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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Between soul and precision : Ernst Mach's biological empiricism and the social democratic philosophy of science Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dk1b8nb Author Charak, Gregory Scott Publication Date 2007 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Between Soul and Precision: Ernst Mach’s Biological Empiricism and the Social Democratic Philosophy of Science A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement s for the degree Doctor of Philoso phy in Philosophy by Gregory Scott Charak Committee in Charge: Professor Nancy Cartwright, Chair Professor Paul Churchland Professor David Luft Professor Tracy B. Strong Professor Eric Watkin s 2007 The Dissertation of Gregory Scott Charak is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ __________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2007 iii DEDICATION To Nancy Cartwright For introducing me, soulfully, to Precision iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………. …………………………………… ……. iii Dedication…………………………………………………………………… …... ....iv Table of Contents…………….……… ……………………………………… ……. .v Vita……………………………..… …………………………………………... ........vii Abstract…………………….. ….…………………………………………….... .......ix Introduction…………… ……… .. …………………………………………… ………1 Chapter 1: The New Philosophy of Science … ….. ……………………… ……19 1.1: Ove rview………………………………...……… ……………… .. 19 1.2: Provisionally Relevant Biograp hical Data ................…….….. 23 1.3: Introducti on to the Elements……………………………….….. .29 1.3.2: ‘M etaphysical’ Elements?............................. ....... ........39 1.3.3: Methodological Plur alism and Anti -Metaphysics……. .50 1.4: Introduction to the Economy of Thought …………………….. ..67 1.5: Econom y and Adapt ation………………. ………………………72 1.6: Economy an d Translation………………………………………. 78 1.7: History………………………………………………………….. …88 Chapter 2: Materialism and Empirio -Criticism………………………………. …91 2.1: Background of th e Debate…………………………………….. .91 2.2: Framing the Opposition………………………………… ……… 96 2.3: Preliminary Ch aracterizations………………………………… 100 2.4: Mach from Subjective Ideal ism to Biological Idealism.. …….112 2.5: Mach from Biological Ideali sm to Biological Empiricism…… 129 2.6: Lenin from Materialism to Praxis and Progress…………….. 143 2.7: Transition to Politics - Materialism a nd Fideism…………….. 155 Chapter 3: Econom y and Elegance………………………………………….. .164 3.1: Background of the Debate - Planck and Lenin. …………….. 164 3.1.2: Planck and Mach………… …………. ………………...165 3.1.3: Planck’s Charges ……………………………………… 168 3.2: Framing the Opposition - The ‘Realist’……… …. ……………170 3.2.1: The ‘Po sitivist’………………………………………. …175 3.3: Ethics and Metaphysical Recognition……………………….. 179 v 3.4: Planck and Mach on Theory and Observation……………… 186 3.4.1: Mac h’s Concessions………………………………….. .186 3.4.2: Mach ’s Reservations………………………………….. 197 3.4.3: Atoms, Atomism, and the Atomic Hypothesis………. 207 3.4.4: Critical Phe nomenalism in Review………………….. .212 3.4.5: Plan ck’s Position……………………………………. …216 3.5: From Realism vs. Positivism to Technologi cal Empiricism.. .225 3.5. 1: Mach on Constants………………… ………………… 225 3.5.2: Plan ck on Constants……………………. ……………227 3.5.3: Cartwrig ht on Constants……………………………... 228 3.6: Mach and Cartwright: The Critique of Fundamentali sm…. 233 3.7: Planck and Cartwright: From Totality to Techniques…….. 245 Chapter 4: (Anti)Metaphysics an d Popular Enlightenment….............…… 260 4.1: Overview …………………………………………. ……………260 4.2: Framin g the Opposition - Theory vs. P raxis?……………… .265 4.3: Machism, Austro marxism, and Bogdanov…………. ………273 4.4: The Unity of Science and Socio -Ec onomic Enlightenment. 290 4.5: Lenin on Theory and Praxis………………………………….. .315 4.6: Pravda and Novaya Zhizn - ‘Truth’ vs. The ‘New Life’…….. 318 4.7: Observation, Reflection, and Intervention ……………….. …325 4.8: Conclusion …………………………………………………... …334 Bibliography………………………………………………………… …………….338 vi CURRICULUM VITAE Areas of Specialization Philosophy of Science, Nineteenth -Century Philosophy Areas of Competence Political Philosophy Education University of California, San Diego Department of Philosophy 2007 Ph.D. 2006 M.A. Boston University Department of Philosophy 2002 B.A. Dissertation “Between Soul and Precision: Ernst Mach’s Biological Empiricism and the Social Democratic Philosophy of Science” Committee: Nancy Cartwright (chair), Paul Churchland, Eric Watkins, David Luft (history), Tracy B. Strong (political science) Papers and Symposia “From the Urban Horizon to Logical Space: Notes on Contemporary Pedagogical Philosophy” presented at the Junior Fellows