Afghanistan KANDAHAR PROVINCE a Socio-Economic Profile
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Afghanistan KANDAHAR PROVINCE A Socio-Economic Profile UNIDATA A Project of UNDP/OPS & UNOCA A considerable portion of the plain of Kandahar is, in ordinary seasons, fertile and well cultivated. It can boast of rich meadows clothed with green turf, of gardens and orchards filled with fruit trees, of fields of corn, of barley, of lucerne, and of clover, watered by numerous canals conveying through a break in the hills the waters of the Arghand-ab, one of the tributaries of the Helmand. G. B. Malleson, 1878. I PREFACE 'Kandahar - A Socio-Economic Profile' provides an analysis of the current state of economic and social conditions and physical infrastructure at the provincial, district and sample locality level. The study is based on the UNIDATA field survey conducted in April-July, 1990. Information provided by other sources on Kandahar province is also incorporated to complement and check consistency of data sets. This is the fourth of the thirteen reports based on the UNIDATA survey. Next nine socio-economic reports are expected to by completed during the course of the year 1991. Consistent with the survey design, the report has been structured in two parts. The first part analyses the impact of the war on major sectors of the economy at the level of district, highlighting inter-district variations. This should enable planners to determine sectoral resettlement and rehabilitation requirements at the district level. The second part focuses on issues concerning village population, agriculture, food supply, shelter and mines at the level of locality (village). The sample of six main villages per district covered provides an understanding of how people have suffered due to both direct and indirect effects of the war. The methodology of the data collection, as described in Annex-A, was formulated in the context of the feasibility of implementing field surveys under the prevailing uncertain conditions on the ground. Nonetheless, consistency of the information gathered has been checked by making reference to information available from secondary sources. However, there should be the possibility of improving the quality of the data sets in future, by accessing updated information as it becomes available from agencies involved in resettlement work in Kandahar province. Comments on the report are welcome and should be addressed to the Officer-in charge of any one of the four UNIDATA project offices listed at the end of the report. 1st August, 1991. Project Manager UNIDATA The UNIDATA survey results, and the analysis thereof, presented in this report are those of the UN/DATA project and do not necessarily reflect views of UNDP/OPS and UNOCA. 11 Contents Page Quotation Preface ii Map of Afghanistan vii Map of Provinces of Afghanistan by Planning Region viii Map of Kandahar ix Basic Statistics - Kandahar Province X I Administrative and Economic Features 1- 1.1 Administration and Geography 1- 1.2 Economic Infrastructure 3 ..... 1.3 General Situation 13 II Population 16- 11.1 Population Characteristics 16 11.2 Refugees 21 11.2.1 Number of Refugees 21 11.2.2 Origin of Refugees 21 11.3 Effects of War on Population 26 11.4 Location of Mines 29 III Food Supply 29 111.1 Food Supply Situation 29 111.2 Prices of Food Items 32 IV Agriculture 40- IV.I Physical Resources 40 - IV.2 Land Tenure and Land Use 41 - IV.3 Irrigation System 46 ,.., IV.4 Farm Inputs and Incentives 48 IV.4.1 Seeds 48 _, 111 / IV.4.2 Fertilizer 50-- IV.5 Farm Power 50 _.. IV.6 Agricultural Constraints 52- V Roads, Transport and Communication 55 V.1 Transport 55 V.2 Road Infrastructure 56 V.3 Communication Network 58 VI Other Physical Infrastructure 59 VI.I Energy and Power Supply 59 VI.2 Water Supply 60 VI.3 Shelter and Public Buildings 63 VII Health 67 VII.I Health Facilities and Services 67 VII.2 Condition of Health Facilities in Districts Surveyed 75 VIII Education and Training 80 VIII.I Education Facilities 80 VIII.2 Training 82 IX Resettlement Needs 82 IX.I Resettlement Needs and Planning Implications 82 IX.2 Sectoral Needs and Rehabilitation Programmes 87 Footnotes 90 Glossary of Terms 92 Villages Surveyed 94 Locality Profiles 96 Annexes Annex: A Methodolog:; 124 Annex: B Important Persons in Districts 129 Annex: C Political Groups 134 Annex: D Location of Mines 135 IV Annex: E UNDP Projects 136 Annex: F F AO Activities 137 Annex: G WHO Database 138 Annex: H WHO Health Facility Classification 140 Annex: I Technical Details of Canals 141 Annex: J Afghan NGOs 142 References 143 Tables 1.1.1 Administrative Divisions and Physical Characteristics 3 1.2.1 Household Dietary habits 7 1.2.2 Marketing Infrastructure 8 1.2.3 Small Scale Rural Industry 9 