DOCSLIB.ORG

Initial Development and Validation of the Rural Competency Scale

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Initial Development and Validation of the Rural Competency Scale Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations Counseling & Human Services Spring 2013 Initial Development and Validation of the Rural Competency Scale Cassandra Gail Pusateri Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/chs_etds Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons, and the Counselor Education Commons Recommended Citation Pusateri, Cassandra G.. "Initial Development and Validation of the Rural Competency Scale" (2013). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, Counseling & Human Services, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/41gp-hh86 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/chs_etds/88 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Counseling & Human Services at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE RURAL COMPETENCY SCALE by Cassandra Gail Pusateri B.A. August 2004, University of Tennessee M.A. May 2008, East Tennessee State University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY COUNSELING OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY April 2013 Approved by: PatncurE. Robertson (Member] rard S. Neukrug (Member) ABSTRACT INITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE RURAL COMPETENCY SCALE Cassandra Gail Pusateri Old Dominion University, 2013 Dissertation Chair: Dr. Danica Hays Rurality is a term that can be used to describe rural residency and the cultural characteristics of rural individuals and areas. The counseling profession has increased its attention to culture with the development of the multicultural counseling competencies (Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992) and assessments designed to measure competency levels for providing services to diverse clientele (e.g., Kim, Cartwright, Asay, & D’Andrea, 2003; LaFromboise, Coleman, & Hernandez, 1991; Ponterotto, Gretchen, Utsey, Rieger, & Austin, 2002; Sodowsky, Taffe, Gutkin, & Wise, 1994). However, the commonly used definitions of culture as well as the instruments available to measure multicultural counseling competence do not take rurality into account. The counseling profession’s current initiatives to increase the presence of counselors in rural areas (National Board for Certified Counselors [NBCC], 2010) provide evidence of an increased focus on appropriate services for rural individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the development and validation of the Rural Competency Scale (RCS), a scale designed to measure counselors’ competency levels for providing mental health services to rural individuals and/or in rural areas. Using an exploratory mixed methods design with sequential data collection (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007), the scale was developed (i.e., content analysis, item development study, expert review, pilot study) and validation analyses were performed (i.e., exploratory factor, internal replication, reliability, and validity analyses). For this study, 379 counseling students and professionals completed an online survey packet consisting of the RCS, Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS; Ponterotto et al., 2002), and a demographic information form. A four-factor model was determined to be the best model for the sample accounting for 31.11% of the total variance. Internal consistency estimates were acceptable for the RCS total scale (a = .87) as well as the Rural Awareness (a = .87), Social Desirability (a = .81), Rural Knowledge (a = .75), and Rural Skills (a = .8 6 ) subscales. Additionally, the RCS was significantly, positively correlated with the MCKAS (Ponterotto et al., 2002) supporting convergent validity. Although further validation analyses are needed, initial results support the use of the RCS in measuring competency levels for providing mental health services in rural areas and/or to rural individuals. V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to begin by acknowledging the backdrop for this dissertation. The mountains of northeast Tennessee were the setting of my childhood and young adulthood. Growing up in a small, rural Appalachian town came with unique experiences that follow me to the present. Nature quickly became a large part of my rearing as a member of a rural community. The fog that blankets the mountains in the morning, and the snow that seems to stay on the mountaintops in anticipation of spring. The autumn leaves that turn the ground into a myriad of colors, and the sweet summer winds carrying the fragrance of wildflowers. The peaceful chirping of the finches, quick flap of a hummingbird’s wings, and roaring of a rain filled waterfall. Regular Sunday hikes with my father learning basic boy scout survival techniques, learning to recognize animal tracks, and