The Occitan War: a Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1218 Laurence W

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87240-9 - The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1218 Laurence W. Marvin Index More information

Index

Adhe´mar-Jordan of Saint-Antonin 140, 141 Bellegarde, castrum of 248, 249 Adhe´mar of Poitiers 33, 265, 266 Berengar, Abbot of Saint Thibe´ry 226, 231, 235 Agenais, region of Occitania 6, 35, 37, 141, 241 Bernard Adalbert 245 Aimeric of Montre´al 68, 74, 80, 85, 98, 103 Bernard, Archbishop of Auch (deposed 1214) 3, 77 Aimery III, Viscount of Narbonne 46, 66, 76, 77, Bernard, Archbishop of Embrun 218, 220, 223 121, 137, 204, 226, 239 Bernard Navarra 287 n. 80 Alan of Rouchy 295 Bernard of Cazenac 213–14, 228, 278, 287, 291 Albi, castrum of 61 Bernard of Clairvaux 2 Albigensians see Cathar Bernard of Portella 200 Alice of Montfort 56, 63, 71, 74, 81, 89, 148, 178, Bernard IV, Count of Comminges 112, 133, 134, 271, 280, 282, 297 154, 161, 162, 165, 170, 172, 202, 203, 270, Alphonse of Artois 302 271, 274, 285, 291 Amaury of Craon 282, 292 Bernard V, Count of Comminges 298 Amaury of Montfort 137–8, 170, 171–2, 175, 206, Bernard-Raimon of Roquefort, Bishop of 209, 247, 271, 276, 280, 294, 295, 297, Carcassonne 90 298–9, 301, 302, 305, 306 Bernis, castrum of 264 Amicia of Montfort, 95, 266 Bertrand of Cardaillac 35 Anonymous of Toulouse as chronicler 12, 26, 158, Bertrand of Gourdon 35 172, 174, 229, 249–50, 259, 268, 300 Bertrand, papal legate and cardinal 264, 265, 273, Arnaud, Bishop of Agen 36 278, 280, 290, 292, 294, 297 Arnaud-Amaury, Abbot of Cˆıteaux and papal Be´ziers, castrum and population of 38, 44, 300 legate 28, 34, 41, 43, 50, 53, 54, 70, 79, 94, militia of 15 133, 145, 164, 239 sack of 28, 41–5 Archbishop of Narbonne 137, 198, 218, 225, Bouchard of Marly 63–4, 97, 121–2 226, 228, 234, 241 Bouvines, battle of 31, 32, 71, 209, 213, 224, 307 attritional warfare 12 Bram, castrum and siege of 72–3 Auterive, castrum of 115, 154 Bruniquel, castrum of 110, 111 n. 86 Avignon 241–2 1219 siege of 301 Cabaret, castles at Lastours 9, 23, 57, 60–1, 63, 64, 73, 97 Baldwin of Toulouse 14, 22, 25, 109–10, 111, 128, Cahuzac, castrum of 110, 132, 133 153, 170, 198, 205, 274 Carcassonne, castrum of 46–7, 72, 301 capture and death 199–200 1209 siege of 48–52 Bazie`ge, battle of 299, 300 Casseneuil, castrum of 36, 208 Be´atrice of Viennois 206 1209 siege of 36–7, 208 Beaucaire, castrum of 221, 234–5, 242–3, 244, 1214 siege of 209–12 264, 309 Castelnaudary, castrum of 83, 108, 110, 118 Cross Gate 256 siege of 118–21 Redoubt 245, 246 Castelsarrasin, castrum of 117, 152, 156 siege and counter-siege of 24, 245–57 Castres, castrum of 60, 67, 93 Vine Gate 250, 251, 254, 255, 256 Catharism see Cathars

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87240-9 - The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1218 Laurence W. Marvin Index More information

