 lOO O —r- I I —1— • 1- —1—— I —1 in O CN n o 00 CO GO OO CO 00 00 I OO CO 00 o I I I 1 CO 1 010 O in CO 00 GO CD 00 00 00 GO 00 CO FIG.3 YEARS 62 TABLE ~ 3.15 'C POWER HOUSE, UNIT - I POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Generation PLF (%) A F (%) Outages (in Mu) (%) 1977-78 208.07 44.54 47.39 29.04 1978-79 330.57 62.89 81.99 9.59 1979-80 113.16 21.41 28.18 68.49''^ 1980-81 301.15 57.29 78.25 12.60 1981-82 253.69 48.26 67.12 2.73 1982-83 192.16 36.55 48.17 27.39 1983-84 199.70 37.89 49.32 16.98 1984-85 48.83 9.29 11.02 NA 1985-86 63.15 12.01 15.19 NA 1986-87 348.26 66.26 81.60 NA 198 7-88 231.20 43.87 52.94 19.45 1988-89 279.58 53.79 69.56 NA PLF: Plant load Factor, AF: Availability Factor. Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. Computed. It is clear from table 3.15 that generation was not upto the mark in Unit I of 'C pov;er house, because just after commissioning of the unit there v;as some problems in generator set. During 1978-79 generation was 330.57 Mu. 63 After 1978-79, it reniained low till 1985-86. The Gene ration Was affected during 1984-85 to 1985-86 because fire mishap took place in cable gallories of unit 5 and 6 on 23 May 1984. The Generation has increased in 1986- 87 after equipments were replaced. Plant Load Factor : Plant load factor was above 60 per cent during 1978-79 otherwise it remciined declining till 1985-86. Plant load factor WQS below 4 0 per cent from 1981-82 to 1985-86 due to frequent failures in motor. Plant load factor has increased in 1986-87 after restoration of the unit, Ou t age s : Outages were higher in this unit in the beginning as generator was not working properly. Operational availability had decreased till 1985-86, it increased after restoration of the unit. 64 TABLE - 3.16 OUTAGES IN 'C POWER HOUSE UNIT I Year Forced Outages Planned Outages 1983-84 33.85 16.95 1984-85 80.47 NA 1985-86 92.28 NA 1986-87 17.55 00.81 1987-88 32.36 14.81 1988-89 30.41 NA Source : Renovation and modernisation section, Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. Table 3.16 reveals that percentage of forced outages have increased over the years while planned outa ges are very less. Present Position-. The performance has improved after renovation of the \j n 11. 3.4.2 Generation By Unit II: This unit was commissioned on I]w8.l977 with insta lled Capacity of 60 MW. It v/as supplied by IIIIEL and was erected under their guidance. 65 TABLE - 3.17 'C POWER HOUSE, UNIT II POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Generation P L F {%) A F {%) Outages (in Mu) (%) 1977-78 30.17 n.38 15.11 NA 1978-79 - - - 100 19 79-8 0 - - - 100 198 0-81 - - - 100 1981-82 122.69 23.34 32.96 NA 1982-83 151.19 28.76 42.61 19.17 1983-84 230.24 43.68 61.85 NA 1984-85 37.63 7.15 9.86 85.47 1985-86 P37.63 45.?1 61.89 20 1986-87 333.55 63.46 79.15 NA 1987-88 290.95 55.21 69.61 15.89 1988-89 290.10 55.19 75.73 NA t-LF: Plant Load Factor, AF: Availability Factor. Source: Harduaganj Tiiermal Power Plant, Computed. Unit II started generation during 1977-78. But on 2P.11.1977 generator set was shattered into pieces and tne unit coulci not v;ork for three t/ears till 1980-81. The unit^ v;as recorniTiissioned on 26.8.1981 after another 66 generator set was provided. But generation could not increase much after the nev; generator set was installed. The generation was low during 1984-85 as fire mishap took place in cable galleries of unit I and II on May, 1984. Performance was not upto the mark, because capa city could not b(,' utilized fully due to technical cons traints. Plant Load Factor : As it is clear from Table 3.17 Plant load factor was very poor till 1985-86. It has started increasing since 1986-87. Ou t age s : Percentage of outages have been lOO per cent in the beginning, but outages have decreased since 1980-81, operational availability has improved after 1985-86. 67 TABLE - 3.18 OUTAGES IN 'C POWER HOUSE UNIT II Year Forced Out ages Planned Outages 1983-84 38.13 NA 1984-85 8.98 NA 1985-86 20.64 3.27 1986-8 7 20.82 NA 1987-88 14.86 15.77 1988-89 24.25 NA Source: Renovation and modernisation section, Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. From the above table we can say that forced outages are responsible for unavailability of the unit. Forced outages have been moce than 20 per cent whereas percentage of planned outages is very low. Present Position : The load of the unit is restricted to 50 MW due to technical constraints. 3.4.3 Power Generation By Unit III : This unit of 'C power house v;as commissioned on 28.5.1978. it Wcjb bupi^lied by BULL and was erected under 68 the supervision of BHEL. The installed capacity of this unit is 110 MW. TABLE - 3.19 'C POWER HOUSE, UNIT III POWER GENERATION, PLF, AF AND OUTAGES Year Generation P L F (%) A F (%) Outages (in Ku) (%) 1978-79 182.81 22.52 36.06 21.91 1979-80 5 3 3.98 55.26 '78.81 6.84 198 0-81 197.15 37.50 30.91 51.23 1981-82 448.47 46.54 69.67 NA 1982-83 340.26 35.31 51.96 NA 1983-84 291.20 30.14 47.29 16.71 1984-85 419.19 43.50 65.51 11.78 1985-86 343.98 35.70 59.19 NA 1986-87 183.28 19.02 23.99 75.34 1987-88 5 34.00 55.27 70.06 NA 1988-89 443.38 46.02 65.44 7.94 PLF: Plant Load Factor, AF: AvailabiJity Factor. Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant, Computed. Inspite of high installed capacity (llO MW) the generation of power was very low by this unit, with the 69 exception of 1979-80 and 1987-88. During 1980-81 gene ration Was low because the unit could not v;ork for six months due to AC/DC failure. During 1986-87 it was low because machine was out of work for overhauling. Plant Load Factor : It is clear from Table 3.19 that plant load factor is fluctuating over the entire period. But most of the time it remained between 35 to 45 per cent which was not upto the mark. The main reason of low plant loac3 factor was failures in pressure parts. Outages i Outages were 21.9l per cent during 1978-79, it in creased to 51.23 per cent in 1980-81, they had increased as economisers and super heater were eroded due to high ash content in coal. Outages have been fluctuating after 1980-81. 70 TABLE » 3.2 0 OUTAGES IN 'C POWER HOUSE UNIT III 1 Year Forced Outages PI anned Outages 198 3-84 52.82 NA . 1934-85 33.89 NA 1985-86 32.12 8.49 1986-87 9.15 66.85 1987-88 29.98 NA 1988-89 32.28 NA Source: Renovation and modernisation Section, Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant, Computed. Forced outages have decreased from 52.82 per cent in 1983-84 to 32.27 per cent in 1988-89. Present Position ; Unit is in operation with load restriction of 85 MW Capacity due to technical reasons. Renovation And Modernisation : The Central Government sanctioned a sum of Ps,752. 25 lakhs in 1986-87 for modernisation and renovation of 'B' and 'C' power houses, Rs.3 20 lakhs were given in l987- 88 and Rs. 3355.67 lakhs in 1988-89 were provided for 71 renovation of ball mills, replacement of pressure parts of boilers/ replccement of demaged blades of turbine, and generator etc. State Government had sanction Rs. 3412 lakhsinl986-8 7, R5. 3 0 05 lakhsl 937-88 and R^. 4 098. OllaW^ln 1 988-8 9 fo'r renova tion and modernisation of 'B' and 'C power plants. SUMMARY : From the above discussion, it has been observed that performance of all the individual units of the power plant is not satisfactory as plant load factor which provides an indication of the performance of the thermal power plants has been low as compared to all India average tlant load factor. Individual plant load factor shows that there is no consistency in the figures. The Plant load factor is varrying enormously between the years and between the units. One of the very significant features, v;hich draws attention is that plant load factor was very low, even in the year when the unit was installed: The plant load factor in unit 1 and II of 'A' pov;er house and I and III of 'B' power house is very low, there fore, continuing electricity generation with these units may not be economically viable. The study of expenditure is also important to ha've a rough estimate of variable cost of production. This has been taken up in th'-a next Chapter. GHAPTBR-IV HARDUAG^J THSRMAL POWER STATION : RSVSNUB & SXPBNDITURB The power stations in Uttar Pradesh are financed by the State and Central Governmants, through Uttar Pra desh State Electricity Board (UPSUB). UP3SB was consti tuted under the Slectricity (supply) Act, 1948 for augmenting the generating capacity and connected transmi ssion system, as well as for expanding the distribution net-work to uncovered areas, UPSSB gets finances from various sources for expanding distribution, and transmission network and to increase generating capacity. In this chapter an attempt has been made to study financial problems of Harduaganj thermal power plant through its annual revenue and expenditure statements. 