3. Components of the Historical Park Development Project

Aims of the project isbed project win present the bistorical The aims of the project are to revive the structures of Sukhothai against the ag- historical atmospbere of the ancient riculturaI scenery of the area. The rest city by preserving and restoring ancient areas, parking facilities and souvenir edifices, reviving the landscape, im- sbops win encourage visitors. ln aIl, an proving communications systems and area of2,887 rai will be developed. The developing the community. The work public facilities and utilities ( e.g. roads, sbould be planned within the bounda- scbools, bealth centre, rest area, police ries of the available expert advice, funds, station) win occupy a total area of 490 time and staff involved. rai. Those bouses wbicb are scattered The master plan along the bigbway win not need to be The historical park bas been divided relocated but they sbould be redevel- into five sections according to catego- oped to improve the environment. The ries of land use, including areas for bouses wbicb need to be relocated at bousing, fannimg, preservedforests and present occupy a total area of 1,230 rai. public facilities and utilities. The fin- Paddy-fields, plantations and orcbards

Table 5. Land developent

Description Area Percentage Rai Km2 of70 km2 Areas to be developed: 3 402 5.248 7.48 Ancient sites 875 1.40 2.0 Landscape development area 1 592 2.547 3.63 Service area 135 0.21 0.03 Orchards (described in stone inscriptions) 800 1.280 1.82 Public facilities area 490 0.748 1.06 Residential area: 1231 1.769 2.81 Vi"age renewal area 287 0.469 0.655 Vi"age resettlement area 428 0.677 0.967 Houses wlùch do not have to be renewed or relocated 520 0.833 1.19 Agricultural areas: 12 795 20.509 29.31 Paddy-fields Sugar-cane cultivation 12795 20.509 29.31 Preserved forest 26057 41.96 59.56

'0" 177 comprise an area of 13,410 rai. Pre- addition to this, the area within the city served forests lie in the hilly area to the walls and the area north of the city west of the city. The Forestry Depart- (vicinity ofWat Phra Phai Luang) wiIl ment, which has control of this area, is be preserved and maintained. The sec- responsible for prohibiting encroach- ond phase will be concemed with the ment in these forests. To determine digging of 400 additional test pits as zoning and land-use patterns, the fol- weIl as preserving and restoring the lowing plans and regulations were remaining acient sites. drawn up: The owners of a 7,000-rai Landscape development plan area consisting largely of rice fields ln developing the landscape the aim is have been issued settIers' rights. Ex- to create an atmosphere that closely cept for those areaswhich are adjacent resemblesthe one described in the stone to the ancient sites, relocation of the inscription. Improving the environmeDt inhabitants is not necessary.Although wiIl enhance the ancient bistoric struc- the inhabitants are allowed to continue tures. Roads joining the ancient sites living in this area, it will be necessary should be planned aesthetically. A 10 prohibit further settlement. soil survey conducted by the Soil De- The government must make velopment Department concluded that arragements to pay off those settlers the soil was suitable for growing pro- who are to relocate. vided the plants or crops were weIl An areaoutside the city walls should be watered. reserved for the new settlements. Design o/the landscape The restoration and preservation of The hiIly forestedarea to the west should the ancient structures be planted with those trees described in The restorers should adhere strictly to the stoneinscription, for example coco- the Venice Charter-a series of regula- DUt, ar~ca DUt,betel nut and tamarind. tions concemed with the restoration of Local trees can be planted in public ancient structures. H there is to be any faciIity areas.AlI treesand plants sbould restoration, the original ancient bricks be cared for regularly. It bas been will be used laid down that trees, rather than However, there will be some structures plants and flowers, sbould constitute which will need to be fixed with mod- the vegetation; that plants and trees em building materials, but only to con- should be grown in large groupings- solidate crucial points. scattering them sparsely over large The temples that were prominent dur- areas wiIl not contribute to the ing the Sukhothai period will be given improvement oflandscape; and that the flfSt priority as regards restoration. plants and trees should be grown in Those massesof ancient bricks that are weIl-traversed areas, e.g. along roads half -buried in the ground should be left and by park benches. To achieve the alone until a more detailed archaeo- effeCt of orchards (as described in the logical survey can be obtained. stone inscription), the fruit trees sbould The restoration project will take tell (a) be grouped together in small clus- years. The flfSt phasewill be concemed ters, (b) be evenly spaced, and (c) be primaraily with finding archaeological located in open areas which are not evidence. A hundred and twenty-five being used at present for any other test pits will be dug for this purpse. ln purpose.