Index 325

Cathars xiv, 1–2, 2, 4, 37, 68, 79, 80, 98, 109, 131, Garonne river 275, 284 141, 206, 231, 232, 302, 303, 308 Gaston of Beárn 117, 161, 162, 165, 202 Centule, Count of Astarac 299–300 Gaucher of Chaˆtillon, Count of Saint-Pol 33, 54 consolamentum 2 Gaucher of Joigny 33 councils, ecumenical Gautier, Bishop of Autun 34 Third Lateran 2, 19 Geoffrey of Neville 207, 208 n. 57 Fourth Lateran 26, 217, 228–9, 239, 241, 243, 278 Gervase of Chamigny 271 canons of 235–6 Giralda of Laurac 22, 98–9, 103, 105 factions at 229–30 Girard, Archbishop of Bourges 263, 264 credentes 2, 79 Giraud of Pe´pieux 65–7, 73, 86, 106, Crest, castrum and siege of 266, 269 132, 134, 152 Crusade, Albigensian xiv, 10, 15 goodmen see perfects Crusades: Gregory VII, Pope 223 First 4 Guichard of Beaujeu 33 Fourth 31, 32, 55 Guilhem of Minerve 79–80, 85, 254 n. 71 Fifth 297 Guilhem of Peyrepertuse 263 Guilhem of Roquefort 67, 90, 114 Dalmas of Creixell 277 Guillem-Raimon of Montcada, Seneschal of Deódat of Barasc 206 Catalonia 170 Deódat of Se´verac-le-Chaˆteau 215–16 Guy, Abbot of Vaux-de-Cernay 24, 71, 71 n. 11, Dominic Guzman 212 79, 168, 205, 206 Dominicans, Order of 303 Bishop of Carcassonne 205, 209, 210, 248 Domme, castrum of 213 Guy, Count of Auvergne 35, 36–7 Dordogne river 213, 214, 228 Guy of Cavaillon 247, 250 Dragonet of Mondragon 257, 264 Guy of Le´vis 34, 90, 121, 139, 155, 247, 304 Dreux of Compans 132 Guy of Lucy 77, 108, 118, 122, 138 Guy of Montfort, brother of elder Simon 14, 130, Eleanor of Aragon 228, 234–5 137–8, 139, 150, 170, 205, 206, 215, 226, 229, Elias of Albaroca 287 n. 80 239, 247, 248–9, 256, 260, 272–3, 293, 295 Engelbert, Provost of Cologne 138, 145 Guy of Montfort, son of elder Simon 262, 271, England, Kings of 5, 18 272, 274, 304 Enguerrand of Boves 154 Enguerrand of Coucy 108 Hautpol, castrum and siege of 136–7 Este`ve of Servian 71 Henry, Count of Rodez 215 Eustache of Cayeux 114 Henry II, King of England 307 Henry IV, German Emperor 223 faidits 155, 177, 234, 241, 252, 269, 270, 273, 281, Herve´, Count of Nevers, 33, 34, 54, 57, 69 287, 292 Honorius III, Pope 234, 258, 278, 297, 306 Fanjeaux, castrum of 60 Hugh, Bishop of Riez 164 Figeac, town of 215 Hugh of Alfaro 114, 143, 281 Foix, castrum of 197, 226, 262 Hugh of La Mota 286 counts of 14 Hugh of Lacy 118, 247 Folquet of Marseille, Bishop of Toulouse 11, 71, 71 Hugh of Revigan 36, 208 n. 11, 73, 100, 101, 159, 168, 179, 187, 190, 196, 220–1, 228, 231, 232, 233, 260, 261, 280, 282 infantry, use and employment of 15–19 forty-day service, see service requirement Innocent III, Pope 1, 3–4, 28, 58, 62, 70, 163, 167, Foucaud of Berzy 255, 275, 299, 300 175, 222–4, 226, 236–7, 241, 243, 258 France, kings of 7 at Fourth Lateran 228–9, 230, 232, 233 Frederick Barbarossa, German Emperor 8, 18 further settlement after Fourth Lateran 234–5 Frederick, Count of Toul 155 suspension of indulgence 1213, 163–5, 197, 205 Inquisition 303 Gaillac, castrum of 110, 128, 132–3, 135 Gaillard of Beynac 214 Jacques of Vitry 138, 205 Garcias of Ort, Bishop of Comminges 155, 187 Jaume I, King of Aragon 95–6, 193, 201, 202, 203, Archbishop of Auch, 218, 233, 300 240, 266, 306

