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Training Manual training manual Biosafety for human health and the environment in the context of the potential use of genetically modified mosquitoes (GMMs) A tool for biosafety training based on courses in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 2008–2011 For research on diseases of poverty UNICEF • UNDP • World Bank • WHO WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Mention or depiction of any specific product or commercial enterprise does not imply endorsement or recommendation by Biosafety for human health and the environment in the context WHO, including TDR, the authors or any parties cooperating in of the potential use of genetically modified mosquitoes. Training the production, in preference to others of a similar nature not Manual. A Tool for biosafety training (CD and internet version) mentioned or depicted. based on courses in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 2008-2011 The views expressed in this health information product are those I.World Health Organization. of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WHO, including TDR. WHO, including TDR, and the authors of this health ISBN 978 92 4 154927 1 information product make no warranties or representations Subject headings are available from WHO institutional repository regarding the content, presentation, appearance, completeness or accuracy in any medium and shall not be held liable for any damages whatsoever as a result of its use or application. WHO, Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special including TDR, reserves the right to make updates and changes Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 2015 without notice and accepts no liability for any errors or omissions All rights reserved. in this regard. Any alteration to the original content brought about The use of content from this health information product for all by display or access through different non-commercial education, training and information purposes is media is not the responsibility of WHO, including TDR, or the encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, authors. WHO, including TDR, and the authors accept no respon- in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full sibility whatsoever for any inaccurate advice or information that acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated. A copy of is provided by sources reached via linkages or references to this any resulting product with such content should be sent to TDR, health information product. World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzer- land. TDR is a World Health Organization (WHO) executed UNICEF/ Comments and suggestions on all aspects of this Manual UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme are welcome. Please contact: for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Vectors, Environment and Society Research The use of any information or content whatsoever from it for Special Programme for Research and Training in publicity or advertising, or for any commercial or income-generat- Tropical Diseases (TDR) ing purpose, is strictly prohibited. No elements of this information World Health Organization product, in part or in whole, may be used to promote any specific Avenue Appia 20 individual, entity or product, in any manner whatsoever. Geneva 27 The designations employed and the presentation of material Switzerland in this health information product, including maps and other [email protected] illustrative materials, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO, including TDR, the authors or any parties cooperating in the production, concerning the legal Graphic Design: Lisa Schwarb, Lausanne status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or Printed by the WHO Document Production Services (DUP), concerning the delineation of frontiers and borders. Geneva, Switzerland training manual Biosafety for human health and the environment in the context of the potential use of genetically modified mosquitoes (GMMs) A tool for biosafety training based on courses in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 2008–2011 For research on diseases of poverty UNICEF • UNDP • World Bank • WHO 4 Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................12 Abbreviation ..............................................................................................................................13 Definition of terms ...................................................................................................................16 Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................19 1.1 Scientific innovations in vector control ......................................................................19 1.2 Legal frameworks and regulation ............................................................................... 21 1.3 Public engagement ......................................................................................................... 22 1.4 Capacity building ............................................................................................................. 23 1.5 Objectives and scope of the Manual .......................................................................... 23 1.6 Biosafety courses: objectives, content and outline ................................................ 23 1.6.1 Course objectives ................................................................................................... 23 1.6.2 Course content ....................................................................................................... 24 1.6.3 Course outline ......................................................................................................... 30 1.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 2. Overview of arthropod-borne diseases ............................................... 35 2.1 Resurgence of VBDs globally ........................................................................................ 39 2.2 India’s public health emergency .................................................................................. 40 2.3 Flavivirus ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.1 Mosquito-borne flavivirus infections in humans: distribution and health significance .................................................................................................. 40 2.3.2 Tick-borne flavivirus infections in humans .......................................................... 44 2.4 Alphavirus (Togaviridae) ................................................................................................ 44 2.5 Mosquito-borne alphavirus infections in humans .................................................. 44 2.6 Other mosquito-borne infectious diseases in humans .......................................... 45 2.7 Factors involved in VBD emergence ........................................................................... 53 2.8 Current vector control strategies and the need for alternative control mechanisms ....................................................................................................... 56 2.9 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 58 5 Chapter 3. The GMO project ............................................................................................. 63 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 63 3.2 History and recent approaches in vector control .................................................... 63 Chapter 4. Molecular genetic research in insects: methods of germ-line transformation and molecular biology of insect transgenesis ..................... 81 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 81 4.2 Molecular biology of insect transgenesis ................................................................. 81 4.3 Transposon-based vectors for germ-line transformation ..................................... 81 4.4 Site-specific recombination in transgenesis ............................................................ 82 4.5 Viral vectors in the transformation of insects .......................................................... 83 4.6 Gene delivery methods for germ-line transformation ........................................... 85 4.7 Applications of transgenesis in insects ..................................................................... 86 4.8 Potential concerns with transgenic insects ............................................................... 88 4.9 Alternative safer molecular components in transformation strategies............. 90 4.10 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 5. Risk assessment, risk management and communication protocol, and biosafety considerations ................................................................... 95 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 95 5.2 Phased testing for risk assessment ..........................................................................
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