Consultation Draft 1 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting Supplementary Planning Document

May 2012 1 Introduction 03 10 Roman Historical Sites and Features associated 149 with the Outstanding Universal Value (Appendix 10) 2 Definitions, Policy and Guidance on Setting 07 11 Georgian Historical Sites and Features associated 156 3 Importance of Setting to Bath 13 with the Outstanding Universal Value (Appendix 10) and the Surrounding Communities 12 Georgian Bath in 1852 (Chapter 5) 39 4 The Extent of the City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting 17 13 Principal Historic Roads Into 146 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting 21 and Out of Bath (Appendix 9) 6 Management of the Setting 53 14 Location of Road Viewpoints (Appendix 12) 178 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting 55 15 Location of River Viewpoints (Appendix 11) 161 the World Heritage Site Setting Appendices Maps 1 Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 62 1 Indicative City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting (Chapter 4) 20 2 Planning Designations ( AONB, Green 65 2 Landform Features Associated with the 28 Belt around Bath, Conservation Areas, Scheduled Character of the World Heritage Site (Chapter 5) Ancient Monuments and Historic Parks and Gardens) 3 Contour Map (Chapter 5) 29 3 Extract from Cherishing Outdoor Places 69 4 Green Hillsides Forming Prominent 30 4 Selection of Computer Generated View-shed Maps 70 Features of the Landscape Setting (Chapter 5) 5 View Information Sheets 96 5a Planning Designations: Cotswolds 65 Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 6 Historical Illustration References 118 5b Planning Designations: Green Belt 66 7 Historical Views and Places of Interest in the Georgian Period 120 5c Planning Designations: Conservation Areas 67 8 Historic Environment Record References (to be included in the final SPD) 5d Planning Designations: Scheduled Ancient Monuments 68 9 Principal Historic Routes into and out of Bath 136 and Historic Parks and Gardens (Maps 5a-d in Appendix 2) 10 Significant Historical Assets 147 6 Character Areas (Chapter 5) 32 11 River Corridor View Descriptions 157 7(a–z) Computer Generated View-shed Maps from 70–95 12 Road View Descriptions 162 Key Viewpoints and to Key Landmarks (Appendix 4) 13 Grading Categories for Assessing Impacts on the World Heritage Site 179 8 Information Sheet Viewpoints (Appendix 5) 117 14 Definitions 186 9 Historical Views and Places of Interest 135 in the Georgian Period (Appendix 7) 15 References 187 16 Bibliography (to be included in the final SPD) 3 Chapter 1 3 Introduction The key purpose of This document: • Describes and shows this document is to where the setting is • Defines what is important about the setting and provide information • Outlines the process for assessing impacts affecting the setting and tools needed for It also provides an overview of the international and national context for the management and protection the effective protection of the setting of heritage assets The document will be adopted as a and appropriate Supplementary Planning Document in support of policies for the protection of the World Heritage Site and its setting management of in the Local Plan and Core Strategy once it is adopted the setting. It is intended for the use of developers and agents, development management planners, landowners and managers of land, and residents and visitors. C 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 4 Chapter 1 Introduction

Bathwick and Hills beyond 1.01 The protection of the setting of any World Heritage Site (WHS) This is fully linked to the protection of the document: site itself. This is particularly true in the case of Bath where the landscape • Describes and shows of the site and its surroundings not where the setting is only enhances the site but has been • Describes what is important instrumental in the location, form and special character embodied about the setting in the core values of the site. Bath • Outlines the process is renowned for its outstanding for assessing impacts architecture while the green landscape on the setting and the landscape setting of the city have not always enjoyed the same recognition. The setting is protected through planning policy but there is limited literature on what is important relating to the setting, how far it extends or how impacts should be towards assessed. This document seeks to provide this information and the tools needed for the protection and management of the setting including both the developed and undeveloped landscape. To facilitate this the document: • Describes and shows where the setting is • Describes what is important about the setting • Outlines the process for assessing impacts on the setting C 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 5 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.02 By understanding the 1.04 The project to prepare this 1.05 It will give greater clarity and 1.07 It will also be used by policy implications of any proposed document has been managed by certainty in decision making affecting and development management changes it will help inform decisions the Council’s Landscape Architect the WHS setting and will be a key planners when considering or to ensure that the characteristics that with support and input from English document to guide the management assessing development proposals. are significant to the setting are Heritage, The Bath Preservation Trust, and enhancement of the WHS It provides background information maintained and where appropriate the Council’s World Heritage Manager, and its setting. for Local Authorities who are required enhanced through managing the WHS Steering Group and the to ‘identify and assess the particular 1.06 It is designed to be used by appropriate development and through Councils’ Archaeologist. A study significance of any heritage asset developers, statutory undertakers and encouragement of enhancement was produced in 2009 initially to that may be affected by a proposal their advisers in giving understanding projects. It also has wider application inform the Core Strategy process. (including by development affecting of the setting and its significance so to inform management decisions This study has formed the basis the setting of a heritage asset)’ as that the issues can be fully taken into in support of the City of Bath WHS for this Supplementary Planning required by paragraph 129 of the account when considering the siting Management Plan, in particular Document including identifying National Planning Policy Framework. and design of new development. Issue 26 which states: ‘There aspects of significance as defined It provides background information 1.08 It is also intended to be useful is a need to ensure that the Site’s in the Statement of Outstanding in support of the requirement in for landowners and managers of land extensive and vulnerable landscape Universal Value and providing a paragraph 128 of the National Planning to influence decisions on the use and setting is recognised, interpreted, framework for assessing impacts Policy Framework to ‘describe the management of land particularly when protected and managed to prevent on the WHS. It has been prepared significance of any heritage assets considering proposals for change incremental damage’ and Action in line with international and national affected, including any contribution within the setting. It is hoped that 12a to adopt a WHS setting policy and guidance including the made by their setting’. it will also be of interest to residents, Supplementary Planning Document. National Planning Policy Framework, visitors and others with an interest Circular 07/2009 on the Protection of 1.03 It will be consulted on and in the city and its surroundings. World Heritage Sites, The Operational adopted as a Supplementary Planning Guidelines for the Implementation of Document in support of policies BH.1 the World Heritage Convention and in the Bath and North East English Heritage guidance ‘The Setting Council Local Plan and B4 in the Core of Heritage Assets’ and ‘Seeing the Strategy once it is adopted. History in the View’ and with the benefit of good practice from other World Heritage Sites. C 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 6 Chapter 1 Introduction

Sion Hill to Beckford's Tower 1.09 Chapter 2 provides an overview of 1.10 The City of Bath WHS is unusual the international and national context in its size, encompassing the whole to protecting setting and the definition city. It is also complex in that it has a and practice with particular reference very large number of assets, a to key policy and guidance relating to complex mix of attributes and World Heritage Sites. An overview of particular issues resulting from the the importance of setting to The City distinctive topography and varied of Bath is given in chapter 3 with views. Chapter 7 therefore includes a comprehensive analysis of the guidance and a structure for assessing significant aspects of the City of impacts on the WHS and its setting Bath WHS setting and why the using recognised assessment setting is important in chapter 5. The methodologies. Each chapter is issues of defining the extent of setting self-contained which has required are covered in chapter 4. The outside some repetition. Each chapter boundary of the setting should not be however should be read in the context seen as fixed for all time and therefore of the whole document. There is also a it is an indicative boundary indicating resource of background information the zone which is likely to be sensitive including photos, historic views and to change and where impacts affecting analyses in the appendices which setting should be assessed as part provide a fuller understanding of WHS of the development management and its setting. process. Chapter 6 outlines land management considerations within the WHS and its setting in order to protect and show the significance of the site to advantage. 7 Chapter 2 7 Definitions, Policy and Guidance on Setting

The key purpose This is through: • Examining the definition and characteristics of setting and of this chapter is to how setting contributes to the protection, understanding and demonstrate the appreciation of the asset • Examining relevant guidance and policy and the key provisions and importance of setting intentions of each. It sets the scene for understanding the to historic assets and significance of the setting of the City of Bath World Heritage Site which is particularly to World outlined in later chapters. Heritage Sites. C 1 3 4 5 6 7 A 8 Chapter 2 Definitions, Policy and Guidance on Setting

Definition and 2.04 This definition includes the 2.06 The ‘Circular on the Protection • Setting often refers to following relevant aspects: of World Heritage Sites' 4 is the key Characteristics of Setting • visual considerations 2. Views document in the UK providing 2.01 The New Shorter Oxford English • Setting is the surroundings in of and from an asset but is also guidance on WHSs. This includes Dictionary 1 provides a useful definition which an asset is experienced the following aspects of setting. • influenced by other environmental of setting describing it as: ‘The manner • The extent of setting is not fixed factors such as noise, dust and • Setting is the area around a WHS or position in which something is set, and can change as the asset and vibration 2 and fixed or placed; a person or thing’s its surroundings evolve • Setting incorporates the area • influenced by spatial associations immediate environment or where change or development • Elements of a setting can make and by understanding of the surroundings; a place or time in, is capable of having an adverse a positive, neutral or negative historic relationship between or at which, a story, play, scene etc impact on the WHS including contribution places 2 is represented as happening.’ views to or from the site 2.02 This definition reveals the rich • Setting influences the significance of • setting can enhance the significance • Setting includes areas where diversity of setting encompassing an asset and the ability to appreciate of an asset whether or not it was inappropriate change or the physical relationship of the subject that significance. designed to do so. development is capable of adversely with the surroundings as well as the 2.05 English Heritage’s Conservation affecting the Outstanding Universal • Setting has a role in revealing the less tangible aspects of setting; Principles, Policies and Guidance for Value, integrity, authenticity and significance of a heritage asset specifically the context in time. The the Sustainable Management of the significance of the WHS definition suggests that the setting • The contribution of setting does not Historic Environment 3 includes the helps to provide understanding, • Setting can include a buffer zone depend on public rights of access. following principles of setting: significance or other enhancement where an added layer of protection 2.08 The Xi’An Declaration on the of the subject rather than just a • Setting is the local context of the WHS is provided. Conservation of the Setting of passive role. of an asset 2.07 The now withdrawn PPS 5 Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas 6 2.03 The National Planning Policy • Setting embraces past and present Planning for the Historic Environment 5 contains a range of useful principles Framework defines the setting of relationships between the asset and also included the following principles and recommendations for the setting heritage assets as: ‘The surroundings surrounding landscape which are included here not as policy of WHSs. Some are listed below. but in order to provide a broader in which a heritage asset is • Setting is defined by the extent • The setting of a heritage structure, understanding of the significance of experienced. Its extent is not fixed to which change could affect the site or area is defined as the setting. and may change as the asset and its place’s significance. immediate and extended surroundings evolve. Elements of environment that is part of, or a setting may make a positive or contributes to, its significance negative contribution to the and distinctive character significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral’.2 C 1 3 4 5 6 7 A 9 Chapter 2 Definitions, Policy and Guidance on Setting

North Parade Bridge towards Beacon Hill • The definition of setting requires • Includes the surroundings implying an understanding of the history, there is a diminishing relationship evolution and character of the with distance or other factors surrounds of the heritage resource • Is influenced by visual relationships • Setting includes interaction with the between the asset and the natural environment, past or present surroundings social or spiritual practices, customs, • Is influenced by historical traditional knowledge, use or relationships between assets activities and other forms of intangible cultural heritage aspects. • Is influenced by relevant present day relationships between assets 2.09 A summary of the key characteristics of the setting of • Is influenced by significant aspects heritage assets and specifically of landscape character WHSs is given below. These factors • Is influenced by intangible have been fully taken into account in cultural aspects compiling this Supplementary Planning Document. Setting: • Is influenced by impacts such as noise, dust and vibration • Provides an added layer of protection of the Outstanding • Is influenced by change which could Universal Value, integrity, enhance or cause harm to the asset authenticity and significance • Is not fixed and can change of the asset as the asset, values and • Affects the significance of the understanding evolves asset whether or not it was • May include parts which make a designed to do so variable contribution to the asset • Has a role in revealing the and in parts may have a neutral significance of the asset or negative effect • Is not a designation in its own right • Is not dependant on public access, but its raison d’etre is to protect and abundance or shortage of open contribute to the asset landscape or the quality of the landscape. C 1 3 4 5 6 7 A 10 Chapter 2 Definitions, Policy and Guidance on Setting

Policy Context for UNESCO Operational Circular on the Protection of protecting setting The reasons for Guidelines for the World Heritage Sites 07/2009 2.10 The main reason for defining defining where Implementation of 2.14 This document provides current where the setting of a WHS is the setting of a the World Heritage policy guidance for WHSs in . and what is important about it, WHS is and what is Convention (Nov 2011) It confirms that the outstanding is given below: universal value of a WHS Site is ‘a key important about it 2.12 The UK government signed up material consideration to be taken into Firstly to ensure protection of the to the 1972 World Heritage Convention • Firstly to ensure protection of account - - - in determining planning WHS. This includes the following which it ratified in 1984. The and related applications’. para 8. It aspects. the WHS. This includes the convention requires the government states that ‘policies for the protection following aspects. to promote, interpret and protect • The Outstanding Universal Value and sustainable use of World Heritage WHSs and their Outstanding Universal including • The Outstanding Universal Sites including enhancement where Value and to transmit them onto future Value including appropriate - - - should apply both to • The site’s integrity generations. The Operational the site itself and, as appropriate, to • The site’s integrity Guidelines set out the procedures for • The site’s authenticity and its setting’. (paragraph 10) • The site’s authenticity and the protection and conservation of • The site’s significance World Heritage properties to National Planning Policy • The site’s significance implement the convention. Secondly to ensure that the setting Framework (March 2012) is appropriately protected and • Secondly to ensure that the 2.13 The key principles relating to 2.15 This sets out the national properly managed and setting is appropriately setting include ‘the proper protection planning policies for England and of the property’ (paragraph 103) with Thirdly to enable the significance protected and properly replaces the range of Planning Policy ‘an added layer of protection’ which of the WHS to be revealed managed and Statements including Planning Policy should include ‘the immediate setting and appreciated. • Thirdly to enable the Statement 5. Its emphasis is on of the nominated property, important promotion of Sustainable Key documents which give the significance of the WHS to be 2.11 views and other areas or attributes that Development and recognises the role context for the protection of WHSs revealed and appreciated are functionally important as a support of the natural environment, historic and their setting with relevant to the property and its protection.’ environment and good design. excerpts are included below. (paragraph 104)

C 1 3 4 5 6 7 A 11 Chapter 2 Definitions, Policy and Guidance on Setting

2.16 Paragraph 132 states that ‘Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting’ and that ‘Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, Approach Golf Course to Bathampton Down notably - - - World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional’. 2.17 Paragraph 137 states that ‘Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within - - - World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance.’ C 1 3 4 5 6 7 A 12 Chapter 2 Definitions, Policy and Guidance on Setting

Approach Golf Course Protection of which protect the Outstanding Setting in Practice Universal Value and the WHS setting. Other means include policies which 2.18 The approach to protecting protect the setting using other WHSs in England is outlined in the designations, policies to protect English Heritage Guidance on ‘The significant views, use of Article 4 Protection and Management of World directions, reliance on WHS Heritage Sites in England’ which management plans and reliance supplements Circular 07/09. on secure landownership and Paragraph 5.2 states that this includes management such as by the National through policy, preparation of Trust. These approaches are also management plans and through relevant where a buffer zone is in stakeholder steering groups. Further place. The key is in identifying the English Heritage guidance on setting significance of the site expressed is provided in ‘Seeing the History in through the Statement of Outstanding the View’ (2011) and ‘The Setting of Universal Value and the site’s Heritage Assets’ (2011). attributes and the part the setting 2.19 The Operational Guidelines state plays in supporting the Outstanding that Universal Value and its attributes in ‘Wherever necessary for the North Road across Bath proper conservation of the property, conjunction with a strong policy to an adequate buffer zone should be ensure the protection of the site and provided‘. This recognises that there its setting. The significance and assets are various options for protecting the associated with the City of Bath WHS setting of WHSs. The planning system and its setting are described in in England is well suited to protecting Chapter 5. setting with or without a buffer zone. Different approaches to protecting the setting of WHSs in the UK are reflected in practice where there is a balance between sites with a buffer zone and those without. Where there are no buffer zones in place the setting is protected in a variety of ways appropriate to the nature of each site. The main means is through policies 13 Chapter 3 13 The Importance of Setting to Bath and Surrounding Communities

This includes: • The importance of green spaces and views to trees and open countryside in enhancing local distinctiveness and fostering a sense of place • The contribution setting makes to the distinctive quality of the environment which has benefits for the economy • The opportunities the setting provides for recreation and local food production and so contributing to a healthy lifestyle • The opportunities for nature conservation and for people to experience wildlife close to where they live and work C 1 2 4 5 6 7 A 14 Chapter 3 The Importance of Setting to Bath and Surrounding Communities

3.01 The distinct topography is one 3.03 The setting of the WHS contains 3.05 Many of the values discussed 3.06 The importance of the rural of the foremost characteristics which a network of Public Rights of Way above are compatible with or directly undeveloped landscape setting of have influenced the development of including part of the long distance support the setting in protecting and Bath in reinforcing the Outstanding Bath. Initially building took place Cotswold Way which has one end revealing the significance of the World Universal Value and in maintaining beside the River and later was at . There is also great Heritage Site (WHS) as contained in and enhancing local distinctiveness set into the surrounding hillsides which potential for local food production the Statement of Outstanding and the high quality environment can provided opportunities for spectacular given the number of residents within Universal Value. The significance is perhaps best be understood by views across the open Avon valley to a short distance. The setting therefore broken down into a series of aspects considering the implications of the undeveloped slopes beyond. The provides opportunities for a range of which are listed in Chapter 5. These are not protecting the setting. city has been planned to make the recreational activities and can play an important individually and together • Views from the city to undeveloped most of the relationship of the important part in contributing to a in achieving a strong sense of place and treed slopes around the edge buildings to green open space. This healthy lifestyle. which can help in fostering a sense of the city could be lost, reduced is still a valued characteristic of the of community through engendering 3.04 The setting is important for or impacted on city today with the green setting of pride in and connecting with the local biodiversity. It includes a Special the city forming a positive backdrop area. Landscape character, views, the • Development beyond the hollow Area of Conservation for bats and to people’s lives. historic environment, recreational created by surrounding hills could a substantial part is identified as a opportunities and biodiversity are all result in the city becoming more 3.02 A key objective of the Council Strategic Nature Area. There are a important parts of feeling connected widely visible from the surrounding is to ensure a strong economy range of habitats including woodland, and belonging within the local area losing its hidden nature recognising the importance of rivers, floodplains and pasture with community. employment opportunities, shops opportunities for nature conservation • The distinct break from urban to rural and tourism. One of the ways to which are perhaps greater than within could be broken with development achieve this is through maintaining the developed part of the city or influencing the character of the and enhancing the quality of the conversely other more intensively adjoining rural areas. environment. farmed areas. The proximity to a large population also provides opportunities for access to nature. C 1 2 4 5 6 7 A 15 Chapter 3 The Importance Walcot to Bathampton Down of Setting to Bath and Surrounding Communities

Widcombe Hill towards Roundhill

Alexandra Park panorama to Widcombe Hill C 1 2 4 5 6 7 A 16 Chapter 3 The Importance of Setting to Bath and Surrounding Communities

River Avon at 3.07 The objective of protection of the setting not only has value The objective of in its own right in protecting the protection of the authenticity of the WHS but also contributes directly to the economy, setting not only health and welfare of the city and its has value in its surrounding villages and its residents. own right in protecting The recognition of the contribution the authenticity of of heritage assets to quality of life is recognised in national planning the WHS but also policy. One of the core principles in the contributes directly National Planning Policy Framework is to the economy, health to ‘conserve heritage assets in a manner and welfare of the city appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their and its surrounding contribution to the quality of life villages and its of this and future generations’.1 residents.