4.1 FINANCIAL .30URGB3 OF UPSEB » UP33B gets finances from the following sources: (a) Loans from the State Government under Section 64 of the Act. (b) Borrowing from the market, banks, and other financial institutions, like life Insurance Corporation of India, Rural Electrification Corporation, Land Development, 73 Bank, etc. in terms of section 65 of the Act. (G) Internal resources generated by the Board, main sources of revenue of the Board are: 1. Revenue from sale of electricity. 2. Meter testing, disconnection and re-connection fee, meter rent etc. 3. Rent from residential buildings owned by the board, 4. Sale proceeds of obsolete/surplus stores. 5. Interest on securities. 6. Interest on loans and advances to employees. These revenue receipts are utilized to meet the revenue expenditure on operation and maintenance, establish ment and management expenses, taxes (if any) on income and profit, depreciation ani interest payable on all bonds and 1 o an s. 4.2 AMENDMENTS IN ELECTRICITY SUPPLY JCT, 1948 : Section 12 A of theA=t, as amended in 1978, further authorises that the Stat^ Government may direct that the Board shall with effect from such dati be,a body corporate with such capital, not exceeding ten crores of rupees, as the State Government may specify from time to time. This maximum limit can be increased by the government with the approval of the state legislature. 74 Section 61 of the Act further requires that in February each year the Board shall submit to the State Government and "Annual Financial Statement" in the presc ribed form showing the estimated capital and revenue receipt and expenditure of the ensuing year. The Annual Financial Statement thus contains a projection of both the revenu e as well capital operations of the Board. Section 59 and Section 67 have been drastically amended by an Act (No. 16) of Parliament, in 1983. According to general principles for Board's finance enshrined in Section 59 of the Act. the Board shall after taking credit for any subvention from the State Government under section 63, carry on its operation under this Act and adjust its tariff so as to ensure that the total revenue in any year of the account shall after meeting all the expenses proper ly chargeable to revenue, including operational, maintenance and management expenses, taxes (if any) on income and profit, depreciation and interest payable on all debentures, bonds and loans, leave such surplus as is not less than 3 per cent or such hiqher percantaqe as St^te Gov(3mment, may by noti fication in the official gazetta specify. Before the cimendment in section 59 the quantum of surplus was left to be decidei by the State Government from year to year and thus it remaine3 undefined. Now the Board ha3 no option but to adjust its tariff and expenditure to ensure that 75 minimum 3 per cent surplus is earned after making provi- 1. sions for all expenditures including depreciation and loans from institutions and government. However, to safe-guard the interest of the Board, Section 67 A has been introdu- on ced to ensure that payment of interest/government loans is made only to the extent the cash surplus is available after providing depreciation and interest on institutional loans and in the absence of cash surplus this will be shown as - deferred liability. 4.3 HARDUAGANJ POWER STATION; FINANCIAL SOURCES : All the repairing work, maintenance, and renovation of the Harduaganj thermal power plant are managed by UPSEB. R'2"eipt3 for purch.i.'ij oP fruel ara also rel ean'id by UP3ED. Major renovation and modernisation works are carried out by Central Government with the approval of Central Electricity Authority and finances comes from Power Finance Corporation, Apart from above external sources of revenue, internal sources too contribute to total revenue income of the plant. Harduaganj thermal power plant authorities prepare an annual budget o£ revenue account and capital account. On the basis of the budget, funds are released by UP3SB for fuel expenses, operational and maintenance expenses. 76 4.4 REVENUE A::C0UNT : Revenu'3 account includes all the internal sources of revenue income raised by Harduaganj power station and- revenue expenseT inc\irrei on fuel, salary, administration, operation, repair and maintenance. TABLE - 4.1 REVENUE A::C0UNT: INCOME AND EXPENDITURE (Rs. in lakhs) Year Revenue Revenue 1Differenc e Income Expenditure 1977-78 9.42 2422.784 (-) 2413.364 1978-79 3.62 2922.784 (-) 2932.392 1979-80 4.054 38 67.216 (-) 3863.162 1980-8 1 10.875 3588.77 [-) 3577.895 1981-82 5.391 5367.222 iL- ) 5361.831 1982-83 20.39 1 6604.273 [-) 6583.633 1983-84 34.67 3 7719.023 (-)7684.35 1984-8 5 30,30 7098.629 [-) 7068.329 1985-8 6 26.307 8464. 124 [-) 8437.817 198 6-87 7.803 11758.761 [-) 11750.958 1987-88 35.446 13858.416 [-) 13821.97 1988-89 40.041 12889.2 67 [-) 12849.224 Source : Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant, It is clear from Table 4.1 that amount earned by internal sources is not significant.and it is always less 77 than the expenditure. Deficit in revenue account is very significant and is showing a rising trend. Table 4,1 shows that revenue expenditure is maintaining an increasing trend while revenue income is fluctuating, 4,4,1 Revenue Income : Table 4.2 gives main internal sources of revenue income. Harduaganj thermal power plant collects money on behalf of Ut'S£B. All the income from internal source?of the plant goes to UPSEB, Internal sources of revenue in come have increased from Rs,4,054 lakhs in 1979-80 to Rs.36,466 lakhs in 1987-88 and ^<:.40.043 lakhs in 1988-89, but it dOL.-b not r.how any trend. Harduaganj thermal power plant has its own power grid, which sup^^lies electricity to nearby colonies and shops. Table 4.2 reveals that no revenue was raised from 1979-80 to 1983-84 from this source as grid system was not working. In 1984-85 nearly 13 per cent of revenue was raised from the sale of power. Highest revenue from this source was earned during 1985-86 when it contributed 53 per cent of total revenue income. ^SiQQ3 ^^ r~ in ro cr« in vt VD Vf) ro in r- 00 o 00 o • CO '-' CM Tt o • ro I • n O • I I 00 • CM • '-' O in • O • r- • 00 . ro VD 00 O -^ (b) Miscellaneous Revenue Prom Customers : Revenue from customers was raised in 1984-85, Since then it has always been less than one per cent with the exception of year 198 5-87. Miscellaneous revenue from customer includes service charges, connection charges. Fuse charges and delayed payment charges etc. (c) Revenue From Trading: Revenue from trading is earned by the sale of old spare parts and scrap. Table 4.2 shows that no revenue was earned from trading from 1979-80 to 198 3-84. Revenue from trading wvds earned in lybb-bo, 1987-88, and 1988-89. In 1984-85, trading contributed 75 per cent to total internal earnings. (d) Interest on Loans And Advances: Revenue from interest has not contributed much. It was raised during 198 6-87 and 1988-89 only. It contributed 15 per cent and 0.7 5 per cent respectively to total earnings, ( e) Miscellaneous Receipt: Harduaganj thermal power plant is continuously earning income from miscellaneous receipts, among them sale of tender forms and rentals are v^ry important. Income from tender fonrs was 10 per cent and 4 per cent during 80 1979-80 and 1980-91 respectively. It had increaseri to 12 per cent during 1981-82. But after this year it continued to decline till 1984-85. But increased again. aLter this year. Revenue from registration fees added very little to total income. Income from other buildings have always been higher than residential buildings. Income from other miscellaneous receipts includes reco veries and penalties, it contributed more than 70 per cent till 1983-84. 