taking a piece of our surroundings with us by transplanting a pine tree to our yard. Hosting a menagerie of different animals including chickens, quail, rabbits, dogs, cats, hamsters, parakeets, and one pony and quickly realizing what an enormous responsibility it was to care for them. Fostering a strong work ethic was the main objective for both my parents and grandparents, and something I feel very privileged to have been given. My paternal grandfather worked in the bean fields of Johnson County, the coal mines of West Virginia, in the Burlington factory, and finally in the tobacco fields. There were several times when I was petitioned to help in the tobacco fields from which I grew hoping I would never have to hoe another row of tobacco. My maternal great grandfather and grandfather brought another perspective of rural living by owning and operating small businesses in Boone, North Carolina. From these experiences came my parents who continued to value hard work and strived to instill a strong work ethic in me. Mom and Dad, your advocacy for me at an early age opened the doors of academia to me. Your tireless commitment to my success allowed me to blossom personally and professionally. Through each endeavor, the two of you have been there providing words of support and encouragement, financial support, and wisdom that have served me well in life. My successful completion of a doctorate cannot be acknowledged without also acknowledging the hard work required by both of you to make this possible. I will forever be grateful for the two of you. My strong work ethic took me to college where I quickly started learning just how different my experience was from the other college students. Mention of my accent and judgment about my education persisted, and gradually I started to see the perceptions others had of me. It was then that I recognized the divide. The place from which I came was leaving a lasting impression on those around me. My academic studies led to me counseling, and, from the beginning of my education, I knew that my focus would be rural issues, and the study presented here is my approach to advocacy for rurality. I want to thank all of those involved in this study. It would be unfair to mention all of you by name because I would inevitably miss someone, but please know that your involvement made this study possible. My understanding of advocacy and multiculturalism in counseling started with my mentor, Dr. Patricia Robertson. Dr. Robertson left an indelible mark on my development. Her ability to see a spark in me that I could not yet acknowledge played a significant role in my development as a counseling professional, educator, and researcher. My growing commitment to multicultural issues in counseling continued with Dr. Danica Hays, the chair and methodologist of this dissertation, who provided me the support and encouragement needed during an extensive dissertation process. Dr. Hays’ commitment to equality and social justice is evident in the way she speaks about the counseling profession as well as her dedication to rigorous research. She was, in fact, the first to introduce instrument development to me. Finally, I want to thank Dr. Neukrug who has, without hesitation, supported my research endeavors by being the first to provide me an opportunity to publish a peer-refereed journal article, challenging me to become a better writer, and providing me opportunities to network with other professionals. To my three committee members, thank you for your belief in my abilities and support, both academic and emotional, throughout this process. There are other educators I want to acknowledge as well, including Drs. Grothaus, Remley, Schwitzer, and Thompson who supported my pursuits personally and professionally and have always been available to offer words of support and encouragement. Additionally, I would like to specially thank Drs. Christine Ward and Jason Osborne. Dr. Ward’s involvement in this dissertation in the early stages and willingness to acknowledge me as both a person and a student were invaluable. Dr. Osborne was the instructor of most of my quantitative research methods courses and believed in my ability to do research long before I did. I also want to acknowledge special people in my life who have helped shape the person I am today. My gratitude extends beyond professional and academic pursuits to living life with integrity and to the fullest. First, I want to thank my paternal great aunt Goldie Murphy and paternal aunt Trudy Potter. These two female figures provided phenomenal insight into the life I would like to live as a woman.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poverty, Rurality, and Termination of Parental Rights
