THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

VALMIKI'S AND

THE THAI VERSION OF

RAMAYAN

( R A M A K I R T I )

OF KING I OF

THAILAND (1782-1809)

BY PROFESSOR MC SUBHADRADIS DISKUL

The story of the Ramayana has been very popular in Thailand; there are many versions of the story. It is pronounced in Thai as Ramakian, which probably derives from the word Ramakirti in . The word Rama existed already during the Sukhothai period (about 1250-1450 AD). The story of the Ramayana was referred to several times in Thai literature during the Ayutthaya period (1350-1767 AD) but the extant manuscripts for dance drama exist only from the Thonburi period (1767-1782 AD).

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO 2 7 King Rama I of the Bangkok period dance drama. It begins with father, Tosaroth, who has a third (1782-1809) composed the whole Hirantayaksha, who rolls the earth wife named Kaikesi. She helps him story of the Ramayana for a dance and at the end is killed by , in his battle against a demon, so drama but it was King Rama II, his who transforms himself into a pig. Tosaroth grants her a promise of son (1809-1824), who composed the The story continues with the anything she wants from him. most popular Ramayana story for foundation of the towns of dancing. King Mongkut or Rama IV Ayutthaya and Langka. The story of Some of these short stories figure in (1851-1868) wrote certain episodes of Triburam is recounted, to his death the Uttara-kanda, which is the last the Ramayana and it was King by Siva. The account continues with section of 's Ramayana and Vajiravudh or Rama VI (1910-1925) Nontok or Nandaka, who is a are believed to have been added later who was very much interested in and who is later on killed by on. These short stories relate, such as Sanskrit literature and composed Vishnu. Nontok reincarnates as the origin of the family of the certain episodes of the Ramayana for . His four brothers and one demons, but sometimes the names dancing. The king also wrote a book sister are born: , have been changed from Sanskrit entitled "The Origin of the Piphek, Tutkhon, Trisien and into Thai, for instance Kuvera has Ramakian," which will be referred to Sammanakkha. The birth of Pali, been altered into Kuperan. Ravana, several times in this article. Sukhrip and are then Kumbhakarna and recounted to where Pali takes (Piphek), the three brothers, all It is believed by Thai scholars that in Sukhrip's wife, who was given to receive a boon from , not India, even before the time of him by Siva. The story of Montho, from Siva as in the Thai version. The Valmiki, the story of the Ramayana who is originally a frog, is then name Mandodara, wife of Ravana, had been known and related by related. Ravana becomes the king of has been changed into Monthothevi. mouth. It was Valmiki who Langka. He helps Siva to straighten Ravana is usually called Tosakan (ten composed the story in Sanskrit verse, Mount Kailasa and receives necks). For the ceremony of taking so in Southeast Asia the knowledge Montho, who is living with Uma, the heart out from the body and of the Ramayana would have come as a reward, but later on Pali keeping it in a box, in the Thai from both the tales of the Ramayana snatches her away when Ravana is Ramayana it is performed by related in India as well as that flying over Pali's town of Khidkhin. Ravana's hermit-teachers but in composed by Valmiki. The tales of Ravana, however, with the help of Valmiki's it is probably a mantra the Ramayana would have come his hermit-teacher obtains her back. taught by Brahma to Ravana in order from southern India as well as from Pali's son with Montho is born and to escape a threat on his life. In Bengal in the northeast. his name is Ongkhot. Ravana Valmiki's Ramayana the original performs a ceremony, taking his name of , Ravana's famous Hereupon the differences between heart out of his body and therefore son, is Meghanada, not Ronapak as Valmiki's Ramayana and that of King becomes immortal. He then begins in the Thai version. King Rama VI Rama I of Thailand or Siam will be to fight with the gods. He sends his thought that the way Ravana tries to described. son, Ronapak, to fight against . kill Montho's son, bom from Pah, in The latter loses the war. Later on the Thai version might have come The Ramayana of King Rama I was Ronapak is renamed Indrajit. The from other sources such as from one composed for a dance drama, unlike story continues with the birth of a of the . that of Valmiki which was written as bull named Torapa and the birth of a sacred text. The beginning of the his son Torapi. Another demon, As for the origin of the family of stories are not the same. Maiyarab, also performs the monkeys, it is different from ceremony of taking his heart out Valmiki's account of the birth of The Ramayana of King Rama I from his body. Hanuman, Bali (Pali) and begins with an eulogy of the king (Sukhrip). However, the birth of and of his intention to compose this The tale then reverses to Rama's Hanuman in the Thai version is