4.4.2 Revenue Expenditure : Harduaganj thermal power plant's expenditure acc ounts consists of expenditure on fuel, operation and "^ maintenance of the plant. But the enormous increase in actual expenditure has resulted mainly on account of fuel expenses. (a) Salary And Wages : A major portion of expenditure goes for wages and salLaries of permanent and temporary employees of the plant. Salary of the employees has been increasing at current prices over last one decade. Total expenditure on salary has risen from Rs. 366.352 lakhs in 1977-78 to Rs. 1678.067 Icjkhs in 1988-89. Salary and v^ages include overtime, dearness allowances and other allov/ances for both perma nent and temporary employ^.-es. Besides these benefit bonus, medical benefit and leave Travelling allov.'ances are also given to them. Salary and wages account around 11 per cent of total expenditure. •^ CM VD CM ro ro •^ ^ rH VD 00 r-i rH r^ CM r- CM CM CM VD rH r- r-l O c\ CM CM VD rH •* VD 81 r- r- o r- CM -P (NJ V£) r- CO r- •<* CTi 00 ^ 00 00 • 0 CN) m VD CO vO rH CTi VD in in in o O rj" t>i cn H •>:»• (J\ 00 ro VD r- CO 00 (^ O) ro ro in VO r- r- co- rH ro 00 rH rH CM rH U c ro ro CNJ -^ CM '-x t^ ^ CM CM jj r- .— 00 o VD r- r^ •<* M Q) r-t CM Ln CM O f^ •^ ro (M '^ Tt — o ^-- rH--^ CO — CTi '-^ O ^ T^t" •—• •H 4J LT) O ri O CO v£) ro rH VD •* o in O •5J. o in VD n o o • in • VD ro C • • « t « f • t t CM • '^ • ro .CTv .O .00 r^ cy\ rH T:J. a-H tn m -<;*< O CM O r^ '^ r- • o , CO • CM . as • CO . o . en • 0) ro »H TH -P 1 0 ^-^ 0) U o in in f\ w M VD -^ rt ^-x in ^-x rt --^ CM CTN TD rj- rH •<^ •^ in en Xx: iH 0) . r- (.in . in . r- to 0) -P in • CM » rH « a^ . J p m rH ro CM r^ CTi m CO ro 1 1 1 ro — •>* "-^ •^"-' Tj< ^ c 1 1 ' 1 1 •H Di • « C to rH 0) •H Q) O 00 ro in CM 00 VD VD m Di 4J (0 o^~- in ^-^ o ^ ri- --- in '— in -^ CM ^^ o -— •^t -^ r- ^-^ r- .^ 'J' -p *"—' fO C KD rn rH CM r- o Tji O r- o O VD m CO VD 00 a\ ro ro •«j« o r- •^ ^ o Ct} M 0) ^ O .(7^ • 1-^ rH in ro r~ t^ CM • '* .o » VD . ro . rs/ • r- -p rf • CM * a; (U ft « • in « •^ • • • • » • « CO « CO . VD » o r- a X m m .-1 ro O CM CO CM rH rH ro rH rH rH TJ< CM CM CM in rH r- rH o , dj g O QJ x: H •p Q « rH 2 o o vD a^ r~ •* 00 CO ro in 0 W ip vD ^ GO '-- O^ ^ ^ ro --^ VD -^ VD '-^ ro '^ •<^ --^ CO ^ O ^ rH '-^ -p 0< 0 KS< en CM O VD rH VD rH r- CM O CM ro CO VD VD O 00 CO r~- in o en r- X • CM • r-l «cr\ • n • VD * ro •* r- • O • rH . ro • VD • r- (1) a -M -H r- • VD « CO • rH • rt » ro t « « VD • CJ\ . 00 . VD . r- • 01 W 0) r- a\ •^ n in ro in 00 ro CM O ro •* •* O ro (^ ^ c^ r- rH VO ro •^ m w U3 VD ^ r~ CO r~- •* VD ^ 00 in CO ^' CO VD cr> CM r^ o r- VD r~- VD t^ +j U ft tH^-' CM -^ CM "-' CM — •* ^ in -^ in •—• VD — ID ^ a\ ^ o --^ cn ^-' VD rH c U IH > <\) U^ -P 0) M -P to fO to OJ •H 10 m --- o .^ t^ '-- in '--- o ^ 00 '^ CM .—, VD --~ VO '-^ .H ^-N 10 C q ('1 Tj< ro CJ> r- VD \0 O CD CTi VD vD C^ ro C3> O CM r- CM r- •P •H (D r- rt r- a\ T}< VD ^ r- in t^ in r- in T»< in en 00 CM CTv •"^ 0) < i: X •o X ^ 2 in rH in o in o vD O THO •<* o VD O in o r- o o o u ro •—' < ^ 1 in •^ ro '-' ro ~—' •* — vD ^ in •-^ ro ^^ ro -^ VD ^ c (V CM in CM^-N 00 CT\ o rH CM ro •* in VD r^ 00 en 1 r- r~ 00 CO CO 00 CO CO 00 00 00 00 «• 1 1 1 1 { 1 < « ^ I » < \ 0) M r- CO cr» o rH CM ro •^ in VD r- CO -p fO r- t^ r- 00 00 CO CO CD CO 00 00 00 0 3^ a\ cr» CTi a^ cr> cr\ a\ a\ a\ cr> en CTi 3 >H TH rH rH rH rH rH TH rH rH rH rH rH 82 (b) Fuel Expenditure : Fuel expenditure has gone up from Rs*-1667,460 lakhs in 1977-78 to R-. 9637.915 lakhs in 1988-89. This increase has taken place on account o£ continual increase in the prices of coal and oil as well as railway freight charges. Fuel expenditure accounts 70 to 80 per cent ©•f total expenditure of the plant. Consumption of coal and oil shows an increasing trend and hence^increase in cost of production. (c) Administrative Expenses : Though expenditure on other items have Increased but expenditure on administration had declined from 1979- 80 to 1981-82, After this year it increased till 1983-84. But remained constant after 1984-85, Administration expenses include : property related expenses, communica tion expenses, professional charges, conveyance and travelling and other expenses. Administration expenses always tiave/ueen less than one per cent with the exception of 1979-80. (d)Operationdl Expenses : Operational expenses had decreased from 1978-79 till 1982-83, after this year they started increasing. Operational expenses are as following: Cost of water. 83 lubricant and consumables. Operational expenses were between 2 and 3 per cent from 1977-78 to 1980-81 but have remained around 1 per cent since 1981-82 except during 1984-85 anc^ 1985-86 v.hen operational expenses accounted to 2.08 and 2.63 per cent of total expenditure respecti vely. (e) Repair And Maintenance : Main feature of repair and maintenance is that it is continuously fluctuating. UPSiilB spends on the follow ing rtpair and maintenance items. Building and civil engineering works. Repair of engine and engine driven generator, maintenance of accessory electric plant equip ments, maintenance of boilers, ash handling plant equipments and disposal system, maintenance of coal handling storage ana feeding plant equipment, fire fighting system and water treatment plant etc. Maintenance expenses increased from Ps.315.512 lakhs in 1977-78 to R?, 507.347 lakhs in 1980-81, it declined in 1981-8? and 1963-84. Expenditure on repair and maintenance account have be^-n , to 8 per cent of total expenditure since the last four years. 4.5 CAPITAL ACCOUNT : Capital account includes capital receipts and capital 84 expenditure. 4.5.1 Capital Receipt : Harduaganj thermal power station gets capital recei pt from external as well as internal sources. Unc'er exter nal sources loans and advances are provided by UPSSB. Internal sources include security deposits from contractors and employees. 4.5.2 Capital Expenditure : Harduaganj thermal power plants' capital expenditure is on loan and advances. Interest bearing advances are given to staff for house building, scooter, motor cycle, car and cycle. 85 TABLE - 4.4 BUDGET ESTIMATE OE CAPITAL ACCOUNT (RS, in laKhs) Year Cdpitdl Cdpitdl LJuri jlus/Def icit Receipt Expenditure 1979-80 1470.491 1650.012 (-) 179.521 1980-81 1683.219 2124.520 (-) 441.301 1981-82 3003.050 3056.096 (-) 53.056 1982-83 3509.246 3559.601 (-) 50.355 1983-84 2256.259 2211.666 ( + ) 44.593 1984-85 3213.843 3896.702 (-) 682.859 1985-86 5220.213 5193.190 ( + ) 27.023 1986-87 5813.135 5614.823 ( + ) 198.321 1987-88 6785.036 6505.975 ( + ) 219.061 Scurce : Harduaganj Theruidl Power Plant. Interest free adances are given to suppliers of coal and oil, custom authorities and contractors. Inspite of government employees most of the work is assigned to private entrepreneur on contractual basis. Table 4.4 shows that a deficit/surplus in capital account is fluctuating over the years. Capital expendi ture is maintaining an increasing trend for the last one decade as payment to contractors has been rising. 86 The cost of oil anc coal plays an important role in determining total cost of pov;er generation. Hence, we have taken the study of their cost separately. 