326 Index

Jeanne of Toulouse 302 Montgrenier, munitio or castrum and capture of Joan of England 6, 141 262–3, 270 John, King of England 6, 56, 142, 168, 196, 203, Montlaur, castrum of 72 207, 209, 213, 215, 222, 241 Montpellier, city of 198 John of Veira, Bishop of Limoges 36 Council of 217, 222 Jordan, Bishop of Lisieux, 34, 97, 99 Montse´gur 231, 302 Joris, Occitan noble and crusade adherent 270, Muret 155, 169, 177, 276 290, 298 battle of 13, 14, 177, 181–2, 187–90 deaths 191–2 knights, use of in warfare 13–14 numbers of men engaged, medieval estimates 184–5, 186 La Reóle, town of 203, 207 numbers of men engaged, modern estimates, La Rochelle, town of 299 186 n. 109, 186–7 Lagrave, castrum of 128–9, 132 significance of battle 175–6, 194–5 Lambert of Monte´limar 265 Lambert of Thury (Crećy, Limoux) 34, 59, 81, Narbonnais Castle, 10, 71, 113, 221, 226, 227, 239, 168, 245, 247, 251, 253, 257 259, 260, 261, 270, 271, 273, 277, 278, 284, Languedoc 1 294, 296 Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of 7, 50, 146, 161 Narbonne, city of 46, 198, 200–1 Lastours see Cabaret militia of 15, 66, 76, 77, 81, 201 Lavaur, castrum of 3, 98, 99 New Toulouse 275, 276, 281, 282, 295, 296 1211 siege of 99–103, 108 Nicholas of Bazoches 105 1213 council of, 161, 166 Nˆımes, city of 198, 202, 248, 252, 258 Lavelanet, castrum of 145 Le Mas d’Agenais, castrum and unsuccessful siege Occitan War xiv, 6, 7, 13, 16, 37, 94, 105, 156, 174, of 203 248, 251, 257, 296, 303, 307, 308 Les Casse´s, castrum of 108–9 brutality of 21–2, 73, 301, 309, 310 Leopold VI, Duke of Austria 138, 145 Occitania 1, 2, 3, 4–6, 23, 305, 306, 308 logistics 22–4 Odo, Duke of Burgundy 33, 34, 54, 57, 60–1, 69 in Occitan War 23–4 Orange, city of 242 Lolmie, castrum of 198 Otto, Emperor of Germany 70 Lombers, castrum of 60, 61, 67, 93 Louis, Prince (Louis VIII) 3, 6, 80, 168, 169, 217, Pamiers, city of 115 224, 225–7, 297, 299, 300–1, 301, 304, 307 Statutes of 158, 159–60 Louis IX, King of France 301–2 Peir Durban of Monte´gut 272 Peire Mir 97, 99, 247 Manasses, Bishop of Orleans 169, 172 Peire of Saint Prais 246 Marmande, castrum of 147, 207, 298, 299–300 Peire-Roger of Cabaret 47, 64, 74, 81, 82–3, 85, Martin Algai 122, 124, 147–8, 150, 208 n. 57 97–8 Matthew of Montmorency 305 Peire-Roger of Ventajou 80 Milo, Count of Bar-sur-Seine 33 Penne d’Agenais, castrum of 143–4, 281 Milo, papal legate 28, 29–30, 34, 41, 70 siege of 144–7 Minerve, castrum of 57, 66, 74, 76, 77–8 Penne d’Albigeois, castrum of 145, 171 siege of 76–80 Pere II, King of Aragon 7–8, 62–3, 74–5, 75, 85, Miquel of Luesia 181, 192 94–5, 154, 161, 165, 168–9, 174–5, 176, 196, Moissac, castrum of 117, 142, 148, 203 240, 305, 306, 309 siege of 149–53 at 1209 siege of Carcassonne 49–50 Mondenard, castrum of 199, 206 at 1213 Council of Lavaur 161–3 Montaillou, village of 303 at 1213 battle of Muret 178, 180, 182, 188 Montauban, castrum of 117, 153–4, 156, 199, 227, generalship 193 233, 278–9 death 189, 191 Montcuq, castrum of 199, 206 perfects 2, 72, 79–80, 104, 109 Montferrand, castrum of 109–10, 118 Peroń Domingo 285 Montgey, battle of 105–7, 162, 231 Peter, Archbishop of Sens 34 Montgiscard, castrum of 112, 258 Peter, Bishop of Paris 96, 108