Rainbow Woods across Bath 17 Chapter 4 17 The Extent of the City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

The chapter gives an indication These include: of where the setting is and how • Assessing whether a particular area is within or outside the far its extends so that decisions setting is informed by whether inappropriate change may on development, other changes affect the setting and significance of the site. and management operations • Not all parts of the setting will necessarily contribute to the can fully consider the significance of the site in equal measure. • The extent of the setting is not fixed implications on the World and static and may need to be reviewed Heritage Site and its setting. depending on the nature of any proposals and understanding of the significance of the area which may be affected. The chapter stresses a number The indicative setting therefore provides an indication of where the impact of of key considerations in relation development on the setting will need to be considered and further evidence may to the setting and its extent. indicate that the setting extends beyond the outer boundary indicated. C 1 2 3 5 6 7 A 18 Chapter 4 The Extent of the City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

The Purpose of Defining the The Aspects of the Setting 4.03 There are two further important The Extent of the Setting Extent of the Setting 4.02 The three main aspects of the considerations. Not all parts of the 4.04 Map 1 gives an indication of the setting will contribute to the 4.01 The identification of where the setting discussed in Chapter 5 and extent of the WHS setting boundary significance of the site in equal setting is and how far it extends from which are taken from the Statement based on the research and analysis measure and indeed some parts the World Heritage Site (WHS) is of Outstanding Universal Value are 1) carried out in preparing this of the setting may have a negative dictated by the need to protect the the landscape and townscape Supplementary Planning Document. contribution. This does not, however, WHS and to facilitate understanding character, 2) views to and from the The evidence for the position of the preclude them from forming part of and appreciation of its significance. World Heritage Site (WHS) and key outer boundary is described in greater the setting. This is expressed in the The Circular on the Protection of assets and 3) historical buildings, sites detail in Chapter 5. Its extent is National Planning Policy Framework World Heritage Sites states: ‘The and features associated with the WHS. dictated by the need: which states: ‘Elements of a setting setting of a World Heritage Site is the The question as to whether a may make a positive or negative • To include sufficient area around area around it - - - in which change or particular area is or is not within contribution to the significance of an the WHS to protect the distinct development is capable of having an the setting is therefore informed to asset, may affect the ability to character and relationship of the adverse impact on the World Heritage a large degree by the extent to which appreciate that significance, or may city to its surroundings. This Site, including an impact on views to inappropriate change may affect these be neutral.’ The second consideration indicated that a minimum distance The area that needs aspects of the setting and therefore or from the site.’ is that however well informed our of 1.5km was required from the protecting is therefore anywhere the significance of the WHS and how understanding of the setting is, it is boundary of the WHS outside the site where change could it is revealed. not completely static and set for all have an adverse impact on the site. • To include sufficient area to time. Any outer boundary needs to This is explained further in the Circular include key topographic features be seen as being flexible and subject stating ‘In developing plans for the of the setting such as river valleys to review or revision in the light of and slopes including views from protection of World Heritage Sites it new information on specific assets is important to consider carefully how the WHS and key assets to or attributes, in the light of changing undeveloped slopes to protect the setting of each World values placed on them and in the light Heritage Site so that its Outstanding of types of change or development • To incorporate areas which provide Universal Value, integrity, authenticity at a location or of a scale that was views of the WHS and its key assets and significance is not adversely not necessarily anticipated. This is within their wider setting and which affected by inappropriate change or expressed in the National Planning therefore reveal and proved development.’ Policy Framework which states in understanding of the significance relation to setting that: ‘Its extent of the WHS is not fixed and may change as the • To incorporate key historical sites, asset and its surroundings evolve.’ buildings and features associated with or revealing the significance of the WHS. C 1 2 3 5 6 7 A 19 Chapter 4 The Extent of the City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

4.05 It should not be considered as the definitive area where changes could have an adverse impact on the WHS. As stated in the previous paragraph there may be factors which mean that there are areas beyond the indicated setting boundary which may Towards Beckford's Tower now or in the future be considered within the setting. Conversely there may be changes proposed within the defined setting which may not adversely impact on the site or indeed which could enhance the site and our understanding of it. The map should therefore be seen as a useful tool indicating where changes have greatest potential for impacting on the WHS and therefore the outer boundary of the setting should not be seen as completely immovable. The assessment of impact of proposals on the WHS and its setting as outlined in Chapter 7 will provide answers as to whether a particular proposal at a given location will have an adverse impact on the Outstanding Universal Value, integrity, authenticity and significance of the site and to what degree. The map showing the setting therefore provides an indication of where impacts on the WHS and its setting will as a rule need to be carried out as part of any project proposal, management considerations, policy planning and in the planning application process. C 1 2 3 5 6 7 A 20 Chapter 4 The Extent of the City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Map 1 Indicative City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 21 Chapter 5 21 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

This chapter describes the The characteristics of the setting characteristics of the setting and their significance. This include: is informed by the Statement • The character of the green undeveloped farmland, green spaces, and trees and of Outstanding Universal woodland which surround the site. • The views afforded from the city to the Value which describes the green hillsides, woodland and open spaces significance of the site which and conversely the opportunities provided by the surroundings to view the city. lead to its inscription as Typically views into the city are few which reflects the compact form of the a World Heritage Site. city contained within a hollow. • The historical associations with the city from the key Roman and Georgian periods. These include archaeological sites such as Roman villas, historical routes into the city most of which are in use to this day, historic buildings such as Kelston Manor and Bailbrook House, the opportunities for the enjoyment of the landscape within the setting including the interpretation and appreciation of the ‘picturesque’ qualities of the natural landscape. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 22 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Introduction 5.02 The Statement of Outstanding • Georgian Architecture – neo-classical 5.05 The site has a close physical 5.01 This chapter describes the Universal Value (SoOUV) is the public buildings and set piece and visual relationship with its aspects and assets that make up primary source for understanding developments including terraces, surroundings and indeed the green the World Heritage Site (WHS) setting the significance of the WHS. It is also crescents, squares and the Circus setting is at the heart of the and their significance to the WHS. the primary source for informing the designed by Palladian-inspired Bath significance of the WHS. While the Map 1 shows the general extent of the extent and significance of the WHS architects setting of the site technically starts setting. The definition of significance at the site’s boundary there are none- setting. This should be used as a guide • The green setting of the City in a in the National Planning Policy the-less green spaces and hillsides and read in conjunction with the hollow in the hills – the deliberate Framework recognises the importance within the site which provide a setting guidance in this Supplementary appreciation of the landscape in of setting to heritage assets. It states both to individual key WHS assets as Planning Document to establish the creation of a beautiful city whether a particular site or area is that ‘Significance derives not only from well as a more general setting to key likely to be within the WHS setting. a heritage asset’s physical presence, • Georgian architecture reflecting areas of the WHS. The link, whether The implications of policy planning, but also from its setting.’ 18th century social ambitions – its physical or visual, between these role as a destination for pilgrimage areas and the setting of the WHS proposed development and other 5.03 The main reasons for the and the social aspirations of the are particularly important and indeed changes within the setting will need inscription of the site as defined in fashionable spa culture that from many key views the distinction to be considered in order to protect the SoOUV are summarised below. created the Georgian city. between the site and the setting are the WHS. The background to the The SoOUV is included in full in characteristically indistinct. There are protection of the setting of WHSs and Appendix 1. 5.04 Bath is unusual in that the WHS also aspects of the Outstanding heritage assets is given in Chapter 2. covers the complete city. The WHS • Roman Archaeology – including the Universal Value (OUV) which extend Chapter 4 outlines considerations in and its setting is a living and evolving Roman Baths and Temple complex beyond the WHS boundary including defining the extent of the setting. environment whose long term for example important Georgian • The Hot Springs – the only protection and appreciation relies buildings such as and one of its kind in Britain on changes and decisions about the Beckford’s Tower. The WHS boundary management being informed by an • Georgian Town Planning – its therefore although clearly defined for understanding of the significance innovative and cohesive landscaped administrative and planning purposes of the site and its setting. concept harmonised with its green in many ways can be seen as a valley setting transitional zone with aspects of the sites significance extending beyond the boundary and aspects of the sites setting flowing into the site. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 23 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Key Aspects of the City of • The historical associations with Bath World Heritage Site Setting the city from the key Roman and 5.06 At its simplest the setting of Georgian periods. These include the WHS is the surroundings around archaeological sites such as Roman the site’s boundary. The setting has villas, historic buildings such as different aspects which convey the Kelston Manor and Bailbrook House, Outstanding Universal Value. These historical sites, walks and rides provide the basis for establishing appreciated in Georgian times whether a site or area is within or through to the present day including outside the setting and for opportunities for the enjoyment of understanding the significance the natural landscape and activities of various aspects of the setting. and features within the landscape They can be summarised as: including the interpretation and appreciation of the ‘picturesque’ • The distinctive character provided qualities of the natural landscape. by the topography, the townscape and land-use including the green • Routes into and out of the city and undeveloped farmland, green the quality and character of their spaces, and trees and woodland, environs and views to and from them. landscape features and the • The River Avon and the Kennet and intangible qualities such as Avon Canal and the quality and tranquillity which characterise character of the river and its environs the surroundings of the site. and the views to and from them. • The views afforded from the city to the green hillsides, woodland and open spaces and conversely the opportunities provided by the surroundings to view the city. Typically views into the city are few which reflects the compact form of the city which appears to be contained within a hollow and is surrounded by hills. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 24 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

5.07 These aspects can be further Landscape Characteristics The setting has different aspects which convey sub-divided into assets and attributes of the Setting the Outstanding Universal Value. These provide which convey the site’s significance. 5.08 The landscape of the setting They are described in more detail the basis for establishing whether a site or area characteristically consists of the green below. Although they are considered is within or outside the setting and for understanding undeveloped farmland, green spaces, separately there is often a large the significance of various aspects of the setting. and trees and woodland which degree of overlap between the surround the site. It also includes They can be summarised as: different aspects of setting which developed areas within the setting together provide a fuller • The distinctive character archaeological sites such as which also play an important role. understanding of the setting. A green The development has particular provided by the topography, Roman villas, historic buildings hill for example may be an important significance where it pre-dates, the townscape and land-use such as Kelston Manor and landscape feature, it may also have or is from, the Georgian period. including the green undeveloped Bailbrook House, historical sites, significance as a hill fort contributing farmland, green spaces, and trees walks and rides appreciated in to conditions which enabled the 5.09 As with many aspects of the and woodland, landscape Georgian times through to the founding of the Roman town and it site’s setting there is often no clear features and the intangible present day including may also contribute to views to and demarcation between the site itself from the site. While each of these has qualities such as tranquillity opportunities for the enjoyment and its setting. The green nature of the value in their own right together they landscape characteristically not only which characterise the of the natural landscape and reflect the greater depth of surrounds the site but punctuates surroundings of the site. activities and features within significance of the setting to the WHS. and weaves through the site towards • The views afforded from the city the landscape including the An understanding of the setting will the very heart of it through the river help in planning and carrying out to the green hillsides, woodland interpretation and appreciation of valleys, hillsides and areas of open the ‘picturesque’ qualities appropriate management which is space. Although this document deals and open spaces and conversely discussed in Chapter 6. The with the setting beyond the site the opportunities provided by of the natural landscape. implications of change within the boundary the green elements within the surroundings to view the city. • Routes into and out of the city setting is covered in Chapter 7 with the site have a similar function and are Typically views into the city are and the quality and character a framework provided for assessing often physically or visually connected few which reflects the compact of their environs and views to impacts on the WHS. Inappropriate to the setting. change within the setting of any WHS form of the city which appears to and from them. could have an adverse impact on the be contained within a hollow and • The River Avon and the Kennet WHS itself. In the case of Bath the is surrounded by hills. and Avon Canal and the quality close interrelationship between the • The historical associations with and character of the river and its site and its setting heightens the the city from the key Roman and environs and the views to and importance that the setting has to the significance of the WHS. Georgian periods. These include from them. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 25 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Bathampton to Brown's Folly C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 26 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

5.10 The significance of the 5.12 The extent of the area needed to Description of the Landscape 5.15 The River Avon flowing through surrounding landscape to the WHS protect the landscape character of the forming the Setting of Bath Bradford-on-Avon south east of Bath, is not dependant on public access, setting is dictated by the surrounding 5.13 The presence of the hot springs, bends northwards cutting into the ecological value or how plentiful green topography and the diminishing cold springs, the river and its crossing Cotswolds plateau through the space is in the locality although these relationship to the WHS with distance. points all influenced the location of the Limpley Stoke valley. It then turns are important in considering the wider A large enough zone is required which city and together with the green sharply to the west at Bathampton benefits of the setting. It also is will provide sufficient space around undeveloped character and the towards where it continues importantly not necessarily dependant the site to maintain the compact distinct landform influenced the form to cut through the Cotswolds plateau on being visible from key assets within nature and distinct entity of the city and nature of development as we see before leaving the plateau at Twerton. the WHS. within its hollow , to maintain its green it today. This influence is most evident 5.16 Where the River Avon cuts setting, to provide protection of the 5.11 The green setting is important in in the crescents and terraces which through the plateau between OUV and the site’s integrity, enhancing the character of the WHS. were built to be seen and to have Bathampton and Twerton its authenticity and significance and It is a key attribute in forming and expansive views over open space meandering course has effectively to facilitate understanding of the enhancing the character and values and the countryside. The highly given rise to a hollow within the significance of the site. The setting of the site and its setting and in its role valued relationship between built Cotswold plateau; the base and sides therefore needs to incorporate the in protecting the OUV, the authenticity, form and the green landscape is a undulating where tributary streams valleys which immediately surround integrity and significance of the site. key thread throughout the SoOUV. (many now culverted) have eroded the site’s boundary and a sufficient The contribution of the surrounding the plateau unevenly. The city has amount of the hills or plateau which 5.14 The striking and complex landscape is also a key contributor expanded from its original location together provide the distinct context landform in which Bath sits was to views from and to the city. The on the gravel beds beside the River and determine the compact form of created by the River Avon and its evidence to support this section Avon in the centre of the hollow. It has the city. A zone of at least 1.5km tributaries, in particular the Newton includes the landscape character spread up the slopes of the hollow to around the site extending further Brook and the Midford and Cam assessments of the area and in the edge of the plateau, and in places in places to take account of the local Brooks which cut through the particular ‘Rural Landscapes of Bath onto the plateau itself. The topography and other aspects of southern tip of the oolitic limestone and North East Somerset: A Landscape containment of the city by the bowl- setting which are described later Cotswolds plateau. At this point the Character Assessment 2003’ which is like form of the landscape has given it in this chapter. plateau is dipping down and gradually referred to below. merging with a complex surrounding one of its distinct characteristics of geological landscape. The plateau being compact and looking in towards areas and the river and tributary the historic centre; physically quite valleys are shown on Map 2 and the hidden from the wider countryside. contours are shown on Map 3 later Why the city has not continued to in this section. spread beyond the hollow and out into the wider countryside can be explained today by a combination of the complex topography and strong C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 27 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

planning controls especially those 5.18 To the east of the city the associated with the Bristol – Bath Bathampton and Claverton Downs Green Belt and the Cotswolds Area of contained partly within the city Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). boundary, and the wide, steep The AONB surrounds the city except sided Limpley Stoke valley act for the western side; however, this is as a constraint to development within the green belt. Maps 5a to d in spreading in this direction. Appendix 2 show the extent of the 5.19 To the south, the city lies close Cotswolds AONB, the Green Belt to the southern outer edge of the around Bath, Conservation Areas, Cotswold plateau, which includes Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Combe Down and Odd Down, Historic Parks and Gardens. Land effectively forming the sides or lip of ownership is also a factor and of the bowl. Development stops before particular note are the holdings of the strong, steep sided Midford and the National Trust which have Cam Brook valleys, which form an secured the open green character abrupt edge to the high plateau. and management of land such as at Bathampton Down and Prior Park. 5.20 To the west a steep sided tributary valley of the Newton Brook 5.17 To the north of the city lies the and the brook itself runs up against high Cotswold plateau incised by the the western outer scarp slope of the steep sided River Avon tributaries Cotswold plateau and similarly such that there are three distinct prevents the city spreading over the plateau areas; Lansdown, Charmy lip of the bowl. There is an Down and Bannerdown. A very small uncharacteristic example at Twerton amount of development of housing, where housing development has been the current Ministry of Defence allowed to spread down over the lip of complex at Ensleigh, and some urban the bowl to face the wider countryside fringe development of playing fields with a strongly anomalous effect on and a Park and Ride has extended up character and views. onto the plateau at Lansdown. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 28 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Map 2 Landform Features Associated with the Character of the World Heritage Site

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Map 3 Contour Map

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 30 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Map 4 Green Hillsides Forming Prominent Features of the Landscape Setting

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 31 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Fog Settled in Bath's Hollow 5.21 The character of the 5.23 The zones are listed below with landscape itself and the topographic the original character area number relationships which combine to where applicable. contribute to the strong sense of • Cotswold Plateaux and Valleys place are important aspects of the Landscape Character Zone 16 site’s setting in their own right. The landscape has heightened significance •  and Limpley Stoke Valley where it retains a land-use or character Landscape Character Zone 18 that is broadly the same as the • South Wraxall Plateau Landscape contemporary historic uses and Character Zone (a small part of a character associated with the OUV. larger character area which extends The green landscape which extends into ) out into the site’s setting is part of the OUV enhancing the significance and • Hinton Charterhouse Plateau appreciation of the site’s significance. Landscape Character Zone 17 It includes the ‘picturesque’ qualities • Cam Brook Valley Landscape admired by visitors to, and residents Character Zone 12 of, Georgian Bath and which is still valued today. • Peasedown St. John Ridge Landscape Character Zone 13 5.22 The setting can be divided into Camden Crescent in its Green Setting areas of distinct landscape character • Newton St. Loe Plateau Lands as shown on Map 6. Each of these Landscape Character Zone 6 zones, with the exception of the South • River Avon Valley Landscape Wraxall Plateau Landscape Character Character Zone 14 Zone which is largely outside Bath and North East Somerset, lies within and in some cases forms a substantial part of landscape character areas described in the publication ‘Rural Landscapes of Bath and North East Somerset: A Landscape Character Assessment 2003’. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 32 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Map 6 Character Areas

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 33 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Kelston Roundhill 5.24 The character within the city is 5.25 The buildings of the Georgian equally important in protecting the period combine harmoniously with OUV and indeed some character their landscape setting both at the city zones straddle the WHS boundary. wide level, with views across the city Map 6 includes the character areas and to undeveloped landscape, and within the city which are broadly at the local level in the way buildings based on the assessment included are in harmony with open green areas in the ‘Bath City-wide Character and the public realm. Characteristically Appraisal (August 2005)’. Some of the countryside appears to extend into the areas are largely Georgian such the city through a series of interlinked as areas 5 (Lower Lansdown and green spaces forming an integral part Camden) and 8 (city centre) and of the character of the city providing others have a significant element of cohesion to the city and integration Georgian development. The character between the city and the surrounding of others often towards the periphery countryside. of the city are dictated to varying 5.26 A description of the special degrees by Victorian and twentieth importance of this landscape to the century expansion, yet even here the historical development of Bath is given Roman and Georgian influence can in the introduction to ‘Cherishing sometimes be seen in some road and Outdoor Places – A Landscape building alignments. Some of the Strategy for Bath’ (February 1994) character areas retain a significant and is included in Appendix 3. proportion of undeveloped land thereby retaining some of the qualities that existed in the Georgian period. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 34 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

5.27 Some of the most significant 5.30 The distinctive agricultural attributes of the landscape aspects land-use and the contribution of setting include: of trees and woodland 5.28 The compact nature of the city • The green pastoral landscape surrounding the WHS with • The distinct bowl shape of the the surrounding hills providing landform and valley formed by the containment and a green backdrop River Avon which has influenced to the city. Farming practices, the compact form of the city with particularly grazing, which reflect a distinctive well defined edge to the land-uses during the Georgian development and a characteristic period are particularly valued. lack of urban sprawl and suburbia. • The green setting to heritage 5.29 The inter-relationship of assets outside the site but which Bathampton to Beacon Hill development to the topography are associated with the Outstanding and green setting Universal Value. • Development within the city taking • Trees and woodland forming advantage of the slopes with views a characteristic part of the landscape across the Avon valley to green including on steep slopes, along hillsides beyond and conversely the line of the River Avon and its appearing as dramatic architectural tributaries and within open spaces, masterpieces when viewed from parkland and farmland often across the valley. enhancing the ‘picturesque’ qualities • Opportunities for appreciating of the landscape. the relationship of buildings with • Skyline trees and woodland around the landform. the edges of the WHS. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 35 Chapter 5 Beechen Cliff City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

5.31 The landscape character 5.32 Appreciation of the ‘picturesque’ qualities of the landscape • The distinct character of the landscape surrounding the site, and • The contribution of ‘picturesque’ characteristically penetrating into the qualities in both designed and natural site, provided by the topography, the landscapes such as the contrasts of land-uses particularly the natural and gently sloping floodplains and steep agricultural land-use, landscape valley sides, and trees and pasture Widcombe Hill features, historic features and providing drama and incidence in the looking across the associations and intangible qualities landscape which inspired landscape City to Kelston such as tranquillity. painters including Thomas Roundhill Gainsborough and John Constable. • The Georgian and pre-Georgian The picturesque qualities are development within the landscape. encapsulated by the painter It will have particular significance if Benjamin West as recorded by the it retains elements of the character diarist Joseph Farington in 1807 and appearance that would have who extolled the picturesque beauty been experienced during the of the mills, the rocks, the quarries, Georgian period. the roads, the pools and the streams of water falling from the hills surrounding Bath. • Opportunities for experiencing the dramatic contrasts and views afforded by the topography. 5.33 The appreciation of these qualities can go hand in hand with contemporary appreciation of the surroundings of the city for recreation, exercise, local food production, nature conservation and access to nature and appreciation of the views. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 36 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Visual characteristics Individual buildings or other heritage 5.36 This section has been informed of the Setting assets within the WHS have their own by research into how the city was visual setting which when combined experienced and perceived by 5.34 The visual aspects of setting with other assets provide an overall residents and visitors during the consist of the views from the WHS picture of the extent of the visual Georgian period. The sites have been and key assets associated with the aspects of the setting. Nested and mapped and are included in Map 7. site’s significance out to beyond the overlapping settings of individual city boundary as well as the assets therefore exist within the Description of the Visual opportunities the setting affords for site’s setting. Aspects of Setting viewing and appreciating the WHS 5.37 The visual aspects of setting and its component assets. The visual 5.35 Views to the green undeveloped can be described as constituting: aspects of setting could be thought landscape of farmland and open of as the extent of views from the site spaces and to trees and woodland • Views to and from the city from the ie the visual envelope, although the within the site and in its setting are road system and from the River Avon setting will not always extend to this integral parts of the OUV of the site. and Kennet and Avon Canal. Views limit because of the diminishing A particular characteristic is the green from the railway, although it was built relationship with the site with distance. links between the open countryside subsequent to the Georgian period, Representations of the extent of views surrounding the WHS and green links are also relevant in revealing the from a given viewpoint are termed and open spaces extending into the significance of the site. view-sheds and a selection from key city. The views may be long or short • Views to the city set within the features and viewing points is given views, they may be from single hollow incorporating the Georgian in Appendix 4. For the purposes of significant viewpoints or as part townscape and green spaces. Later the mapping the views are shown of a sequence of views, they may development from the Victorian to a distance of 5km from the viewing be narrow glimpsed views or wide period onwards is also often point which gives a general indication panoramas and they may be a component of these views. of the area within which change may planned or incidental. have an adverse impact on the view • Views from key viewpoints or though in practice this may be less or known recreational walks and rides. more for example views to rising land may be affected to some 6.5km or more. The extent of the visual aspects of setting is guided by factors such as distance from the site, the scale and nature of any proposals and the specific location in relation to the site. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 37 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Alexandra Park towards Beckford's Tower Kelston Road to Bath

Little Solsbury Hill to Bath C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 38 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

5.38 Views which are from historical 5.39 Work carried out to assess the 5.40 Visitors to Bath in Georgian assets or from significant places visual setting has included identifying times would often take excursions associated with the OUV have a selection of significant views. Views on horseback, in carriages or on foot particular significance. Likewise have been assessed and described. into the surrounding countryside. views which show the site and its A set of computer generated view- During the Georgian period from the assets in their own right and in the shed plans from a representative beginning of the 18th century and into wider context and which help our selection of key viewpoints are the mid 19th Century development in understanding of the WHS and included in Appendix 4. When Bath was relatively sparse within tracts its attributes also have particular these are combined they provide of open and mainly grazed significance. These include views an indication of the extent of visibility countryside. Some of the known key which were of significance during the from viewpoints associated with the routes are shown in Map 9. These Roman and Georgian periods many attributes of the site. The extent of include walks taking in Primrose Hill, of which are still valued today and visibility is influenced by the Beacon Hill to Charlcombe, Widcombe those that help our understanding of topography and also by development to the Combe Down stone mines, the Roman and Georgian development and tree cover. It should be noted Alexandra Park and Wells Road on of the city. The importance of these that although there are very extensive to Oldfield Park. Of particular note views is enhanced where the landscape views from some viewpoints there is Ralph Allen’s carriage drive around today reflects some of the appearance will be a limit to how far from the WHS the edge of Bathampton Down and and character that would have been can reasonably be considered part of westwards to Foxhill. Another popular experienced during the Georgian the setting. For the purposes of the walk, often in conjunction with these period in particular. Both the viewpoints mapping the views are shown to a walks and with ferry crossings, was and the views are of significance and distance of 5km from the viewing alongside the river to places such as therefore need to be considered in point which gives a general indication Newbridge to the west or Camden planning any changes and in decision of the area within which change may Crescent. The significance of the making affecting an area. They are of have an adverse impact on the view. walks, promenades and rides to significance regardless of whether In practice this distance may be less the Outstanding Universal Value they are inside or outside the WHS or more depending on factors such is important in understanding how if they enhance the values or help as topography. As an example views Georgian development was so fully in appreciating the values of the to rising land may be affected over integrated with the appreciation of WHS. The emphasis in this document a greater distance to some and integration with the landscape. however is on the setting 6.5km or more. Valued views included to and from outside the site. specific buildings, landmarks and other places of interest as well as an appreciation of the rural landscape within easy access of the town. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 39 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Map 12 Georgian Bath in 1852