178 v

Category A: Measures for maintain- by materials thatexistedin ancienttimes. ing the ecological balance of the park The houses in the third category do not development area of 617.2 rai. This need to be renewed or relocated be- includes groves. trees and plants. The cause they do Dot block any sites and existing groves of mango.coconut. their appearancedoes Dot clash with the palm. tamarind. etc., could provide a atinosphere of the ancient city. basis for establishing the size of the The new settlement area will be fruit orcbards that are described in the situated beside paddy-fields and some stone inscriptions. Their location could aIreadyestablished villages. A adequate be based on the soil composition of watersupply system must be provided. particular areas. Smalllanes should connect every house Category B: Restoration of ancient to the main road. A primary school, a wells. ponds and moats. The surface of health centre and a co-operative store the wells win be raised and laid with should be provided. bricks. The programme of village renewal Category C: Provision of infrastruc- and resettlement work invoves: (a) ture facilities. This includes the con- registering the number of persons in struction of parking facilities and path- each family and prohibiting further set- ways (within temple complexes) and tlement in the hisorical park area; (b ) the erection of street-ligbts and sign- issuing officia! orders to relocate those posts in a total area of 63 rai. families involved; (c) providing alI the Village renewal and resettlement villages, whether or Dot they need to be At least one'-third of the 600 families relocated or renewed, with more public living within the old city walls win be facilities, while at the same time im- relocated and the bouses of about 400 proving the existing oDes; and (d) tak- families along the bigbway and roads ing meaSuresto prepare for a possible win be redeveloped to improve the increasing the population among the environment of the area. present inhabitants. The bouses in the bistorical park Tourist development programme bave been classifield under the fo11ow- The total number of foreign arrivaIs ing categories: bousesthat win be relo- in Thailand in 1974 was 1.1 million; in cated; bousesthat win be redeveloped; 1975 it was 1.2 million. International and bouses that can be left alone. The has eamed foreign first category includes tbose bouses exchange equivalent to 10 per cent of wbicb block the pathway to. or obstruct the total value of exports in 1975. In the viewing of the ancient sites. The 1975 about 3 per cent of the total number new settlements area win be located of foreign tourists in the country visited inside and outside the city walls. The Sukhothai (about 33,000 persons) vinagers involved sbould be given ad- whereas 21 per cent visited Pattaya equate compensation. Most of tbe beach. Table 6 gives an estimate of the bousesin the secondcategory , althougb number of foreign tourists who will they overlap the park development area. visit Sukhothai after implementation of do not baveto be relocated.They sbould. the tourist development plans. bowever be redeveloped to improve After 1987 it is estimated that there will the living environment. The present be an additionaI1 0 per cent increase to building materials sbould be replaced 185,185. 180 -Sukho1!1ai Historical Park Development Projttt ;.;.--

Table 6 Number of foreign tourists, at estimated increase rate of 10%

Year No. of foreign arrivaIs Percentage who visit No. of persons in country Sukhothai (in milions)

1978 1.1 3 1979 1.21 3 36 300 1980 1.33 3 39 900 1981 1.46 3.5 51 100 1982 1.61 4.0 64400 1983 1.77 4.5 79650 1984 1.95 5.0 97 500 1985 2.15 5.5 117700 1986 2.36 6.0 141 600 1987 2.59 6.5 168350

Approxirnately 10 per cent of the tourists corne during weekends (104 total Thai population arefinancially able days of the year-350 persons per day). to travel within the country for pur- On week days (251 days of the year) posesof sightseeing. About 25 per cent 59 ,487 persons corne ( 46 per cent of the of this select nurnber ( approxirnately total nurnber per year-approxirnately 1.1 million persons) win actually un- 350persons perday). Altogether a total dertake such joumeys; 100,000 Thais nurnber of approxirnately 126,000 lo- or 10 percent ofthose who sightsee in cal tourists visit Sukhothai each year . Thailand win visit Sukhothai. Within Table 8 gives daily estirnates of the the ten-year project period it is esti- nurnber of local and foreign tourists in rnated that there wi1l be a 10-20 per Sukhothai. cent increase. Table 7 gives estirnates Frorn these figures it was calculated of local sightseers visiting Sukhothai. that at least five more hotels should be Measures have been taken to pro- built during various intervals of the vide adequate facilities for these esti- project and at various locations in the rnated nurnbers. A survey revealed that province. Appropriate locations are about 33,000 foreign tourists visit Phitsanulok, Sukhothai, Karnpaeng Sukhothai during Septernber to Janu- Phet and Si Satchanalai. Investrnent is ary (tourist seasonin Thailand), which estirnate at 15 million baht per hotel rneans that two out of every three tour- (one hotel having 100 roorns). If the ists who visit Sukhothai corne during roorn charge is 200 baht per day, the this tirne. The rernaining nurnbers usu- investment rnoney should be recovered ally corne frorn February to August. in six and a half years. About 30,000 local tourists (24 per While 80 per cent of the tourists cent of the total nurnber of local tour- corne in tour buses ( approxirnately 368 ists) corne during festivals (which take persons a day), 20 per cent corne in place ten days a year); 36,400 local privatecars (approxirnately 92 persons). ;, 181 1rr:

Table 7

No. of local sightseers Percentagewho visit

Year in country Sukhothai No. of persons (in millions)

1977 1.1 10 110 000 1978 1.13 10 113 000 1979 1.16 Il 127 600 1980 1.20 12 144 000 1981 1.23 13 159 900 1982 1.27 14 177 800 1983 1.31 15 196 500 1984 1.35 16 216 000 1985 1.39 17 236 300 1986 1,43 18 257 400 1987 1.47 19 279 300 1988 1.51 20 302 000

Adequate parking facilities are there- were designed for smaller vehicules. fore a must. The parking area should These should be available at regular accommodate at least eleven tour buses intervals throughout the day. In phase and twenty-three private cars. Tour 2 of the project, parking facilities should buses should be discouraged from tak- be enlarged to accommodate at Jeast ing passengers on sightseeing tours, twenty buses and fort y private cars since the roads connecting ancient sites and/or trailers.

Table 8 Year No. offoreign tourist..'I per day No. of local tourist') per day Sept to J an Feb. to Aug. Festivals Week-ends Weekdays

1979 1ro 58 ~2 370 230 1980 176 64 3456 417 259 1981 225 82 3838 464 288 1982 283 103 4267 516 320 1983 350 127 4716 570 354 1984 429 156 5184 626 389 1985 517 188 5671 685 425 1986 623 221 6178 746 463 1987 740 269 6703 810 503 1988 814 296 7248 876 544

182 Sukholhai Historical Park Development Project -

At present there is one flfst-class hotel in Phitsanulok, with 120 rooms; 50 per cent of the foreign tourists and 20 per cent of the local tourists need flrst -class accommodation. Table 9 gives estimates of the numberoflocal and foreign tour- ists in Sukhothai during the specifed seasons.

Table 9

year No. of foreign tourists No, of local tourists Total no. No. of persons 10 a room (Sept. toJan.) on week-ends (average of 1.5 persans perroom)

1979 80 74 154 102 1980 88 83 171 114 1981 113 93 206 137 1982 142 103 245 163 1983 175 114 289 193 1984 215 125 340 203 1985 259 137 396 264 1986 312 149 461 307 1987 370 162 532 355 1988 407 175 582 455

A cultural centre for lectures, films Development components are as and exhibitions should also be set up. follows: The main auditiorium should have a Only those industries with which seating capacity of 150-280 persons. A people are already familiar (e.g. weav- vigorous public rela'tions programme, ing cotton, bamboo baskets, mats, etc.) particularly one co-ordinated with the should be encouraged. It is easier to Tourist Authority of Thailand (TA T), train and advise people in skills that should attract more people to Sukhothai. they have already acquired. Promoting economy through in- Surveys should be conducted prior creased job opportunities to promoting any industry. The The residents of old Sukhothai handicrafts should be of high crafts- should be encouraged to participate manship and new designs should be in the maintenance functions of encouraged. the historical park. Cottage industries They should be made available in should be promoted and subsidized. boththe old and new city . When the farmers are not working The Development Bureau of in the fields and plantations, they Sukhothai province should be ad- should be encouraged to produce vised to head these promotional handicrafts. activities. ~ 183 Pl

