Is Encephalitozoon Cuniculi of Significance in Young Dogs With
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 12 May 2021 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.678968 Is Encephalitozoon cuniculi of Significance in Young Dogs With Neurological Signs? Tamar S. de Boer, Montse M. Diaz Espineira and Paul J. J. Mandigers* Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium belonging to the phylum Microspora. A few reports have described the clinical significance of E. cuniculi infection in young dogs. In American and Japanese household dog populations, the seroprevalence was found to be 21%, indicating its wide-spread existence. To evaluate the clinical significance of E. cuniculi in a cohort of young dogs with neurological signs, the presence of the organism and possible response to treatment were studied. Over a 1-year period, all young dogs (< 3 years old) that were referred with neurological signs were examined for the presence of E. cuniculi. Dogs were selected if serology revealed a clearly elevated IgM titer (>100) and/or if an EDTA-blood sample and/or urine sample tested positive Edited by: by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sixteen dogs with various neurological signs were John Henry Rossmeisl, included in this study. Additional work-up included magnetic resonance imaging and Virginia Tech, United States cerebrospinal fluid analysis, but these revealed no abnormalities or indication of infection. Reviewed by: All dogs were treated with fenbendazole for 10–30 days. Neurological signs disappeared Kari Foss, University of Illinois at completely in five dogs, 11 dogs continued to show neurological signs, and five dogs Urbana-Champaign, United States deteriorated and were euthanized, after which necropsy was performed in three. At Iva Langrova, Czech University of Life Sciences necropsy no evidence of an E. cuniculi infection was found. We concluded that, although Prague, Czechia IgM titers and PCR indicated an E. cuniculi infection, it is most likely of limited clinical *Correspondence: significance in young dogs. Paul J. J. Mandigers [email protected] Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid analysis, dog, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, fenbendazole, infection, treatment 2 Specialty section: This article was submitted to INTRODUCTION Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium belonging to the phylum Microspora (1, 2). a section of the journal E. cuniculi is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect mammals, including humans, in Frontiers in Veterinary Science which it is considered an opportunistic infection (2–4), but it is most frequently seen in rabbits Received: 10 March 2021 (4). Mammals can get infected by ingestion of contaminated water or food, inhalation of spores or Accepted: 16 April 2021 through in utero transmission (1, 5). The spores infect enterocytes and spread through blood or the Published: 12 May 2021 lymphatic system. Predilection organs are among others lung, liver, kidney and brain (1, 5). It takes Citation: 3–5 weeks for the life cycle to complete. There are three known strains of E. cuniculi. Strain I was Boer TSd, Diaz Espineira MM and isolated from rabbits, strain II from rodents, and strain III from dogs (6). Mandigers PJJ (2021) Is Infected rabbits do not always show clinical signs, as a latent infection is possible. If clinical Encephalitozoon cuniculi of Significance in Young Dogs With signs are seen in rabbits, these signs are subdivided into neurological signs, renal issues, ophthalmic Neurological Signs? problems, or combinations of these. The neurological signs are characterized by vestibular disease Front. Vet. Sci. 8:678968. (torticollis, ataxia, rolling, and paresis). The renal form is characterized by chronic renal failure doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.678968 and its sequalae, such as weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, and/or urinary incontinence. The Frontiers in Veterinary Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 May 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 678968 Boer et al. Significance of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Dogs? ophthalmologic form is characterized by intraocular lesions, electromyographic studies (EMG), and/or specific DNA testing, including cataract, uveitis, and hypopyon (5). if indicated. If any abnormality was found that was indicative It was first observed that this agent could affect dogs in for a specific treatment (for instance a dog with an atlanto- 1952, when Plowright (7) reported a granuloma containing axial instability or a hydrocephalus), the dog was not eligible for the parasite in the brains of two puppies (7). Although the this study. number of reports of E. cuniculi in dogs is small, these reports concern young or immunocompromised dogs. The clinical signs Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria observed are the same as those reported in rabbits and are renal Dogs were only included if the routine biochemistry was free of (4), ophthalmologic (8), and/or neurological in nature (9). The abnormalities, if toxoplasmosis and neospora titers were found to neurological signs described are blindness, ataxia, and seizures be negative, and if additional work-up (CSF, MRI, DNA testing, (9, 10). etc.) did not exclude an infection as a possible cause of the Previous studies have demonstrated infections with the neurological signs. Hence, if the MRI and/or CSF analysis was parasite in dogs. In both an American (11) and a Japanese indicative of an inflammatory disorder, the dog was eligible for population (12) of dogs, the seroprevalence for E. cuniculi was this study. 