4.6 Coal Expenditure : The major chunk of the expenditure is spent on coal as electricity is generated through coal in Harduaganj thermal po\^/er plant.. In 'A' power house price of coal at collery was Rs. 66 per million tonnes in 1977-78 it increased to P^.355 million tonnevin 1988-89, Royalty and excise duty on coal had raised nominally from Rs. 4 per million tonnes and Rs.1.65 per million tonnesin 1977-78 to Rs.6,50 and Rs,3,50 per million tonnesin 1988-89 respectively. Railway freight shot up from Rs. 72 million tonnesin 1977-78 to Rs. 302.84 million tonnes in 1988-89. Siding charges and shunting charges in 'A' power house remained almost constant. Clear ance charges and feeding charges increased slightly. Including all the abo\e charges? cort of per million tonnes of coal has increased tremendously, . 87 TABLE - 4.5 CONSUMPTION AND COST OF COAL IN 'A' POWER HOUSE Year Average Rate of Cost of Coal Total Cost Coal Consumption Rs / KT (RC. In Lakhs) KwH / KG 1977-78 0.78 15?.87 478.33 1978-79 0.75 163.00 541.32 1979-80 0. 78 209.51 553.09 1980-81 0.85 224.16 35.17 1981-82 0.71 316.87 274.31 1982-83 0.77 368.98 557.30 1983-84 0.98 455.71 719.12 1984-85 1.00 55.91 1396.50 1985-86 ^1.06 550.85 1075.95 1986-87 1.33 585.01 916.92 1987-88 1.32 682.44 977.00 1988-89 NA 842.20 807.55 Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. 'IViljJtj '1 ."^ .'jlujw.'j LIKII C'O.'.L OI ( o.il .J L 'A' [lowor hou'u.- was Rs. 152.87 per million tonnes in 1977-78 it increased to- R-?.842. 20 million tonnes in 1988-89. Total cost increased too but total cost was reduced in 1980-81 as quantity of coal had fallen down ciue to closure of 'A) power house. Total cost increased in 1981-82 as price of coal had doubled. 88 Total cost is fluctuating after 1984-85 as the load is recuced to 30 MW only in 'A' povjer house with the result total consumption of coal has reduced, Per unit of coal consumption has increased from 0.78 Kg in 1977-78 to 1.32 Kg in 1987-88. TABLE - 4.6 CONSUMPTION AND COST OF COAL IN 'B' POWER HOUSE Year Average Rate of Cost of Coal Total Cost Coal consumption '?'; / MT of coal KwH / Kg (Rs In Lakhs) 1977-78 0.63 143.16 785.66 1978-79 0.63 151.37 788.63 1979-80 0.67 188.23 . 1045.94 1980-81 0.68 211.11 905.09 1981-82 0.75 276.40 1448.80 1982-83 0.78 352.29 1829.00 1983-84 0.81 403.58 2284.95 1984-85 0.82 454.36 2455.12 1985-86 0.84 435.70 2047.67 1986-87 0.90 521.13 3463.21 1987-88 0.90 585.43 3511.04 1988-89 NA 677.42 4256.62 Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. 89 Table 4.6 shows that cost of coal at 'B* power house has gone up from Rs.143.16 million tonnes in 1977-78 to Rs. 677.42 million tonnes in 1988-89 as coal prices at colliery and Railway freight have increased immensely. Clearance char ges, siding, feeding and shunting charges remained almost con-jfirif. Ex':i sr> inty on roil and Royalty h'lve decre.^sed dll'jIiLly. Tot,-il 411 luLLly ut cual la L iucLu dLluij over the years. Total coat of coal at 'B* pov/er house has gone up from Rs.785.66 lakhs in 1977-78 to Rs.4256.62 lakhs in 1988-89, from Table 4.7 also, it is clear that cost of per million house tonnes of coal in 'G* powar/is equal to cost of coal in 'B* power house. Total cost of 'C ' power house amounted Rs.5915. 61 lakhs in 1988-89. The average rate of coal consumption in 'B* and 'C power hou.'^es has risen from 0.63 kg per Kwh of electricity generation in 1977-78 to 0.99 Kg per Kwh of electricity gen eration in 1987-88. It becomes clear that expenditure on coal is going up with the rise in coal prices over the years and due to transportation of coal from production centres to the power plant. 90 TABLS_4.7 CONSUMPTION AND COST OF COAL AT 'C POWER HOUSE 1 Average Rate Cost of Coal Total Cost 1 Year 1 of Coal VDon - (Rs./MT) (Rs , in Lakhs) 1 sumption (Kwh/kg 1 1977-78 0.63 143.16 214.88 1 1 1978-79 0.63 151.37 488.89 1 1 j 19 79-80 0.67 3 188.23 819.42 1 { 1980-8 1 0.678 211.11 702.62 1 1 1931-82 0.75 276.40 17 28.40 1 1 0.78 359.26 1915.70 j 1982-83 1 0.81 40 3.59 2350.71 { 198 3-84 1 ! 1984-85 0.82 454.36 1981.14 1 1 1985-86 0.85 435.70 2373.61 1 198 6-87 0.90 521.13 40 60.56 1987-88 0.90 586.43 5544.77 1988-89 •«A 677.42 5915.61 Source : Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. 4.7 OIL EXPBMDITURE : Oil is required to lubricate auxiliaries and when the quality of coal is not good oil is used to increase the temperature of the boilers. Table 4.6 shows that total cost of oil in 'A' power 91 house has shot up as cost of par kilo litre of oil has increased from Rs. 1105 in 1977-78 to R5.3585.52 in 1988-89, TABLE -_4_,B CONSUMPTION AND COST OP OIL IN ' A* POWER HOUSE Year Average Rate Cost of oil Total Cost of oil con sum- (Rs/KL) (Rs in Lakhs) ption (Mkwh/KL) 1977-78 NA 1105.00 9.24 1978-79 HA 1119.00 11.69 1979-80 5.28 1490.00 26.03 1980-81 6.96 1490.00 1.92 1981-82 6.00 29 39.59 21.57 1 1982-83 7.85 3095.00 47.38 I 1983-84 7.59 3063.30 37.41 I I 1984-85 9.45 3084.75 73.41 I 198 5-8 6 11.10 3506.07 72.00 I 9.50 3566.14 39.93 I 198 6-87 9.65 3578.86 37.41 1987-88 NA 3585.52 40.38 1988-89 Note:- MKv/h - million Kilo ..atts hour. Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant. Oil consumption in 'A' power house was 5.28 kilo letre per MKwh of electricity generation it increased 92 to 9.65 kilo litre per Mkwh of electricity generation it increase to 9.65 kilo letre. per FiK-..h of electricity gener^ tion In 1987-88. RailW'iy freight could not increase much because oil comej from Mathura oil refinery which is not very far away from HarcSuaganj power station. Maintenance charges tanks and siding charges declined slightly while sales tax have gone up. TABLE - 4.9 CONSUMPTION AND COST OF OIL IN 'B' AND *C* POWER HOUSE Year Average Oil Average Oil Total Cost Total Cost 1 Consumption Consumption In 'B« In 'C 1 1 In 'B* House In 'C House Power House Power House { (MKwh/KL) {MKwh/KL) (fc In Lakh) (Rs In Lakh) j 1 _NA 1977-78 174.61 14.41 1 1 1978-79 -NA - NA 194.93 120.84 [ 1979-80 -NA - NA 341.11 169.67 i 1980-81 18.30 17.61 5 10 . 3 6 176.54 1981-8 2 26.96 19.06 37 3.60 430.04 1 198 2-8 3 22.73 19.19 553.87 397.99 1 1983ir84 21.74 10.63 482.02 410.79 1984-85 20.85 14.95 4 18 .4 6 156.48 1985-86 18.30 5.65 386.03 - NA 1986-87 18.30 5.65 4 57.20 161.06 1987-88 _ NA - NA 304.55 241.73 1988-89 - NA -NA -NA - NA Source : Hard\iagdnj Thermal Power Plant. 93 Table 4.9 reveals that total cost of oil in 'B' power house has raised from Rs. 174.51 lal SUMMARY: Finances for Harduaganj thermal power plant are arranged by UPSc:B. Finances of the power sta- tion consist of two main accounts namely revenue account and Capital account. Difference in revenue account has varried from {-) 2413.364 in 1977-78 to (-)12849.224 in 1988-89, The main items contributing to revenue expendi ture are cost of coal, oil and the wages of the employees. There is a deficit in capital account till 1984-85 But there is a surplus from 1985-86 to 1987-88. Average rate of coal consumption in 'A' power house iias increased from 0.78 Kg per Kwh of electricity genera tion in 1977-78 to 1.32 Kg in 1987-88. Cost of coal went up to 7^842.20 per million tonnes in 1988-89. Total cost of coal in 'A' power house has increased from n%4/8.33 lakhs in 1977-78 to Rs.807.55 lakhs in 1988-89. 