2 8 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO described in detail; the name of can lift a sacred bow. Rama and Pali (Bali), and another with the sun Hanuman's mother is different, but go to , and Rama (), that is Sugriva or Sukhrip. the story in general is very much is able to lift it. The marriage then She also has a daughter with her alike. takes place with Tosaroth, Prot, husband, Gautama, named Savaha. Satrud and Indra, the god, as The daughter is cursed by the 1. Now the story of the Thai witnesses. On coming back home mother because she informs her Ramayana corresponding to the Bala- they encounter Ramasun, a demon, father about the unfaithful behaviour kanda of Valmiki will be described. who challenges Rama to fight; but at of her mother. Savaha, according to Tosaroth, Rama's father, performs a the end the demon is defeated. the Thai text, is the mother of ceremony to ask for children. Vishnu Hanuman whose father is the God of is asked to be reincarnated as Rama. The story then reverses to the Wind, . In the ceremony divine rice is buffalo, Torapa, who is killed by his cooked. Montho, Ravana's wife, son, Torapi. Torapi then challenges In Valmiki's Ramayana the four sons smells its fragrance and would like Pali and is destroyed by the latter. of Tosaroth are married after the to taste it, so Ravana has a female Sukhrip, Pali's younger brother, lifting of the sacred bow, but in the demon named Kakanasun to fly after thinks that Pali has died, so he is Thai version only Rama is married. the smell and steal one part of the later banished from the town by Pali. On their way back from Mithila to divine rice. The three wives of The birth of Mangkornkan, another Ayutthaya, in the Thai version, they Tosaroth partake of the rest. Four son of Ravana, is recounted. meet Ramasun (Ramasura), but in boys: Rama, Lakshmana, Prot and Valmiki's they encounter Parasurama, Satrud are born. Montho gives birth In the Thai Ramayana, sometimes the who is also regarded as one of the to a girl, , but Piphek predicts town of Ayutthaya () is incarnations of Vishnu. Parasurama is that in the future she will destroy referred to as Dvaravati. Sumantra, a defeated and presents the bow of Langka; she is left adrift inside a charioteer of Tosaroth, is called Siva to Rama. bowl along the river until she is Sumantan. The story of Kakanasun, found by Chanok, a hermit king, who stole the portion of divine rice 2. Ayodhya-kanda. In this Thai who raises her. One day, the four for Montho, does not figure in section Tosaroth prepares to crown boys of Tosaroth play together, Valmiki's story. This version might Rama as king of Ayutthaya, but a shooting earth bullets. Rama shoots have come from one of the Puranas. dwarf woman who would like to at a dwarf-girl and she promises to The names of the four sons of have revenge on Rama asks Kaikesi, have revenge upon him. Prot and Tosaroth (Dasaratha in Sanskrit) also the third wife of Tosaroth, to ask for Satrud then go to live in the town of vary from Valmiki's; except for a promise which Tosaroth had Profs maternal grandfather. Rama. Prot comes from , Lak already once granted her. Kaikesi or Lakshana from Lakshmana and then asks that Rama should go out Ravana orders Kakanasun and her Satrud from Satrughna. Piphek, and live in a forest for fourteen years attendants to trouble the hermits' Ravana's younger brother, also and let her son, Prot, rule the town dwellings; the hermits Vasit and derives from Vibhishana. Marich, a instead. Tosaroth has to keep his Visvamit ask Rama and Lakshmana demon, is from ; Savaha, his promise so Rama, Lakshmana and to come and help them. They kill brother, from and their Sita become hermits and leave the Kakanasun and Savahu, her son, but mother Kakanasun from Taraka. town of Ayutthaya. Tosaroth then another son Marich flees to Langka. forbids Kaikesi and her son, Prot, to In the Thai Ramayana there is also come to his cremation ceremony after Chanok (), who found Sita the story of a female named , his death; and afterwards he dies of when he was a hermit, retires from wife of the Gautama; but in sorrow. When Prot comes to seclusion and goes back with Sita to Thai her name is changed into Kala- Ayutthaya, he is so angry he his town, Mithila. He then arranges a achana. In the Thai text it is related threatens to kill his mother. The marriage for Sita to any man who that she has a son with Indra, that is three wives of Tosaroth, Prot and