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5.41 The views out from the city show 5.42 The views into the city fall into 5.44 The visual setting of the 5.45 There is a third component the importance of the green upper those from the open countryside and Georgian city can best be understood of views which consists of later slopes and skyline all the way around those now within the urban area. There as a series of layers from individual development from Victorian times the built city and also illustrate the are very few publicly accessible views buildings and places of interest which through to the present day. This third contained nature of the city within its of the city from the countryside and may be viewed at close quarters component though not directly part landscape hollow and the importance these are all from the edge of the through to longer views, with the of the original Georgian town none- of trees on the skyline. There are no Cotswold plateau. To the south, east occasional landmark, which form the-less largely respects the character views which show a consistently urban and west the city is tucked down a valued backdrop to people’s lives. of neighbouring areas for example in skyline. The majority of the skyline is within its hollow and except for the Typically key views into the city will the use of Bath stone, the hierarchy well treed with occasional areas such as framed views along the Avon valley incorporate both views to Georgian and scale of buildings and in the above parts of Weston and to the west is largely hidden from view, blocked development, and to open spaces provision of trees and open space of Twerton where agricultural fields by ridge lines and plateau edges. and undeveloped land. These two and in the way they are contained form the upper slopes and hedges run elements reflect some of the within the hollow. These areas form 5.43 The main viewpoints are the along the skyline. Even where housing character of the city that would an important part of the view seen Prospect Stile and nearby Kelston reaches the skyline for example at Fox have been experienced during from the Georgian city and seen Round Hill, along the Cotswold Way Hill, Combe Down and Twerton and the Georgian period. from higher ground where the context at Penn Hill / Dean Hill above Weston, continues over onto the plateau, the of the Georgian city can be seen fully. Little Solsbury Hill and Brown’s Folly. tree cover is generally such that the There are, however, examples of These views all, to different degrees housing is at least partially screened buildings, which have compromised illustrate the compact nature of the and the overall skyline effect is of trees. the harmonious composition of the city laid out in its landscape hollow Looking from within and across the city, city and therefore do not support with either open fields on upper slopes one sees a succession of hills and ridges, or enhance the OUV. or woodland and well treed residential starting with the slopes of the hollow areas running up to well treed skylines. 5.46 Significant components of the itself (some of which lie within the WHS), The wide vista from the aptly named visual setting can be categorised and then rippling out in all directions, Prospect Stile gives a particularly under the following headings. This forming a layered visual backdrop to the impressive view of a large part of the list should be read in conjunction city of open countryside. Some of these city. A selection of these views is with the Historical Associations hills and ridges can be seen from shown and described in Appendix 4. section below and should not locations within the WHS from the be considered exhaustive. Georgian period, such as the and the Georgian Upper Town area, and others form the backdrop when viewing the city from areas developed more recently such as parts of Twerton and Weston. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 41 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Kelston View looking across the City

Kelston Manor looking over the Avon Valley C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 42 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Grenville Monument at the Lansdown Battlefield Site 5.47 Views from key buildings and • Views from historic recreational other assets associated with and routes including walks, rides and providing understanding of the sites places of interest which were OUV including attributes significant in the Georgian period • Views from key buildings and groups known from literature and of buildings of the Georgian period. illustrations. Some are referred Both those located to take to in the Historical Associations advantage of the view such as section below and in Appendix 7. Sham Castle, Beckford’s Tower • Views from existing or proposed and The Royal Crescent and recreational routes following or those with incidental or not near to historical routes including necessarily planned views. sequential views such as along the • Views from other historically river through to incidental glimpsed significant locations and assets such views and routes which provide as parks designed to take advantage appreciation of the attributes of of the view such as Prior Park the site and its setting. The views Gardens and those with incidental afforded from and to the River or not necessarily planned views. Avon and Kennet and Avon Canal are described in the relevant • Views generally from the WHS with section below. greater importance given to the Georgian parts of the city and those • Views from key routes into and out views which reveal the site’s OUV. of the city, both historic and existing including sequential views experienced by travellers entering or leaving the city. The views afforded from and to roads into and out of Bath are described in the relevant section below. • Views to the green undeveloped hillsides, slopes and skyline. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 43 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

• Views to trees and woodlands on • Views of historic recreational routes. Historical Associations 5.52 This section has been the skyline and slopes (woodland, informed by a search of the Historic • Views of key historic routes 5.51 Bath is a city with a near tree belts and scattered trees). Environment record (see Appendix 8), into and out of the city. 2000 year built history, and a pre-built by a desktop study of the main historic • Views to trees, woodlands and open history of several thousand years. The • Views from popular and historically routes into and out of the city (see green space along the valley floor. surrounding area is full of historical significant viewing points. and archaeological sites, many directly Appendix 9), and by a desktop study 5.48 A key role of the WHS of the main historical views and places • Views from the surrounding hills related to the eras of Bath’s history designation is to facilitate of interest in and around the city (see which provide dramatic views which gave rise to its inscription as understanding and revealing the Appendix 7). The results of these into and across the city. a WHS as well as being significant in attributes of the site and therefore two their own right. For the purposes of studies have been analysed for their further categories are included below. • Views associated with the OUV identifying the historical aspects of particular importance to the OUV which have ‘picturesque’ qualities the setting of the WHS those elements and the following themes highlighted: 5.49 Views to key buildings and provided by the landform, the that play a significant supporting • Roman occupation and activities other assets associated with and rocks and geology, the historic role to Bath’s OUV have particular that related to the Roman town which provide understanding of the development, trees and agricultural sites OUV and attributes significance. Historical relationships and its hinterland (see Map 10) land-uses and the way they contrast and past land uses are a valid element • Views of key buildings and groups and complement each other. of an asset’s setting particularly where • The Georgian town, and Georgian of buildings showing them both in buildings and places of interest 5.50 Views to proposed sites or the relationships and uses retain a their own right and / or in their similar character today. (see Map 11) landscape context. areas subject to actual, proposed or potential change • Historic routes to and from the • Views of the Georgian town city still in use (see Map 13) • Views to proposed sites or areas in general showing it both in subject to actual, proposed or • Bath Stone (oolitic limestone) its own right and / or in its potential change seen from key quarrying or mining in the local landscape context. locations such as those listed under area and associated settlements • Views of other historically A or seen in the context of views and facilities or infrastructure, both significant locations such as parks. which provide understanding or Roman and 18th or 19th century appreciation of the site’s attributes • Key areas used by residents of such as those listed under B above. or visitors to the city for leisure in the Georgian period (see Map 9) C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 44 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

• Key viewing points from the Roman occupation and activities • Aspects of these periods which Outside the WHS Georgian period overlooking that supported the town have influenced the developing and • Little Solsbury Hill – Iron Age hill fort the city known from written 5.55 Evidence of Roman occupation existing form of the city such as the • Little Down – Iron Age hill fort history, literature or art and activity are important both within city walls and the Roman Roads. • Stantonbury – Iron Age hill fort • Key views appreciated in the the city and the area surrounding it. 5.57 An indication of some of the • A small part of Bathampton Georgian period from within the They not only provide evidence of key pre-Roman, Iron Age and Roman Down – pre-Roman field system city or its immediate environs out to the development, governance and remains or known sites of significance and settlement the surrounding landscape as known workings of the Roman city of Bath associated with Bath is shown in Map • Lansdown – Iron Age enclosure from written history, literature or art and its hinterland but also help our 10. These include sites both within and • Bathampton Down – pre-Roman understanding of the foundation of outside the WHS which are likely to field system and settlement 5.53 Each of these individually and in the Roman city and the prehistoric have been associated either socially • Charmy Down – pre-Roman combination contribute to, and make and Iron Age civilisation into which the or economically with the town of field systems up, the historical contextual setting of Roman culture became established. Aquae Sulis. These include: • Other sites of Iron Age occupation the WHS. The city was considerably smaller 5.59 Early Roman and more compact and much of the 5.58 Pre-Roman and Iron Age Description of the historical present day city is now on land that Within the WHS aspects of the setting of Bath Within the WHS would have formed the surroundings • River crossing near Cleveland Bridge 5.54 This section gives examples • The hot springs to the Roman city. and possible fort in Bathwick of some of the main sites associated • A small part of Bathampton • First Roman baths (late 60s or 70s) with the OUV and its attributes 5.56 Aspects of significance Down – pre-Roman field system and settlement grouped under key themes. It should to the setting include: and settlement • Walcot Street and London Road be noted that these lists are not • Other sites of Iron Age occupation • Sites and features associated – exhaustive and there is always the • Berewick – Iron Age enclosure with the pre-Roman, iron age • Bathwick – cemetery and settlement potential for discovering new sites and Roman period including • Julian Road – burials of significance. The historical context Roman Villa sites, Roman Roads, and Roman road is therefore set out as a series of burial sites and their setting themes. The sites under each may have their own settings and when • Relationships, particularly views taken together contribute to the WHS and the relationships between setting. The strength of relationship aspects of their respective settings of the individual assets with the WHS and the WHS whether in the WHS, and the degree to which they are part close it or at a greater distance of the setting will vary and be influenced by their physical, visual and cultural connectedness to the WHS. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 45 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

• Locksbrook Cemetery Outside the WHS – burials and Roman road • Box – villa • Partis College – burials and building • Atworth – villa • Sion Hill – settlement and burial • Wellow – villa • Royal Crescent – burials, • Keynsham – villa settlement and road • Newton St Loe – villa • Haycombe Drive – cemetery • Church Farm, North Stoke – villa • Englishcombe Lane – burials • Brockham End, Lansdown – villa and possible Roman road • Hollies Lane, Batheaston – villa • Perrymead cemetery • Bathford – villa • Combe Down – villa • Bathfrod Meadows – villa Outside the WHS • Hodshill, Southstoke – villa • Other occupied sites and burial sites • Little Down – Romanised village • Warleigh Wood – Romanised village The Georgian town, buildings, • Bitton – Romanised village features, structures and other • See also roads below sites (see Maps 9, 11 and 12) 5.60 Later Roman 5.61 The relationship of buildings to the wider townscape and landscape Wellsway Within the WHS are of particular significance including • City centre – expansion of the both views to and from the buildings Roman town, the hot springs and structures. Key examples of and Minerva Temple buildings of the period forming part of • Walcot – part of the Roman town the sites setting include the impressive • Royal Crescent – market district Newton Park House and Kelston • Wells Road – villa Manor within their estates. • Daniel Street – villa • Norfolk Crescent – villa • Lower Common – villa • Sion Hill – villa • High Common – house • Other occupied sites and burial sites C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 46 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

5.62 Aspects of significance • Trevarno Paper Mill and Spa, • Coal Pits, Newton St Loe Key areas used by residents to the setting include: Bathford of, or visitors to, the city • Kelston Manor and Park, (see Map 9 and Appendix 7) • Sites, features and buildings • Bathampton Manor Newton St Loe associated with the Georgian period, 5.61 Bath was a place of leisure and • Bathampton Lodge and Bath House, in particular associated with the OUV Historic routes to and pleasure in the 18th century. Places Bathampton from the city still in use such as Sydney Gardens within the • Relationships, particularly views and • Hampton Rocks tramway, city played a significant role in the the relationships between aspects 5.59 The significance of the roads Bathampton Down social life of the city. Getting out of of their respective settings, between and their details are given a separate section later in the chapter. Bath to enjoy the immediate the above sites and the WHS • Sham Castle, Bathampton Down countryside was also a popular pursuit, whether in the WHS, around the • Claverton Manor, Claverton Stone quarrying or mining particularly with the views of the city WHS or more distant locations that could be seen from the hilltops. • Laverton Pump, Kennet and 5.60 The main mines at Combe • Aspects of these periods which These routes are generally within the Avon Canal Down and Odd Down, together have influenced the developing and with associated workers housing WHS but also extended beyond in existing form of the city such as the • Warleigh Manor, Bathford and facilities, lie within the WHS. places. They include: city ramparts and street pattern • , Kennet In addition to these, there are sites • The High and Middle Commons 5.63 Some of the key sites are listed and Avon Canal of potential Roman quarrying in the (now Royal Victoria Park and the below with further detail given in Bathampton Down area which may Approach Golf Course respectively), • Conkwell Incline, Appendix 10. be of great significance if they were Sion Hill and Primrose Hill and for • Murhill Incline, Winsley the origin for the stone used in the the energetic on to Kelston Round • Lilliput Castle, North Stoke Roman era and fuller’s earth mining Hill and Prospect Stile • Combe Grove, Monkton Combe at Combe Hay. Quarry sites and • Grenville Monument, Lansdown • Lansdown (walking, riding, fair, races) • Tucking Mill associated infrastructure include: • Lansdown and Claverton including routes to Beacon Hill and Racecourses (Claverton • William Smith’s tramway and quarry • Potentially Roman quarries Charlcombe Racecourse is within the WHS) around Bathampton Down slopes • De Montalt Mill, Combe Down • River walks including the village • Lansdown Fair • Roman fuller’s earth quarrying of Twerton and its watermill, the • Midford Castle, South Stoke at Combe Hay vineyard at Old Newbridge Hill with • Woolley Gunpowder Mills • Caisson and Locks, • Bathampton Down inclined plane its rural views to the west and linking • The Rocks, Marshfield Somersetshire Coal Canal of walks to Beacon Hill to the east. • Hampton Down tramway The river also provided links via a • Shockerwick House and Park • Combe Hay Manor, Combe Hay • Mount Pleasant Quarry number of ferry crossings such • Cold Bath Farm, Batheaston • Newton Manor and Park, as at Green Park and the Parades Newton St Loe • St Winifred’s Quarry. to the south. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 47 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

• Bathampton Down (especially 5.63 There are however more public the old quarry workings) including viewpoints within or close to the city Ralph Allen’s carriage drive which looking towards the centre which have extended around Claverton and been significant since the 18th or 19th Bathampton Downs and westwards centuries and are still existing today. to beyond Foxhill They include: • Route to Combe Down stone mines • Lansdown plateau including and the Midford Brook valley taking Beckford’s Tower and in Widcombe Hill, Widcombe village Lansdown Cemetery and Prior Park • Primrose Hill and Sion Hill • Lyncombe Vale including • Somerset Place and Lyncombe Spa (now the Paragon Lansdown Crescent School), Alexandra Park taking in panoramic views in all directions • Camden Crescent and Oldfield Park. • Kelston View, Whiteway (not known Key viewing points to have been significant in the 18th century but popular today) overlooking the city Widcombe Hill looking towards Lansdown 5.62 There are very few views to the • Alexandra Park above Beechen city from the open countryside outside Cliff looking north the city. These are listed below: • Twerton Roundhill (not known • Prospect Stile and Kelston Roundhill to have been significant in the 18th century except as a landmark but • Little Solsbury Hill (although of popular today) antiquarian interest it is not recorded as a significant destination in the • Prior Park and Rainbow Woods 18th century) • Widcombe Hill • Brown’s Folly. • North Road, Sham Castle and Bathampton Down. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 48 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

Key views from within the city or 5.65 A key characteristic of the Routes into and Possible Roman roads its immediate environs out to the WHS is the views, often corridor out of the City • Weston Road and Julian Road surrounding landscape views, along streets, between 5.66 Part of the reason for Bath buildings or along the river corridor • Brougham Hayes 5.64 From the historical study carried being created was its strategic and more occasionally panoramic out, it is clear that there were certain significance as a place where the • The potentially follows a views from the developed part of views from within the city in the 18th crossed the Avon, allowing Roman road where it skirts the WHS the city to undeveloped (wooded or or 19th century to the surrounding the Romans access to the south west. boundary in the Odd Down area. grazed), slopes or hills which reflect landscape which were notable. Good Roman road access to the town the more extensive rural landscape • Bathampton They include: encouraged commerce and made it setting to Bath that would have been easier for pilgrims to reach the Temple • Combe Down • West from Newbridge area towards experienced in Georgian times. The and bathing complex. The key Roman Kelston and Newton St Loe views are a combination of planned 5.67 Unsurprisingly roads were the roads are listed below: principal means of reaching Georgian • The panorama of the city and and incidental views which together Bath and some followed the route of its backdrop landscape taking characterise the city. Examples of Known Roman roads Roman roads. Further detail is given in Kelston Roundhill around to panoramic views include from the • The Upper & Lower Bristol Roads in Appendix 9. Nearly all the roads Sham Castle Royal Crescent, Royal Victoria Park (previously Middle Common), High • The Fosse Way entering Bath from are still in use today although short • East from Bathampton and Common and Grand Parade and the south along the A367 and exiting sections may survive only as minor Claverton Downs (location of Terrace Walk. Examples of corridor along the London Road and beyond roads or lanes following subsequent Ralph Allen’s carriage rides) views are numerous and include The Batheaston as the Bannerdown Road improvements. The roads, the quality and character of their environs and • Alexandra Park to the west, Circus looking down Gay Street, Saw • The Lansdown Road approaching views to and from them is a key south and east. Close to Bathampton Down and Beechen Cliff and Henrietta Street the city from the north contributor to the significance of to Beacon Hill. A description and the OUV of the WHS. selection of river corridor views are shown in Appendix 11. C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 49 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

5.68 In most cases the roads both of urban fringe as one drives from the 5.70 The assessment of roads provided visitors their first glimpse of Lansdown Racecourse to the city within the WHS indicates the sense the city and also were used as a means boundary, with playing fields and of anticipation and then the feeling for enjoying the surrounding area. The associated buildings, lighting, signage of arrival that would have been Turnpike Act in 1707 was instrumental and the Lansdown Park and Ride. experienced by travellers into Bath. in facilitating improvements such as There are, however no views of the city For example travellers from the south widening, surfacing and drainage and itself until well within the city boundary would experience the climb up the the construction of diversions and new where the road drops sharply down steep Brassknocker Hill and the level roads enabling Bath to develop some off the plateau top and into the Avon section of the plateau at Claverton of the best roads in the country at that valley. From the A36 through Down Road before the steep descent time. Prior to the Turnpikes access Bathampton, again the visitor is driving into the city which would gradually to Bath was difficult and at times from the built up area of the village reveal itself as the traveller descended dangerous on account of the hills. more or less straight into the city Ralph Allen’s Drive, or the Bathwick A selection of the key roads is suburbs. From the A367 the old Fullers or Widcombe Hills. A sequence of described in Appendix 12. The present Earth Works 0.75km from the city views along some of the routes is network of roads, leading to Bath, still boundary with the adjacent Park and shown in Appendix 12. largely follows the historic alignments. Ride site does give a brief sense of 5.71 Access was also available urban fringe. From some of the other 5.69 Outside the WHS the roads by boat from Bristol via the Avon surveyed routes there are occasional are now mainly class ‘A’ and ‘B’ roads. navigation from 1727 onwards and glimpses of small parts of the city With very few exceptions up to 2km from London via the Kennet & Avon development in the distance but for from the city boundary there is very Canal which opened in 1810. Bath was all routes other than those described little evidence at all that an urban area not reached by railway from London above there is quite a sharp change is about to be entered. Key buildings until 1840. from high quality rural to suburban / such as Kelston Manor and Bailbrook urban character with almost no House and structures such as the intermediate urban fringe and almost bridge at Newbridge provided a sense no views of the city ahead until one of the approaching Georgian town. has actually entered it. On the old A4 through Batheaston the visitor is travelling in a built up environment anyway before entering the city but only a limited amount of city development can be viewed before entering the city itself. On the Lansdown Road, there is a rare sense C 1 2 3 4 6 7 A 50 Chapter 5 City of Bath World Heritage Site Setting

River Avon towards Beacons Hill The River Avon and the 5.73 Then as now the quality and Kennet and Avon Canal character of the river and its environs and the views afforded to and from 5.72 There is an impression that the river are key attributes. The society in Georgian times turned its expansion and intensification of back on the river which presumably development within Bath since the is perceived by the fact that few Georgian period has reduced the open developments have historically faced and green character of the valley floor. on to the river. The river however This heightens the value of the played an important part in the remaining green character alongside development of the city’s economy, the river as part of the OUV including in the layout of the city including the near continuous belt of trees taking advantage of the views to the alongside the river and the string river and the green valley floor and in of open green spaces from small the day-to-day life of its citizens and incidental spaces to larger open visitors. In the Georgian period there spaces such as Green Park. The were pleasure grounds directly significance of the walks, promenades relating to the river and there is and rides including the river paths to evidence that the river was a key the OUV is important in understanding recreational route taking in places how Georgian development was so Midford Brook Valley from Brassknocker Hill such as Newbridge, Camden Crescent, fully integrated with appreciation of, Twerton village and mill and the and integration with, the landscape. various ferry crossing points. 5.74 A description of the river walk and a selection of river corridor views are shown in Appendix 11. 51 Chapter 6 51 Management of the Setting

This chapter emphasises General on-going maintenance is the importance of effective essential to maintain management and care of the character and significance of the site the World Heritage Site and its setting. Some of and its setting based on the key issues include: • Agricultural use of land within the setting an understanding of the and in particular grazing by farm stock. • Maintenance of the landscape character significance of the site. and associated landscape features. • Keeping views both to and from key areas. • Management and planting of trees to ensure a healthy cover of trees including on the skyline, along the Avon valley, within parks, gardens, streets and open spaces, along linear features and in woodlands. Effective management can be achieved through local planning policies and guidance, through management plans for specific sites, through the World Heritage Site Management Plan and through community participation in projects. C 1 2 3 4 5 7 A 52 52 Chapter 6 Management of the Setting

6.01 The on-going management 6.03 The landscape was historically 6.05 Trees and woodlands are an 6.06 There are a number of means or care of the setting needs to be appreciated for its ‘picturesque’ important component of the character available to ensure that the site and its informed by a full understanding quality including characteristics of the WHS and its setting. There is setting are properly managed of the significance and attributes and features such as the distinct need to ensure a healthy on-going including: of the site and the contribution that and contrasting landform, trees, rock mixed age structure including on the • Policies to protect the WHS and its the setting makes as outlined in the outcrops and the variation provided skyline, along the Avon valley, within setting, in the Local Plan (Policy BH.1) previous chapters. Management by the contrast between open and parks, gardens, streets and open and Core Strategy (Policy B4) once of the World Heritage Site (WHS) enclosed areas. The protection and spaces, along linear features and adopted, and other relevant policies requires protection and enhancement enhancement of the landscape in woodlands. The maintenance supported by this Supplementary of not only the site and its setting as features which make up the landscape of views which are significant to Planning Document. a whole but also protection and character is therefore an important the OUV needs to recognise the enhancement of the individual assets objective. desirability of providing softening • Management plans for specific sites. which contribute to the Outstanding and screening by trees and the 6.04 Views are also particularly • The WHS Management Plan. Universal Value (OUV) of the site. This contrast they provide to other more characteristic including those to will include assets and attributes both open areas. • The Cotswolds Area of Outstanding and from key buildings and other within the site and within the setting. Natural Beauty Management Plan areas of significance. It is important 6.02 One of the key characteristics to manage the landscape and • The Green Space Strategy of the surroundings is the open townscape to ensure key views are • The emerging Green Infrastructure agricultural land-use. Grazed pastoral maintained by careful control of new Strategy landscapes are particularly significant development and where opportunities as these reflect the land-use and occur to restore or enhance views. • Liaison with landowners and character of the landscape that would The appropriate management of organisations and have been appreciated during the vegetation is important to ensure • Community participation in projects. Georgian period. One of the objectives key views are maintained. is therefore to encourage on-going management of the open landscape through effective grazing. 53 Chapter 7 53 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