94 In 'B' power house total cost of coal increased from Rs. 785.66 lakhs in 1977-78 to Rs.4256.62 lakhs in 1988-89 as per million tonne of cost has increased from Rs.143.l6 in 1977-78 to R?.677.42 in 1988-89, besides average rate of coal consumption increased from .63 Kg per unit ot electricity generation in 1977-78 to.90 Kg per unit of electricity generation in 1988-89. In 'C power house average rate of coal consumpt ion per Kwh of electricity generation and cost of per million tonne of coal increased in the same manner as in •B' power house. Total cost of coal increased from R?. 214.88 lakns in 1977-78 to R5.59l5.6l lakhs in 1988-89. Total cost of oil in 'A' power house has gone up from Rs. 9.24 lakhs in 1977-78 to Rs.4 0.38 lakhs in 1988-89 as cost of per kilo litre of oil is continuously increas ing. Average rate ol oil consumption per million Kwh of electricity generation has increased from 5.28 KL in 1977- 78 to 9.65 KL in 1987-88. Total cost of oil in 'B' power house vjent up to « Rs. 304.55 lakns in 1987-88 and in 'C power house to Rs. 241.73 in 1987-88. Average rate of oil consumption per million units of i^^lectric ity generation is fluctuating. CHAPTER-V CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of the Study : power industry in India has developed into one of the most important basic industries of our country and thus constitutes a basic infrastructure for economic development of the country. There is a wide range of fuels from which electric power can be generated. These fuels include fossil fuels like coal, gas, petroleum products, nuclear materials as well as renewable sources of energy such as biomass geother- mal, hydel and solar source. Befc^re indenenience thera were very few and small pov/er stations in India which vJera owned and operated by private as well as public establishments. The first generating plant in India was established in Darjeeling in 1897. This wa'3 followe(3 by a hydro-electric plant in Mysore in 190 2. Before independence the power generation and consumption situation was very poor in India inspite of abundant resources and potentialities. What little develop ment had taken place was mainly confined to the urban and industrial areas like Bombay, Calcutta, Ahmadabad and Kanpur. In 1910 the InHan illectrLcity Act was passed 96 to regulate the actions o£ individual private undertakings. Tnspite 06 this Act, growth o£ power generation was very .il OW . rowT wi'j iii\/'Mi 1 V'M y hi'ih irlority in tin pi annf^i scheme of development. The constituent (legislative) Assem- bly passed the Electricity (supply) Act on l(3th September, 1948, to provide for persuance of the provisions of the Act, the state Governm9nt'3 constitutetJ Electricity Board in their respective areas in the course of period from 1950 to 19 67, The generation capacity determines the maxiinum limit of power avail^ability during a particular period. The total installed capacity in India has increased from 2300 MW in- 1950 to 54,087 MW in 1986-87 registering 9.2 per cent com pound annual growth. The gap between hydel and thermal capacities was not very significant till 1965-66. From 19 66-57 the gap in electric power generation from thermal and hyiel resources started wilening. The situation had completely changed in the beginning of the Fourth Five year plan with greater emphasis on thermal power projects. Thermal power capacity was 1,153 MW in 1950. It has increa sed to 31,39 4 MW in 198 6-87 registering 9.6 per cent of compound annual grov/th rate. The total power generation has increased rapidly from 5.107 Mu in 1950 to 187.605 Mu in 1986-87 recording 97 10.5 per cent compound annual growth rate. Generation of th'^nnal pow'ir W-T.'J ^.,SH7 MIJ In 19S0 which inccaaaod to 17R^mn Mil in 10M'',-fH7 r.;. 11 'jt'-;ri ix) II.S j^.p rrnit oF cotupo- unii annual growth. Thermal pov/er dominates the Indian power scene as it constitutes over 67 per cent of total installed capacity and contributes about 69.8 per cenl: of total power genera tion at present. A modern thermal power plant is a highly complex marvel of enaineorLng, built essentially of struc tural steel. A thermal power station ia/ill be able to generate electric power to its rated capacity only, if all its constituent sub units operate cooperatively. The per formance of the th--?rm^l plants can be examined through plant Load Factor. All India average Plant Load Factor has remain- el almost constant from 1079-80 to 1983-84. Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujr^.t, Punjab and Maharashtra achieved Plant Load Factor higher than all InSia average (54.4 per cent) in 1987-88. Plant Load Factor in Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, Bihar Orissa, Assam and Jammu and Kashmir was below the national avarag3 of Plant Load Factor in 1987-88. Tne Plant Load Factor in Harduaganj thermal power station is low as compare I to plant loid Factor in other thermal power stations in Uttar Pradesh. Plant Load Factor in 98 Harduaganj 'A* power station decreased from 20.5 per cent in 1983-84 to 14.1 per cent in 1986,87 in 'B' power stat ion^ Plant Load Factor increased slightly Eronri 35.0 per cent in 1983-84 to 38.7 per cent in 1986-87. All the thermal power stations are linked for coal supplies from various coal sources according to the quali tative parameters fixed by the technical exp.erts. The supply of coal to thermal power stations has increased from 64.36 million tonnes in 1984-85 to 93.69 million tonnes in 1987-88. Inspite of increase in the supply of coal many thermal power stations face the problem of inade^quate supply of coal due to the shortages of rail- way wagons and outdated coal loading and unloading equip ments . Harduaganj Thermal power plant established in 1942 is 16 KM av;ay from Aligarh city. Its expansion has taken place in different phases since 1962. At present thermal plant consists of three sub-power houses namely, A,B and G A and G power houses have three units of power generation each and 'B' power house has four units of power genera tion. Total installed capacity of all the 10 units in Harduaganj power plant is 540 Mvi but capacity has been reduced to 38 5 MW due to technical constraints. The power generation in Unit I of 'A' power house 99 has increased from 70.45 Mu in 1962-63 to 166.79 Mu in 19 57-58. After this year power production ct.ntinued dec lining with the exception during 1974-75 to 197 6-77, Al""- though availability of the plant was satisfactory but the plant Loaf Factor remained for below than all India average of 54.4 per cent. The generation declined after the fire accident in 1979-80. The power generation in Unit II increased from 12.816 Mu in 1962-63 to 156.60 Mu in 1972-73. Power production was very low in 1980-8 1 and 19B1-B2 due to fire accident In 'A' power house. Percentage of outages increased after the fire accident. Plant Load Factor has been very poor in this unit for the last one decade. The performance of Unit III in 'A' power house was quite satisfactory in the beginning as plant load factor remained around 60 per cent till 1979-80. Electricity generation and plant load factor, declined after fire accident in 'A* power house in 1979-80. The power generation in Unit I of 'B* power house increased from 243.01 Mu in 1968-69 to 380.79 Mu in 1978-79. Plant load factor was 73.24 per cent in 1978-79. Electricity generation decreased to 51.83 Mu in 1988-89 with 11.83 per cent plant load factor. In unit II of 'B' power house plant load factor has improved from 11,12 per cent 100 in 1968-69 to 7 1.10 par cent in 1916-11, generation also increased during this period but power generation has been very low for the last twelve years. Performance of unit III was not satisfactory in the begi nning but power generation increased aflter 1974-75. The plant load factor also increased during this period^ but generation has been low for the last six years and plant load factor remained below all India average plant load f actor. The performance of IV unit in 'B' power house was rather poor as plant load factor was very low from 197 2-7 3 to 1987-88 with the exception of 197 6-77, The generation improved slightly in 1988-89. The generation of power in Unit I of 'C power house vjas very low from 1979-80 to 1985-86. Plant load factor vias very low during 1984-85 and 1985-8 6 due to fire acci dent. The generation increased in 198 6-87 after renovation and modernisation work had been carried out in Unit I. The performance of unit il in 'C power house was very poor from 197 7-78 to 1980-81, percentage of outages were 100 per cent during this period as generator was not working. Unit II started generating power since 1981-82, but the plant load factor remained low till 1985-86. The plant load factor increased in 1986-87 after unit got 101 renovated. The performance of unit III in *C* power house was not upto the mark as capacity was not utilized fully. The plant load factor remained below 50 per cent with the exception of 1979-80 and 1987-88. The power stations in Uttar Pradesh are financed by the State and Central Government through Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board (UPSSB). UlSSB was constituted under the Electricity supply (Act), 1948, For