21%. It has been suggested that adult dogs do not develop Dogs were only included and defined as possibly infected with clinical disease after infection with E. cuniculi, because they are E. cuniculi if serology showed a clearly elevated IgM titer and/or believed to be immunocompetent (13), but this does not apply to if the PCR of the EDTA sample and/or urine sample was found young dogs. to be positive. The IgM was considered elevated if the value was Although E. cuniculi has been identified in a number of studies 100 or more, while a titer of <30 was regarded as negative. as a possible cause of neurological signs in young dogs, it is not routinely tested in the first line and referral clinic. However, Treatment and Response to Treatment this is based on the earlier studies, remarkedly as it may be a Included dogs were treated with fenbendazole only, at a dose of differential diagnosis in young dogs. This study evaluated the 50 mg/kg bodyweight, for a period of 10 days, after which the clinical significance of E. cuniculi in a cohort of young dogs clinical outcome was evaluated (4, 14). If a dog did not respond to with neurological signs, by investigating its presence and possible treatment, the dog was considered to be a non-responder. At this response to a fenbendazole treatment. stage, the owner was offered a second treatment, or an additional treatment based on the presumed diagnosis. For instance, an MATERIALS AND METHODS anti-epileptic if the dog presented epilepsy, glucocorticosteroids if an immune-mediated process was suspected, etc. If an owner Dogs elected a second or third treatment, the dog’s clinical outcome Over a period of 1 year, all young dogs (<3 years of age) that were was again evaluated after 10 days. If a dog deteriorated regardless referred to the Department of Clinical Sciences at the Faculty of of the additional treatment and the owner elected euthanasia, a Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, were post-mortem examination was requested. examined for the presence of E. cuniculi. Dogs were considered eligible for inclusion if they showed neurological signs, such as Analytic Method epilepsy, generalized ataxia, tremors, or dyskinesias in which an The three strains of E. cuniculi were grown on Vero or MRC infection would be a logical differential diagnosis. All dogs were cells using RPMI 1640 medium under 5% CO2. After cultivation, evaluated by a single investigator (PJJM). the spores were harvested, collected, concentrated, washed, and brought to a concentration of 109, after which they were Procedure suitable for use in IFAT and a soluble ELISA antigen tests After obtaining informed consent from each owner, a normal (Elisa-kit product-nr LA1003-AB01 from the EVL Laboratory; diagnostic work-up was performed. In all dogs, a complete www.evlonline.org). The ELISA antigen was titrated on Greiner hematology and biochemistry panel (University Veterinary of Costar strip plates after production using a checkerboard Diagnostic Laboratory; www.uvdl.nl) as well as serology titration, with known high (∼1,350) and low titer (∼450) sera for toxoplasmosis and neospora (Veterinary Microbiology and anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (from the EVL laboratory; Diagnostic Centre; www.uu.nl/vmdc) was performed. E. cuniculi www.evlonline.org; Cat: Do RA IgG-HRPO RTU19-05). After was evaluated by obtaining additional serum, EDTA-blood, determining the optimal coating dilution, ELISA plates were and urine samples; these samples were examined for the coated and blocked, stabilized, and stored. A mixed coating was presence of relevant antibodies (IgM and IgG) and of parasite used for standard ELISA research. As a substrate, a 2-component antigen by means of an immunofluorescence antibody test substrate RTU from the EVL laboratory (www.evlonline.org) was (IFAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively used (Cat: TMBA-2019-06 and TMBB-2019-06 from the EVL (see section Treatment and Response to Treatment), at Laboratory). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 10 min ◦ a commercial veterinary laboratory (European Veterinary at 21 C; then, the reaction was stopped by adding 50 µl of Laboratory [EVL]; www.evlonline.org). diluted H2SO4, and the absorbance of the colored solution was Based on the neurological signs and neuro-localization, all read at 450 nm. dogs underwent additional diagnostic steps, such as magnetic To assess the results, a sample ratio (positive control vs. resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, standard method) or cutoff titer (TG-ROC plot) and 95% Frontiers in Veterinary Science | www.frontiersin.org 2 May 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 678968 Boer et al.