Index 327

Peter, Bishop of Rodez 214, 215 Raimon VII, Count of Toulouse 26–7, 109, 161, Peter, Count of Auxerre 33, 38, 96, 99, 101, 107 221, 234, 261, 289, 301–2, 303–4 Peter of Castelnau 3, 4 as military commander 238, 243–4, 246, Peter of Sissy, 170, 172 299, 309 Peter of Voisins 281, 290 at Fourth Lateran Council 228, 230, 233 Peter Vaux-de-Cernay, as eyewitness and audience with Pope after Fourth Lateran 236–7 chronicler 24–5, 135, 136, 139, 151, 176, 248, Raimon-Roger, Count of Foix 14, 19, 61, 62, 257, 268 75, 81, 94–5, 112, 115, 117, 128, 129, 161, Philip, Bishop of Beauvais 86, 89 162, 165, 170, 172, 199, 203, 226, 235, Philip II Augustus, King of France 3, 17, 18–19, 262, 276, 278 28–9, 32, 34, 56, 69, 71, 109, 169, 203, 209, as military commander 133, 134, 154, 299, 224, 240–1, 266, 280, 297, 301, 307 304, 309 Philip of Landreville 279 at 1211 battle of Mongey 102, 106–7 Pietro of Benevento, papal legate 202, 203, 204–5, at 1211 battle of Saint Martin-la-Lande 122, 218, 219–20, 220, 225–7, 228, 240 123–5, 127 Pons of Beaumont 128, 129, 132 at 1213 battle of Muret 188 processus of Raimon VI 29–30 at 1215 Fourth Lateran 229, 230–2, 233 Provence, marquisate of 8, 234, 238, 241, 242 at 1211 siege of Castelnaudary 120 Puisserguier, castrum of 66 Raimon-Roger Trencavel 38, 39, 46, 47, 50, Puivert, castrum of 92 51–2, 62 Pujol, munitio and siege of 27, 170, 172–3, death of 52 n. 114 174, 244 Ralph, Bishop of Arras 197, 198 Puycelci, castrum and siege of 170–1 Ralph of Nesle, Count of Soissons 288–9, 292 Puylaurens, castrum of 108, 117 Ratier of Castelnau-de-Montratier 36, 199, 205, 206 regnum Francorum 4, 5, 35, 241, 306 Quia Maior, crusade encyclical 166–7 Renaud, Bishop of Chartres 34, 86, 89, 90–1 Renaud, Bishop of Toul 150 Raimon Gaucelm 247 Renaud of Montpeyroux, Bishop of Be`ziers Raimon Mir 82 39–40 Raimon, Viscount of Turenne 35 Rhoˆne river 8, 243 Raimon of Montauban 252 ribalds 41–4 Raimon of Ricaud 101, 126 n. 156 Richard I, King of England 6, 141, 143 Raimon of Salvanhac 104 Robert, Archbishop of Rouen 34, 139, 146 Raimon of Termes 74, 85, 89, 91–2 Robert, Bishop of Bayeux 34, 99 Raimon Trencavel II 230, 232, 304 Robert, Bishop of Clermont 34 Raimon IV, Count of Toulouse 241 Robert, Bishop-elect of Laon 139, 146 Raimon V, Count of Toulouse 109 Robert, Count of Dreux 86, 89 Raimon VI, Count of Toulouse 3, 14, 50, 59, 75, Robert Mauvoisin 79, 129, 147 94–5, 99, 100–1, 106, 108, 114, 127, 156, Robert of Auxerre 31 162, 165, 196, 202, 219, 222, 234, 239, Robert of Courc¸on 205, 206, 214, 215 243–4, 253, 266, 269, 270, 279 Robert of Courtenay 33, 96, 101, 108 1209 reconciliation and taking of cross 29–30, Robert of Picquigny, 17 37–8, 69–71 Roger, Bishop of Clermont 263, 264 1214 reconciliation 204 Roger of Essarts 170, 172, 173 at 1215 Fourth Lateran Council 228, 233 Roger of Wendover 31 at 1211 siege of Castelnaudary 120 Roger-Bernard of Foix 106, 120, 128, 153, 156, 173, at 1211 siege of Lavaur 101 200, 262–3, 270, 271, 272, 278, 283, 285, at 1217–1218 second siege of Toulouse 271–2, 287, 291, 304 273, 291 Roger-Bernard III of Foix 304 as military commander 112, 116–17, 128, 133, Roquefort, castrum of 175 134, 138, 146, 154, 170, 172, 180–1, Rostang of Posquie`res 264 203, 309 routiers 18–19, 30, 42, 60, 85, 91, 106, 109, 112, 114, death 303 115, 117, 122, 125, 143, 149, 153, 155, 156, 162, excommunications 3, 96 171, 172, 175, 198, 200, 204, 212, 213, 215, marriages and family 6, 25, 109, 199 231, 283, 287, 290

