Paleogene Marine Vertebrates Elisabetta Cioppi, Stefano Dominici

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Paleogene Marine Vertebrates Elisabetta Cioppi, Stefano Dominici fig. 13.1 vertebrati marini paleogenici Paleogene marine vertebrates Elisabetta Cioppi, Stefano Dominici vertebrati marini i cui resti si rinvengono (basilosauridi), odontoceti (capodogli, orche e Inelle successioni sedimentarie del Ceno- delfini) e misticeti (balene e balenottere), al zoico italiano si possono suddividere in due secondo i dugonghi o mucche di mare. grossi gruppi: condritti o pesci cartilaginei, I cetacei comparvero circa 50 milioni di suddivisi in elasmobranchi (squali e razze) e anni fa con gli Archeoceti, forme adattate in olocefali (chimere), e osteitti o pesci ossei, a modo parziale alla vita acquatica, con abboz- loro volta suddivisi in actinopterigi, pesci a zi di arti ancora sviluppati. Il cranio degli ar- pinne raggiate (la stragrande maggioranza di cheoceti si presenta allungato con una cresta pesci ossei a noi noti) e sarcopterigi o pesci a sagittale mediana e narici poste all’estremità pinne lobate. Da quest’ultimo gruppo si erano anteriore. La dentatura è differenziata come evoluti nel Palezoico pesci polmonati e cela- nei progenitori terrestri, differenziazione che canti (entrambi tuttora viventi) e tutti i tetrapo- invece negli odontoceti più moderni o attua- di che hanno progressivamente invaso la terra li va a scomparire, presentando questi ulti- ferma a partire dal Devoniano, gruppo a cui mi denti tutti uguali. Le ossa uditive degli appartiene anche la nostra specie (dal punto archeoceti primitivi non presentano ancora di vista sistematico e filogenetico, l’uomo è un gli adattamenti alla percezione dei suoni in sarcopterigio). In questo capitolo tratteremo, ambiente acquatico. Un esemplare di arche- oltre a pesci cartilaginei e ossei, un gruppo tra oceto, assai raro e di grande rilevanza scien- i tanti tetrapodi di ovvio interesse paleontolo- tifica, è presente nelle collezioni fiorentine, gico costituito da quei vertebrati che si sono riferito alla specie Prozeuglodon (Dorudon) nuovamente adattati e in modo indipendente atrox (Fig. 13.1). Si tratta di un cranio in- al mezzo acquatico marino: cetacei e sireni- completo di un esemplare giovanile, con i di. Appartengono al primo gruppo archeoceti mascellari e relativa dentatura, proveniente he fossil marine vertebrates from italian cenozoic chaeocetes (basilosaurids), odontocetes (sperm whales, fig. 13.1 cranio Tsedimentary successions can be divided into two large killer whales and dolphins) and mysticetes (right whales and incompleto di un groups: chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes, subdivided rorquals), the sirenians include dugongs, or sea cows. esemplare giovanile di archeoceto riferito alla into elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and holocephalans cetaceans appeared ca. 50 million years ago with the specie Prozeuglodon (chimaeras), and osteichthyes or bony fishes, subdivided archaeoceti, animals partially adapted to aquatic life, with (Dorudon) atrox into actinopterygians or ray-finned fishes (the vast majority still developed limbs. The archaeocete skull is elongated with proveniente da of known bony fishes) and sarcopterygians or lobe-finned a median sagittal crest and nostrils on the anterior end. The sedimenti dell’eocene medio (depressione fishes. The latter group gave rise in the Paleozoic to lungfish- dentition is diversified as in the terrestrial progenitors, a dif- del fayum, egitto). es and coelacanths (both still living) and to all the tetrapods ferentiation that gradually disappeared in the more mod- fig. 13.1 incomplete that progressively invaded dry land starting in the devonian, ern odontocetes, whose extant species have uniform teeth. skull of a juvenile the group to which our species belongs (from a systematic The auditory bones of the primitive archaeocetes did not archaeocete referred and phylogenetic perspective, man is a sarcopterygian). in yet present adaptations to sound perception in an aquat- to Prozeuglodon this chapter, we will deal with one of the many tetrapod ic environment. an archaeocete specimen, very rare and (Dorudon) atrox, from Middle eocene groups of obvious paleontological interest, the vertebrates scientifically important, is present in the florentine collec- sediments in the that became newly and independently adapted to life in tions, referred to the species Prozeuglodon (Dorudon) atrox fayum depression in the sea, cetaceans and sirenians. The cetaceans include ar- (fig. 13.1). it is an incomplete skull of a juvenile, with jaws egypt Simonetta Monechi e Lorenzo Rook (a cura di/edit by), Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze. Le collezioni geologiche e paleontologiche / The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence. The Geological and Paleontological Collections iSBN 