    Missouri Law Review Volume 77 Issue 1 Winter 2012 Article 6 Winter 2012 Judging Parents, Judging Place: Poverty, Rurality, and Termination of Parental Rights Janet L. Wallace Lisa R. Pruitt Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Janet L. Wallace and Lisa R. Pruitt, Judging Parents, Judging Place: Poverty, Rurality, and Termination of Parental Rights, 77 MO. L. REV. (2012) Available at: https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol77/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Missouri Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wallace and Pruitt: Wallace: Judging Parents, Judging Place Judging Parents, Judging Place: Poverty, Rurality, and Termination of Parental Rights Janet L. Wallace* Lisa R. Pruitt** ABSTRACT Parents arejudged constantly, by fellow parents and by wider society. But the consequences ofjudgingparents may extend beyond community repu- tation and social status. One of the harshest potential consequences is the state's termination ofparentalrights. In such legal contexts, the state assess- es parents' merits as parents in relation to a wide array of their characteris- tics, decisions and actions, including where the parents live. Among those parents judged harshly in relation to geography are im- poverishedparents who live in ruralplaces. We argue that such judgments are unjust becausepoor ruralparents often do not have ready access to state support in the form of programs that would permit them to be better parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Frames and Their Consequences
    Frames and their Consequences For Rural Issues Part Two How Americans Think About Rural Issues The Research Base • 30 one-on-one interviews 10 each urban, suburban, rural Maryland, Colorado, Illinois • 7 focus groups New Hampshire (3), Arkansas (2), New Mexico (2) mixed gender, ethnicity/race Urban/suburban + rural (2 hour drive) community influentials screen • Builds on extensive prior research from Kellogg Focus groups, survey research, content analysis, etc. What Are the Pictures in Americans’ Heads When they think about rural America? Depends on Where You Sit • Q: How do people in rural areas make a living? • A: Beats the heck out of me. If they don’t farm, I have no idea. [urban IL man] vs. I think one of the problems in rural areas is that there aren’t enough white collar jobs. I’m speaking for this particular area. It’s a very blue collar town, and I would like to see this town, anyway, develop some white collar jobs, some high-tech jobs. [rural IL woman] When In Doubt, Default Visible Issue Attitude Implication 1 Rural Utopia Implication 2 Implication 3 Implication 4 Rural Dystopia Implication 5 Implication 6 Implication 7 Rural Systems Implication 8 Implication 9 What Frames Are Available from Media The Dominant Frame • Rural = areas facing urbanization and trying to preserve their rural past or atmosphere (encroachment) • Change = loss • Rural residents oppose it • “TV news just wasn’t interested in civic life in rural America.” • Change = inevitable • Future = negative, fearful • Less about agriculture or farming than open space • 1/12 = quaint and charming • 1/12 = economically challenged, socially marginalized • Farm Bill covered as “politics as usual” • Largely episodic, little contextualization or issues orientation • Nice place to visit Center for Media and Public Affairs for W.
    [Show full text]
  • 14E PLENARY SESSION
    The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities Chamber of Regions 14th PLENARY SESSION CPR(14)5REP 17 April 2007 Ensuring territorial continuity of social services in rural regions Stefan Berger, Germany, (R, EPP/CD) Explanatory Memorandum Committee on Social Cohesion Summary: Europe’s rural areas may face higher levels of social exclusion and deprivation than their urban counterparts due to a number of factors (ageing population, strained transport systems, diminishing supply of trained professionals, difficulty of access, higher costs, single employment sector) which are often compounded by lower levels and higher costs of social service provision. Since social services are the bedrock of a cohesive society – meeting the needs of citizens with regard to employment, housing, education, social security and care – access to them should not be conditional upon living in geographically less isolated areas. In its report the Congress’ Chamber of the Regions stresses the need to ensure the sustainability of social services in remote or rural communities and to reduce disparities in levels of development between different regions and within regions themselves and recommends that states and regional authorities examine and address rurality as an issue in itself and aim for the adoption of a common definition of the term as well as a coordinated and consistent approach between different levels of governance. R : Chamber of Regions / L : Chamber of Local Authorities ILDG : Independent and Liberal Democrat Group of the Congress EPP/CD : Group European
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Minority Ethnic Experiences: Housing and Health. Briefing 7