This chapter outlines the • Any assessment needs to include impacts on specific process for assessing impacts assets and an overall assessment of the impact on of proposed development and the World Heritage Site and its setting indicated by how the other changes on the World Outstanding Universal Value, integrity, authenticity and significance of the Heritage Site relating to the World Heritage Site may be affected. • The assessment will need to include setting. The need for an effects on aspects associated with the significance of the site including landscape assessment will be dictated by and townscape character, effects on views and effects on historical significance its location and by the nature and associations. of any proposed development. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 A Beckfords tower towards Bathampton Down Chapter 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

Beckfords Tower towards Kelston Roundhill and Cotswold Way

Kelston Manor and Avon Valley C 1 2 3 4 5 6 A 55 Chapter 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

Introduction 7.02 Those proposing development Existing Legislation 7.05 The Environmental Impact 7.01 Decisions affecting the setting within, or affecting, the setting of 7.04 The requirement for carrying out Assessment Regulations aim to inform whether within it or in the World the WHS should use the following an Environmental Impact Assessment the decision making process by Heritage Site (WHS) itself should be framework to assess the likely effect is implemented in England through the identifying potentially significant made with a full understanding of the of development on the WHS. This is Town and Country Planning environmental effects. It puts in place significance of the World Heritage Site assessed with reference to the likely Regulations. Guidance on carrying out a system which seeks to promote and its setting and of the likely effects impacts on the OUV, integrity, Environmental Impact Assessments sustainable development by ensuring of any proposed development or other authenticity and significance of the has been produced by the that effects on the historic environment, changes on the Outstanding Universal WHS. The framework should also Department of the Environment, the natural environment and, the Value (OUV) as set out in Chapter 5. be used as part of the plan making Transport and the Regions in Circular livelihood and well-being of people This chapter provides guidance on the process and where other changes 2/99. Any development which is in or and communities are fully considered. are proposed within the setting with process required in order to assess the partly in a WHS requires an 7.03 An Environmental Impact potential effects on the WHS. The likely effects of proposed development Environmental Impact Assessment ‘if it Assessment will not be required for all assessment could form part of an or other changes which may affect the is likely to have a significant effect on situations where proposed Environmental Impact Assessment setting of the WHS. The assessment the environment’ (Circular 07/2009 on development may result in impacts on where this is required; it could form process not only guides the planning of the Protection of World Heritage the WHS. This may occur where the part of other assessments or could be proposals and informs the decision Sites.) WHSs are considered sensitive type of proposed development is not prepared as a stand-alone assessment. making process but also helps the areas under the Environmental Impact listed in the Schedules of the It is not intended that the assessment public and communities to understand Assessment regulations and therefore Regulations. In these situations an should replicate work or be separate the predicted effects of any proposed an Environmental Impact Assessment assessment of the impact on the WHS from an Environmental Impact changes so that all parties can is likely to, but not always, be required and its setting will still be an important Assessment where it can be potentially benefit from the intended for works listed in Schedules 1 or 2 of part of a planning application even if incorporated within. transparency of the process. the Regulations. Consideration should not part of an official Environmental 7.03 This chapter also includes the also be given to whether proposals Impact Assessment. The degree of legislative and local requirements for outside the WHS are likely to impact detail in any case whether as part of an assessing impacts of development on the WHS. Environmental Impact Assessment or proposals which are briefly summarised as a separate impact assessment below. Chapters 4 and 5 outline where should be commensurate with the the City of Bath WHS setting is and scale of any proposed changes and what is important about it. the sensitivity or significance of the aspect of the environment that may be affected. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 A 56 Chapter 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

Impact Assessment Process 7.05 Those proposing development 7.06 There are existing methodologies 7.07 By assessing impacts on specific 7.04 The Environmental Impact within, or affecting, the setting of the applicable for assessing impacts on landscapes and their features, on Assessment Regulations lay out a set WHS should use the following heritage assets which should be used views and on historical assets which procedure that requires a systematic framework to assess the likely effect of for assessing impacts on the WHS and contribute to the significance of the assessment of a project’s likely development on the WHS. The its setting. A well established and WHS as defined in the Statement of environmental effects incorporating framework should also be used as part accepted methodology for assessing Outstanding Universal Value (see an Environmental Impact Assessment of the plan making process and where Landscape and Visual Impacts is Appendix 1), and defined attributes, within an Environmental Statement other changes are proposed within the provided in the ‘Guidelines for the results can be aggregated to before consent for certain types of setting of the WHS. It seeks to bring Landscape and Visual Impact provide an overall understanding of 9 development can be given. Key together the various aspects of Assessment’ which is due to be the impact of any given proposal on requirements include: significance including landscape and updated. The guidelines and any the WHS. The relative significance to townscape character, views (from up-dated guidelines can be used to the OUV of each view, each landscape • A description of the project significant heritage assets, from key assess the effects of proposals on the and each heritage asset which may be • A description of measures proposed parts of the WHS and significant views landscape, both developed and affected, should be identified. to avoid, reduce or remedy to the WHS and individual assets), and undeveloped, and their component significant adverse effects. historical associations and heritage parts and to assess the effect on assets which make up the WHS and its individual views as part of the • Data which identifies and assesses setting. The framework is consistent assessment of effects on the WHS and the main effects on the environment with guidance prepared by English its setting. The approach to visual 7 8 • An outline of alternatives Heritage and ICOMOS International. impact has been taken forward in considered and English Heritage’s ,‘Seeing the History in the View’,10 which applies the • A non-technical summary. methodology specifically to assessing visual impacts on heritage assets and is therefore particularly applicable for assessing impacts on the WHS. There has been less guidance on assessing impacts on heritage assets with a few exceptions such as work produced by the Highways Agency. More recently ICOMOS International have produced draft guidance on heritage impact assessments.11 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 A 57 Chapter 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

7.08 The aggregated impacts on may include impacts on hill forts individual assets can contribute to associated with Bath and its founding, Work Stage in Summary Description of Work Required understanding the full significance to Roman sites or features of significance and Presentation Guidance the WHS. For example the impact on a to the founding or management of the landscape appreciated for its city and Georgian buildings and A Identify and describe assets and ‘picturesque’ qualities in Georgian landscapes known to be of Description of Existing Conditions attributes which may be affected times or an impact on the view from or significance in Georgian times. Any i) Identify and describe the assets by development or other changes to a Georgian building located to take assessment of impact on the setting which convey the OUV and which with potential impact on the OUV advantage of the view and / or to be will assess each of these aspects of may be affected by development including authenticity, integrity and seen in the context of the wider view, setting together with an overall or other changes under the separate significance of the WHS. Analyse will have particular significance. It is assessment of the impact on the WHS. headings of landscape and the significance of each asset to not necessarily the number of 7.09 A framework is provided below townscape character, views the OUV and their contribution to viewpoints the proposed development which seeks to bring together existing and visual aspects and the setting of the WHS. Refer to can be seen from or even the scale of guidance and best practice in order to historical aspects. Appendix 13 for grading the the impact on any asset which of itself guide preparation of a comprehensive ii) Assess the significance of each significance of assets. The following will define the degree of impact and assessment of the effects of proposals asset in conveying the OUV aspects should be considered. overall significance on the WHS and its on the City of Bath WHS located within including where appropriate the setting. This will be dictated by the or affecting the setting of the WHS. sensitivity of the assets significance of the landscape and / or the view or views affected in relation 7.10 The process should run parallel to the OUV. This differentiates the with and inform and influence Landscape and Townscape assessment of landscape and visual development proposals to avoid Character including Topography impact on the WHS from other or reduce impacts or to better • Identify and describe significant landscape or visual impact reveal the significance of the WHS. aspects of the landscape character, assessments where for example developed and undeveloped, rural factors such as the landscape and urban, and designation of the landscape or • Identify and describe their viewpoint may be more significant. It significance to the OUV and assess can therefore be seen that in assessing their sensitivity to change impact on the WHS, the landscape and visual impact is intricately wrapped up with the OUV. In addition it will also be necessary to assess impact on specific historical assets related to the OUV of the WHS, this C 1 2 3 4 5 6 A 58 Chapter 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

Work Stage in Summary Description of Work Required Work Stage in Summary Description of Work Required and Presentation Guidance and Presentation Guidance

Visual Setting Presentation • Identify specific significant Written text supported by viewpoints where the site or any photographs of the site and its potential development or changes surroundings, of significant historic would be visible from (including assets and views from significant views to and from the WHS and viewpoints with photograph views within the setting of the locations indicated on a map. WHS) and • specify the significance of the views B Key aspects of the development to the OUV and assess their Description of Proposed • Describe the key aspects of the sensitivity to change Development or Other development relevant to the WHS Proposed Change and its setting including any phasing Historic Context and Setting Describe the proposed development • Describe alternatives considered • Identify any relevant known historic or other changes particularly those and the reasons for the final choice assets and assess potential for parts which may affect the assets historic remains which may be listed in A above affected by the proposals • Specify their significance where Presentation known to the OUV Written text supported by plans, elevations, section and Any other aspects of setting photomontages as appropriate. • Identify any other aspects of setting which may be affected. This should include routes into and out of the city and the River Avon and Kennet and Avon Canal corridors where there may be an effect on their character or views to and from them. • Specify their significance to the OUV. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 A 59 Chapter 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

Work Stage in Summary Description of Work Required Work Stage in Summary Description of Work Required and Presentation Guidance and Presentation Guidance

C Objectively assess any impacts on Assess the degree of change and Assessment of the Effects of the the OUV, authenticity and integrity whether the impact is adverse proposals on the OUV, authenticity and significance of the WHS. Key (negative), neutral or beneficial and integrity of the WHS for each of assets should be assessed (positive) for each asset. Identify the aspects of setting listed. individually as well as collectively to whether impacts are direct or i) Assess the scale of impact of the provide an overall assessment of the indirect, cumulative, and temporary proposed development or other effects on the OUV. The effects on or permanent. Refer to Appendix 13 changes on the individual assets the following aspects should be for grading the scale of impact. under the separate headings of considered. landscape and townscape • the character of the landscape in Assess opportunities for mitigation character, views and visual aspects the area of proposed change and in measures to reduce detrimental and historical aspects the surrounding area impacts and potential opportunities ii) Assess the overall scale of Impact • specific views both to and from the for enhancement. Assess the on the OUV of the WHS by area of proposed change. resultant scale of impact. aggregating the results of Ci above Preparation of a Zone of Theoretical Visibility may help to indicate the potential extent of any views to the Assess the overall magnitude of proposals the impact of the proposals on the • known or potential historic assets OUV by aggregating the results of relevant to the WHS and its setting the assessment of impact on • other aspects of setting if individual assets. appropriate. This should include the effect of any noise or smells Presentation resulting from the proposals and Written text supported by effects on routes into and out of the illustrations as appropriate. The city and on the River Avon and impact assessment should also be Kennet and Avon Canal corridors. presented in tabulated form particularly for larger or more complex proposals. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 A 60 Chapter 7 Assessing Impacts Affecting the World Heritage Site Setting

Work Stage in Summary Description of Work Required Work Stage in Summary Description of Work Required and Presentation Guidance and Presentation Guidance

D Describe design and mitigation Presentation Detailed Design Considerations measures as appropriate and how Written text with tabulated summary Describe how the proposals and any they have avoided, reduced or of the significance of the effects on the proposed mitigation respond to the mitigated the Impacts identified or main assets and the overall location and the wider area with better revealed the significance of significance of the effects on the WHS. reference to the aspects of setting the WHS

Presentation Written text supported by illustrations as appropriate

E Assess the overall significance of the Summary and Conclusion effects of proposed development or i) Assess the overall significance or other changes on the OUV. This is a impact of the effects of proposed function of the significance (and, development or other changes on where appropriate, the sensitivity) of the OUV. the assets and the scale of impact on ii) Summarise the effects of the them. Refer to Appendix 13 for grading proposed development or other the overall significance of the effects. changes on the OUV, authenticity, integrity and significance of the WHS.

The assessment should include a summary and conclusion clearly setting out the effects of the proposals on the OUV, authenticity, integrity and significance of the WHS. 61 Appendices 61 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 62 Appendices Appendix 1

Appendix 1 City of Bath World Heritage Property Statement of Outstanding Universal Value

Date inscription: 1987 • The Neo-classical style of the public Criteria Bath’s quality of architecture and urban Criteria: i, ii, iv buildings (such as the Assembly design, its visual homogeneity and its Criterion (i): Represents a masterpiece Date of SOUV: 2010 Rooms and the Pump Room) beauty are largely testament to the skill of human creative genius. harmonises with the grandiose and creativity of the architects and The City of Bath is of outstanding proportions of the monumental Bath’s grandiose neo-classical Palladian visionaries of the 18th and 19th universal value for the following cultural ensembles (such as Queen Square, crescents, terraces and squares spread centuries who applied and developed attributes: Circus and Royal Crescent) and out over the surrounding hills and set in Palladianism in response to the specific • The Roman remains, especially the collectively reflects the ambitions, its green valley, are a demonstration opportunities offered by the spa town Temple of Sulis Minerva and the baths particularly social, of the spa city in par excellence of the integration of and its physical environment and complex (based around the hot the 18th century. architecture, urban design and natural resources (in particular the hot springs at the heart of the Roman city landscape setting, and the deliberate springs and the local Bath Oolitic • The individual Georgian buildings of Aquae Sulis, which have remained creation of a beautiful city. Not only limestone). Three men – architect John reflect the profound influence of at the heart of the City’s development are individual buildings such as the Wood Senior, entrepreneur and quarry Palladio, and their collective scale, ever since) are amongst the most Assembly Rooms and Pump Room owner Ralph Allen and celebrated style and the organisation of the famous and important Roman of great distinction, they are part of social shaper and Master of spaces between buildings epitomises remains north of the Alps, and the larger overall city landscape that Ceremonies Richard “Beau” Nash – the success of architects such as the marked the beginning of Bath’s evolved over a century in a harmonious together provided the impetus to start John Woods, Robert Adam, Thomas history as a spa town. and logical way, drawing together this social, economic and physical Baldwin and John Palmer in public and private buildings and spaces rebirth, resulting in a city that played • The Georgian city reflects the transposing Palladio’s ideas to the in a way that reflects the precepts of host to the social, political and cultural ambitions of John Wood Senior, scale of a complete city, situated in a Palladio tempered with picturesque leaders of the day. That the architects Ralph Allen and Richard “Beau” Nash hollow in the hills and built to a aestheticism. who followed were working over the to make Bath into one of the most Picturesque landscape aestheticism course of a century, with no master beautiful cities in Europe, with creating a strong garden city feel, plan or single patron, did not prevent architecture and landscape combined more akin to the 19th century garden them from contriving to relate each harmoniously for the enjoyment of cities than the 17th century individual development to those the spa town’s cure takers. Renaissance cities. around it and to the wider landscape, creating a city that is harmonious and logical, in concord with its natural environment and extremely beautiful. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 63 Appendices Appendix 1

Significance of the site Criterion (iv): Be an outstanding Although Bath gained greatest Authenticity (2010) example of a type of building or importance in Roman and Georgian Criterion (ii): Exhibit an important The hot springs, which are the reason architectural or technological ensemble times, the city nevertheless reflects interchange of human values, over for the City’s original development, or landscape which illustrates (a) continuous development over two a span of time or within a cultural are of undoubted authenticity. The significant stage(s) in human history. millennia with the spectacular area of the world, on developments key Roman remains are preserved, mediaeval Abbey Church sat beside in architecture or technology, Bath reflects two great eras in human protected and displayed within a the Roman temple and baths, in the monumental arts, town planning history: Roman and Georgian. The museum environment, and the Roman heart of the 18th century and modern or landscape design. Roman Baths and temple complex, Baths can still be appreciated for their day city. together with the remains of the city original use. The majority of the large Bath exemplifies the 18th century move of Aquae Sulis that grew up around stock of Georgian buildings have been away from the inward-looking uniform Integrity (2010) them, make a significant contribution continuously inhabited since their street layouts of Renaissance cities that to the understanding and appreciation Remains of the known Roman baths, construction, and retain a high degree dominated through the 15th-17th of Roman social and religious society. the Temple of Sulis Minerva and the of original fabric. Repairs have largely centuries, towards the idea of planting The 18th century re-development is a below grounds Roman remains are well been sympathetic, informed by an buildings and cities in the landscape to unique combination of outstanding preserved and within the property extensive body of documentation, and achieve picturesque views and forms, urban architecture, spatial arrangement boundary as are the areas of Georgian aided by a programme of restoration in which could be seen echoed around and social history. Bath exemplifies the town planning and architecture, and the late twentieth century. More Europe particularly in the 19th century. main themes of the 18th century large elements of the landscape within vulnerable is the overall interaction This unifying of nature and city, seen neoclassical city; the monumentalisation which the city is set. Despite some loss of between groups of buildings in throughout Bath, is perhaps best of ordinary houses, the integration of Georgian buildings prior to inscription, terraces, crescents and squares and demonstrated in the Royal Crescent landscape and town, and the creation the Georgian City remains largely intact views to the surrounding landscape (John Wood Younger) and Lansdown and interlinking of urban spaces, both in terms of buildings and plan form. that contributed to the city’s visual Crescent (John Palmer). Bath’s urban designed and developed as a response An extensive range of interlinked spaces harmony. There is a need for new and landscape spaces are created by to the growing popularity of Bath as a formed by crescents, terraces and developments to respect the planning the buildings that enclose them, society and spa destination and to squares set in a harmonious relationship of the Georgian terraces, to respect the providing a series of interlinked spaces provide an appropriate picturesque with the surrounding green landscape scale and rhythm of its structures, and that flow organically, and that visually setting and facilities for the cure takers survive. The relationship of the Georgian to contribute to picturesque views. (and at times physically) draw in the and social visitors. city to its setting of the surrounding hills green surrounding countryside to remains clearly visible. As a modern create a distinctive garden city feel, city, Bath remains vulnerable to large looking forward to the principles of scale development and to transport garden cities developed by the 19th pressures, both within the site and in its century town planners. setting that could impact adversely on its garden city feel, and on views across the property and to its green setting. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 64 Appendices Appendix 1

Management and All UK World Heritage Sites are The main pressures currently facing the Protection (2010) required to have Management site are large scale development and Plans which set out the OUV and the need for improved transport. New The UK Government protects World the measures in place to ensure it development will continue to be Heritage Sites in England in two ways. is conserved, protected, promoted assessed against the policy framework Firstly individual buildings, monuments, and enhanced. Relevant policies carry listed above. Transport improvements gardens and landscapes are designated weight in the planning system. World are based principally around a bus under the Planning (Listed Buildings Heritage Sites should have Steering based network and pedestrianisation, and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 Groups which are made up of key local outlined in the Management Plan. and the 1979 Ancient Monuments and stakeholders who oversee monitoring, There is a need for development to Archaeological Areas Act and secondly implementation and review of the be based on a greater articulation and through the UK Spatial Planning system Management Plans. understanding of the distinctiveness under the provisions of the Town and of the Georgian city, in order that new Country Planning Act 1990. The World Heritage Site Management developments may reinforce the Plan aims to address the key tensions National guidance on protecting the attributes that convey outstanding between development and conservation Historic Environment (Planning Policy universal value. of the city wide site. The plan proposes Statement 5) and World Heritage supplementary planning documents of (Circular 07/09) and accompanying the Summary Management Plan and of explanatory guidance has been the Setting Study. recently published by Government. Policies to protect, promote, conserve and enhance World Heritage Sites, their settings and buffer zones can be found in regional plans and in local authority plans and frameworks. The Bath and North East Somerset Local Plan contains a core policy which states that development which would harm the qualities which justified the inscription of the World Heritage Site, or its setting, will not be permitted. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 65 Appendices Appendix 2

Appendix 2 Planning Designations (Cotswolds AONB, Green Belt around Bath, Conservation Areas, Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Historic Parks and Gardens)

Map 5a Planning Designations: Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 66 Appendices Appendix 2

Map 5b Planning Designations: Green Belt

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 67 Appendices Appendix 2

Map 5c Planning Designations: Conservation Areas

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 68 Appendices Appendix 2

Map 5d Planning Designations: Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Historic Parks and Gardens

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 69 Appendices Appendix 3

Appendix 3 Extract from Cherishing Outdoor Places – A Landscape Strategy for Bath Bath City Council (adopted 1993)

Part 1: Introduction The topography has also provided Bath’s landscape is therefore part The city has a wealth of greenery and and Summary unique architectural opportunities. cause and partly an effect of the open spaces, and this provides many There are fine views across the River historical development of the city. It has different opportunities for leisure Bath’s Special Landscape Avon valley from the hillsides and these been the interaction between the built activities, learning, relaxation and the Bath’s rich and varied landscape is have inspired architects to develop and natural environment throughout simple enjoyment of outdoor places. the product of its history. The natural the high quality architecture of the history and their influence upon one It also provides a home for a wide setting to Bath - its geology and crescents and terraces which another, which has created the unique variety of plant and animal life. The climate - has shaped the city’s characterise 18th century development composition of Bath. biological diversity of the landscape topography over thousands of years. in Bath and for which the city is so well is important and is a natural resource The inscription of the City of Bath on Bath sits within the River Avon valley renowned. on which all life depends. the List of World Heritage Sites (1987) as it cuts through the southern end of Throughout the city, buildings are means that whole city has been The landscape provides a natural the Cotswold Hills and where it is joined viewed set within, or against, a recognised as being of outstanding beauty, which is an integral part of by a number of tributaries. The location backcloth of trees. Our forefathers universal value and thereby worthy the city’s special character and of the hot springs within the river valley planted exotic tree species within the of special protection. This accolade appearance and has the ability to attracted early settlers. Throughout city at the time of great explorations recognises Bath as a city of soften the harshness of people’s history the presence of the springs and and plant collecting. Many of these international importance for its activities and a capacity to improve the valley setting have contributed to were coniferous and evergreen and contribution to the art of urban design, the quality of all our lives. the impact of the city on its survive today as important features in for its architectural quality, its Roman surroundings. the city’s landscape. remains, its Georgian town centre and The characteristic hilly, and often steep, its historic associations. The City From many city centre streets, views topography of Bath, has both restricted Council believes that the special quality are channelled towards the fields and and determined the pattern of of Bath lies not only in the fine woodlands of the rural skyline. Many of development within the city. As a result architectural facades of its built the important Georgian buildings take it has provided Bath with its superb environment but also in the urban advantage of these views. New wooded skyline and allowed the and landscape spaces that they landscapes were often created in retention of important greenspaces enclose and its setting amidst the high association with the terraces and to penetrate deep within the built-up quality landscape of the southern crescents to enhance the enjoyment of area. Many of these bring high quality Cotswold Hills. their views further. Many of these have rural landscapes right into the heart been conserved as important of the city. townscape features within the city. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 70 Appendices Appendix 4

Appendix 4 Selection of Computer Generated View-shed Maps (all maps in this section are computer generated and cut off at 5km from the viewpoint)

Map 7a Area Visible from the Viewpoint at the Royal Crescent

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 71 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7b Area from which the Royal Crescent is Visible

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 72 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7c Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Lansdown Crescent

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 73 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7d Area from which the Lansdown Crescent is Visible

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 74 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7e Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Camden Crescent

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 75 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7f Area from which Camden Crescent is Visible

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 76 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7g Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Sham Castle

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 77 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7h Area from which Sham Castle is Visible

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 78 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7i Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Prior Park

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 79 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7j Area from which Prior Park is Visible

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7k Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Beckford's Tower

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7l Area from which Beckford's Tower is Visible

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 82 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7m Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Prospect Stile

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 83 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7n Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Twerton Round Hill

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 84 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7o Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Little Solsbury Hill

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 85 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7p Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Kelston View

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 86 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7q Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Lansdown Cemetery

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 87 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7r Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Primrose Hill

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 88 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7s Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Ralph Allen's Carriage Drive / Meare Road

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7t Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Ralph Allen's Carriage Drive / Bathampton Down

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 90 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7u Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Ralph Allen's Carriage Drive / Limekiln Lane

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 91 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7v Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Alexandra Park (North)

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 92 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7w Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Alexandra Park (East)

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 93 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7x Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Alexandra Park (South)

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 94 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7y Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Alexandra Park (West)

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 95 Appendices Appendix 4

Map 7z Area Visible from the Viewpoint at Widcombe Hill

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 96 Appendices Appendix 5

Appendix 5 View Information Sheets

1 Prospect Stile Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features Other Built Features The viewpoint is one of only a few Distant views of the city including Prior Weston village and distant views of the which shows the city in the context of Park Mansion and Beckford’s Tower. development rising up the slopes of the surrounding hills looking from the Baths hollow including Bathampton, Landscape and outside. The view to Prospect Stile and The University of Bath, Widcombe. Topographical Features Kelston Round Hill was praised by John Southdown, Odd Down and Twerton. Bath is laid out to the south showing Wood seen from the south west corner the city in a hollow surrounded by hills. of Queen Square soon after its Near views include fields, hedges and construction. Only determined walkers copses above Weston village and in the 18th century would have towards Kelston Roundhill. Middle ventured to Kelston Roundhill and distance views extend to the ridge of Prospect Stile. the Cotswold Way to the south. Distant Description of View views include the Avon Valley and the Panorama of the landscape with hills beyond to the south, the wooded distant views of the western edge of slopes of Bathampton Down, Twerton Bath, the Avon valley and settlements Roundhill, the hills above Newton St. towards Bristol. Loe, Stantonbury Hill and distant Somerset hills.

