Maria Elizabeth Ellison De Matos CLIL As a Catalyst for Developing

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Maria Elizabeth Ellison De Matos CLIL As a Catalyst for Developing Maria Elizabeth Ellison de Matos CLIL as a Catalyst for Developing Reflective Practice in Foreign Language Teacher Education Thesis presented for the award of Doctorate in Didactics of Languages from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Porto. Supervised by Professor Maria da Graça Lisboa Castro Pinto, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Porto, and Professor Victor Pávon Vazquez, Faculty of Humanities, University of Córdoba. Porto 2014 ii Abstract This thesis is a study of two foci, one an established practice in teacher education, systematic reflection, the other a new educational approach (to Portugal), Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). These converge within a reflective model of teacher education where each one influences the other in cycles of reflective practice which expose developing teacher knowledge of CLIL in action and bring about change in attitudes and educational practices. It examines the perspectives of three experienced English language teachers who experimented with short sequences of CLIL across an academic year during their teaching practicum in primary schools. The three teachers formed a multiple case study where qualitative data were collected at three key phases (Pre- Action- and Post-Action) using a variety of tools and modes to obtain reflections on eight foci which formed broad deductive categories: context, understanding of CLIL, methodology, CLIL vs. ELT, ELT for young learners, learners, teacher competences, and personal and professional development. The data were analysed along two dimensions: content and types of reflection on CLIL. Sub-categories for content of reflection were formed using a grounded approach. Types of reflection were analysed using a rubric tool which consisted of descriptors for four types of reflection identified in the literature and studies: Type 0. Descriptive/behavioural; Type 1. Descriptive/analytical; Type 2. Dialogic/interpretative; and Type 3. Critical/transformatory. The findings revealed many sub-categories for each of the eight deductive categories, which capture rich detail of teachers’ perceptions of CLIL, the majority of which emerged during the Action-phase. There was no logical sequence of progression through types of reflection with time as a range was detected at each phase. This refutes the idea of hierarchies or developmental stages of reflection, and supports the idea of reflection as responding to pedagogical circumstances. Amount of experience was not synonymous with more Type 3 critical/transformatory reflection, as action becomes routine, knowledge becomes tacit, less easily surfaced and articulated, and more difficult to problematise. This type of reflection was least engaged in, distanced from action and less detailed. This raises the issue of the need to further develop strategies which support teachers so they may attribute meaning to their actions which may lead to further change in practice. iii The study underlines the importance of experimenting with new educational approaches within a reflective practice model in teacher education which brings about and captures details of action that contribute to its knowledge base. It has implications for a number of areas: for teacher education which incorporates a pedagogy of reflection; for shaping best practice in English language teaching and the teaching of foreign languages to young learners; for CLIL teacher education involving language teachers; for the implementation of CLIL in primary schools in Portugal; and the development of the profile of the English language teacher. Key words: Reflective practice; dimensions of reflection; Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL); English Language Teaching (ELT); primary English language teaching; second/foreign language teacher education. iv Resumo A presente tese constitui o estudo de dois focos: um respeitante à prática instaurada na formação de professores, reflexão sistemática, e outro relativo a uma nova abordagem educativa (para Portugal), ‘Aprendizagem Integrada de Conteúdos e de Língua’ (AICL). Convergem ambos num modelo reflexivo de formação de professores em que cada um influencia o outro em ciclos de prática reflexiva que exibem a evolução do conhecimento do AICL em ação por parte do professor e ocasionam mudança de atitudes e de práticas educativas. Examina esta tese os pontos de vista de três professoras com experiência letiva de língua inglesa que praticaram sequências curtas de AICL ao longo de um ano académico durante a sua prática de ensino em escolas do 1.