    Better Housing Briefing 7 Rural minority ethnic experiences: housing and health Philomena de Lima A Race Equality Foundation Briefing Paper March 2008 Better Housing Briefing 7 Rural minority ethnic experiences: housing and health Key messages 1 A recurrent theme is the emphasis on a numbers-led rather than a needs- or rights-led approach to service delivery. This results in many policy and service providers ignoring the needs of rural minority ethnic people 2 In the rural context, potential barriers to access and use of services consistently emerge. These are: poor access to advice and information; language and communication difficulties; and lack of culturally sensitive services and investment in capacity building 3 The main constraints that emerge in relation to housing are lack of knowledge and access to appropriate information and advice. In addition, there is a lack of understanding and skills among some housing providers with regard to the requirements of minority ethnic households 4 The lack of an evidence base makes it difficult to say with any certainty whether the health of rural minority ethnic households is any different from that of their urban counterparts as well as from rural residents in general. However, as with housing, similar concerns emerge from the scarce evidence that exists Mechanisms for exchanging knowledge and practice are important. There is 5 an urgent need to explore the most appropriate ways of achieving these There is a need for consistent monitoring and evaluation of race equality 6 policies and practices. In this context, gathering independent evidence which assesses the impact of policies and practice on rural minority ethnic households is vital.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncanny Xmen Box
    Official Advanced Game Adventure CAMPAIGN BOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS What Are Mutants? ....... .................... ...2 Creating Mutant Groups . ..... ................ ..46 Why Are Mutants? .............................2 The Crime-Fighting Group . ... ............. .. .46 Where Are Mutants? . ........ ........ .........3 The Tr aining Group . ..........................47 Mutant Histories . ................... ... ... ..... .4 The Government Group ............. ....... .48 The X-Men ..... ... ... ............ .... ... 4 Evil Mutants ........................... ......50 X-Factor . .......... ........ .............. 8 The Legendary Group ... ........... ..... ... 50 The New Mutants ..... ........... ... .........10 The Protective Group .......... ................51 Fallen Angels ................ ......... ... ..12 Non-Mutant Groups ... ... ... ............. ..51 X-Terminators . ... .... ............ .........12 Undercover Groups . .... ............... .......51 Excalibur ...... ..............................12 The False Oppressors ........... .......... 51 Morlocks ............... ...... ......... .....12 The Competition . ............... .............51 Original Brotherhood of Evil Mutants ..... .........13 Freedom Fighters & Te rrorists . ......... .......52 The Savage Land Mutates ........ ............ ..13 The Mutant Campaign ... ........ .... ... .........53 Mutant Force & The Resistants ... ......... ......14 The Mutant Index ...... .... ....... .... 53 The Second Brotherhood of Evil Mutants & Freedom Bring on the Bad Guys ... .......
    [Show full text]
  • The Evaluation of Multicultural Teaching Concerns Among Pre-Service Teachers in the South
    Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(1), 152-166. doi: 10.5032/jae.2014.01152 The Evaluation of Multicultural Teaching Concerns among Pre-service Teachers in the South Stacy K. Vincent1, Andrea T. Kirby2, Jacque P. Deeds3, and Paula E. Faulkner4 Abstract This descriptive, causal-comparative study of pre-service agriculture education teachers (N = 438) enrolled in universities (n = 31) throughout the south sought to determine a difference in multicultural teaching concern. Variables in the study consisted of pre-service teachers with a with/without a multicultural education requirement, and pre-service teachers with a multicultural education requirement that is taught by an agriculture teacher educator. Results show a negligible effect size in teaching concern between pre-service teachers who have a multicultural education course requirement and pre-service teachers that do not. However, significant differences exist in teaching concern when an agricultural education teacher educator taught the multicultural education course. With the theory of Gay and Kirkland’s (2003) theory of cultural critical consciousness and self-reflection, the researchers provided recommendations for teacher educators, practicing teachers, organizations affiliated with agricultural education, and pre- service teachers. Keywords: cultural consciousness, teacher preparation, teaching concerns, diversity, multicultural education, pre-service teachers The beginning premise of multicultural education was for ethnic minorities to adopt mainstream values and behaviors of the dominant culture in vocational skills, civic duties, and democratic ideals (Banks, 2008). This later evolved after research revealed students being exposed to only Western-European, middle-class, Christian cultures, values, patterns of thinking and history while other cultures were being ignored (Gibson, 2004). Today’s mission of multicultural education encompasses all cultures being important and showcased within the educational system (Banks, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Rural Social Work Journal