1 Prospect Stile

Significance of Viewpoint

The viewpoint is one of only a few which shows the city in the context of the surrounding hills looking from the outside. The view to Prospect Stile and Kelston Round Hill was praised by John Wood seen from the south west corner of Queen Square soon after its construction. Only determined walkers in the 18th century would have ventured to Kelston Roundhill and Prospect Stile.

Description of View

Panorama of the landscape with distant views of the western edge of Bath, the Avon valley and settlements towards Bristol.

Historic Built Features

Distant views of the city including Prior Park Mansion and Beckford’s Tower.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Bath is laid out to the south showing the city in a hollow surrounded by hills. Near views include fields, hedges and copses above Weston village and towards Kelston Roundhill. Middle distance views extend to the ridge of the Cotswold Way to the south. Distant views include the Avon Valley and the hills beyond to the south, the wooded slopes of Bathampton Down, Twerton Roundhill, the hills above Newton St. Loe, Stantonbury Hill and distant Somerset hills.

Other Built Features

Weston village and distant views of the development rising up the slopes of Baths hollow including Bathampton, The University of Bath, Widcombe. Southdown, Odd Down and Twerton.

C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 97 Appendices Appendix 5

2 Beckford's Tower and Lansdown Cemetery Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features Horse, Kelston Round Hill, Prospect Beckford’s Tower was designed by There are only glimpsed views to the Stile and Bath racecourse. Views to Henry Goodridge for William Beckford Georgian city which is largely green spaces within the city include and completed in 1827. It was built to concealed by the topography and Beechen Cliff, St James Cemetery, take advantage of the panoramic views vegetation. The later Brown’s Folly is Stirtingale Farm, The Tumps, of Bath and the surrounding visible in the distance. Brickfields, Locksbrook Cemetery, Bath countryside. A pleasure garden known City Farm, Carrswood and the well Landscape and as Beckford’s Ride was built around the treed corridor of the River Avon. Topographical Features tower and connected to Beckford’s Views include the Lansdown Cemetery Other Built Features residence at Lansdown Crescent. and the south western slopes of Ensleigh Ministry of Defence offices, Description of View Lansdown Hill in the near distance. Bathford, Weston Park housing, Royal There are commanding views of Bath Dean Hill forms a major part of the view United Hospital, Weston, Western both from the tower and at ground in the middle distance. Long distance Riverside gas holders, Oldfield Park, level from Lansdown Cemetery (once views extend to Little Solsbury Hill, Moorlands, Twerton and Whiteway part of the pleasure garden) showing Bannerdown, Odd Down plateau, housing, Brickfields and Lymore its setting and containment within the Padley Bottom western slopes, Newton Avenue. surrounding hills and open landscape Brook valley and undulating plateau, and the characteristic of trees and the southern slopes of the River Avon open landscape extending into the built valley between Newton St. Loe and area from the surrounding landscape. Twerton, distant Somerset hills, Plain and the Westbury White 2 Beckford's Tower and Lansdown Cemetery

Significance of Viewpoint

Beckford’s Tower was designed by Henry Goodridge for William Beckford and completed in 1827. It was built to take advantage of the panoramic views of Bath and the surrounding countryside. A pleasure garden known as Beckford’s Ride was built around the tower and connected to Beckford’s residence at Lansdown Crescent.

Description of View

There are commanding views of Bath both from the tower and at ground level from Lansdown Cemetery (once part of the pleasure garden) showing its setting and containment within the surrounding hills and open landscape and the characteristic of trees and open landscape extending into the built area from the surrounding landscape.

Historic Built Features

There are only glimpsed views to the Georgian city which is largely concealed by the topography and vegetation. The later Brown’s Folly is visible in the distance.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Views include the Lansdown Cemetery and the south western slopes of Lansdown Hill in the near distance. Dean Hill forms a major part of the view in the middle distance. Long distance views extend to Little Solsbury Hill, Bannerdown, Odd Down plateau, Padley Bottom western slopes, Newton Brook valley and undulating plateau, the southern slopes of the River Avon valley between Newton St. Loe and Twerton, distant Somerset hills, and the Westbury White Horse, Kelston Round Hill, Prospect Stile and Bath racecourse. Views to green spaces within the city include Beechen Cliff, St James Cemetery, Stirtingale Farm, The Tumps, Brickfields ,Locksbrook Cemetery, Bath City Farm, Carrswood and the well treed corridor of the River Avon.

Other Built Features Ensleigh Ministry of Defence offices, Bathford, Weston Park housing, Royal United Hospital, Weston, Western Riverside gas holders, Oldfield Park, Moorlands, Twerton and Whiteway housing, Brickfields and Lymore Avenue.

C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 98 Appendices Appendix 5

3 Lansdown Crescent

3 Lansdown Crescent

Significance of Viewpoint Landscape and Lansdown Crescent was designed by Topographical Features

John Palmer and built in 1789-1793. The Near views are predominantly green significance of the viewpoint is the way with fields and trees. Middle distant the Georgian buildings were designed views include Locksbrook Cemetery to fit harmoniously within the with a glimpse of the chapel spire.

landscape setting, offering dramatic Views to the south include Twerton views across the Avon valley. Roundhill and Twerton Hill Farm. Views Panorama Lookingto the South west West include Carrs Wood, the Description of View ridge above Newton Brook, the River Much of the view is restricted by trees Significance of AvonViewpoint valley and Winsbury and in the foreground with occasional Thomas Robins 'From Near St. Winifred's Well' Stantonbury Hills. glimpses across the valley to theLansdown city Crescent was designed by John Palmer and built in 1789-1793. The

and hills beyond. significance of theOther viewpoint Built is the wayFeatures the Georgian buildings were designed to fit harmoniously within the landscape setting, offering dramatic views across the Avon valley. Western Riverside gas holders, Twerton Historic Built Features housing, Twerton football ground, There is a clear view of Prior ParkDescription of View Lymore Park nursing home and Mansion to the south east. The Much of the view housingis restricted byat trees Southdown in the foreground with occasional glimpses across the valley to the city and hills beyond. Georgian city is largely concealed

behind trees. Historic Built Features

There is a clear view of Prior Park Mansion to the south east. The Georgian city is largely concealed behind trees.

Landscape and Topographical Features 3 Lansdown Crescent

Near views are predominantly green with fields and trees. Middle distant views include Locksbrook Cemetery with a glimpse of the chapel spire. Views to the south include Twerton Roundhill and Twerton Hill Farm. Views to the west include Carrs Wood, the Panorama looking South Westridge above Newton Brook, the River Avon valley and Winsbury and Stantonbury Hills.

Other Built Features Thomas Robins ‘From Near St. Winifred’s Well Western Riverside gas holders, Twerton housing, Twerton football ground, Lymore Park nursing home and housing at Southdown

Panorama Looking South West

Significance of Viewpoint

Lansdown Crescent was designed by John Palmer and built in 1789-1793. The significance of the viewpoint is the way the Georgian buildings were designed to fit harmoniously within the landscape setting, offering dramatic views across the Avon valley.

Description of View

Much of the view is restricted by trees in the foreground with occasional glimpses across the valley to the city and hills beyond.

Historic Built Features

There is a clear view of Prior Park Mansion to the south east. The Georgian city is largely concealed behind trees.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Near views are predominantly green with fields and trees. Middle distant views include Locksbrook Cemetery with a glimpse of the chapel spire. Views to the south include Twerton Roundhill and Twerton Hill Farm. Views to the west include Carrs Wood, the ridge above Newton Brook, the River Avon valley and Winsbury and Stantonbury Hills.

Other Built Features Thomas Robins ‘From Near St. Winifred’s Well Western Riverside gas holders, Twerton housing, Twerton football ground, Lymore Park nursing home and housing at Southdown

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4 Approach Gold Course Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features Other Built Features This viewpoint is on the route of a Near views include Somerset Place and Near views include St Stephen’s popular circular 18th century walk Cavendish Place. Middle distance views Church, housing at Westmoreland, new 4 Approach Golf Course which took in the Middle Common include Portland Place, St James housing at Rush Hill, Western Riverside (now Victoria Park) and Sion Hill with Square and New King Street. Distant including the gas holders, Wellsway, views across Bath. Part of this route is views include Sham Castle and Holloway, Southdown and 19th century now the southern section of the Bloomfield Crescent. housing in Twerton on the lower north Cotswold Way National Trail. The open facing slopes. Middle distance views Landscape and landscape provided a spectacular view include Bath University. Topographical Features across the valley in the 18th century Near views include the Approach Golf which can still be enjoyed today. It was Course, Royal Victoria Park and also valued for the view eastwards to View towards Lansdown Crescent and All LocksbrookSignificance Cemetery. of Viewpoint Middle distance Lansdown Crescent and All Saints Saints Chapel published by Robertson views include Claverton Down, The Chapel (since bombed and destroyed This viewpoint is on the route of a popular circular 18th century walk which took in the Middle Tumps, TwertonCommon (now Hill Victoria Farm, Park) Stirtingale and Sion Hill with views across Bath. Part of this route is now the in the 1942 Baedeker raids) and the southern section of the Cotswold Way National Trail. The open landscape provided a spectacular Farm, Moorlands School groundsth and later Cavendish Place and Cavendish view across the valley in the 18 century which can still be enjoyed today. It was also valued for the the Brickfieldsview eastwards open to space.Lansdown Crescent There and are All Saints Chapel (since bombed and destroyed in the Crescent. 1942 Baedeker raids) and the later Cavendish Place and Cavendish Crescent. distant views of the hills and ridge Description of View Description of View above Newton St Loe, Winsbury Hill The view looking south from the Approach Golf Course extends across the city to the north facing The view looking south from the and Twertonslopes Roundhill. of hills at the edge of the city. Roads and streets, interspersed with greenery, climb up the Approach Golf Course extends across north facing slopes.

the city to the north facing slopes of Historic Built Features hills at the edge of the city. Roads and Near views include Somerset Place and Cavendish Place. Middle distance views include Portland streets, interspersed with greenery, Place, St James Square and New King Street. Distant views include Sham Castle and Bloomfield Crescent. climb up the north facing slopes. Landscape and Topographical Features 4 Approach Golf Course Near views include the Approach Golf Course, Royal Victoria Park and Locksbrook Cemetery. Middle distance views include Claverton Down, The Tumps, Twerton Hill Farm, Stirtingale Farm, Moorlands School grounds and the Brickfields open space. There are distant views of the hills and ridge above Newton St Loe, Winsbury Hill and Twerton Roundhill.

Other Built Features View towards Lansdown Crescent and All Saints Chapel published by Robertson

Near views include St Stephen’s Church, housing at Westmoreland, new housing at Rush Hill, Western Riverside including the gas holders, Wellsway, Holloway, Southdown and 19th century housing in Twerton on the lower north facing slopes. Middle distance views include Bath University.

Significance of Viewpoint

This viewpoint is on the route of a popular circular 18th century walk which took in the Middle Common (now Victoria Park) and Sion Hill with views across Bath. Part of this route is now the southern section of the Cotswold Way National Trail. The open landscape provided a spectacular view across the valley in the 18th century which can still be enjoyed today. It was also valued for the view eastwards to Lansdown Crescent and All Saints Chapel (since bombed and destroyed in the 1942 Baedeker raids) and the later Cavendish Place and Cavendish Crescent.

Description of View

The view looking south from the Approach Golf Course extends across the city to the north facing slopes of hills at the edge of the city. Roads and streets, interspersed with greenery, climb up the north facing slopes.

Historic Built Features

Near views include Somerset Place and Cavendish Place. Middle distance views include Portland Place, St James Square and New King Street. Distant views include Sham Castle and Bloomfield Crescent.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Near views include the Approach Golf Course, Royal Victoria Park and Locksbrook Cemetery. Middle distance views include Claverton Down, The Tumps, Twerton Hill Farm, Stirtingale Farm, Moorlands School grounds and the Brickfields open space. There are distant views of the hills and ridge above Newton St Loe, Winsbury Hill and Twerton Roundhill.

Other Built Features View towards Lansdown Crescent and All Saints Chapel published by Robertson

Near views include St Stephen’s Church, housing at Westmoreland, new housing at Rush Hill, Western Riverside including the gas holders, Wellsway, Holloway, Southdown and 19th century housing in Twerton on the lower north facing slopes. Middle distance views include Bath University.

5 Royal Crescent

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5 Royal Crescent Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features The Royal Crescent was built by John The curve of the Crescent and railings Wood the younger in 1767-1775. It is frame near views of Marlborough significant in its design which was Buildings and Brock Street. Prior Park Significanceintended to lookof Viewpoint outwards over the Mansion can be seen in the distance landscape and also to be viewed from to the east. Thea distance. Royal Crescent The fields was builtbelow by Johnthe Royal Wood the younger in 1767-1775. It is significant in its design Landscape and Etching by JR Cozens from present day Royal Victoria Park whichCrescent was intended which were to look accessed outwards byover the the landscape and also to be viewed from a distance. Topographical Features (view now obscured by Marlborough Buildings) TheGravel fields Walk below became the Royal one Crescent of the which most were accessed by the Gravel Walk became one of the most fashionable promenades in Bath. (see AppendixThere 3 Vieware near 5 Crescent views Fields.)of the RoyalIt is still a popular fashionable promenades in Bath. (see location for visitors to view the iconic Royal Crescent.Crescent lawns and the trees of Royal Appendix 3 View 5 Crescent Fields.) It Victoria Park which form a visual barrier is still a popular location for visitors to Description of View to the city in the summer. The mid view the iconic Royal Crescent. Royal Crescent Lawns dominate the foreground withviews a fringe to the of southmature are trees of along the greenery Royal Avenue concealingDescription the Avonof View valley and near views of the oncity. the north facing slopes of Beechen Royal Crescent Lawns dominate the Cliff, Stirtingale Farm, Claverton Down, Historicforeground Built with Features a fringe of mature trees and Twerton Roundhill. along Royal Avenue concealing the Other Built Features TheAvon curve valley of the and Crescent near views and railings of the framecity. near views of Marlborough Buildings and Brock Street. Prior Park Mansion can be seen in the distaThence middle to the east. distant views are of 19th and 20th century terraces and larger 5 Royal Crescent Landscape and Topographical Features villas above Beechen Cliff.

There are near views of the Royal Crescent lawns and the trees of Royal Victoria Park which form a visual barrier to the city in the summer. The mid views to the south are of the greenery on the north facing slopes of Beechen Cliff, Stirtingale Farm, Claverton Down, and Twerton Roundhill.

Other Built Features Etching by JR Cozens from present day Royal Victoria Park (view now obscured by The middle distant views are of 19th and 20th century terraces and larger villas above Beechen Cliff. Marlborough Buildings)

Significance of Viewpoint

The Royal Crescent was built by John Wood the younger in 1767-1775. It is significant in its design which was intended to look outwards over the landscape and also to be viewed from a distance. The fields below the Royal Crescent which were accessed by the Gravel Walk became one of the most fashionable promenades in Bath. (see Appendix 3 View 5 Crescent Fields.) It is still a popular location for visitors to view the iconic Royal Crescent.

Description of View

Royal Crescent Lawns dominate the foreground with a fringe of mature trees along Royal Avenue concealing the Avon valley and near views of the city.

Historic Built Features

The curve of the Crescent and railings frame near views of Marlborough Buildings and Brock Street. Prior Park Mansion can be seen in the distance to the east.

Landscape and Topographical Features

There are near views of the Royal Crescent lawns and the trees of Royal Victoria Park which form a visual barrier to the city in the summer. The mid views to the south are of the greenery on the north facing slopes of Beechen Cliff, Stirtingale Farm, Claverton Down, and Twerton Roundhill.

Other Built Features Etching by JR Cozens from present day Royal Victoria Park (view now obscured by The middle distant views are of 19th and 20th century terraces and larger villas above Beechen Cliff. Marlborough Buildings)

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6 The Circus Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features The Circus was built by John Wood Gay Street and Queen Square the elder and younger in 1754 to1758. in the near distance. It was primarily designed to look Landscape and inwards, nonetheless, a vista to Topographical Features Beechen Cliff via Gay Street has Queen Square marked by mature been incorporated into the design. trees and the wooded Beechen Cliff. Description of View Gay Street is a hill with views to the There is a corridor view down Gay north and south but constricted by Street which includes trees in Queen the terraces on either side. Square and the wooded Beechen Other Built Features Cliff slopes below Alexandra Park. The post war terraced housing From the southern end of Gay Street of Calton Gardens at the foot of looking up the hill, the view is halted Beechen Cliff. by the later planting of a clump of 6 The Circus trees in the Circus. 6 The Circus

View down Gay Street towards Queen Square View up Gay Street to The Circus View down Gay Street towards Queen Square View down Gay Street towards Queen Square

View up Gay Street to The Circus View up Gay Street to The Circus

Significance of Viewpoint

Significance of Viewpoint The Circus was built by John Wood the elder and younger in 1754 to1758. It was primarily designed to look inwards, nonetheless, a vista to Beechen Cliff via Gay StreetThe Circus has been was built by John Wood the elder and younger in 1754 to1758. It was primarily incorporated into the design. designed to look inwards, nonetheless, a vista to Beechen Cliff via Gay Street has been incorporated into the design. Description of View Description of View There is a corridor view down Gay Street which includes trees in Queen Square and the wooded Beechen Cliff slopes below Alexandra Park. From the southern end of GayThere Street is a looking corridor up view the down Gay Street which includes trees in Queen Square and the wooded hill, the view is halted by the later planting of a clump of trees in the Circus.Beechen Cliff slopes below Alexandra Park. From the southern end of Gay Street looking up the hill, the view is halted by the later planting of a clump of trees in the Circus. Historic Built Features Historic Built Features Gay Street and Queen Square in the near distance. Gay Street and Queen Square in the near distance. Landscape and Topographical Features Landscape and Topographical Features Queen Square marked by mature trees and the wooded Beechen Cliff. Gay Street is a hill with views to the north and south but constricted by the terraces on either side.Queen Square marked by mature trees and the wooded Beechen Cliff. Gay Street is a hill with views to the north and south but constricted by the terraces on either side.

Other Built Features Other Built Features The post war terraced housing of Calton Gardens at the foot of Beechen Cliff. The post war terraced housing of Calton Gardens at the foot of Beechen Cliff.

C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 Terrace Walk to Bathampton102 Down Appendices Appendix 5

7 Terrace Walk to Bathampton Down Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features Terrace Walk which ran along the top Orange Grove, the rear of Argyle of the city wall became a fashionable Buildings and Johnson Street, and parade when it was paved in the early North Parade in the near distance.

18th century.Significance It is believed of Viewpoint that Ralph Sham Castle. Bathwick Hill, rear view of Allen built Sham Castle on Bathampton Widcombe Cresent, terraces on View from south bank across the ferry at Bathwick to South Parade,

Down toTerrace be seen Walk from which the ran new along wing the top of of theWidcombe city wall became Hill anda fashionable Ralph Allen parade Drive Terrace Walk, the Abbey and panorama of Bath, Thomas Robins c 1750 th his housewhen behind it was thepaved terrace. in the early The 18 century.and It is Priorbelieved Park that Mansion Ralph Allen in built the Sha middlem existingCastle road onwas Bathampton built in 1933 Down when to be seenthe fromdistance. the new wing of his house behind the terrace. The existing road was built in 1933 when the Assembly Room at this Assembly Room at this location was location was demolished restoring the originalLandscape view which and is today a popular demolishedviewpoint restoring overlooking the theoriginal Parade view Gardens. Topographical Features which is today a popular viewpoint View across Parade Gardens and along overlookingDescription the Parade of View Gardens. the river in the near distance. Grassland

DescriptionWide viewof View taking in Orange Grove around andto North wooded Parade slopesand across of Bathamptonto Parade Wide viewGardens, taking the in river Orange and Bathampton Grove Down Downbeyond. in the middle distance. around to North Parade and across to Historic Built Features Other Built Features Parade Gardens, the river and The Empire Hotel, river flood defences, Bathampton Down beyond. Orange Grove, the rear of Argyle BuildingsPost and John 19thson century Street, andhousing North Paradeat the in the near distance. Sham Castle. Bathwick Hill, rear view of Widcombe Cresent,

terraces on Widcombe Hill and Ralph AllenDolemeads, Drive and Prior railway Park Mansion bridge, in the the post office building, St John’s Church, St middle distance. Matthew’s Church and Widcombe. Landscape and Topographical Features 7 Terrace Walk to Bathampton Down View across Parade Gardens and along the river in the near distance. Grassland and wooded slopes of Bathampton Down in the middle distance.

Other Built Features View from south bank across the ferry at Bathwick to South Parade, Terrace Walk, the Abbey and panorama of Bath Thomas Robins c 1750 th The Empire Hotel, river flood defences, Post 19 century housing at the Dolemeads, railway bridge, the post office building, St John’s Church, St Matthew’s Church and Widcombe.

Significance of Viewpoint

Terrace Walk which ran along the top of the city wall became a fashionable parade th when it was paved in the early 18 century. It is believed that Ralph Allen built Sham Castle on Bathampton Down to be seen from the new wing of his house behind the terrace. The existing road was built in 1933 when the Assembly Room at this location was demolished restoring the original view which is today a popular viewpoint overlooking the Parade Gardens.