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO 2 9 Satrud then go to invite Rama to deer to lure Rama away. Ravana Mayavi, but in the Thai version they come back, but Rama refuses. The then abducts Sita, fights with Sadayu, mix the stories together into only one three of them continue their journey. a bird, and brings Sita to his garden episode. Rama, in order to show in Langka. Rama follows, finds Sukhrip his strength, shoots an arrow After Rama leaves the town with his Sadayu, and also in his search meets through seven trees and a mountain. wife and younger brother, he meets Kumpol (Kumbala) and Asmukhi. This display of strength does not Guha near the Ganges River. This Both of them are killed and punished appear in the Thai version. Also in name is spelt Khukhan in Thai. In by Rama and Lakshamana. Kumpol, the Thai version Hanuman gets Valmiki's Ramayana it is not said however, goes back to heaven, as his Busmali as his wife. Here it should that Kaikesi and Prot are forbidden curse is ended. be explained that though in Valmiki's to cremate Tosaroth's remains, but on text, Hanuman observes celibacy, in the contrary it is Prot who arranges is called Pirap in Thai. As the Thai version he is a great lover, the cremation ceremony. So this for the younger sister of Ravana, in probably because of the Thai episode of forbidding Kaikesi and Thai she is called Sammanakkha, adaptations. Prot to join in the cremation from Sanskrit Surpanakha. In this ceremony is probably added in the version Trisian (Trisira) is only a 5. Sundara-kanda. Hanuman, on Thai version. In Valmiki's story, both general, not her brother. Sadayu is in flying to Langka, has to fight against Prot and Satrud also become hermits, Sanskrit ; the same for a female demon of the ocean. He though Prot, at the same time acts as Asmukhi, the name of a female then goes on to visit the hermit a regent for Rama. demon, is in Sanskrit Ayomukhi. Narada and later kills the protector Kumpol is in reality . demon of Langka. He goes into the 3. Aranya-kanda. Rama kills Pirap, a town of Langka, finds Sita in a demon, who tries to abduct Sita. 4. Kishkindhya-kanda. In this section garden and rescues her from hanging Lakshmana also kills another demon, Rama finds Hanuman, who becomes herself. Then Hanuman destroys the Kumbhakasa. his ally. Hanuman then introduces garden in the Langka palace and Sukhrip, and the latter asks Rama to kills Sahaskumara, Ravana's son. Ravana goes into the jungle. His kill Pali, which Rama accepts and at Indrajit is called upon and catches younger sister's husband, Jiuha, last kills him. Then Ongkhot Hanuman. Hanuman asks to be protects the town for him. He puts () and Chompupan, another burnt alive and he burns down the out his tongue around the town to monkey, become Rama's allies. whole town of Langka. Narada helps protect it. When Ravana comes back Sukhrip is crowned as the king of him to extinguish the fire on his tail he cannot see the town and he the town of Khidkhin (Kishkindhya). by putting it in Hanuman's own throws a discus to kill Jiuha. Rama has another ally, mouth. Ravana has a new town Sammanakkha, Ravana's sister, is so Mahachomphu and he sends constructed by the gods. Hanuman, sad, she goes into the jungle and Hanuman, Ongkhot and Chompupan Ongkhot and Chompupan come back falls in love with Rama. She is to . Ongkhot kills another to Rama. At first, Rama is angry for punished by Lakshmana, so she goes demon, Pak-lan. Hanuman finds two what Hanuman has done, but to inform one of her brothers Khon girls named Busmali and eventually pardons him. (Khara in Sanskrit). Rama kills Khon. Suvarnamali who show them the Another brother Tut (Dushana) way to Langka as well as other In Valmiki's Ramayana, angels would appears, and is killed. So Trisian hermits and a bird named , a like to try Hanuman's power, so they (Trisira) follows and loses his life in younger brother of Sadayu. ask Surasa, the mother of all the fighting with Rama. Sammanakkha Hanuman then flies alone to Lanka. naga, to stop him, but Hanuman can then goes to Langka and praises In Valmiki's Ramayana there are two win her and is allowed to leave. This Sita's beauty to Ravana until the episodes of Pali fighting with a story of Surasa does not figure in the latter falls in love with her. He then buffalo. First he fights against Thai version. The encounter with the asks Marich to disguise as a golden Tuntupi, and the second time against hermit Narada also does not appear