Conference of the Institute for the Human Sciences, Vienna, May, 2005 Honors and Awards Dissertation Fellowship, UC San Diego 2006 -2007 Fulbright Fellowship, Vienna, Austria 2004 -2005 Boston University College Prize for Philosophy 2002 Courses As teaching assistant Ethics and Societ y Metaphysics The 14 th Amendment vii Logic Diversity and Culture References Professor Nancy Cartwright ( [email protected] ) Professor Eric Watkins ([email protected]) Professor Pam Wright ([email protected]) viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Between Soul and Precision: Ernst Mach’s Biological Empiricism and the Social Democratic Philosophy of Science by Gregory Scott Charak Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy University of California, San Dieg o 2007 Professor Nancy Cartwright, Chair This dissertation has three primary aims. The first is to offer a new perspective on the philosophical worldview of Ernst Mach, and in particular on his well -known doctrine of elements. This is achieved prima rily within a historical context, specifically by exposing two misrepresentations of Mach’s thought framed by two of his most famous detractors, Vladimir Lenin and Max Planck. Contrary to their claims that Mach was either a reactionary idealist or a solip sistic positivist, I argue that Mach’s philosophical standpoint is best described as a biological empiricism . This re -constructed position is developed throughout the text as the one that best captures the variety of roles actually played by the doctrine of elements within Mach’s philosophy. ix The second aim of the dissertation is to explore the relevance of Mach’s standpoint in the philosophy of science to questions of politics and justice. In order to do so, however, an additional standpoint, one linke d to Mach’s both historically and conceptually, must be developed. This is the standpoint of technological empiricism , which I re -construct from the works of Alexander Bogdanov, Otto Neurath, and Nancy Cartwright. Like Mach, these thinkers are dedicated to the priority of human experience in gathering and deploying scientific knowledge. Their focus, however, is not on the psychological, but on the technical, social, and physical aspect of that experience. Once the relevant similarities and differences are developed, I explore the political aspects of biological and technological empiricism, identifying a series of both shared and independent commitments to the freedom of thought, psychological development, economic planning, and social solidarity. The se ideas are synthesized into a common standpoint that moreover views science as a tool of human adaptation, capable of making contributions to both welfare and justice. I conceptualize this standpoint as the social democratic philosophy of science . The third aim of the dissertation is to revisit the polemics of Lenin and Planck in order to expose the shared ethical concerns that lie behind their caricatured attacks on Mach’s ‘positivism.’ The goal is to lend an additional voice to the claim that the opposition between sobriety and resolve is one - sided and untenable. x Introduction The first aim of this dissertation is to offer a new perspective on the philosophical worldview of Ernst Mach, and in particular on his well -known doctrine of elements. This is achieved primarily within a historical context, specifically by exposing two misrepresentations of Mach’s thought framed by two of his most famous detractors, Vladimir Lenin and Max Planck. The anti - Mach polemics of both Lenin and Planck have to this day been influential in shaping Mach’s reputation, both scholarly and popular, and by exposing them as inaccurate caricatures we challenge, on the one hand, charges that Mach’s thought was reactionary or solipsistic, and on the other, descriptions of his standpoint as one of “subjective idealism” or “logical positivism.” But if Mach was neither an idealist nor a positivist, as is commonly suggested, then how can we interpret his ‘standpoint’ and what does his concept of neut ral elements contribute to it? With respect to the former question, it will be argued that Mach’s philosophical standpoint is consistent generally with what might be called a pluralist philosophy of science, and that given his particular constructive concerns, his own work from th is standpoint should be described as a ‘biological empiricism.’ 1 With respect to the second 1 The concept of biological emp iricism will be developed extensively throughout the following chapters. With respect to the meaning of a “pluralist” philosophy of science, this more general
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