978-88-6453- 189-2 (print) iSBN 978-88-6453-192-2 (online) © 2010 firenze university Press 186 EliSaBetta cioppi, STefaNo doMiNici fig. 13.2 incisione sul retro da sedimenti dell’Eocene medio affioranti li a un enorme «serpente marino», in realtà della lastra del reperto di figura 3 (Mene rhombea) nella depressione del Fayum, in Egitto, dona- mammiferi riadattati alla vita acquatica. Il recante incisi la data della preparazione e la firma del toci dal geologo francese René Fourtau che nostro reperto aveva dimensioni più ridotte preparatore. lo raccolse presso Uadi an Natrum nel 1920, rispetto al basilosauro nordamericano, rag- fig. 13.2 The rear part of the 2 slabs mounted in plaster of durante una delle sue missioni scientifiche giungendo solo i 5 metri di lunghezza. Solo specimen in fugure 3 (Mene rhombea) bears engraved che lo portarono a descrivere la geologia del- negli anni Ottanta sono stati ripresi gli scavi date and signature of the preparatory. la zona (Fourtau 1897; 1900). Il reperto della in Egitto ad opera di Philip D. Gingerich e collezione fiorentina appartiene alla famiglia altri ricercatori dell’Università del Michi- dei Basilosauridi, primitivi archeoceti trova- gan (Gingerich et al. 1990; Gingerich 1992), ti nell’ottocento in Nordamerica e chiamati dai quali sono emersi numerosi esemplari con questo nome che ricorda i rettili (basi- completi che hanno aggiunto più chiare in- losauri = «re dei sauri»), presentandosi con dicazioni sulla morfologia e sull’evoluzione corpo lungo e sottile e cranio piccolo simi- di questi mammiferi marini. Nel 2002 in and dentition, from Middle eocene sediments in the fayum six slabs of nummulite limestone from a quarry in southern depression in egypt; it was donated by the french geolo- egypt. The skull, mandibles, some vertebrae and ribs could be gist René fourtau, who collected it at uadi Natrum in 1920 observed, and the specimens were quickly acquired by the during one of his scientific missions to describe the geology Museum of Natural history and the Territory, university of of the zone (fourtau 1897; 1900). This florentine specimen Pisa (Bianucci et al. 2003). belongs to the family Basilosauridae, primitive archaeocetes The florentine museum’s two sirenian skeletons also found in North america in the 19th century, with a name date to the early Tertiary. These aquatic herbivorous mam- that recalls reptiles (basilosaur = «king of lizards»), since they mals, probably the origin of the legend of mermaids, are rep- had a long slender body and small skull similar to an enor- resented today by the manatees of the tropical atlantic coasts mous ‘sea snake’, even though they are actually mammals of africa and the americas and by the dugongs of the indian readapted to aquatic life. our species was smaller than the ocean. The body of these animals is adapted for aquatic life North american basilosaur, reaching only 5 m in length. ex- with forelimbs transformed into fins, rudimentary hind limbs, cavations in egypt resumed only in the 1980s, conducted by and very heavy and enlarged ribs to act as ballast for immer- Philip d. Gingerich and other researchers from the universi- sions to the sea floor. The dentition is characterized by upper ty of Michigan (Gingerich et al. 1990; Gingerich 1992). They incisors developed into small tusks. Their habitat was marine yielded many complete specimens, which provided clearer coastal areas. Prototherium veronense is an original specimen indications of the morphology and evolution of these marine from the eocene of veneto, discovered at Lonigo (vicenza). it mammals. in 2002, an archaeocete individual was found in is smaller than the oligocene Halitherium schinzi, of which we vertebraTi MaRiNi PaLeoGeNici Paleogene marine vertebrates 187 6 lastre di calcare a nummuliti provenienti imbalsimati, si cavano». Ben prima che la pa- da cave dell’Egitto meridionale tagliate per leontologia o la geologia avessero una loro pro- uso edilizio, fu segnalata la presenza di un pria dignità di scienze, questo testo pubblicato individuo di archeoceto del quale si poteva da Vallisneri nel 1721 è uno dei primi in cui osservare il cranio, le mandibole, alcune ver- si narrano le meraviglie dei fossili cavati nel tebre e coste, che fu prontamente acquisito più celebre giacimento italiano, la Pesciara di dal Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio Bolca. Dice Rotari: «E ben saprei ora addi- dell’Università di Pisa (Bianucci et al. 2003). tar il luogo donde trarre Buccine e Turbini di Sempre al Terziario inferiore appartengo- smisurata grandezza e di varia forma, quello no i due scheletri di Sirenidi. Questi mam- delle conchiglie grandi e pesantissime […] miferi acquatici erbivori, probabilmente quello delle Bucardie, delle Tubularie, Stel- all’origine della leggenda delle sirene, sono larie, dei Coralli rassodati in pietra e del
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