3 0 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO in the Sanskrit text. The name of Indra orders Matuli (Matali in Airavata. Rama comes out to the Sahaskumara is in Sanskrit Sanskrit), his charioteer, to bring battlefield and faints from sorrow. So Akshakumara and is only one down his chariot for Rama. Rama Ravana sends Sita on a flying vehicle person, but in the Thai version they then sends Ongkhot as a messenger to see that both Rama and are composed of 1,000. In the Thai to Ravana to ask for Sita back, but is Lakshmana have already died but version, before Hanuman is burnt unsuccessful. Ravana has a parasol her female demon attendant, Piphek's alive, Ravana tries to kill him in set up so that Rama's army cannot wife, takes pity upon her and many ways but is unsuccessful. This see the sun, but Sukhrip destroys the informs her that the flying vehicle episode does not exist in the Sanskrit parasol. will not move if it is ridden by a text. Hanuman extinguishes the fire widow. Later on Rama recovers and on his tail in the ocean, not by Ravana asks Maiyarap to come for Hanuman can bring medicine to cure Narada's suggestion as in the Thai help. He abducts Rama but Lakshmana. Indrajit then comes out version. Hanuman kills Maiyarap and brings again with a prisoner who Rama back. Ravana asks for transforms himself as Sita. He 6. Yuddha-kanda. Rama's army Kumbhakarna's help. The latter can beheads the prisoner so that Rama's moves to Langka. Ravana has a bad catch Sukhrip but Hanuman can army will believe that Sita has been dream and Piphek suggests to his rescue him. Kumbhakarna tries to killed, but this trick is also brother to return Sita. Ravana is so perform a ceremony to sharpen his discovered. Indrajit comes out for the angry that he banishes Piphek from sacred lance, which is called last time and is killed by Lakshmana. the town of Langka. So Piphek Mokkhasakti, but Hanuman and comes to live with Rama and would Ongkhot destroy the ceremony. Ravana then comes out to the like to see the strength of Rama's Kumbhakarna comes out to the battlefield for the first time. Indra army. After Ravana hears the noise battlefield for the second time. He again asks Visvakarma to bring of Rama's soldiers, he sends one of can injure Lakshmana with his lance, down to Rama a chariot named his military, Sukrasarn, to spy on but Hanuman can find the medicine Vejaiyanta. This time the result of the them. Sukrasarn is caught, punished to cure him. Kumbhakarna then tries fighting is even. Other two demons, and sent back. Ravana then to make himself as a dam so that Sahasdeja and Mulapalam come to transforms himself as a hermit and Rama's army cannot get water, but help Ravana. Lakshmana kills tries to deprive Piphek from Rama's Hanuman drives him back into Mulapalam and Hanuman kills side, but in vain. Langka. Kumbhakarna then comes Sahasdeja. Another demon, Saeng-atit, out for the last time and is killed by is called upon. He is also killed by Rama. Ravana then asks Benyakai, Piphek's Rama. Ravana comes out for the daughter, to transform herself as Sita, second time and the result of the and floats to Rama's camp. This trick Ravana then calls on Indrajit. For the fighting is again, even. Two other however is found out and Hanuman, first battle with Lakshmana, nobody demons come to help Ravana, in bringing Benyakai back to Langka, wins. Mongkornkan, a nephew of Satalung and Trimek. Rama kills has her as his wife. Ravana, comes out to fight and is Satalung and Trimek is killed by killed by Rama. Indrajit then comes Hanuman. Then follows the story of Rama out to the battlefield again and building a causeway to Langka. shoots an arrow in the form of a Ravana then tries to perform a Ravana asks one of his daughters, a naga to entwine Lakshmana. Rama ceremony but it is destroyed by mermaid, to destroy the causeway. shoots an arrow to call down a Sukhrip, Nilanon and Hanuman. Hanuman catches her and has her as garuda who drives away the naga. Satthasun and Virunchambang come his wife. The son of Hanuman and Indrajit then disguises himself as to help Ravana. Hanuman and this mermaid is adopted by another Indra and shoots an arrow at Ongkhot kill Satthasun. demon, Maiyarap. Rama's army then Lakshmana. Hanuman is so angry, Virunchambang is also killed by marches on to the town of Langka. he flies up to kill the pseudo- Hanuman, who has during the pursuit,