Description of View

Wide view taking in Orange Grove around to North Parade and across to Parade Gardens, the river and Bathampton Down beyond.

Historic Built Features

Orange Grove, the rear of Argyle Buildings and Johnson Street, and North Parade in the near distance. Sham Castle. Bathwick Hill, rear view of Widcombe Cresent, terraces on Widcombe Hill and Ralph Allen Drive and Prior Park Mansion in the middle distance.

Landscape and Topographical Features

View across Parade Gardens and along the river in the near distance. Grassland and wooded slopes of Bathampton Down in the middle distance.

Other Built Features View from south bank across the ferry at Bathwick to South Parade, Terrace Walk, the Abbey and panorama of Bath Thomas Robins c 1750 th The Empire Hotel, river flood defences, Post 19 century housing at the Dolemeads, railway bridge, the post office building, St John’s Church, St Matthew’s Church and Widcombe.

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8 North Parade Bridge Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features Other Built Features North Parade Bridge was built in Views northwards of the southern To the north there are city views 1835-36 by W Tierney Clark originally elevation of Pulteney Bridge and the of The Empire Hotel, St. Stephen’s

as a cast iron structure. This viewpoint old mill race, the adjacent Argyle Church and the Podium and to the would therefore not have been Buildings and the rear elevation of east the perimeter fence to the 8 North Parade Bridge available during the Georgian period Johnson Street and Great Pulteney Recreation Ground. Looking south until this date. North and South Parade Street. Distant views of the rear there are near views of the Cricket

were fashionable promenades giving elevation of the Paragon and Lansdown ground and 19th century housing an elevated position with extensive Road. To the south middle distant views at Dolemeads. views of the surrounding countryside of Prior Park and the rear elevation of North Parade Bridge in all directions and acrosstowards the Pulteney river. TheBridge Widcombe Crescent. North Parade Bridge bridge is a key viewing pointand Beacon towards Hill towards Bathwick and Landscape and Prior Park Pulteney Bridge and also provides Topographical Features a significant view to Prior Park. View north along the well treed River Description of View Avon and riverside walk, Pulteney Weir,

Views across and along the River Avon Parade Gardens and the Recreation across Georgian parts of Bath to Ground. Middle distance views of View from the River Avon towards wooded hillsides and skylines. Beacon Hill and to the south the Prior Park, Thomas Ross c 1740 wooded valley rising towards Prior Significance of Viewpoint Park Mansion. North Parade Bridge was built in 1835-36 by W Tierney Clark originally as a cast iron structure. This viewpoint would therefore not have been available during the Georgian period until this date. North and South Parade were fashionable promenades giving an elevated position with extensive views of the surrounding countryside in all directions and across the river. The bridge is a key 8 North Parade Bridge viewing pointNorth towards Parade Pulteney Bridge Bridge andtowards also prov ides a significantNorth view Parade to Prior Park. Bridge 8 North towards Parade Bridge

Pulteney Bridge and Beacon Hill Bathwick and Prior Park Description of View

Views across and along the River Avon across Georgian parts of Bath to wooded hillsides and skylines.

North Parade Bridge Historic Built Features North Parade Bridge towards Pulteney Bridge North Parade Bridge towards Pulteney Bridge North Parade Bridge and Beacon Hill Views northwards of the southern elevation of Pulteney Bridge and the oldtowards mill race, Bathwick the adjacent and and Beacon Hill towards Bathwick and Argyle Buildings and the rear elevation of Johnson Street and Great PulteneyPrior ParkStreet. Distant Prior Park views of the rear elevation of the Paragon and Lansdown Road. To the south middle distant

views of Prior Park and the rear elevation of Widcombe Crescent.

Landscape and Topographical Features

View north along the well treed River Avon and riverside walk, Pulteney Weir, Parade Gardens

and the Recreation Ground. Middle distance views of Beacon Hill and to the south the wooded

valley rising towards Prior Park Mansion. View from the River Avon towards Prior Park

Thomas Ross c 1740 Other Built Features Significance of Viewpoint Significance of Viewpoint To the north there are city views of The Empire Hotel, St..Stephen’s Church and the Podium and North Parade Bridge was built in 1835-36 by W Tierneyto the Clark east originally the perimeter as a fence cast toiron the structure. Recreation Ground. Looking south there are near views of North Parade Bridge was built in 1835-36 by W Tierney Clark originally as a cast iron structure. th This viewpoint would therefore not have been availablethe during Cricket theground Georgian and 19 period century until housing this atdate. Dolemeads. This viewpoint would therefore not have been available during the Georgian period until this date. North and South Parade were fashionable Northpromenades and South giving Parade an elevated were fashionable position with promenades extensive giving an elevated position with extensive views of the surrounding countryside in all viewsdirecti onsof the and surrounding across the countrysideriver. The bridge in all is directi a keyons and across the river. The bridge is a key viewing point towards Pulteney Bridge and viewingalso prov pointides towardsa significant Pulteney view toBridge Prior andPark. also provides a significant view to Prior Park.

Description of View Description of View

Views across and along the River Avon acrossViews Georgi acrossan andparts along of Bath the to River wooded Avon hillsides across andGeorgi an parts of Bath to wooded hillsides and skylines. skylines.

Historic Built Features Historic Built Features

Views northwards of the southern elevationViews of Pulte northwardsney Bridge of and the thesouthern old mill elevation race, the of adjacent Pulteney Bridge and the old mill race, the adjacent Argyle Buildings and the rear elevation of JohnsonArgyle Buildings Street and and Great the rearPulteney elevation Street. of DistantJohnson Street and Great Pulteney Street. Distant views of the rear elevation of the Paragon andviews Lans of downthe rear Road. elevation To the of south the Paragon middle distant and Lans down Road. To the south middle distant views of Prior Park and the rear elevation ofviews Widco ofmbe Prior Crescent. Park and the rear elevation of Widcombe Crescent.

Landscape and Topographical FeaturesLandscape and Topographical Features

View north along the well treed River Avon Viewand rivenorthrside along walk, the Pulteney well treed Weir, River Parade Avon Gardens and rive rside walk, Pulteney Weir, Parade Gardens and the Recreation Ground. Middle distanceand views the Recreationof Beacon Hill Ground. and to Middle the south distance the wooded views of Beacon Hill and to the south the wooded valley rising towards Prior Park Mansion. valley rising towards Prior Park Mansion. View from the River Avon towards Prior Park View from the River Avon towards Prior Park Thomas Ross c 1740 Thomas Ross c 1740 Other Built Features Other Built Features

To the north there are city views of The EmpireTo the Hot northel, St..Stephen’s there are city Church views ofand The the Empire Podium Hot andel, St..Stephen’s Church and the Podium and to the east the perimeter fence to the Recreation Ground. Looking south there are near views of th to the east the perimeter fence to the Recreation Ground. Looking south there are near views of the Cricket ground and 19 century housingthe at CricketDolemeads. ground and 19th century housing at Dolemeads.

9 Old Newbridge Hill

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9 Old Newbridge Hill

SignificanceSignificance of of Viewpoint Viewpoint Description of View Travellers from Bristol sometimes Coming down Newbridge Hill the view avoidedTravellers this from route Bristol assometimes it was oftenavoided this routetakes as it was in theoften water congested meadows with traffic towards from the Kingswood Colliery. One route from Bristol entered Bath down a link road between the Upper and Lower Bristol Road at congestedNewbridge Hill. with The traffic original from ford crossing the the Avon wasthe replacedGlobe Public with a bridge House. in 1736 To the built north by Ralph Allen’s clerk Kingswoodof works Richard Colliery. Jones However One route the steepness from of theKelston road together Manor with and the Park steep can and be narrow seen New Bridge Bristolcrossing entered the Avon Bathwhich downwas considered a link road difficult anind dangerous the distance. to navigate, made this route into Bath unpopular. betweenThis crossing the of Upper the Avon and was Lower later improved Bristol by J L McAdam in 1831. Historic Built Features Road at Newbridge Hill. The original Description of View Kelston Park can be seen to the east. ford crossing the Avon was replaced Landscape and Topographical Feature with a bridge in 1736 built by Ralph Coming down Newbridge Hill the view takes in the waTheter meadowsdistant view towards across the Globe the Publicwater House. To the north Allen’sKelston clerkManor ofand works Park can Richard be seen Jones in the distance. meadow and lower slopes of the However the steepness of the road Cotswolds are little changed from togetherHistoric Built with Features the steep and narrow the 18th century. New Bridge crossing the Avon which Kelston Park can be seen to the east. 9 Old Newbridge Hill was considered difficult and dangerous Other Built Features toLandscape navigate, and made Topographical this route into Feature Bath Modern housing lines the Newbridge unpopular. This crossing of the Avon Hill and obscures views to the east. wasThe distantlater improved view across bythe Jwater L McAdam meadow and lower slopes of the Cotswolds are little changed from the 18th incentury. 1831.

Other Built Features

Modern housing lines the Newbridge Hill and obscures views to the east.

Significance of Viewpoint

Travellers from Bristol sometimes avoided this route as it was often congested with traffic from the Kingswood Colliery. One route from Bristol entered Bath down a link road between the Upper and Lower Bristol Road at Newbridge Hill. The original ford crossing the Avon was replaced with a bridge in 1736 built by Ralph Allen’s clerk of works Richard Jones However the steepness of the road together with the steep and narrow New Bridge crossing the Avon which was considered difficult and dangerous to navigate, made this route into Bath unpopular. This crossing of the Avon was later improved by J L McAdam in 1831.

Description of View

Coming down Newbridge Hill the view takes in the water meadows towards the Globe Public House. To the north Kelston Manor and Park can be seen in the distance.

Historic Built Features

Kelston Park can be seen to the east.

Landscape and Topographical Feature

The distant view across the water meadow and lower slopes of the Cotswolds are little changed from the 18th century.

Other Built Features

Modern housing lines the Newbridge Hill and obscures views to the east.

10 Little Solsbury Hill

Significance of Viewpoint

Little Solsbury Hill is an Iron Age hill fort which would have existed in Roman times

and has significance in the historical development and setting of Roman Bath. It is a

strong topographical feature and a popular public viewing point which shows

Georgian buildings in the context of the surrounding hills.

Description of View

Extensive panoramic view of the built city, down the Avon valley and of the surrounding countryside of woods, trees and greenery.

Historic Built Features C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 105

Camden Crescent inAppendices middle distance. Both the upper and lower town of the Georgian Appendix 5 city including the Paragon, terraces along Lansdown Hill and Bath Abbey.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Near views of grazed hillsides. Beacon Hill in middle distance. Avon valley, Bathampton Down slopes, Perrymead, Widcombe fields, parks, gardens and woodland, Stirtingale Farm and Carrs Wood with ridge above Conygre and Newton Brooks beyond.

10 Little SolsburyOther HillBuilt Features

th Significance of 19Viewpoint century and later housing atLandscape Larkhall and Fairfiel and d Park in middle distance and Charmy Down Farm near Bath, Thomas Robins

Little Solsbury HillTwerton is an housing Iron Age in the hill distance. Topographical Individual buildings Features such as the Empire Hotel, the Podium and flats at Snow Hill stand out from the surrounding built areas. fort which would have existed in Near views of grazed hillsides. Beacon Roman times and has significance Hill in middle distance. Avon valley, in the historical development and Bathampton Down slopes, Perrymead, setting of Roman Bath. It is a strong Widcombe fields, parks, gardens and topographical feature and a popular woodland, Stirtingale Farm and Carrs public viewing point which shows Wood with ridge above Conygre and Georgian buildings in the context Newton Brooks beyond. of the surrounding hills. Other Built Features Description of View 19th century and later housing at Extensive panoramic view of the built Larkhall and Fairfield Park in middle city, down the Avon valley and of the distance and Twerton housing in the 10 Little Solsbury Hill surrounding countryside of woods, distance. Individual buildings such as trees and greenery. the Empire Hotel, the Podium and flats Significance of Viewpoint

at Snow Hill stand out from the Historic Built Features Charmy Down Farm near Bath Thomas Robins Little Solsbury Hill is an Iron Age hill fortsurrounding which would have built existed areas. in Roman times Camden Crescent in middle distance. and has significance in the historical development and setting of Roman Bath. It is a

Both the upperstrong topographicaland lower town feature of and the a popular public viewing point which shows

Georgian cityGeorgian including buildings the in Paragon,the context of the surrounding hills.

terraces along Lansdown Hill and Bath Abbey.Description of View

Extensive panoramic view of the built city, down the Avon valley and of the surrounding countryside of woods, trees and greenery.

Historic Built Features

Camden Crescent in middle distance. Both the upper and lower town of the Georgian city including the Paragon, terraces along Lansdown Hill and Bath Abbey.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Near views of grazed hillsides. Beacon Hill in middle distance. Avon valley, Bathampton Down slopes, Perrymead, Widcombe fields, parks, gardens and woodland, Stirtingale Farm and Carrs Wood with ridge above Conygre and Newton Brooks beyond.

Other Built Features

19th century and later housing at Larkhall and Fairfield Park in middle distance and Twerton housing in the distance. Individual buildings such as the Empire Hotel, the Podium and flats at Snow Hill stand out from the surrounding built areas.

Charmy Down Farm near Bath Thomas Robins

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11 Camden Crescent

11 Camden Crescent Significance of Viewpoint the trees and shrubs are trimmed to Other Built Features Camden Crescent was designed by reveal the panoramic view over the city The Empire Hotel and the roof lines of John Eveleigh and was built in 1787- to the northern facing slopes of modern development in the lower city. 1794. It was never completed to its Widcombe and Bathampton Down. planned full extent. A landslide Greenery dominates the view destroyed several buildings which were interspersed with distant linear post under construction at the north- war housing. eastern end. Panoramic views are Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features afforded over the east side of Bath Historic View 10 from Beacon Hill by John Syer Prior Park Mansion and gardens. taking in BathamptonCamden Down Crescent and was designed by John Eveleigh and was built in 1787-1794. It was never completed to its planned full extent. A landslide destroyed several buildings which were under Beechen Cliff. This areaconstruction around at theBeacon north-eastern Landscape end. Panoramic and views are afforded over the east side of Bath Hill provided some oftaking the inmost Bathampton popular Down andTopographical Beechen Cliff. This aFeaturesrea around Beacon Hill provided some of the most popular views of Bath during the 18th and 19th century. Prospect Walk which ran along views of Bath duringthe the front 18th of the and crescent 19th opened Near up a popularviews route of the for ramblers trees and which shrubs for the more energetic century. Prospect Walkmay havewhich taken ran them along to Charlcombe below village; Camden a walk dCrescentescribed by JaneDistant Austen. and the front of the crescent opened up a middle views from the east to west of Description of View popular route for ramblers which for Bathampton Down and associated the more energetic mayViews have from Camden taken Crescent northare largely facing dependent slopes, on the Smallcombe height at which the trees and shrubs them to Charlcombebelow village; the crescent a walk are maintained.Woods, Periodically Claverton the trees Downand shrubs and are Rainbow trimmed to reveal the panoramic view over the city to the northern facing slopes of Widcombe and Bathampton Down. described by Jane Austen.Greenery dominates the view interspersedWoods. Prior with dista Park,nt linear Perrymead, post war housing. Lyncombe Vale, Beechen Cliff, The Description of View Historic Built Features Tumps and west to Stirtingale Farm. Views from Camden Crescent are Distant view of woodland around largely dependent onPrior the Park height Mansion at and gardens. Brown’s Folly. which the trees and shrubs below the Landscape and Topographical Features crescent are maintained. Periodically Near views of the trees and shrubs below Camden Crescent Distant and middle views from the 11 Camden Crescent east to west of Bathampton Down and associated north facing slopes, Smallcombe Woods, Claverton Down and Rainbow Woods. Prior Park, Perrymead, Lyncombe Vale, Beechen Cliff, The Tumps and west to Stirtingale Farm. Distant view of woodland around Brown’s Folly. . Other Built Features Historic View 10 from Beacon Hill by John Syer The Empire Hotel and the roof lines of modern development in the lower city.

Significance of Viewpoint

Camden Crescent was designed by John Eveleigh and was built in 1787-1794. It was never completed to its planned full extent. A landslide destroyed several buildings which were under construction at the north-eastern end. Panoramic views are afforded over the east side of Bath taking in Bathampton Down and Beechen Cliff. This area around Beacon Hill provided some of the most popular views of Bath during the 18th and 19th century. Prospect Walk which ran along the front of the crescent opened up a popular route for ramblers which for the more energetic may have taken them to Charlcombe village; a walk described by Jane Austen.

Description of View

Views from Camden Crescent are largely dependent on the height at which the trees and shrubs below the crescent are maintained. Periodically the trees and shrubs are trimmed to reveal the panoramic view over the city to the northern facing slopes of Widcombe and Bathampton Down. Greenery dominates the view interspersed with distant linear post war housing.

Historic Built Features

Prior Park Mansion and gardens.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Near views of the trees and shrubs below Camden Crescent Distant and middle views from the east to west of Bathampton Down and associated north facing slopes, Smallcombe Woods, Claverton Down and Rainbow Woods. Prior Park, Perrymead, Lyncombe Vale, Beechen Cliff, The Tumps and west to Stirtingale Farm. Distant view of woodland around Brown’s Folly. . Other Built Features Historic View 10 from Beacon Hill by John Syer The Empire Hotel and the roof lines of modern development in the lower city.

12a Alexandra Park Looking North

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12a Alexandra Park Looking North Significance of Viewpoint Landscape and This was an important viewing point Topographical Features during the Georgian period forming part Steep wooded slopes of Beechen Cliff in Significance of Viewpoint of a series of routes referred to by John foreground. Trees in near to middle

Wood and Jane Austen. A summer distance at Royal Victoria Park, Queen This was an important viewing pointhouse during was the built Geor at thegian top period of Beechen forming partSquare of a series and the of Circus, routes Parade referred Gardens, to by John Wood Historic illustration 1d Robins A Southwest and Jane Austen. A summer houseCliff was in built the 1750s at the as to ap useful of Beechen viewing Cliff in Henriettathe 1750s Park as aand useful Sydney viewing Gardens point and which is Prospect of the city of Bath 1723 thought to be the point where Catherinepoint whichMorland is thought commented to be theon thepoint landscape beside in the Jane River Austen’s Avon and Northanger railway line. Abbey. The location is now marked by a park bench.where Catherine Morland commented Open space at the recreation ground on the landscape in Jane Austen’s and cricket ground. Distant views to Description of View Northanger Abbey. The location is now High Common, Beacon Hill woodland, marked by a park bench. hills above Charlcombe, Charmy Down, Little Solsbury Hill, Bannerdown and Description of View Commanding views into and across Bath City centre and to undeveloped woodedBathampton and grasslandDown slopes. slopes beyond framed by trees growing on Beechen Cliff below.Commanding views into and across Bath City centre and to undeveloped Other Built Features

wooded and grassland slopes beyond Bath City College, Carpenter House, Historic Built Features framed by trees growing on Beechen Kingsmead, the new Southgate Cliff below. development, the Empire Hotel, The lower Georgian town in the near distance including St. James’s Parade,Berkeley the Roman House, Baths, Snowhill Bath housing Abbey and, the Parades, Historic Built Features the upper Georgian town beyond including Royal Avenue, Queen Square, the Dolemeads.Circus, the RoyalIn the foregroundCrescent, L theansdown The lower Georgian town in the near Great Western railway built in 1840 lies Crescent, the Paragon and around distanceto Camden including Crescent St. James’s, Prospect Parade, Place and Great Pulteney Street. along the Avon valley. 12a Alexandra Park Looking North the Roman Baths, Bath Abbey, the Landscape and TopographicalParades, Features the upper Georgian town beyond including Royal Avenue, Queen Steep wooded slopes of Beechen CliffSquare, in foreground. the Circus, theTrees Royal in nearCrescent, to middle distance at Royal Victoria Park, Queen Square nsert historic illustration 1d Robins A Southwest Prospect of the city of and the Circus, Parade Gardens, HenriettaLansdown Park Crescent, and Sydney the Paragon Gardens and and beside the River Avon and railway line. Open Bath 1723 space at the recreation ground andaround cricket to ground. Camden Distant Crescent, views Prospect to High Common, Beacon Hill woodland, hills above Charlcombe, Charmy Down, Little SolsburyPlace and Hill, Great Bann Pulteneyerdown Street. and Bathampton Down slopes.

Other Built Features

Bath City College, Carpenter House, Kingsmead, the new Southgate development, the Empire Hotel, Berkeley House, Snowhill housing and the Dolemeads. In the foreground the Great Western railway built in 1840 lies along the Avon valley.

Significance of Viewpoint

This was an important viewing point during the Georgian period forming part of a series of routes referred to by John Wood and Jane Austen. A summer house was built at the top of Beechen Cliff in the 1750s as a useful viewing point which is thought to be the point where Catherine Morland commented on the landscape in Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey. The location is now marked by a park bench.

Description of View

Commanding views into and across Bath City centre and to undeveloped wooded and grassland slopes beyond framed by trees growing on Beechen Cliff below.

Historic Built Features

The lower Georgian town in the near distance including St. James’s Parade, the Roman Baths, Bath Abbey, the Parades, the upper Georgian town beyond including Royal Avenue, Queen Square, the Circus, the Royal Crescent, Lansdown Crescent, the Paragon and around to Camden Crescent, Prospect Place and Great Pulteney Street.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Steep wooded slopes of Beechen Cliff in foreground. Trees in near to middle distance at Royal Victoria Park, Queen Square nsert historic illustration 1d Robins A Southwest Prospect of the city of and the Circus, Parade Gardens, Henrietta Park and Sydney Gardens and beside the River Avon and railway line. Open Bath 1723 space at the recreation ground and cricket ground. Distant views to High Common, Beacon Hill woodland, hills above Charlcombe, Charmy Down, Little Solsbury Hill, Bannerdown and Bathampton Down slopes.

Other Built Features

Bath City College, Carpenter House, Kingsmead, the new Southgate development, the Empire Hotel, Berkeley House, Snowhill housing and the Dolemeads. In the foreground the Great Western railway built in 1840 lies along the Avon valley.

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12b Alexandra Park Looking East Significance of Viewpoint Landscape and This was an important viewing point Topographical Features during the Georgian period forming The eastern view includes the part of a series of routes. This prospect Lyn brook valley, Alexandra Park, became popular as Bath expanded allotments and small fields enclosed with views to Bathwick Hill and with trees and hedgerows in the near

Widcombe. distance. Smallcombe Wood and 12b Alexandra Park Looking East Rainbow Woods form part of the Description of View wooded skyline with fields below. Commanding view to and across Widcombe and to undeveloped Other Built Features wooded and grassland slopes The view contains very little beyond framed by trees around development later than 1837. the edge of the park. Buildings are set within a well treed and verdant landscape. Historic Built Features Excerpt from Panoramic View of Bath, Harvey Wood 1824 Lyncombe Hill terraces, Prior Park

Buildings, Crowe Hall. Widcombe Manor, St Thomas a Becket church and Macaulay Buildings

12b Alexandra Park Looking East

Excerpt from Panoramic View of Bath Harvey Wood 1824 Significance of Viewpoint

This was an important viewing point during the Georgian period forming part of a series of routes. This prospect became popular as Bath expanded with views to Bathwick Hill and Widcombe.