augmenting the generating capacity and connected transmission system as well as for expanding the distribution net-work to uncOr- vered areas. The finances of Harduaganj thermal power statiofi consist of two main accounts narriely, revenue account and capital account. Revenue income includes revenue from sale of power, miscellaneous revenue from customer, interest on loans and advances, revenue from trading and miscellaneous revenue receipt. Revenue expenditure consists of fuel expenditure, administrative expenses operational expenses and repair and maintenances. Fuel expenditure accounts 70 to 80 per cent of total revenue"" expenditure of the plant. Salary 10 2 and wages account around 11 per cent o£ total revenue expenditure. Fuel expenditure is going up due to rise in the cost of oil and coal as well as increase in average rate of coal and oil consumption. Average rate of coal consumption in 'A' power house has gone up from 0.78 per Kwh of electricity generation in 1977-78 to 1.32 Kg per Kwh of electricity generation in 1987-88. Ibtal cost of coal was Us.428.33 lakhs in 1977-78, it increased to 807.55 lakhs in 1988-89. In 'B' power house total cost has increased from Rs.785.66 lakhs in 1977-78 to Rs.4256.62 lakhs in 1988-89 In 'C power house total coal cost was Rs. 214.88 lakhs in 1977-78 it increased to Rs.5915.6l lakhs in 1988-89. Average rate of coal consumption in ' B' and 'C power house has risen from 0.63 Kg per Kwh in 1977-78 to 0.90 Kg per Kwh of electricity generation in 1988-89. Ibtal cost of oil in 'A' power house has increased from Rs.9.24 lakhs in 1977-78 to 40.38 lakhs in 1988-89. . Total cost of oil in 'B' power house was Rs. 174.61 lakhs in 1977-78, it went upto Rs.304.55 lakhs in 1987-88 and in 'C power house it increased from Rs. 14.41 lakhs in 1977-78 to Rs.241.73 lakhs in 1987-88. The consumption of coal per Kwh of electricity generation has increased significantly during the last 103 ten years due to inferior quality of coal used in the power station. On the other hand price of coal and transportation cost has also increased which resulted in a significant increase in revenue expenditure. Oil is required to increase the temperature in boilers as the plant is receiving inferior quality of coal than the prescribed qr.ndc^ ronl . Tho consuinpLion and coat of oil has increased during the last ten years and hence,revenue expenditure has been rising. We may conclude that the cost of electricity gen eration has risen significantly due to increase in consumption of coal and oil and also cost of coal and oil. The increase in consumption of coal and oil may be attributed to the factors such as inferior quality of coal* aging equipments and poor maintenance. 5.2 CONCLUSION : We have observed from the study that thermal power Capacity has been under-utilized in India. The plant load factor of thermal power plants has been very low due to various factors such as non-availability of spare parts, inferior quality of coal, short supply of 104 coal, poor maintenance and outdated design of equip ments. The 'A' power house of Harduaganj power plant has over-run than the prescribed ser\ice span. The poor performance of this power house may be due to aging, Another factor for the poor performance of the power house is the fire accident v/hich took place in 1980-81, The plant^ load factor has been continuously falling and outncjc-s h.ivrj J nrr<',j:icd ovi^r t imf. The rorccd outagen iijve been moie than the planned outages. It shows that tandom factors were more responsible for non-availability of 'A' power house. The performance of the house was also affected due to inferior quality of coal. The boilers ot 'A' power house were designed for 'B* grado coal while coal receiv ed Was of low grade. Low grade coal has reduced boilers' efficiency and affected electricity generation. Due to inferior quality of coal* consumption of coal and oil has increased, which further raises per unit cost of generation. Vie fcei that to continue generation from this house may not be economical. The electricity generation by 'B' power house was affected due to the use of inferior quality of coal by 105 the house. The boilers of 'B' power house are designed for 'D' grade coal but generally 'E' or 'F' grade coal Was received. Besides, the supply of coal was not regu lar and was mixed with big stones and over sized coal. On account of sub-standard quality of coal generation has been decreasing and machinery is not working properly. Due to poor quality of coal oil consumption has increased^ which further increased per unit generation cost at the' power station. The performance of 'C power house was not upto the mark in the beginning. The generation in unit I and II Was low because fire accident took place in their cable galleries. But the performance of 'C' power house has improved after renovation and modernisation v;ork has been Carried ottt. The plant outhorities pointed out that the cost of spare parts for thermal plant has been increasing over time, Bharat Heavy Electrical limited (BHEL) has a monopoly in manufacturing power plant equipments in India, It charges heavily for spare parts and their services. Sometimes there has been a delay in the supply o-f spare parts of the machines on the part of BHEL, due to 106 which the units have to run with weak parts needing early chfiiicjo, bcc.iu M'- ()l I li 1 ri, CJ vi-I hiiu ) J 111 J (.>{ I.IK; unlLij hfis to he deterred which ultiifiately atfects overall generation. Due to heavy demand for electric power, timely shut downs for maintenance purposes has been post-poned by the authorities which adversely affected the output in the long run. According to the plant authories availability of the plant has also been affected by irregular supply of Water, Water is used for cooling the condenser. The plant takes water from Ganga canal and it discharges back in the canal after the use. The supply of water in this canal is often reduced by the Irrigation Depart ment, which results in increased temperature of the cool-r ing Water. The increase in temperature in turn reduces vacuum in the condenser with the result reduction of loads on the units and some times units have to stop to avoid damages. The plant authorities have also informed us that the grants-in-aid given by the Government has been insufficient. And very often there is a delay in release of grants and allocation of funds. This further affects the performance of the plant adversely. 107 Harduaganj thermal power station has units of 30, 50,55, 50 and llO MV-J while emphasis is now on larguT size units (bOO MVJ and more) as they are more efficient and economical. Experts have been suggesting that big units should be installed instead of small units, be-cause one unit of higher capacity would gene., ate more electri city than three or four units of lower capacity. ' ' The principle of economy of scale applies to the size of power the size plant. Because of demand for more energy/of generating units and power plants have been going up continuously. This results in economy in power generation. It has been estimated that doubling the numbers of generating units in a new plant brings 10-15 per cent savings, trip ling upto 25 per cent saving (Kashtkari, chaman, 1975). Apart from considerable savings in capital and fuel costs, larger plants have better plant load factor also. The need for large size plant has become unavoidable due to difficulties in transporating coal from small and scattered mines to the plants across the country. Railways account 90 per cent of total coal despatch and almost 30 per cent of coal is consumed by railways for coal movement, as all coal mines are concentrated in eastern region of India. Thus to reduce transport cost and transport in efficiencies, it would be more economical to commission 108 large sized thermal power stations nocir tVie coal fields and transmit electricity to distant areas through high transmission network. The Central Eiectricity Authority is trying to induct private investment in the power sector