º ciclo. As três professoras possibilitaram um estudo de caso múltiplo, cujos dados qualitativos foram recolhidos em três fases cruciais (Pré- Ação- e Pós-Ação), usando uma variedade de instrumentos e de modos de obter reflexões sobre oito focos correspondentes a categorias dedutivas abrangentes: contexto, compreensão do AICL, metodologia, AICL vs. o ensino do Inglês como língua estrangeira, o ensino precoce do Inglês; aprendentes num contexto AICL, competências relativas aos professores, e desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional. As subcategorias relacionadas com o conteúdo da reflexão foram criadas com base numa abordagem fundamentada. Foram ainda analisados três tipos de reflexão tirando partido de um instrumento formado por descritores destinados a quatro tipos de reflexão identificados na literatura e em estudos: Tipo 0. Descritivo/comportamental; Tipo 1. Descritivo/analítico; Tipo 2. Dialógico/interpretativo; e Tipo 3. Crítico/transformador. Os resultados revelaram muitas subcategorias para cada uma das oito categorias dedutivas que captam com pormenor as perceções dos professores sobre o AICL. A maioria emergiu durante a fase da ação. Não se registou, com o tempo, uma sequência lógica progressiva através dos tipos de reflexão, na medida em que foi detetada uma série em cada fase. A ideia de hierarquias de estágios de desenvolvimento da reflexão é assim rebatida e, em contrapartida, é defendida a ideia de a reflexão responder às circunstâncias pedagógicas. O facto de se possuir mais experiência não é sinónimo de o Tipo 3 de reflexão crítico/transformador ocorrer em maior número, porquanto a ação torna-se rotina, o conhecimento passa a ser tácito, menos facilmente traduzível e articulado, e consequentemente de mais difícil problematização. A reflexão em causa v foi menos adotada, por estar mais distante da ação e ser menos pormenorizada. Tal facto faz com que seja necessário desenvolver estratégias que ajudem os professores a atribuir significado às suas ações que podem levar, por seu lado, a mudanças na prática. Este estudo sublinha a importância de experimentar novas abordagens educativas num modelo de prática reflexivo destinado à formação de professores que ocasione e granjeie pormenores de ação que contribuam para a sua base de conhecimento. Comporta igualmente implicações para uma série de áreas: para a formação de professores visto que incorpora uma pedagogia de reflexão; para dar forma a uma melhor prática do ensino de língua inglesa e de línguas estrangeiras para aprendentes jovens; para a implementação do AICL nas escolas do 1.º ciclo em Portugal; e para o desenvolvimento do perfil do professor de língua inglesa. Palavras-chave: Prática reflexiva; dimensões de reflexão; Aprendizagem Integrada de Conteúdos e de Língua (AICL); ensino do Inglês como língua estrangeira; o ensino precoce do Inglês; formação de professores de língua segunda/estrangeira. vi Acknowledgements There are many to whom the carrying out of the study and writing of this thesis are owed a debt of gratitude. I would like to thank the three teachers and the school communities in which they carried out their CLIL projects without whose participation and cooperation this study would not have been possible. To my supervisors: Professor Graça Pinto, for her infinite patience, wisdom and constant support in guiding me through the stages of my research and writing of this thesis; and Professor Victor Pavón for his expert suggestions regarding CLIL, his encouragement and swift responses to my every query. I am indeed fortunate to have been the recipient of their professionalism and expertise. I would especially like to thank Professor Cristina Parente from the Department of Sociology (FLUP) for her advice regarding the methodological design of the study. To the three independent raters who validated the rubric tool used in the analysis of the findings of the study. To colleagues and ‘critical friends’ who have, in one form or another, provided a sounding-board for working through my ideas: Elena Galvão, Felisbela Martins, Fernanda Martins, Maria Alfredo Moreira, Nicolas Hurst, Paulo Santos, and Simone Tomé. To library staff at FLUP, in particular Dr João Emanuel Leite, for the swift acquisition of journal articles and books requested. And last, but by no means least, my family, for the love, patience and understanding they have shown throughout. vii Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………...iii Resumo ………………………………………………………………………………….v Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….vii Contents……………………………………………………………………………......viii List of acronyms and abbreviations…………………………………………………....xiv List of figures and tables……………………………………………………………….xv Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...1 Part I. Theoretical background: reflection on change in foreign language teacher education, Content and Language Integrated Learning, and reflective practice……….15 Chapter 1. Change in foreign language teacher education: reaction to and action for………………………………………………………………………………..17
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