    Contemporary Rural Social Work Journal Volume 7 | Number 2 Article 26 9-1-2015 Contemporary Rural Social Work - Fall 2015 (Volume 7, Number 2) Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/crsw Part of the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation (2015) "Contemporary Rural Social Work - Fall 2015 (Volume 7, Number 2)," Contemporary Rural Social Work Journal: Vol. 7 : No. 2 , Article 26. Available at: https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/crsw/vol7/iss2/26 This Complete Issue is brought to you for free and open access by Murray State's Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Contemporary Rural Social Work Journal by an authorized editor of Murray State's Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. et al.: Volume 7, Number 2 Contemporary Rural Social Work, Vol. 7 No. 2: Regular Issue, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITOR-in-CHIEF’S INTRODUCTION Peggy Pittman-Munke ...................................................................................................i FEATURE ARTICLES Building Collaboratives with Southern Rural African American Churches through the Integration of the Interorganizational Collaborative Framework Alex D. Colvin, Angela Bullock.....................................................................................1 Longitudinal Description of Developmental Youth Assets and Substance Use: A Cohort Study of Rural Youth Michael P. Vimont ........................................................................................................18
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Diversity in Appalachia
    Economic Diversity in Appalachia Statistics, Strategies, and Guides for Action February 2014 Prepared for the Appalachian Regional Commission ECONOMIC DIVERSITY IN APPALACHIA CONTENTS List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... iii About this Report .............................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ v Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Research on Diversity and Regional Development ............................................................. 3 Economic Diversity and Regional Stability ..................................................................... 3 Economic Diversity and Regional Growth ...................................................................... 4 Industrial Specializations and Regional Growth and Stability ........................................ 4 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 5 Appalachian diversity: A Statistical portrait ....................................................................... 6 Diversity is
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychometric Properties of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) in a College Student Population Theodora Passinos Coffman
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 The Psychometric Properties of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) in a College Student Population Theodora Passinos Coffman Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE BARKLEY DEFICITS IN EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING SCALE (BDEFS) IN A COLLEGE STUDENT POPULATION By THEODORA PASSINOS COFFMAN A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2014 Theodora Coffman defended this dissertation on May 6, 2014 The members of the supervisory committee were: Frances Prevatt Professor Directing Dissertation Lee Stepina University Representative Beth Phillips Committee Member Debra Osborn Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Frances Prevatt for serving as my major professor, providing me with support and encouragement during my graduate school career. I would also like to recognize how smooth she made the process of doctoral training for me with her continued guidance through every step of the way. I would like to thank my doctoral committee; Dr. Debra Osborn, Dr. Beth Phillips, and Dr. Lee Stepina for their support throughout the dissertation process and for being so giving of their time. I thank my husband, Michael, for his continuous support over the years, and for his willingness to listen to me talk about the ins and outs of executive functioning to exhaustion.