328 Index

Saint-Antonin, castrum and siege of 110, 139–41 Termes, castrum of 23, 57, 84 Saint-Cyprien, surburb of Toulouse 276–7, 282, siege of 85–92 283, 284, 289, 294, 301 Theobald, Count of Bar and Luxembourg 111, Saint-Gilles, castrum of 30, 252, 261–2, 264 113–14, 115, 116 Saint-Marcel, castrum of 110, 128, 133 Theodisius of Genoa 28, 34, 70, 79, 94, 164, 233 siege of 133–5 Theodoric, Abbot of Saint-Hubert in Lie`ge 170 Saint Martin-la-Lande, battle of 23, 123–5 Toulouse, city of 9–11, 111, 155, 233, 239, 269 Savary of Maule´on 117, 122, 125–6 Counsels of 165, 172, 204, 271, 278, 286, 292 Sequin de Balenx 36 first siege of 112–15 Servian, castrum of 38, 71 militia of 15, 113, 117, 172, 173, 260, 283, 310 service requirement, forty days 69, 85, 88, 89, at Muret 177–8, 181, 182, 187, 190, 192, 89 n. 77, 91, 92, 108, 115 n. 107, 137, 144, 196, 281 145, 147, 170, 171, 178, 206, 227, 264, 282, second siege of Toulouse 284 289, 301 Montolieu Gate 272, 274, 275, 278, 280, 281, Se´verac-le-Chaˆteau, castrum and siege of 215–16 291, 292–3, 294, 295 siege machines, types and use of 48–9, 49 n. 102, New Bridge 284, 285 78 n. 36, 110, 134, 301 second siege of 24, 268, 274–5, 278, 279–80, 1210 at Minerve 78–9 281–2 1210 at Termes 86, 87–8, 91 Toulouse, Counts of 5–6, 7, 14 1211 at Lavaur 102 use of routiers 19 1211 at Castelnaudary 120 Trencavels, viscounts of Be´ziers, Carcassonne and 1212 at Penne d’Agenais 144, 145 Albi 6–7, 38 1212 at Moissac 150, 151–2 1213 at Pujol 172 Waldensians 206 1213 at Puycelci 170–1 Walter Gray, Archbishop of York 233 1214 at Casseneuil 209, 210–11 Walter Langton 245 1214 at Se´verac-le-Chaˆteau 216 Walter Map 18 1216 at Beaucaire 247, 251, 253, 254–5 war, laws and customs of 19–21, 104 1217–1218 at second siege of Toulouse 277, 284, William, Archbishop of Bordeaux 36–7, 86 288, 290–1 William, Archdeacon of Paris 86, 88, 138, 139, 146, Simon, Castellan of Neauphle 114, 116, 122 166, 205 Simon III of Montfort 56 William, Bishop of Auxerre 169, 172 Simon IV of Montfort xiv, 9, 17, 26, 33, 44, 58, 75, William, Bishop of Cahors 36, 116, 122, 123, 125 79, 94, 95, 178, 226, 229, 232, 234–5, 238, William, Bishop of Nevers 34 240, 241, 247–8, 249, 261, 267, 269, 277, William Cat 82, 122 n. 135 279, 281, 283, 290, 296, 310 William, Count of Genevois 33 at 1209 siege of Carcassonne 48 William, Count of Ponthieu 86, 89 at Muret 188, 189 William of Barres the Elder 201, 202 background and personality of 54–7, 183–4 William of Barres the Younger 180, 188 chosen as leader 54 William of Berlit 250 death 293–4 William of Cayeux 81 generalship 77, 93, 94, 111, 118, 126–7, 132, William of Contres 59, 81–3, 150, 156, 198, 199 158, 179–80, 182–3, 189–90, 192, 193–4, William of Ecureuil 87, 171 216, 250, 254, 257–8, 260, 283, 284, William of La Motte 245 292–3, 309 William of Les Baux 242 numbers of soldiers 15, 16 William of Puylaurens as chronicler 26–7, 176 Simon of Montfort the younger 55, 305 William of Roches 33 Simon the Saxon 82, 170, 172, 173 William of Roquefort see Guilhem of Roquefort Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury 245 William of Tudela as chronicler 25–6, 124, 158 Tarascon, castrum of 243 estimate size of armies 31, 33, 122 Termenet 84, 84 n. 57, 87 William the Breton 31