to bridge the shortfalls in power generation. The central Electri city Authority has identified several power projects in the country to be offered for private sector investment. It is hoped that in the long run private investment would bring significant improvement in the quality of service to consumers, improvement in commerical working and in operational efficiency through market oriented and competative practices. Uttar Pradesh State Government is also inducino private investment in power sector by following the pol icies of the central Government. Recently, to Increase power generation in the State, Uttar pradesh chief Mini ster has given clearance to four projects of 2400 MW based on ''gas and two projects of 1050 MW of thermal capa city to prJv,-)te cnt T'^ju cnou r s. 5.3 SUGGESTIONS : We have observed in our study that the main cause for poor performance of the plant and increase in the 109 cost of electricity generation is the use of sub-stan~ darrl quality of coal. Therefore, we suggest that the plant authorities must ensure proper quality of coal, for which boilers are made. The plant authorities may discuss this problem with the coal India Limited, which is the main supplier of coal in India. The plant autnorities should take necessary steps to avoid delay in receiving spare parts from Bharat liQavy iiluctric Llmitud. We have observed that fire accidents took place many a times in the plant, which has significantly affected the performance of the station. Frequency of fire accident is surprising as fire saving devices have already been developed, so it is suggested that the plant authorities must take precautions to avoid fire mishap. Some of the units in the plant have completed their life and fev/ are in need of major overhauling, some of the spare parts are outdated now. Therefore, Harduaganj thermal power station, needs major renovation and modt^rnisation scheme. * APPENDICES * * *• * k k k kkkkkkkkkkk-k-kkk-kk-kkk-kkk-k-k-k-k-k 110 TABLE - A. 2.1 Installed Power Capacity; 194 7^1986-87 :^- ar Publ ic utilities Hydel Thermal Nuc Thermal & Total %vari- lear Nucle ar at ion 1950 559 1,153 1,153 1,712 11.4 1951 . 575 1,260 1,260 1,835 7.2 19 52 715 1,347 1,347 2,062 12.4 1953 731 1,574 1,374 2,3 05 11.8 1954 793 1,701 1,701 2,494 8.2 1955 939 1,756 1,756 2,695 -8.1 1956 1,061 1,825 1,825 2,886 7.1 1957-58 1,214 2,009 2,009 3,223 11.7 1958-59 1,362 2,150 2,150 3,512 9.0 1959-60 1,530 2,343 2,343 3,873 10.3 196 0-61 1,917 2,736 2,736 4,653 2 0.1 1961-62 2,419 2,800 2,800 5,219 12.2 1962-63 2,936 2,865 2,865 5,801 11.2 1963-64 3,167 3,4 09 3,409 6,576 13.4 1964-65 3,389 4,008 4,008 7,397 12.5 1965-66 4,124 4,903 4,903 9,027 22.0 1966-67 4,757 5,335 5,335 10,092 11.8 1957-68 5,487 6,396 6,396 11/883 17.7 1968-69 5,907 7,05 0 7,050 12,957 9.0 1969-70 6,135 7,547 420 7,967 14,102 8.8 1970-71 6,383 7,906 420 8,3 26 14,709 4.3 1971-72 6,612 8,222 420 8,642 15,254 3.7 1972-73 6,785 8,876 620 9,4 96 16,281 6.7 1973-74 6,965 9,058 640 9,698 16,663 2.3 1974-75 7,529 10.148 640 10,788 18,317 9.9 1975-76 8,464 11.013 640 11,653 70,117 9.8 1976-77 9,025 11,804 64 0 12,444 21,469 6.7 19 77-78 10,02U 13,008 640 13,648 23,668 10.2 1978-79 10,833 15,207 640 15,847 26,680 12,7 1979-80 11,384 16,424 640 17,064 28,448 6.6 1980-81 11,791 17,563 860 18,423 30,214 6.2 1981-82 12,173 19.312 86 0 20,170 32,345 7.1 1982-83 13,056 21,447 86 0 22,307 35,363 9.3 1983-84 13,856 24,388 1,095 25,483 39,339 11.2 1984-85 14,470 27,026 1,095 28,121 42,591 8.3 1985-86 15,477 29,856 1,330 31,186 46,663 9.6 1986-87 15,963 31,394 1,230 32,624 48,587 4.1 Compound annual rate of growth 1950-51^1960- 61 13,1 9. 0 9.0 10.1 I9b0-6l6.i970-•71 12.8 11. 2 11.8 12.2 197(D-71&1980--81 6.3 8.3 7.4 8.3 7.5 1976-77&1986. .87 5.9 10.3 6.8 10. 1 8.5 1950-516.1986--87 9.8 9.6 9.7 9.7 Source: Centre For Monitering Indian Economy. TABLE - A. 2.2 111 Power Generation; 1947 to 1986-87 Public Utilities Year Hydel /ovar 1- Tnermal 1 Compound annual rats of growth 1950-51 6. 1960-61 12.0 13.4 13.4 12.7 19 60-61 5< 1970-71 12.4 12.0 12.9 12.7 1970-71 &. 1980-81 6.3 8.1 2.2 7.7 /.I 197 6-77 & 198 6-87 4.4 9.9 4.4 ^•^_ Source : Centre For Monitertng Sconomy .^ajqust. 112 TABLE A. 3.1 Harduaganj [hj Thennal Power Station Unit I (30 MW) ; Generation, Plant Load Pactot 1 Year Units gene P L F(°/o) Availabi Outages. 1 rated lity % (in MU) F actor (%) 1 1962-63 70.45 26.81 52^59 "NA 1963-64 135.24 51.32 80.26 NA j 19 64-65 ' 86.34 32.87 70.98 NA 1965-66 112.01 42.62 7 2.10 NA 19 66-67 111.45 42.41 68.77 NA 19 67-68 166.79 63.46 79.97 NA ' ^ ! 19 68-69 150.77 57.37 90.45 NA ; 19 69-70 79.44 30.2 3 55.02 NA 1970-71 99.89 38.00 84.65 NA 1971-7 2 103.24 39.17 8 3.40 16.22 197 2-7 3 99.50 37.86 82.53 . 6.30 197 3-7 4 75.15 28.59 65.27 NA 197 4-75 105.80 40.26 76.93 14.21 197 5-7 6 121.93 46.27 71.97 12.02 197 6-77 140.57 53.49 89,00 NA 1977.78 98.08 37.32 69.71 27.39 1978.79 76.99 32.65 68.21 NA IT/'J-RO 9 . < 'S ^. B's ''. S() 90.00 rJ n () 111 r.,().l .'. <-.() '.. Hi 'Jl .()() 1981-82 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 1982-83 15.36 5.85 9.98 90.02 1983-84 76.44 29.00 47.00 38.08 1984-85 85.58 32.56 60.69 39.65 1985-86 48.26 18.3 6 34.61 65.30 198 6-87 20.40 7.76 17.0 3 82.92 1987-88 22.52 8.57 21.15 80.00 1988-89 2.37 0.90 0.28 98.00 Source : Harduaganj Thermal Power Station, Computed. TABLE - A. 3.2 113 Harduaganj 'A' Thermal Power Station Unit II (30 MW) Generation, Plant Load Factor Year Units P L F {%) Availabi Outages generated lity % (in MU) P actor (%) 1962^63 12.82 4.87 27.15 -NA 1963-64 118.85 4 5.10 7 6.20 -NA 19 64-65 85.30 32.67 74.94 ^A 1965-66 129.82 49.39 87.23 NA 19 66-67 137.56 52.34 89.02 NA 19 67-68 124.12 47.22 65.10 - NA 19 68-69 136.90 52.13 85.19 NA 19 69-70 111.54 42.44 50.05 .^ 1970-7 1 18 6,78 71.07 89.34 - NA 197 1-7 2 138.40 52.55 66.61 20.82 197 2-7 3 156.60 59.59 90.31 6.57 1973-74 91.18 34.69 69.08 - t^A 1974-75 95.62 36.38 72.61 11.50 1975-76 123.12 46.71 79.99 12.25 197 6-77 119.30 45.43 76.08 20.12 1977-78 102.80 39.12 79.27 13.15 1978-79 145.75 55.45 75.88 7.30 1979-80 157.42 59.74 96.09 - NA 1980-81 2.59 0.99 2.83 98.00 1981-82 100.00 1982-83 18.77 7.15 13.10 90.00 1983-84 0.89 0.34 0.65 100.00 1984-85 27.80 10.58 22.73 57.00 1985-86 68.70 26.14 53.40 NA 198 6-87 30.45 11.59 33.63 60 .00 1987-88 0.57 0.21 1.20 100 .00 1988-89 0.5 3 0. 20 1.20 100 .00 Source: Harduaganj Thennal Power Station., Computed. TABLE - A.3.3 ^^^ Harduaganj 'A' Thermal Power Station Unit III (30 MW) Generation, Plant Load Factor 1 Units P L F (%) AvailaDi Outages Year generated lity (%) (in MU) Factor(%) 1964-65 169.00 64.31 94.4 2 NA 1965-66 177.02 67.35 91.32 NA 1966-67 191.29 72.29 94.77 NA 1967-68 2 04.68 77.67 88.81 NA 1968-69 194.60 74.06 89.89 NA 1969-70 178.23 67.82 85.33 MA 1970-71 195.67 74.4 5 91.63 WA 1971-72 198^10 75.19 85.70 NA 1972-73 176.70 67.24 82.75 11.50 1973-74 145.84 55.49 85.43 12.19 1974-75 113.91 43.34 65.99 11.23 1975-76 133.95 50.83 67.45 -NA 1976-77 161.40 61.42 82.47 11.78 1977-78 165.07 62.81 82.21 14.79 1978-79 192.68 73.31 86.68 12.72 ' 1979-80 173.24 65.74 83.12 -NA ]980-81 9.09 63.46 6.34 90.09 1981-82 122.34 46.55 6 0.15 22.29 1 'JH/'-B"^ 1 GO, <•>') 6 1 , ^Jft n7.4i 1 2. 14 1983-84 83.60 31.93 42.27 50.68 1984-85 138.30 52.63 88.61 12.22 1985-86 67.97 25.86 46.61 27.67 1986-87 66.49 25.3 0 44.05 -liA 1987-88 85.26 32.44 55.23 -NA 1988-89 ^ 79.91 3 0.40 4 7.04 - NA Source : Harduaganj Thermal Power Station, Computed. 115 TABLE - A. 3.4 Harduaganj 'B' Thermal Power Station Unit I (50 MW) G^nerttion, Plant Load Factor Year Units P L F % Availabi- Outages gon(;i iterl 1 ity (%) (111 MU ) Koc Lor(%) 1 'J(>U-C,'.> :"i 1.0! 'j 'j. -1 (J 60. 7] WA 1969-70 297.04 67.80 79.36 N-A 1970-71 342.28 78.14 85.37 »A 1971-72 215.94 49.16 55.98 29.31 1972-73 272.58 62.22 68.65 15.21^ 1973-74 285.86 65.26 78.53 11.78 lU74-7b JIO.lb 7^.64 89.13 10.12 1975-76 314.13 71.53 77.61 12.06 1976,77 312.86 73.71 78.90 9.5 1977-78 214.69 49.01 52.61 43.28 1978-79 320.79 73.24 86.86 NA 1979-80 93 .45 21.28 30.88 41.09 1980-81 149.48 45.63 37.27 NA 1981-82 228. 