Description of View

Commanding view to and across Widcombe and to undeveloped wooded and grassland slopes beyond framed by trees around the edge of the park. Buildings are set within a well treed and verdant landscape.

Historic Built Features

Lyncombe Hill terraces, Prior Park Buildings, Crowe Hall. Widcombe Manor, St Thomas a Becket church and Macaulay Buildings

Landscape and Topographical Features

The eastern view includes the Lyn brook valley, Alexandra Park, allotments and small fields enclosed with trees and hedgerows in the near distance. Smallcombe Wood and Rainbow Woods form part of the wooded skyline with fields below.

Other Built Features

The view contains very little development later than 1837.

Excerpt from Panoramic View of Bath Harvey Wood 1824 Significance of Viewpoint

This was an important viewing point during the Georgian period forming part of a series of routes. This prospect became popular as Bath expanded with views to Bathwick Hill and Widcombe.

Description of View

Commanding view to and across Widcombe and to undeveloped wooded and grassland slopes beyond framed by trees around the edge of the park. Buildings are set within a well treed and verdant landscape.

Historic Built Features

Lyncombe Hill terraces, Prior Park Buildings, Crowe Hall. Widcombe Manor, St Thomas a Becket church and Macaulay Buildings

Landscape and Topographical Features

The eastern view includes the Lyn brook valley, Alexandra Park, allotments and small fields enclosed with trees and hedgerows in the near distance. Smallcombe Wood and Rainbow Woods form part of the wooded skyline with fields below.

Other Built Features

The view contains very little development later than 1837.

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12c Alexander Park Looking South Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features This viewing point was part of an Views towards Prior Park. important series of routes during Landscape and the Georgian period which provided Topographical Features views across the open countryside. The view south of the crest of the hills Views are now partly restricted by to the south including Lyncombe Vale the building of Beechen Cliff School. fields and the eastern edges of Foxhill. Description of View Other Built Features The view point on the crest of the 12c Alexander Park Looking South Near and mid distant views of hill looks south towards woodland Beechen Cliff School and post and fields. Beechen Cliff School 19th century housing at Foxhill. buildings dominate the foreground.

Excerpt from Panoramic View of Bath, Harvey Wood 1824

12c Alexander Park Looking South

Excerpt from Panoramic View of Bath. Harvey Wood 1824 Significance of Viewpoint

This viewing point was part of an important series of routes during the Georgian period which provided views across the open countryside. Views are now partly restricted by the building of Beechen Cliff School.

Description of View

The view point on the crest of the hill looks south towards woodland and fields. Beechen Cliff School buildings dominate the foreground.

Historic Built Features

Views towards Prior Park.

Landscape and Topographical Features

The view south of the crest of the hills to the south including Lyncombe Vale fields and the eastern edges of Foxhill.

Other Built Features

Near and mid distant views of Beechen Cliff School and post 19th century housing at Foxhill.

Excerpt from Panoramic View of Bath. Harvey Wood 1824 Significance of Viewpoint

This viewing point was part of an important series of routes during the Georgian period which provided views across the open countryside. Views are now partly restricted by the building of Beechen Cliff School.

Description of View

The view point on the crest of the hill looks south towards woodland and fields. Beechen Cliff School buildings dominate the foreground.

Historic Built Features

Views towards Prior Park.

Landscape and Topographical Features

The view south of the crest of the hills to the south including Lyncombe Vale fields and the eastern edges of Foxhill.

Other Built Features

Near and mid distant views of Beechen Cliff School and post 19th century housing at Foxhill.

C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 110 Appendices Appendix 5 12d Alexandra Park Looking West

12d Alexandra Park Looking West Significance of Viewpoint Topographical Features This viewing point was part of a series Ridge rising up to Whistling Copse of important routes during the beyond Newton Brook valley, hill on Georgian period. The view from south side of River Avon valley with Magdalen Gardens was particularly Seven Acre Wood on the crown, Carrs popular with illustrators in the 18th Wood on distinct area of rising ground Significance of Viewpoint century and the surviving plaque at Twerton, Ashton Hill (west of 1845 Miss Brackstone’s Establishment

erected in the 1920sThis viewing is testament point was partto of a seriesCorston), of importan andt routes Kelston during Park the Georgian and the period . The view th the ongoing appreciationfrom Magdalen of Gardens this view. was particularlyCotswold popular scarp with illustrators slope in in the the 18distance. century and the surviving plaque erected in the 1920s is testament to the ongoing appreciation of this view. Description of View Other Built Features View down ShelleyDescription Road overof View Oldfield In the near distance Beechen Cliff Park to Twerton and open countryside School buildings, 19th century housing, View down Shelley Road over Oldfield Park to Twerton and open countryside beyond. The built beyond. The builtcity cityblends blends into distant into green hills andterraces woodland at aBearlong the Flat Avon and Valley. Oldfield Park distant green hills and woodland along in near distance and Twerton in the the Avon Valley.Historic Built Features middle to far distance.

Historic Built FeaturesKelston Park can be clearly seen on the edge of the Cotswold Plateau in the distance above the Kelston Park canAvon be valley. clearly seen on

the edge of the Cotswold Plateau in Landscape and Topographical Features the distance above the Avon valley. Ridge rising up to Whistling Copse beyond Newton Brook valley, hill on south side of River Avon 12d Alexandra Park Looking West Landscape andvalley with Seven Acre Wood on the crown, Carrs Wood on distinct area of rising ground at Twerton, Ashton Hill (west of Corston), and Kelston Park and the Cotswold scarp slope in the distance.

1845 Miss Brackstone’s Establishment Other Built Features

In the near distance Beechen Cliff School buildings, 19th century housing, terraces at Bear Flat and Oldfield Park in near distance and Twerton in the middle to far distance.

Significance of Viewpoint

This viewing point was part of a series of important routes during the Georgian period . The view th from Magdalen Gardens was particularly popular with illustrators in the 18 century and the surviving plaque erected in the 1920s is testament to the ongoing appreciation of this view.

Description of View

View down Shelley Road over Oldfield Park to Twerton and open countryside beyond. The built city blends into distant green hills and woodland along the Avon Valley.

Historic Built Features

Kelston Park can be clearly seen on the edge of the Cotswold Plateau in the distance above the Avon valley.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Ridge rising up to Whistling Copse beyond Newton Brook valley, hill on south side of River Avon valley with Seven Acre Wood on the crown, Carrs Wood on distinct area of rising ground at Twerton, Ashton Hill (west of Corston), and Kelston Park and the Cotswold scarp slope in the distance.

1845 Miss Brackstone’s Establishment Other Built Features

In the near distance Beechen Cliff School buildings, 19th century housing, terraces at Bear Flat and Oldfield Park in near distance and Twerton in the middle to far distance.

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13 Twerton Roundhill

13 Twerton Roundhill Significance of Viewpoint Grove Hotel, Great Pulteney Street Twerton Roundhill is a strong and the Holburne Museum, the Abbey, topographical feature. It provides the Roman Baths and Pump Room, a popular public viewpoint on the St Michael’s Church, Bathwick Hill, south side of the city which shows Darlington Place and Sydney Buildings. the Georgian city in the context of Landscape and the surrounding hills. Great Pulteney Topographical Features Street is thought to have been Significance of Viewpoint Near views of wooded slopes and designed to line up with the hill seen ridge of Claverton Down, Brickfields, Twertonfrom the Roundhill Holburne is a Museumstrong topographical end. feature. It provides a popular public viewpoint on the The City of Bath, T Clark 1826 south side of the city which shows the Georgian citStirtingaley in the context Farm, of theRush surrounding Hill, hills. Great PulteneyDescription Street of is thoughtView to have been designedEnglishcombe to line up with the village hill seen and from views the Holburne to the MuseumPanoramic end. 360 degree view including south. Middle distance views of Royal

the Newton Brook valley and open Victoria Park and allotments. Distant Descriptionundulating ofrural View landscape to the south views of Kelston Roundhill, Prospect and west and over Bath looking north Stile, the Lansdown ridge, High Panoramictaking in the360 Bristoldegree viewChannel including and the Wales Newton Common Brook valley (Approach and open undulating Golf Course), rural landscape toin the the south far distance and west andto the over west Bath and looking northLittle taking Solsbury in the Bristol Hill Channel and Bannerdown. and Wales in the far distance to the west and Claverton Down to the east. Claverton Down to the east. Other Built Features HistoricHistoric Built Built Features Features Post 19th century housing including Kelston Manor, Beckford’s Tower, Southdown Estate, Waterside Court KelstonCavendish Manor, Crescent, Beckford’s Somerset Tower, Cavendish Place, Crescentstudent, Somerset accomodation, Place, Lansdown Western Crescent,

MarlboroughLansdown Buildings,Crescent, Marlborough Marlborough Street, Park Riverside,Street, Park Kingswood Place, Doric House,School, Royal St Crescent, Brock Street, Nelson Place West, Norfolk Crescent, the Circus, Lansdown Road, and Lansdown GroveBuildings, Hotel, MarlboroughGreat Pulteney Street,Street and Park the HolburneStephen’s Museum, Church, the Abbey, Balance the Roman Street Baths flats, and Pump Street, Room, Park St Place, Michael’s Doric Church, House, Bathwick Royal Hill, Bath Dar lington City Place College, and Empire Sydney Buildings.Hotel, Crescent, Brock Street, Nelson Place MOD offices on Road 13 Twerton Roundhill LandscapeWest, Norfolk and Crescent, Topographical the Circus, Features and modern housing at Rush Hill. Lansdown Road, and Lansdown Near views of wooded slopes and ridge of Claverton Down, Brickfields, Stirtingale Farm, Rush Hill,

Englishcombe village and views to the south Middle distance views of Royal Victoria Park and . The City of Bath T Clark 1826 allotments. Distant views of Kelston Roundhill, Prospect Stile, the Lansdown ridge, High Common (Approach Golf Course), Little Solsbury Hill and Bannerdown.

Other Built Features

Post 19th century housing including Southdown Estate, Waterside Court student accomodation, Western Riverside, Kingswood School, St Stephen’s Church, Balance Street flats, Bath City College, Empire Hotel, MOD offices on Warminster Road and modern housing at Rush Hill.

Significance of Viewpoint

Twerton Roundhill is a strong topographical feature. It provides a popular public viewpoint on the south side of the city which shows the Georgian city in the context of the surrounding hills. Great Pulteney Street is thought to have been designed to line up with the hill seen from the Holburne Museum end.

Description of View

Panoramic 360 degree view including the Newton Brook valley and open undulating rural landscape to the south and west and over Bath looking north taking in the Bristol Channel and Wales in the far distance to the west and Claverton Down to the east.

Historic Built Features

Kelston Manor, Beckford’s Tower, Cavendish Crescent, Somerset Place, Lansdown Crescent, Marlborough Buildings, Marlborough Street, Park Street, Park Place, Doric House, Royal Crescent, Brock Street, Nelson Place West, Norfolk Crescent, the Circus, Lansdown Road, and Lansdown Grove Hotel, Great Pulteney Street and the Holburne Museum, the Abbey, the Roman Baths and Pump Room, St Michael’s Church, Bathwick Hill, Darlington Place and Sydney Buildings.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Near views of wooded slopes and ridge of Claverton Down, Brickfields, Stirtingale Farm, Rush Hill,

Englishcombe village and views to the south Middle distance views of Royal Victoria Park and . The City of Bath T Clark 1826 allotments. Distant views of Kelston Roundhill, Prospect Stile, the Lansdown ridge, High Common (Approach Golf Course), Little Solsbury Hill and Bannerdown.

Other Built Features

Post 19th century housing including Southdown Estate, Waterside Court student accomodation, Western Riverside, Kingswood School, St Stephen’s Church, Balance Street flats, Bath City College, Empire Hotel, MOD offices on Warminster Road and modern housing at Rush Hill.

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14 Bloomfield Road Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features In the far distance the valley opens To the east, the parallel street pattern Upper Bloomfield Road was one of the The view includes large areas of the out towards Bristol. To the far east of pre war residential development at routes from the south into Bath which Georgian city on the south facing Alexandra Park and to the north Little Bear Flat climbs the hill towards entered the city across the historic St slopes of Lansdown. The view includes Solsbury Hill and Charmy Down Alexandra Park. Beechen Cliff School Lawrence’s Bridge at Widcombe. The The Abbey, Royal Crescent, Lower beyond and playing fields are visible on the road passed Cottage Crescent (now Common, Lansdown Crescent and Sion southern slopes of the hill. In the valley Other Built Features known as Bloomfield Crescent) and the Hill crowned by Kingswood School and to the east the copper roofs of the The lower slopes below Bloomfield descent into the city would have had Beckford's Tower. To the west, the view Snowhill flats are visible. Crescent are dominated by post 18th far reaching views to the east and west. down the Avon Valley includes Kelston century development as Bath extended Park and to the far east Alexandra Park. Description of View up the southern slopes of the city. The view from Bloomfield Crescent Landscape and Dominating the river valley view is the across Stirtingale Farm of fields and Topographical Features industrial Western Riverside gas trees, extends across the city to the Bloomfield Road twists down into the holders. The proposed Western south facing slopes. The view includes city from the southern rim into the Riverside Development includes large areas of the Georgian city on the hollow in which Bath sits. The view several high rise residential blocks south facing slopes of Lansdown Far includes the built and developed city which will change the view yet again. views along the Avon valley extend and the green hills of the Cotswolds west and east. Area of Outstanding Beauty to the north. To the west, the view down the Avon Valley includes Kelston Park, Kelston Round Hill, and to the far west Twerton Round Hill ( High Barrow Hill)

14 Bloomfield Road

Significance of Viewpoint

Upper Bloomfield Road was one of the routes from the south into Bath which entered the city across the historic St Lawrence’s Bridge at Widcombe. The road passed Cottage Crescent (now known as Bloomfield Crescent) and the descent into the city would have had far reaching views to the east and west.

Description of View

The view from Bloomfield Crescent across Stirtingale Farm of fields and trees, extends across the city to the south facing slopes. The view includes large areas of the Georgian city on the south facing slopes of Lansdown Far views along the Avon valley extend west and east.

Historic Built Features

The view includes large areas of the Georgian city on the south facing slopes of Lansdown. The view includes The Abbey, Royal Crescent, Lower Common, Lansdown Crescent and Sion Hill crowned by Kingswood School and Beckford's Tower. To the west, the view down the Avon Valley includes Kelston Park and to the far east Alexandra Park.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Bloomfield Road twists down into the city from the southern rim into the hollow in which Bath sits. The view includes the built and developed city and the green hills of the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Beauty to the north. To the west, the view down the Avon Valley includes Kelston Park, Kelston Round Hill, and to the far west Twerton Round Hill ( High Barrow Hill) In the far distance the valley opens out towards Bristol. To the far east Alexandra Park and to the north Little Solsbury Hill and Charmy Down beyond

Other Built Features

The lower slopes below Bloomfield Crescent are dominated by post 18th century development as Bath extended up the southern slopes of the city. Dominating the river valley view is the industrial Western Riverside gas holders. The proposed Western Riverside Development includes several high rise residential blocks which will change the view yet again. To the east, the parallel street pattern of pre war residential development at Bear Flat climbs the hill towards Alexandra Park. Beechen Cliff School and playing fields are visible on the southern slopes of the hill. In the valley to the east the copper roofs of the Snowhill flats are visible.

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15 Sham Castle Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features Sham Castle was built in 1762 as an Middle distance views of the Abbey, eye-catching folly to be seen from Johnstone Street, Pierrepont Street, Ralph Allen’s townhouse and was Bridge Street and the central Georgian probably designed by Sanderson core of the upper and lower town. Key

Miller. Bathampton Down itself was buildings include Johnstone Street, the popular in the 18th and 19th century Circus, Gay Street, Lansdown Road for its viewsSignificance and riding. of Literary Viewpoint (Belmont Row) and The Paragon.

references to it include those by WH Bartlett 1841 Landscape and Spencer Cowper,Sham Castle William was builtPitt in and 1762 Jane as an eye-catching folly to be seen from Ralph Allen’s townhouse and was probably designed by SandersonTopographical Miller. Bathampton Features Down itself was popular in the 18th Austen. It was usedth for horse racing and 19 century for its views and riding.View Literary of referenthe cityces defined to it include by those the by Spencer over a 2 mile course and later Ralph Cowper, William Pitt and Jane Austen. northernIt was used and for horse southern racing oversurrounding a 2 mile course and later Allen madeRalph a carriage Allen made drive a carriage to show drive to show off the skyline views. This ran around the periphery of hill slopes. Royal Victoria Park, river off the skylineBathampton views. DownThis ranand aroundextended as far as Rush Hill. valley corridor towards Bristol, middle the periphery of Bathampton Down and distant views of open countryside and extendedDescription as far as of Rush View Hill. and hills. DescriptionView of framedView by trees looking from the east of the city towards the west. The view takes in trees in Other Built Features View framedthe byforeground, trees looking the proposed from development the site at Western Riverside in the middle distance and distant views of the countryside and hills.The recreation ground, the North east of the city towards the west. The Parade leisure centre, the Empire view takes in trees in the foreground, Historic Built Features Hotel, Thermae Bath Spa, Western the proposed development site at Riverside gas holders, St. Michael’s Western Riverside Middle distance in the views middle of the Abbey, Johnstone Stree t, Pierrepont Street, Bridge Street and the Church and Twerton. distance andcentral distant Georgian views core of of the the upper and lower town. Key buildings include Johnstone Street, the 15 Sham Castle Circus, Gay Street, Lansdown Road (Belmont Row) and The Paragon. countryside and hills.

Landscape and Topographical Features

View of the city defined by the northern and southern surrounding hill slopes. Royal Victoria Park, WH Bartlett 1841 river valley corridor towards Bristol, middle and distant views of open countryside and hills. Other Built Features The recreation ground, the North Parade leisure centre, the Empire Hotel, Thermae Bath Spa, Western Riverside gas holders, St. Michael’s Church and Twerton.

Significance of Viewpoint

Sham Castle was built in 1762 as an eye-catching folly to be seen from Ralph Allen’s townhouse and was probably designed by Sanderson Miller. Bathampton Down itself was popular in the 18th and 19th century for its views and riding. Literary references to it include those by Spencer Cowper, William Pitt and Jane Austen. It was used for horse racing over a 2 mile course and later Ralph Allen made a carriage drive to show off the skyline views. This ran around the periphery of Bathampton Down and extended as far as Rush Hill.

Description of View

View framed by trees looking from the east of the city towards the west. The view takes in trees in the foreground, the proposed development site at Western Riverside in the middle distance and distant views of the countryside and hills.

Historic Built Features

Middle distance views of the Abbey, Johnstone Street, Pierrepont Street, Bridge Street and the central Georgian core of the upper and lower town. Key buildings include Johnstone Street, the Circus, Gay Street, Lansdown Road (Belmont Row) and The Paragon.

Landscape and Topographical Features

View of the city defined by the northern and southern surrounding hill slopes. Royal Victoria Park, WH Bartlett 1841 river valley corridor towards Bristol, middle and distant views of open countryside and hills. Other Built Features The recreation ground, the North Parade leisure centre, the Empire Hotel, Thermae Bath Spa, Western Riverside gas holders, St. Michael’s Church and Twerton. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 114 Appendices Appendix 5

16 Widcombe Hill 16 Widcombe Hill

Significance of Viewpoint Landscape and Other Built Features In the 18th century Widcombe Hill Topographical Features Near view of St Matthew’s Church provided, and still does today, some Near views of Perrymead, the lower (Widcombe), Churchill Bridge with of the best panoramic views to the slopes of Widcombe and the the riverside warehouses, Kingsmead west and north of the city seen from Lyncombe Vale terraces, Abbey housing, Western Riverside and gas the east. Georgian buildings are seen cemetery, Alexandra Park and holders and post 19th century housing in the context of the surrounding hills allotments and Beechen Cliff to the west of city. Snow Hill housing and the green River Avon valley. woodland. Middle distance views of and terraces below Beacon Hill in the the Approach Golf Course,Significance the route of Viewpoint

Description of View middle distance. of the Cotswold Way, treesIn thein 18 Theth century Widcombe Hill provided, and still does today, some of the best panoramic views to the west View of the Georgian city within the and north of the city seen from the east. Georgian buildings are seen in the context of the surrounding hills and Circus, woodland areas belowthe green River Avon valley. J Parker 1792 hollow of the surrounding hills with Lansdown Crescent, RoyalDescription Victoria of View distant views west along the River Park and Locksbrook cemetery.View of the Georgian Distant city within the hollow of the surrounding hills with distant views west along the River Avon Avon valley. valley. view to the north and west of the city Historic Built Features Historic Built Features in a hollow, along the Lansdown ridge Distant view of Kelston Park and Beckford’s Tower. The Georgian city including The Circus, the Royal Distant view of Kelston Park and including Kelston Round HillCrescent, and Lansdown hills Crescent, Camden Crescent and the Abbey.

Beckford’s Tower. The Georgian city above Corston and very distant Landscape views and Topographical Features

including The Circus, the Royal of ridges west of Bristol. Near views of Perrymead, the lower slopes of Widcombe and the Lyncombe Vale terraces, Abbey cemetery, Alexandra Park and allotments and Beechen Cliff woodland. Middle distance views of the Approach Golf 16 Widcombe Hill Course, the route of the Cotswold Way, trees in The Circus, woodland areas below Lansdown Crescent, Royal Crescent, Lansdown Crescent, Victoria Park and Locksbrook cemetery. Distant view to the north and west of the city in a hollow, along the Lansdown ridge including Kelston Round Hill and hills above Corston and very distant views of ridges west of Camden Crescent and the Abbey. Bristol.

Other Built Features

Near view of St Matthew’s Church (Widcombe), Churchill Bridge with the riverside warehouses, Kingsmead housing, Western Riverside and gas holders and post 19th century housing to the west of city. Snow Hill J Parker 1792 housing and terraces below Beacon Hill in the middle distance.

Significance of Viewpoint

In the 18th century Widcombe Hill provided, and still does today, some of the best panoramic views to the west and north of the city seen from the east. Georgian buildings are seen in the context of the surrounding hills and the green River Avon valley.

Description of View

View of the Georgian city within the hollow of the surrounding hills with distant views west along the River Avon valley.

Historic Built Features

Distant view of Kelston Park and Beckford’s Tower. The Georgian city including The Circus, the Royal Crescent, Lansdown Crescent, Camden Crescent and the Abbey.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Near views of Perrymead, the lower slopes of Widcombe and the Lyncombe Vale terraces, Abbey cemetery, Alexandra Park and allotments and Beechen Cliff woodland. Middle distance views of the Approach Golf Course, the route of the Cotswold Way, trees in The Circus, woodland areas below Lansdown Crescent, Royal Victoria Park and Locksbrook cemetery. Distant view to the north and west of the city in a hollow, along the Lansdown ridge including Kelston Round Hill and hills above Corston and very distant views of ridges west of Bristol.

Other Built Features

Near view of St Matthew’s Church (Widcombe), Churchill Bridge with the riverside warehouses, Kingsmead housing, Western Riverside and gas holders and post 19th century housing to the west of city. Snow Hill J Parker 1792 housing and terraces below Beacon Hill in the middle distance.