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO 3 1 another wife, Vanarin. Rama's side anymore. Ongkhot Thai. Kumbhakarna in Thai means afterwards steals the box containing the "ear as big as a pot." In Valmiki's Ravana asks Malivaraj, his Ravana's heart. Ravana accepts Ramayana, Piphek is quite brave, but grandfather, who can utter sacred Hanuman as his adopted son. in the Thai text he is rather words, to come down from heaven Hanuman then goes out to have a cowardly. When he is banished from and judge the case between him and mock battle against Lakshmana. Later Langka, according to Valmiki, he is Rama. Malivaraj, however, after on, Ravana discovers the plot, so for accompanied by four soldiers, but in having heard many witnesses who his last battle he transforms himself the Thai version he leaves alone. As went to Rama's wedding with Sita, into Indra but is killed by Rama, by for the name of his wife, in the Thai sides with Rama and orders Ravana having his heart crushed by language, it is Trichada () not to return Sita. Ravana refuses and Hanuman at the same time. Piphek in Sanskrit. For the name of Malivaraj then curses him to lose the then invites Sita to come from the his daughter, it is Benyakai in Thai, battle. garden and meet Rama, but she asks instead of Nanda. first to walk on fire, to prove her Ravana then performs another faithfulness to Rama. One can perceive that in Valmiki's ceremony, which is destroyed by text, the three episodes in the Thai Pali, according to the command of Piphek, who later on becomes the Ramayana are lacking: (1) when Siva. Ravana comes out to the king of Langka, has a cremation Benyakai, Piphek's daughter, battlefield again and can throw his ceremony arranged for the remains transforms herself as Sita and floats lance, Kabilapat, to Lakshmana. The of Ravana. Asakan, another demon, to Rama's camp; (2) Hanuman latter however is cured by Hanuman comes to fight and is killed by Rama. quarrels with Nilapat during the through the help of Piphek. In Rama then begins his journey back construction of the causeway to curing, Hanuman has to go to to Ayutthaya with Sita, Lakshmana Langka and (3) the story of the Langka to fetch a grinding stone and the monkey soldiers. He mermaid, Suvarnamaccha, and which Ravana uses as a pillow. He destroys the causeway he built to Hanuman. ties Ravana's hair to that of Montho. Langka. Banlaikan, another son of Ravana, follows the army but is As for Suka and Sarana, two soldiers Another demon, Tapanasun, comes killed by Hanuman. The army of Ravana, who come to spy on to help Ravana. He is killed by arrives at the town of Khidkhin, the Rama's soldiers, in the Thai text they Rama. Ravana's two sons, town of Sukhrip. Rama sends are mixed into a single person named Tasakhirivan and Tasakhirithorn Hanuman and Kukhan to Ayutthaya. Sukasarn and their appearances are come out to fight with Lakshmana. They stop Prot and Satrud from shortened into one episode only. They are both killed. During that burning themselves as Rama has not time, Montho performs a ceremony yet come back after fourteen years. The story of Malivaraj in the Thai text to get a nectar to revive all the dead Then Rama is crowned as the king might have come from Maliyavan, demons lost in the battles. She of Ayutthaya. who is the maternal grandfather of succeeds, but later on the ceremony Ravana. He also suggests to Ravana to is destroyed by Hanuman, Nilanon This section is the longest of the return Sita, but Ravana would not and Chompupan. whole story. In the Thai text, after listen to him. Hanuman comes back from Langka Ravana comes out again, but he after he presents Rama's ring to Sita, For the episodes of breaking Ravana's cannot be killed because his heart is he is rewarded a bathing cloth by parasol and sending Ongkhot as a outside his body. It is in a box Rama. This episode does not figure messenger, in the Thai Ramayana it is guarded by the hermit Goputra. in Valmiki's version. The mountain reversed in time from that of Valmiki Hanuman then asks the hermit Mehendragiri where Rama's army Goputra to take him to Ravana stops on the coast of the ocean in The three stories of Maiyarap because he does not want to stay on front of Langka is called Hemtiran in abducting Rama, Kumbhakarna