The money wbicb tourists spend the season). After pipes have been in- wben in Sukhothai sbould in itselfbe an stalled , the Mac Lamphan Canal should incentive for the residents to improve have the capacity to provide the vinage their ecomomic status. area with about 400 cubic meters of Setting up public facilities and water per day. ln phase 2 there should utilities be an efficient supply of pipe water for Facilities sbould be designed to ac- aIl areas of the historical park. cord with the existing arcbaeologicaI Also, the newly planted trees in the structures. If additionaI ancient struc- historical park win need an adequate tures are uncovered and restored, some supplyof water if they are to survive. public facilities may need to be relo- About 86,000 cubic metres of water cated. will be neededin the area during the dry A major part of tbe land develop- season (November-April). If the Sao ment plans involves ridding the area of Hor Canal is restored, water from the shrubsand other untidy vegetation. This Saritphong Dam(which can store up to wil1 aIlow easier accessto the arcbaeo- 100,000 cubic meters ofwater) can be jogicaI structures. channened right into area inside the Two bundred and sixty families liv- city walls. From the canal, pipes can be ing in areaswbicb obstruct the view of laid throughout the historical park. the ancient sites wil1 be relocated to the ln the rainy season there is a high area north-west of the city walls. The possibility that every five years water new settlement areawill be divided into from the Saritphong Dam win flow at four separatevillages. eacb consisting the rate of 35 cubic metres per second. of fifty bouses.Eacb bouse will bave an This win cause floods in the ancient area of 1.5 rai for kitcben gardening or city .To prevent this from happening. tending animaIs. Altogether this new the moats surrounding the triple city settlement area, totalling 428 rai, will walls and aIl the ancient drainage ca- be divided into a bousing area (1.5 x naIs should be restored. The restored 200 = 300 rai) and public facility (128 moats and canaIs win be another major rai). Ten thousand baht will be pro- source of water supply during times of vided by the government for the building drought. of eacb bouse. Road development Developing water resources Procedures in road development in- Water resources sbould be devel- clude building a new highway (Tak- oped for dai I y consumption, irrigation Sukhothai) from the north to go around of farmlands and purposesoflandscape the ancient city .This Project win be development. undertaken by the Highway To provide water for the villagers, Department.Once vehicles start using during pbase 1 the Mae Lampbon Ca- this road, the ancient structures win nal and the Mae Cbon Canal sbould be experience fewer 'destructive vibra- restored (i.e. they sbould be dug to a tions'. Table 10 gives details of the l' depth of about 2.5 mettes). Large-scaIe roads to be developed. i"I machinery sbould be employed ta pump Roads connecting the ancient sites { 1 water from the Mae Lampban Canal within the city walls win be developed. into (a) the village area and (b) the Mac This win coincide with the building of Cbon Canal (to be stored for use during the new highway. Two additional roads

184 will be developed in the northem part of the city, joining the sites of Wat Phai Luang and Wat Sri Choum. The road development components in- clude: cuttiQg 5.7 km for the new high- way; improving the 4.55 km of dirt roads (which join ancient sites); and building 1.9 km ofroads to join village areas to the main road. The remaining areas of the historical park will be pro- vided with roads in the second phase of the project. To provide electricity within the his- torical park, both high voltage and low- voltage electricity wires should be laid underground-<>rdinary poles should be employed in other places. The follow- ing equipment will be used: (a) high- voltage electricity wires (underground), 6.7 km; (b ) high-voltageelectricity wires (overhead), 10 km: (c) low-voltage

Table10

Road level Length(km) Description

1 30.14 7 Asphaltic Al

2 22.4 6.5 Penetrated A3

3 =13.8 6 Asphaltic A4 4 8.16 4 Laterite AS

electricity wires (underground), 6.5 km; away) to the historical park. (d) low-voltage electricity wires (over- The safety of the inhabitants of head), 10 km; and (e) 100 kY A trans- and the visitors to Sukhothai is vital formers which have the capacity to re- to the project. Development in this ceive 10,000 kY A (100 units). area includes the establishment of Communications will also be devel- an efficient police force to maintain oped. This involves connecting the tel- law and order, and updating the ephone and telegraph lines from the health service, especia1ly for emer- new city of Sukhothai (12 kilometres gency cases.

~ 185 ~I !,i

Construction within the historical park includes: A cultural centre comprising a con- ference room, a laboratory and a semi- narroom. Thesizeofthebuildingshould be 1,800 squaremetres and there should be provision for a service area and parking facilities. Service areasfor visitors throughout the park, with parking facilities. An office for the project staff, a staff service area. repair centre, greenhouse area, and living quarters for mainte- nance workers. Hotels. Private investment in hotel construction should be strongly en- couraged. The new city of Sukhothai should be a good location, since elec- tricity and communications systems have already been established.

186