1.2.4 Availability of Skilled and Unskilled Labour 11 11.1.1 Population Characteristics - 1979 17 11.1.2 Population and Refugees - 1979 and 1990 19 11.1.3 Population Density - 1979 and 1990 20 11.2.1 Population Movement in Districts of Kandahar Province 24 11.3.1 Effects of War on Population 27 111.1 Food Items in Short Supply 32 111.2 Retail Prices in Kandahar 1990 (July-September) 33 111.3 Average Price and Price Range for Food Items 37 111.4 Prices in Kandahar (Afs/Kg) 38 111.5 Animal Prices (in 1,000 Afs) 39 IV.I Land Use (Area in Jeribs) 44 IV.2 Major Crops, Cultivated area and Yield 45 IV.3 Total Cultivable Land by Crop 46 IV.4 Irrigated Land Area and Sources of Irrigation 47 IV.5 Irrigation Sources 48 IV.6 Prices of Seeds 49 IV.7 Fertilizer Prices 51 IV.8 Constraints in Agricultural Production 53 IV.9 Priority Agricultural Needs· in Selected Districts 54- V.1 Transport 56 V.2 Condition of Roads 58 VI.I Household Energy Sources 59 VI.2 Prices of Household Energy Items 61 VI.3 Prices of Fuel 61 V VI.4 Usual Household Water Sources 62 VI.S Shelter and Other types of Building 63 VI.6 Cost of Reconstruction in Kandahar 66 VII.I Health Services as per UNIDATA Survey 68 VII.2 Medical Services 69 VII.3 Equipment in Clinics 70 VII.4 Daily Out-Patient Attendance 71 VII.S Vaccination Carried out in 3 Months 72 VII.6 Common Ailments 73 VII.7 Prices and Availability of Medicines 74 VII.8 Price Range and Average Price of Medicines 75 VIII.I Type of Educational Institutions 81 IX.I Sectoral Damage due to War 85 Vl 11 00 1300 1500 S7 00 HOO 71 00 7300 3100 <( z :c (J JS 00 . > ~ ~ I \ J..... FARAH 21 1£ t lr/1-1-/ ( I 0 r ' HIz ? I)~~(,-{: ) f~ <( J=--41 a::: - ,, N/UROZ 22 I I I I I 0 I 50 ,oo ISO I I J J ~- KIiometers / I } I I I l 30 00 ' ~ Provinces of AFGHANISTAN by Region _/...,,.,_ ~'IO) < Af'GHANJSTAN l,otent and Cede1 I IO 1N 1IO ZOO- ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KANDAHAR PROVINCE International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary - - - - - Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center •• URUZGAN r-, __., .,.- • • Nesh \. KANDAHAR ,J I \ \ (~ ....... .J ,....__ ...J \ ( '..I ,--.__ ,..._/ \ _...., I 'I I ZABUL I' ./ I \ ) • Ghorak j ~hakrai~ '-.. \ / r I ) -- I rl... / ,- ,_,,..'\ I , Shah Wahkot /" \ .tArghandab\ ~r-- ----'./ ( _,- /- , _____ , r_., I / I " I I / I Daman -, 1 e --, ( e Dan KANDAHAR / Arghistan e <',.., Maruf ', I I J • . \ t-·- \ " . I IPanjwai 1L,--..., \ 1 \. ·-· \ I -, • '- ~ <, .) '- I I Shega \\ \..., , •....-·) r•/ '" ......__,,.'-_,/---.. I ._,,,.. ,,,,.,-· ' I I ) r· '--·-· } I I \ J I I I Spin Bolda~ ·-· -· I I I I . I I I I N I I I l_ ___ -1. 0z I --- .....1-r-~ . <{ I I \. I ~:c I I ( \ i Shorabak • / ' fI I ' .) I I'\ __ ./ I I ~·/ Reg e _;. ..-· I .~· I ., . .-- --.--.... .......... ---. _,,,. 0 20 50 100 km ix BASIC SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATSITICS KANDAHAR PROVINCE Area: 49,371 square kilometers. Geography: Altitude: 900-1750 metres. Capital: Kandahar city. Number of Woloswalis: 12 (Arghandab, Arghestan, Daman, Dand, Khakrez, Maiwand, Maruf, Panjwai, Shahwalikot, Shegah, Shorabak, Spin Boldak). Number of Alakadaris: 3 (Ghorak, Nesh, Reg). Planning Region: Southern. Bordering Provinces: Zabul, Uruzgan, Helmand. Population: Population (1979 Census): 567,200. Estimated 1990 Population: 737,762. of which: . At home population: 445,120. Refugees: 292,640 . Population Density 1990: 9. (without refugees) Urban Population: 8.2 % of total. Resource Base: Agriculture and horticulture: Grain and fruit surplus. Livestock: Cattle, sheep and goats. Main Industrial Products: Mineral resources: :Potential deposits of iron ore, limestone, marble, copper, lead and zmc. X I. Administrative and Economic Features 1.1 Administration and Geography The province of Kandahar lies in the far south-eastern corner of Afghanistan and is included in the southern regional planning zone. It is bordered by Pakistan to the south-east, the province of Zabul to the north-east, U ruzgan to the north and Helmand province to the west. Kandahar is semi-arid with an average rainfall of 50 - 150 mm. The southern half of the province is largely desert. The sub-district of Reg is a complete desert with a population of roughly 1,000 (UNIDATA Locality Survey, 1990). Moving north across the province, the landscape becomes more mountainous. Kandahar city is situated on a flat plateau surrounded by hills. Portions of the districts of Arghandab, Dand, Panjwai and Maiwand which border the city are irrigated by the Arghandab and to a lesser extent the Tarnak rivers. These are the most productive and densely populated districts in Kandahar. Dahla dam is on the Arghandab river in Shahwalikot district about 60 kilometers from Kandahar city.