3 2 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO making himself as a dam and explanation of a brahmin in Thailand, transforms herself into Sita's lady- performing the ceremony of sharping is not a person but an army of in-waiting and asks Sita to draw a his lance, Mokkhasakti, never appear Ravana's in the Tamil version. portrait of Ravana. When Rama in the Sanskrit text. finds the portrait he is very angry 7. Uttara-kanda. As has been said this with Sita and asks Lakshmana to When Indrajit shoots an arrow as section is a later addition and full of take Sita out into the jungle and naga, in the Sanskrit text both Rama many anecdotes. Here the writer will kill her. Lakshmana cannot behead and Lakshmana are intertwined by a describe first the story of the Thai her because Sita is still faithful to noose and the garuda comes to help version of King Rama I. Rama, so he lets her go to live with by himself. But in the Thai story a hermit. Sita later on gives birth to only Lakshmana is entwined by the After Rama becomes king of a son. One day she takes him out noose and Rama shoots an arrow to Ayutthaya, he rewards his brothers to a river. The hermit cannot find call down the garuda. and many of his soldiers. A town is Sita's son so he performs a built for Hanuman to rule. A demon ceremony to create another boy and Mangkornkan, Ravana's nephew, is named Mahabal comes to attack both of them become playmates. called in Sanskrit Mangkaraksha. Langka, which is ruled by Piphek. One is named Mongkut and the Saeng-atit, another demon, never Rama sends Hanuman to help him other one Lob. They both learn appears in the Sanskrit text. Neither and Hanuman kills Mahabal. about fighting and magic formulae do Mulapalam and Sahasdeja, the Montho, a former wife of Ravana, from the hermit. Rama performs a other two demons. gives birth to a boy and so does ceremony called Asvamedha, by Benyakai, Hanuman's wife. Hanuman letting lose a horse followed by an Ravana is killed, according to the later on becomes a hermit. Piphek army which is led by Prot, Satrud Sanskrit text, because the hermit mistakes Montho's son as his real and Hanuman. Mongkut and Lob Agastayamuni reveals to Rama a child, but one day after he grows up catch the horse and ride it. They fight with Prot, Satrud and mantra called "the heart of the sun the son knows that Ravana, who was Hanuman, not knowing one (Adiyaharidaya)." This might be killed by Rama, is his father, so he another. Mongkut is caught and transformed into a box containing the goes to see Chakravatti, another brought back to Ayutthaya but Lob heart of Ravana in the Thai version. powerful demon, for help. comes to rescue him and they Chakravatti's army comes to besiege return to the hermitage where Langka and seizes Piphek. So far, we have followed King Rama resides Sita. Rama follows and Hanuman's son with Benyakai then VI's comparison between Valmiki's fights with his two children. Later Ramayana and the Thai version of tries to find his father. Hanuman on he realizes that they are his King Rama I. Another Thai scholar, leaves his hermitage and informs sons. Sita will not come back to Phya Anuman Rajadhon, who has Rama of what has happened in live with Rama but let the two done the same research, surmises Langka. At this time begins the children go to live with their father. that probably the Thai Ramayana repetition of what Rama and Rama then plays a trick by hiding derives from the Tamil Ramayana Lakshmana have done, but the himself inside an urn and orders both directly and indirectly. He cites, heroes are changed into Prot and Hanuman to inform Sita that he is for example, the story of Maiyarap Satrud, with Nilapat as a chief dead. Sita comes back to Ayutthaya which does not appear in Sanskrit monkey soldier. They kill Chakravatti and when she finds out that Rama but exists in Tamil, called as well as his friend Vaital. Rama is still alive she makes a wish to go Mayiliravana; and there are many performs the ceremony of cutting the down and stay in the nether world. Tamil names in the Thai version, for mermaid's tail from the son of The wish is fulfilled. example Asuramayan, Sumantan; Hanuman, born from a mermaid Paulastayan, Kurepan, Sudhamantan, who is the daughter of Ravana. Kukan or Khukhan and Anomatan. Rama calls Piphek to Ayutthaya for Mulapalam according to an A female demon named Adul consultation and Piphek advises that