    [Show full text]
  • The US Economic Environment Is Quite Favorable for Rural Areas
    he U.S. economic environment is quite favorable for rural areas. Domestic economic growth in 2005 is expected to be above average, Tpropelled by a rise in wages, business profits, and relatively low interest rates. While world economic growth is slowing, it is expected to remain better than average. This growth and the appreciation of many currencies against the dollar should increase exports of U.S. manufactured goods and farm products, both of which are important to the rural economy. The manufacturing picture, however, will be mixed, with some industries doing well and others stagnating. Expected low, long-term interest rates and strong business profits will support higher business equipment spending and encourage employers to hire more workers. A widening U.S. trade deficit and higher oil and natural gas prices will moderate GDP and job growth. Also, continued Federal Reserve interest rate hikes are expected to eventually soften some parts of the economy. Rural recreation and tourism are expected to benefit from the strong 2005 economy. The relatively low interest rates, rising personal income, and rising real estate prices of recent years induced many individuals to purchase second houses in rural areas as future retirement homes or as real estate investments. In addition, despite high gasoline prices, this year is expected to see increased travel and spending on recreation and tourism. The recreation and tourism industries are important to many rural communities with cultural or natural amenities. At the time of this writing, it is difficult to estimate the overall impact of Hurricane Katrina on the South and on the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Communities Leading the Way. Conference Proceedings of the American Council on Rural Special Education (San Antonio, Texas, March 26-29, 1997)
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 406 085 RC 020 986 AUTHOR Montgomery, Diane, Ed. TITLE Promoting Progress in Times of Change: Rural Communities Leading the Way. Conference Proceedings of the American Council on Rural Special Education (San Antonio, Texas, March 26-29, 1997). INSTITUTION American Council on Rural Special Education. PUB DATE Mar 97 NOTE 434p.; For selected individual papers, see RC 020 987-999 and RC 021 000-026. For 1996 conference proceedings, see ED 394 746. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC18 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Disabilities; Distance Education; Early Childhood Education; Educational Technology; Elementary Secondary Education; Gifted; Higher Education; High Risk Students; *Inclusive Schools; Mainstreaming; Minority Groups; Program Descriptions; Regular and Special Education Relationship; Rural Areas; *Rural Education; Rural Schools; *Special Education; Special Education Teachers; Staff Development; Teacher Attitudes; *Teacher Collaboration; *Teacher Education; Transitional Programs ABSTRACT This proceedings includes 62 paper's on rural special education. Papers present promising practices for rural special education, current research, program descriptions,' discussions of theory, and topics of timely concern. The papers are organized in order of presentation, and are categorized in a topical index under the following subjects: administration, at-risk students, collaborative models, early childhood, gifted, multicultural concerns, parents and families, professional development (including
    [Show full text]
  • R​Aynor's ​A​Rtfully ​P​Rofiled ​H​Is ​I​Deal ​C​Omics, Or
    Gosh! Raynor's Artfully Profiled His Ideal Comics, or GRAPHIC ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Edited by Raynor Kuang ​ Questions by Raynor Kuang, Jarret Greene, Aaron Kashtan, Erik Owen ​ And with thanks to Peter Parker, Bruce Wayne, and L. Kuang, the heroes of my childhood ​ Round 3 Tossups 1. In the fourth volume of this work, the protagonist defeats Gorgo the Foul in the Five Thousand Year ​ Nuptuial Games. This work’s protagonist eventually allies with Kill Wolfhead and the head of a terrorist group known as AMOK. Tanatah and her sister Animah are responsible for guarding the “Light” and “Dark” versions of this comic’s title object. Before he can spread darkness across the universe via the Shadow Egg, the (*) Technopope’s crown is shattered by the protagonist’s talking seagull Deepo. The protagonist of this ​ comic is hunted by the bounty hunter the Metabaron after he receives the title object from a dying Berg. The protagonist of this series is the detective John DiFool, who receives the title all­powerful crystal. For 10 points, name this French science­fiction comic written by Alejandro Jodorowsky and illustrated by Moebius. ANSWER: The Incal (or L’Incal) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2. In Fantastic Four Annual #12, this figure blasts the Sphinx hurtling into space. The Shi’ar Empire usurper ​ ​ ​ Vulcan apparently killed this character, after this then King of the Kree was prevented from teleporting away from a bomb with his dog Lockjaw. This character leads a family that includes Gorgon, Crystal, and this character’s wife (*) Medusa. At an early age, this character accidentally killed several members of the Council of ​ Genetics and drove his younger brother Maximus mad.
    [Show full text]