04 5 2.06 68.39 50.19 1982-83 156.08 35.66 4 7.11 20.21 1983-84 141.56 32.32 43.94 NA 1984-85 165.34 37.75 53.83 NA 1985-86 100.77 23.10 33.99 46.30 1986-87 180.80 41.28 55.61 7.39 1987-88 218.72 49.80 65.78 NA 1988-89 51.83 11.83 17.36 56.43 Source: Harduaganj Thermal power Station, Computed. 116 TABLE - A. 3.5 Harduaganj 'B' Thermal Pov/er Station Unit II (50 MW) Generation, Plant Load Factor Year Units P L F (%) Availabi Outages generated lity (%) (in MU) Factor(%) 1968-69 48.31 11.02 12.39 -NA 1969-70 309.10 70.58 76.09 _NA 1970-71 213.41 48.72 51.33 38.90 1971-72 292.96 66.70 75.83 - NA 1972-73 301.46 68.82 77.61 12.05 1973-74 219.65 50.14 57.71 36.61 1974-75 200.71 45.82 56.48 28.49 1975-76 338.65 77.45 82.75 1.09 1976-77 331.44 71.10 75.61 6.84 1977-78 118.59 27.08 29.93 42.70 1978-79 174.18 39.75 50.20 42.72 1979-80 185.04 42.13 59.75 17.53 198 0-81 - - - - 1981-82 - - - - 1982-83 85.43 19.5 26.37 - NA 1983-84 155.23 33.34 45.67 22.83 1984-85 176.10 4 0.18 50.18 5.75 1985-86 85.43 19.50 31.04 68.21 1986-8 / 198. 0-1 45.21 b0.90 6.30 ]yB ;-8U .>0.\.U') 4 6 . b 5 6/". 99 - NA 1988-89 ' 101.51 23.18 32.45 21.91 Source : Harduaganj Thermal Pov;er Station^ Computed." 117 TABLE - A. 3.6 Harduaganj 'B' Thermal power Station Unit III (IS MW) Generation, Plant Load Factor Year Units P L F (%) Availabi Outages genera Led lity (%) (in i^.U) Factor(%) 1971-72 86.67 17,98 24.84 -NA 1972-73 205.11 42.57 53.80 -NA 1973-74 118.62 24.62 31.08 46.00 1974-75 183.08 37.88 42.11 31.21 1975-76 375.34 77.69 84.90 4.93 1975-77 341.26 70.83 74.92 10.95 1977-78 353.14 73.29 82.70 15.39 ^ 1978-79 227.19 47.15 58.67 -NA 1979-80 267.56 55.38 77.25 11.36 1980-81 2 36.86 49.16 73.58 14.93 1981-82 143.78 29.84 40.36 -NA 1982-83 275.83 57.25 74.04 _NA 1983-84 200. 73 41.66 55.23 21.64 1984-85 163.71 33.98 51.45 21.00 1985-86 172.97 35.90 52.22 40.82 1986-87 164.37 34.12 47.02 13.42 1987-88 206.26 42.69 57.96 7.39 1988-89 57.20 11.89 18.00 -NA Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Station, Computed. 118 TABLE - A. 3,7 llarduaganj 'B' Thermal Power Station Unit IV (55 MW) Generation, Plant Load Factor Year Units P L F (%) Availabi Outages Generated lity (%) (in Mu) Factor(%) l97?-73 78. 07 16.20 22.71 21.36 r)7i-7'l 1 irj. n() 1'). '1 C) /IH. 1.11 •J J. 01 1974-75 226.35 46.96 66.48 10.46 1975-76 270.86 56.21 76.10 13.69 1976-77 334.53 69.43 72.98 16.98 1977-78 184.96 38.38 4 0.76 56.00 1978-79 105.9 7 21.99 26.13 4 0.16 1979-80 2 78.76 57.70 77.69 NA 1080-81 185-80 38.58 48.35 34.79 1981-82 328.35 68.11 82.73 12.35 1987-83 148.17 30.75 43.13 25.47 1983-84 205.11 42.57 58.28 NA 1984-85 153.96 31.95 41.16 47.82 1985-86 198.47 41.19 58.74 2 0.01 1986-87 194.74 4 0.42 5 7.50 18.35 1987-88 40.15 8.33 10.93 NA 1988-89 209.96 43.58 51.36 NA Source: llarduaganj Thermal Power station. Computed. 119 TABLE - A. 3.8 Harduaganj 'C Thermal Power Station Unit I (60 MW) Generation, Plant LoacS Factor Year Units F L F (%) Availabi- Outages generated lity (%) (in Mu) Factor(%) 1977-78 208.07 44.54 47.39 29.04 1978-79 330.57 62.89 81.99 9.58 1979-80 113.16 21,41 28.18 68.49 1980-81 301.15 57.29 78.25 12.60 1981-82 253.61 48.26 67.12 2.73 1982-83 192.16 36.55 48.17 27.39 1983-84 199.70 37.89 49.32 16.98 1984-85 48.83 9.29 11.02 NA 1985-86 63.15 12.01 I5.l9 NA 1986-87 ' 348.25 66.26 81.60 NA 1987-88 231.20 43.87 52.94 l9.45 1988-89 279.58 53.79 69.56 NA Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Station, Computed. 120 TABLE - A. 3.9 Harduag^nj 'C Thermal Power Station Unit II (60 MW) Generation Plant Load Factor ifear Units P L F (%) Availabi Outages generated lity (%) (in Mu) Factor (%) 1977-78 30.17 13.38 15.11 -NA 1978-79 - - - 100.00 1979-80 - - - 100.00 1980-81 - - - 100.00 1981-8 2 122.69 23.34 32.96 NA 198 2-83 151.19 28.76 42.61 19.17 1983-84 230.24 43.68 61.85 NA 1984-85 37.63 7.15 9.86 85.47 1985-86 237.63 45.21 61.89 20 1986-87 3 3 3.55 63.46 79.15 NA 1987-88 2 90.95 55.21 69.61 15.98 1988-89 290.10 55.19 75.73 NA Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Station. Computed. 121 TABLE - A. 3.10 Hardviaganj 'C Thermal Power Station Unit III (60 MW) Generation, Plant Load Factor 1 Year Units P L F (%) Availabi Outages Generated lity (%) (in Mu) Factor (%) 1970-79 1 0 ? . 8 1 22.52 36. 06 21.91 )9 79-HO STl. ')>] SS. 76 7H.H1 6.84 lUUU-bJ 1 'J •/ . I L) J /. L.U JU.'Jl 51.23 1981.82 948.45 46.54 69.67 NA 1982-83 340.26 35.31 51.96 NA 1983-84 291.20 30.14 47.29 16.71 1984-85 419.19 43.50 65.51 11.78 1985-86 343.98 35.70 59.19 NA 1986-87 183.28 19.02 23.99 75.34 1987-88 534.00 55.27 7 0.06 NA 1988-89 443.38 46.02 65.44 7.9 Source: Harduaganj Thermal Power Station^ Computed, 122 Appendix - 3.11 Present position of unit - I in 'A' power house and auxiliaries is given below: 1. The pressure parts of the boilers have become weak due to rr^fH' ^'T'^ aqluu. 2. The stoker grate system is giving frequent problems due to wear out of its components and inherent design defficiency. 3. There is leakages of air from various areas in to-the furnace and ducting. 4. Fast erosion of ID fan impellers and ducting due to high ash contents in coal. 5. The labyrinth seal of the turbine rotor and the diaphragms have worn out over the year of the opera tion. Further the lOth stage blades have been shaved off. 6. There is problem of load haunting due to unsatisfac tory performance of governing system, which needs modifications. 7. Thrust bearing of turbine is failing occassionally. 8. The instruments & controls, which are outdated & very old are giving troubles, 9. The coal handling plant is giving frequent troubles due to damaged and worn out hoppers, drums rollers conveyor belts etc. Appendix -3.12 Present Position of Unit II In 'A' Power House: The present position of the plant and auxiliaries is' given below: 1. The pressure parts' of the boiler have become weal<; due to creep and aging. 2. The stoker grate system is giving fr jquent trouble due to wearing out of its cciuponents and inherent design deficiency 3. There is leakage of air from various areas into the furnace and ducting. 4. Fast erosion of ID fan impellers and ducting, 5. The laybriiKjth seals of the turbine rotor and the diaph ragms have worn out over the years of operation. Further there is problem of load haunting due to unsa- tisfac'tory performance of governing system because of design deficiency. 6. The insulation level of AEG generator reduces frequent ly and giving frequent troubles. 7. The instruments and controls, v/hich are very old are has giving troubles anc/working satisfactorily. Appendix - 3.13 124 Present Position of Unit III in 'A' power house. The present position of the plant and auxiliaries is given below: 1. Excessive break down in milling systems due to frequent failure of rings and other worn out components, 2. The pressure parts of boiler have become v/eak due to aging and creep. 3. There is leakage of air from various areas into the furnace and ducting. 4. Fast erosion of ID fan impellers and ducting. 5. Erosion of mechanical precipitators. 6. Leakage of steam in HP]LP glands seals and diaphragms Causing lov/ vacum. 7. The slip rings of generator have worn out. 8. The P.A. fan, BFPS, are failings quite frequently due to frequent failure of white metal bearings. Appendix - 3.14 ^^^ Present Position of Unit - I of 'B' Power House. Frequent leakages in boiler tubes due to creep. Leakages in air heater due to erosion. Oil leakage in generator hydrolic seal. Leakage in parting plane. Distortion of HP gland cealing box causing pressurising of dearator. Failure of ball mill motor, rotor shaft, and winding. 126 Appendix - 3.15 Present Position of Unit II in 'B' Power House Frequent leakages in boiler due to creep. Leakages in air heaters. Distortion of HP gland sealing box causing pressuri- sation of dearator. Failure of ball mill motors. Rotor shaft and winding. Very high differential contraction problem has developed. Bearing padestals/ generator and turbine casing have got magnetised. 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