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO 3 3 he should go out to the jungle again and Lob (in Sanskrit ) and the I of Thailand (Siam) from 1797 AD is for one year. So Rama, Lakshmana, fighting of Prot and Satrud are kept based on the following sources: Hanuman and the monkey soldiers at the end. leave Ayutthaya and kill many demons 1. Valmiki's Ramayana in Sanskrit along their journey. After one year they The story of the banishment of Sita both from the Uttaranikaya and come back to Ayutthaya and Siva from Ayutthaya is totally different mostly from the Anganikaya of arranges a second wedding for Rama from that of Valmiki; and the war of Bengal. and Sita. only Satrud in Valmiki's is totally changed into the war of Prot and 2. The Tamil versions. The last anecdote concerns the king Satrud, with Nilapat replacing of who attacks and Hanuman. The revolt against Piphek 3. Vishnupurana. captures the town of Prot's maternal in Langka by Ravana's son does not grandfather, Kaiyakesha. Rama orders exist in Valmiki's. The end of the 4. Hartumannataka. Prot, Satrud and his two sons to Thai Ramayana with Rama's bring an army to fight them. In this ceremony of Asvamedha is like the 5. Tullidasa's Hindi Ramayana. last story, Mongkut, Rama's first son, Ramayana of the Anganikaya version becomes a hero. At last Rama's army of Bengal, but the story of Rama 6. The Thai former versions of the can take back the town. hiding in an urn does not appear in Ramayana which have mostly been any of the Indian texts. lost and the Thai adaptations. At the end of the story there is an eulogy for Rama and also a warning to For the war with the king of the the Thai public that this story is written Gandharva in Valmiki's Ramayana, the in , not in Buddhism. The general of the army is Prot and his BIBLIOGRAPHY date for the beginning of the two sons, but in the Thai version it is composition of the Thai Ramayana in Prot, Satrud and Rama's two sons. The 1. King Rama VI (Vajiravudh): Origin the reign of King Rama I is given: 1797 story of Rama and Lakshmana going of the Ramakian (Ramayana) (in: AD. up to heaven at the end does not Thai language, 1913 AD). appear in the Thai version, which tells In the Thai Ramayana, the origins of only of the happiness of Rama and 2. Phya Anuman Rajadhon: Research Rama, Ravana and the family of the Sita. on the Ramakian (in Thai, 1952 AD). monkeys are related at the beginning of the story. Only the banishment of One can therefore surmise that the 3. King Rama I: Ramakian, 4 Sita from the town of Ayutthaya, the Thai version of the Ramayana volumes (in Thai), Khlangvidya, 1964 birth of Mongkut (in Sanskrit Kusa) composed in the reign of King Rama AD.

3 4 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER TWO