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17 Prior Park Mansion 17 From Prior Park Mansion Significance of Viewpoint Historic Built Features Other Built Features Ralph Allen’s mansion was built in Palladian Bridge and Crowe Hall in near St. Stephen’s Church, St. Thomas Significance of Viewpoint 1733-1750 at a prominent location to middle distance. Beckford’s Tower, a Beckett at Widcombe, Snow Hill at the head of a tributary valley above Lansdown Hill, the Royal Crescent, housing, Camden and Larkhall housing. Ralph Allen’s mansion was built in 1733-1750 at a prominent location Widcombe village.at the headIt was of adesigned tributary valley aboveLansdown Widcombe Crescent,village. It was Camden Crescent, by John Wooddesigned the Elder by John and Wood provides the Elder andLower provides and specta Uppercular Camden views of Place and spectacular viewsBath andof Bath conversely and there are manyProspect views of the Place mansion in the from distance. the

conversely thereGeorgian are many city. Many views famous of the guests were invited and on certain days of the week the grounds were accessibleLandscape to the public and as they Topographical are today mansion from the Georgian city. Many through the National Trust. Features famous guests were invited and on Prior Park landscape garden in the certain days ofDescription the week theof View grounds near distance. In the middle distance were accessible to the public as they views to Upper Common (Approach are today throughSpectacular the National view down Trust. the open grassland valley enclosed by trees on the side slopes framing views to Bath.Golf Course), Kelston Roundhill,

Description of View Lansdown Hill and Beacon Hill. In the Spectacular viewHistoric down Built the Features open distance the hills above Charlcombe grassland valley enclosed by trees on and Charmy Down.17 From Prior Park Mansion Palladian Bridge and Crowe Hall in near to middle distance. Beckford’s the side slopes framing views to Bath. Tower, Lansdown Hill, the Royal Crescent, Lansdown Crescent, Camden Crescent, Lower and Upper Camden Place and Prospect Significance of Viewpoint Place in the distance.

Ralph Allen’s mansion was built in 1733-1750 at a prominent location Landscape and Topographical Features at the head of a tributary valley above Widcombe village. It was designed by John Wood the Elder and provides spectacular views of Hollway 1837 Prior Park landscape garden in the near distance. In the middle Bath and conversely there are many views of the mansion from the distance views to Upper Common (Approach Golf Course), Kelston Georgian city. Many famous guests were invited and on certain days of Roundhill, Lansdown Hill and Beacon Hill. In the distance the hills the week the grounds were accessible to the public as they are today above Charlcombe and Charmy Down. through the National Trust.

Other Built Features

Description of View

St. Stephen’s Church, St. Thomas a Beckett at Widcombe, Snow Hill

Spectacular view down the open grassland valley enclosed by trees on housing, Camden and Larkhall housing. the side slopes framing views to Bath.

Historic Built Features

Palladian Bridge and Crowe Hall in near to middle distance. Beckford’s Tower, Lansdown Hill, the Royal Crescent, Lansdown Crescent,

Camden Crescent, Lower and Upper Camden Place and Prospect Place in the distance.

Landscape and Topographical Features

Hollway Prior Park landscape garden in the near distance. In the middle distance views to Upper Common (Approach Golf Course), Kelston

Roundhill, Lansdown Hill and Beacon Hill. In the distance the hills above Charlcombe and Charmy Down.

Other Built Features

St. Stephen’s Church, St. Thomas a Beckett at Widcombe, Snow Hill housing, Camden and Larkhall housing.

Hollway

18 Great Pulteney Street

Significance of Viewpoint

Great Pulteney Street is a fine formal street of monumental proportions. It has been designed to provide vistas to pediments and Corinthian pilasters along the street and lines up with the Holburne Museum and the well treed Sydney Gardens to the north-east and Twerton Roundhill some distance to the south- west. There are also incidentalC views1 2 to 3the4 wooded5 6 slopes7 of Perrymead, 116 Appendices Beacon Hill, Bathampton Down and Claverton Down andAppendix to the 5well treed Henrietta Park from roads and openings off the street.

Description of View

This is a much valued view, closed by the Holburne Museum to north east and Laura Place to the south west. Apart from a distant glimpse of trees in the museum grounds the view18 is Great hard Pulteneyand urban Street which emphasises the grand scale of the street. Significance of Viewpoint Description of View Landscape and Great Pulteney Street is a fine formal This is a much valued view, closed by Topographical Features street of monumental proportions. It the Holburne Museum to north east The view from Twerton Roundhill to Historic Built Features has been designed to provide vistas and Laura Place to the south west. the east forms an axis along the street to pediments and Corinthian pilasters Apart from a distant glimpse of trees terminating in the Museum. Side streets The three storey terraces werealong speculatively the street and built. lines up The with Holburne the in the Museum, museum grounds the view is hard give views of trees in Henrietta Park Holburne Museum and the well treed and urban which emphasises the grand and of the hills to the south. originally known as Sydney HouseSydney was Gardens designed to the north-east by Thomas and Baldwinscale of theand street. Other Built Features built to a modified design by CharlesTwerton RoundhillHarcourt some Mast distanceers in1796-7. to Historic Built Features The present modern fountain is built the southwest. There are also incidental The three storey terraces were on an earlier base by AS Goodridge. views to the wooded slopes of speculatively built. The Holburne The ‘Penfold’ hexagonal pillar box dates Landscape and TopographicalPerrymead, Features Beacon Hill, Bathampton Museum, originally known as Sydney from18 1866 Great to 1879. Pulteney Street Down and Claverton Down and to the House was designed by Thomas well treed Henrietta Park from roads The view from Twerton Roundhill to the east forms an axis alongBaldwin the street and built to a modified design and openings off the street. Significance of Viewpoint terminating in the Museum. Side streets give views of trees in Henriettaby Charles HarcourtPark Masters in1796-7.

and of the hills to the south.

Great Pulteney Street is a fine formal street of monumental proportions. It has been designed to provide vistas to pediments and CorinthianOther pilasters Built along Features the street and lines up with the Holburne Museum and the well treed Sydney Gardens to the north-east and Twerton Roundhill some distanceThe present to the south-modern fountain is built on an earlier base by AS Goodridge. west. There are also incidental views to the wooded slopes of Perrymead, Beacon Hill, Bathampton Down and Claverton Down and Theto the ‘Penfold’ well treed hexagonal pillar box dates from 1866 to 1879. Henrietta Park from roads and openings off the street.

Description of View

This is a much valued view, closed by the Holburne Museum to north east and Laura Place to the south west. Apart from a distant glimpse of trees in the museum grounds the view is hard and urban which emphasises the grand scale of the street.

Historic Built Features

The three storey terraces were speculatively built. The Holburne Museum, originally known as Sydney House was designed by Thomas Baldwin and built to a modified design by Charles Harcourt Masters in1796-7.

Landscape and Topographical Features

The view from Twerton Roundhill to the east forms an axis along the street terminating in the Museum. Side streets give views of trees in Henrietta Park and of the hills to the south.

Other Built Features

The present modern fountain is built on an earlier base by AS Goodridge. The ‘Penfold’ hexagonal pillar box dates from 1866 to 1879.

C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 117 Appendices Appendix 5

Map 8 Information Sheet Viewpoints

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 Appendices Appendix 6

Appendix 6 Historical Illustrations References

List of Historical In the case of prints, the J.C.Bourne 1773 2a 1662 4d 1790 Illustrations names of the relevant (in The History The North Parade The town from The Royal Crescent from publications in which they and Description J.R.Cozens [shows the heights the Avon 1. Historical Views appear are given instead. of the Great Collibees summerhouse W.Schellinks Joseph Farington and Places of Interest These are generally Western Railway) on Beechen Cliff] (photograph in BoBM) (VAG) available in the Bath (Bodl) Views From 1826 4e 1801 around Bath Library. Most of the prints Outside The City 1c 1824 The City of Bath View of Bath from The following illustrations, also appear in Images of Panoramic View of Bath T.Clark the Lower Bristol Road mentioned in the text Bath by James Lees- 1a 1662 Harvey Wood (BL) J.Spornberg in Appendices 2 and Milne and David Ford. Bathe Wenceslaus (BL) (in Warner’s, History 3, are identified by the Holler (attrib.) 2b c.1845 Views From The City of Bath) numbers of the relevant (Ashm.) c.1846 The Vicinity of Bath North Parade 1759 paragraphs in which Bath from Beechen Hill from Miss Brackstone’s 1824 View from North Parade 1673 they appear, together J.Syer Establishment Scene near the Elizabeth Claybourn The South Prospect with the artist’s name. (VAG) Anon Old Bridge Crossley Of Bathe (BL) Bath, Benjamin Barker Paintings, manuscript (BL) Jacob Millerd 1d 1723 (Barker’s, Forty-Eight drawings and some (Brit.Mus.) Aquae Solis .. from the 4a 1791 South Parade c.1740 Views) of the rarer prints, are top of the Southern Hill Kelston View Towards Prior Park 1788 catalogued in the W.Stukeley (in Stukeley’s T.Bonner 5 1810 from the Avon, Bath Bath from the South following sources: Itinerarium) (in Collinson’s History of Sketch of the view from Thomas Ross S.H.Grimm Somerset) the Crescent…and with The Bath Library (BL) (VAG) (VAG) 1757 proposed buildings. A Southwest Prospect of 4b 1846 Victoria Art Gallery c.1750 1817 (BL) the City of Bath Twerton near Bath or Building of Bath View of Bath Looking Bath Thomas Robins J.C.Bourne 6a 1773 Museum (VAG) East Copplestone Thomas Clark (BL) (in The History…of the The Crescent Warre Bampfylde (BL) Courtauld Institute (CI) GWR) J.R.Cozens (VAG) 1920s 1833 (Bodl.) British Museum (BM) or Photograph of Beechen 4c 1806 1759 Panorama of Bath British Library (Brit.Lib) Cliff Plaque Twerton Ferry 6b 1792 From the South Parade J.W.Allen (Reece Winston J.C.Nattes Lansdown Place Ashmolean Thomas Robins (VAG) Collection) (in Nattes’, Bath, A.Robertson Museum (Ashm) (CI) 1b late 17c Illustrated (in Robertson’s Bodleian Library (Bodl) 1846 Bath from the south east by a Series of Views) Topographical Survey) Van Diest (attrib.) Other private collections St.James’s (VAG) (named) Railway Bridge C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 119 Appendices Appendix 6

7 1750s 9b 1765 13 1775 15d 1846 19b 1734 24 1750s From near View from Walcot Walter Wiltshire’s Railway and Avon – The South East Prospect Ralph Allen’s Stone Mines St.Winifred’s Well to Bathwick House at Bathford near Bath of the City of Bath Fan (Thos.Robins?) Thomas Robins Thos.Robins (Shockerwick House) J.C.Bourne S.& N.Buck (CI) (CI) (CI) Anon. (in The History…of the (in Buck’s Antiquities) 1850s (Brit.Lib.) GWR) 8 1793 1789 20b 1750s The De Montalt Mill The Granville An Exact View from 14 1798 c.1845 Pleasure Gardens and neighbourhood Monument Walcot Parade, Bath, 1789 Free Stone Quarries. View Bath from Bathampton of Lyncombe Mrs.Tackler T.Cadell J.West near Bath, Somersetshire T.F.Dicksee Thos.Robins (BL) (BL) (VAG) J.Hassell (Arthur Elton Collection, (CI) (VAG) Ironbridge) 2. Principal Historic 9a 1794 1805 21a 1750 Bath from Camden Place Bath: Bathwick Ferry 1795? 16a c.1750 Prior Park the Seat Routes into and W.Watts J.C.Nattes Hampton Rocks, Morning Prospect of Bath of Ralph Allen Esqr out of Bath (from Watts’ Select (in Nattes’, Bath T.Barker Thos.Robins near Bath 1785 London Road Views) Illustrated) (VAG) (Brit.Mus) Anthony Walker View near Bath 1785 (Bodl.) Thos.Malton jnr. 1841 10 1820 15a 1791 16b 1841 (unidentified Bath from Camden Place Bath from Beacon Hill Bailbrook Lodge Bath 21b 1750s scene, but evidently W.Wallis David Cox T.Bonner W.H.Bartlett View from Prior Park towards Batheaston (in J&F Harwood, (in Cox, Six Views) (in Collinson’s History (in E&W Finden, Ports, Thos.Robins or Bathford) Scenery of Gt.Britain) of Somerset) Harbours, Watering (CI) 1850 (VAG) Places..) 1905 Bath from Beacon Hill 15b 1750s 22 1765 1773 London Road Bath from Camden J.Syer View of Bathampton 1846 Ralph Allen Monument Bath from the Crescent, (postcard) (BL) Manor from Batheaston Bath Thos.Robins

(n.k.) Thos.Robins J.C.Bourne (CI) London Road 12c 1750s J.R.Cozens (CI) (in The History…of the 1917-18 Charmy Down Farm near 23 c.1837 (Bodl.) GWR) Beechen Cliff from Bath 15c 1824 View of Bath, taken near c.1839 Entry Hill Belvidere, Lansdown, Thos.Robins Scene on the Bath Canal 19a 1792 Prior Park, J.Hollway Bath from the Wells Bath (CI) Benjamin Barker Bath (in Hollway, Bath Views) [sic] W.Sickert (in Barker, Forty-Eight J.Parker Road W.N.Hardwick (VAG) Views) (VAG) (BL) C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 120 Appendices Appendix 7

Appendix 7 Historical Views and Places of Interest around Bath

As with the section on Historical Routes and a number of pleasant scenes Twiverton, immersed as it were in a administration of the city, the rampart into Bath, the following is mainly based unknown to those who amuse Forest of Trees, is always conspicuous walks on the eastern and south-eastern around the period when the resort was themselves with walking backwards by the Morning Sun, and becomes a sector (formerly belonging to Bath at the height of its popularity, from the and forwards on the parades.’ Beauty beyond the Power of Words to monastery) were held in private beginning of the 18th century until the express; the Object being vastly ownership, whilst the rest (called For this reason, descriptions and mid-19th century. The aesthetic appeal enriched on one Side by Barrow Hill ‘Rampires’) were publicly maintained illustrations of historical views around of the city and its hinterland was [Twerton Round Hill] rising up on a by the Corporation. By the early 17th the city occur most frequently during already well established by this time, declining Branch of [Odd Down], and century the Rampires were already this period, not only to publicise the and an important part of the social on the other Side by Henstridge Hill being improved with pavements, attractions of Bath, but to provide a ritual for visitors to Bath were [Kelston Round Hill] rising up on a railings and ‘whirligigs’ (turnstiles), like guide to the stranger. excursions on horseback, in carriages, declining Branch of [Lansdown], like the continental boulevard, as an or on foot, into the surrounding Historical Viewing Places immense Tumuli.’ amenity for visitors to view the countryside - considered not only surrounding landscape, and by the end This house was occupied later by Jane beneficial to physical health but also to from Inside Bath (Up To 1770) of the century the private sections were Austen, who was pleased with the view cultural and spiritual well-being. The Until the building of the Royal Crescent also being opened up as fashionable northward towards Brock Street, but experience of William Jones, in the 1770s, developments outside the promenades. In the early 18th century made no mention of one to the west, mentioned in his letter to Viscount city walls were based mainly around each sector of the city wall had its own which suggests that it had become Althorp in 1777, would have been enclosed streets and squares, although identity and prospect view, i.e: obstructed by then. However, familiar to many: a vista might be incorporated into the design, such as the Circus (looking out development plans after 1770 tended St.James’s Rampire (from the South ‘During a month’s residence at Bath I through Gay Street to Beechen Cliff) or, to take greater advantage of the fine Gate to the West Gate, now Lower pursued my own inclination so entirely later, Pulteney Street (which appears to views readily available on the northern Borough Walls and Westgate and joined so little in the follies of the have been purposely aligned on slopes above the town. For this reason Buildings). This offered fine views of the place (well knowing that one ball or Twerton Round Hill). A prospect view the upper part of the city, built after this Avon Valley and Beechen Cliff to the assembly is as like another, as a fig is was of course still regarded as an date, is dealt with in the section below south, and would not have been like a fig) that I was unable to answer advantage, but otherwise accidental to on Historic Viewing Places and Sights completely obstructed until the fifty questions which were put to me the overall plan. In the case of Queen Outside Bath. development of Westgate Buildings to-day about Mr.Wade and his ball, and St.James’s Parade in the 1760s. The Square, for example, built initially in In the meantime, the city’s medieval and the concerts, and the breakfasts, view from the west end of Abbey open fields, John Wood was quick to wall remained the main viewing point, and the Duke of Cumberland, and the Church House, one of the original point out that one of his buildings on providing an ideal platform standing gambling, and the dresses... but I houses that overlooked the wall, was the south-west corner (presumably the about 20 feet above the surrounding could pass a strict examination about partly restored in the 1930s when present no.13) had a commanding view fields, obstructed only by a few houses the walks and rides, the hills and Westgate Buildings was cut through for in the suburban streets outside the valleys, and Landsdown, and ‘.. of the rich Vale of [Avon] to the the present roundabout and junction North and South Gates. For reasons Granville’s Monument, and the Rocks, Westward, wherein the Village of with James Street. connected with the medieval C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 121 Appendices Appendix 7

Gascoyn’s Rampire (from the West first development outside the city wall storey car park. This left a flat platform, as lodgings for the visitors. Spencer Gate to ‘Gascoyn’s Tower’, now the since the middle ages. slightly raised above street level and Cowper, brother of the 2nd Earl Seven Dials and Saw Close) with a fine view overlooking the river, Cowper, referred to his view over the Counter’s Tower and Collibee’s Court This short section was named after a which became known locally as ‘The weir several times in his letters – ‘The (The north-east corner of the city wall, raised bastion which stood on the Podium’ - the name adopted for the River is generaly intolerably foul and now the north side of Bridge Street, corner of the city wall on the north- shopping precinct subsequently built yellow, but is a great addition to the adjoining Slippery Lane) These stood in west side of the Saw Close. For on top of it. prospect … The house, where I lodged a private area situated behind the defensive purposes this had a good looked full upon it, and if you saw it you church of St.Mary by Northgate. Little is The Orange Grove view to the north and west, and during wd think it the prettiest scituated of any known about the tower or its military Until the dissolution of Bath Monastery the Civil War was mounted with in the whole place’. However by the end significance (if any), but in reference to in 1539, this area had been an open artillery. Above the medieval West Gate of the 19th century the status of the the character of the owner of the court, green overlooking the city wall used by itself there were some fine apartments Grove had declined considerably, Wood remarked that ‘the Beauties of the monks as their ‘Litton’ or graveyard, known as Westgate House which had a leading to the progressive demolition [the Avon Valley], to the North but in 1572 it was donated to the city good view to the west, and where both of all these houses for the development Eastward of the Body of the City, are so together with the Abbey Church. By Queen Elizabeth and Ann of Denmark of the Empire Hotel and Grand Parade, conspicuous, that they render that the early 17th century the Litton had were said to have stayed. Although the thereby restoring the original view Court superior to all the rest: The become a bowling-green, and in 1674 tower, gate, and ramparts on this towards Bathampton Down. Landskip commanded by the high was laid out as a promenade with section were not removed until the situation of this Court may be very justly gravelled walks, gift shops, and lines of Terrace Walk 1770s, the views were already being said to have Charms sufficient to invert trees, henceforth known as the ‘Grove’. Like the Litton, the adjoining sector of obstructed in the 1720s by the building the Principles of a Miser; and to infuse a The Grove soon became a fashionable wall to the south, occupied by a private of Beaufort Square, St.John’s Court, Spirit of Liberality into him to enjoy parade for visitors, one of its orchard (formerly the site of the old Kingsmead Square and Monmouth them to all the Advantage that Art is attractions, noted by the antiquary Abbey cloister), was also opened up to Street. capable of Contributing…. Although this Samuel Gale in 1705, being the the public as a bowling green by the St.Mary’s Rampire (from the Saw Close sector was entirely demolished for the ‘pleasant prospect of the river and 1640s. This too became a fashionable to the North Gate, the ‘Upper Borough building of Bridge Street, early prints of adjacent hills’. Indeed, it became so parade in the early 1700s when a Walls’) Described as a ‘noble walk’ by the Pulteney Bridge suggest that popular that in the 1720s various fine properly paved Terrace Walk was built Wood, this would have provided a clear Newmarket Row and the platform on houses began to be built on the east along the top of the wall, together with view to the summit of Lansdown, with the north side of the bridge (now the side, against the outer face of the city a line of shops on the site of the an open prospect which may well have rear entrance to the Podium) were wall, and by the 1740s the Grove had bowling-green. Below the wall was a influenced the siting of the General intended initially to take advantage of effectively been turned into an riverside walk and pleasure ground Hospital there. However, much to this view. The view on the north side enclosed square. Many of these new (formerly an old Abbey orchard) called Wood’s disgust, obstructions along this was temporarily opened up in the houses, having fine views at the rear Harrison’s Walk, today the site of the walk progressively accumulated after 1960s when the east side of Northgate and being close to the Baths and Pump Parade Gardens. Although the Terrace the building of Trim Street in 1707, the Street was demolished for the multi- Room, were naturally in high demand was partly obscured by the building of C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 122 Appendices Appendix 7

Bath’s first Assembly Room on the and Beacon Hill (and later, the Pulteney which overlooked the Abbey orchard the same time in the middle of the Ham, outer face of the wall in 1709, the view Bridge),; to the south, Claverton Down by the river. The full significance of this near the site of Bayntun’s bookshop. from the walk remained an important and Beechen Cliff, with Ralph Allen’s building in the middle ages awaits Having a wide south-east prospect feature, and legend has it that Ralph mansion between. Both prospects further investigation, but a legal witness across the river, this was ideally situated Allen built his Sham Castle on were frequently depicted in 18th in c.1620 testified that ‘the Prior did use (the meadows were popular walks for Bathampton Down to be seen from the century prints and drawings, such as to sit there and view all the orchard’, visitors), and was not removed until the new wing of his house behind the Elizabeth Crossley (View from North which suggests that the house was development of the Ham in the early Terrace, a vista which is still (just) Parade, Illus.) and Thomas Robins sited specifically for its fine prospect 19th century. possible today. The Assembly Room (From the South Parade, Illus.), and are across the river. By the 1740s however, (converted to a museum in the early included among the few landscape this whole section of the city wall Historical Viewing Places 19th century) was eventually paintings taken from the city - by became completely hidden behind And Sights Outside Bath demolished in 1933 for the construction Thomas Ross ( John Wood’s Parades, and Gallaway’s View Towards Prior Park Artistic representation of the present roadway and balustrade , Illus.) and Buildings were eventually built on the from the Avon, Bath Few painters recorded the scenery between Pierrepont Street and the Copplestone Warre Bampfylde ( site in 1749. View around Bath until the later part of the Orange Grove, thereby reducing the of Bath looking east, Illus.). However, The Shury Garden 18th century, when Gainsborough and size of the Parade Gardens but J.C.Bourne’s print of the St.James’s For some reason there is no mention of his successors such as Thomas Barker restoring the original view. Railway Bridge [Illus.] taken from the a rampart along the rest of the wall (still found great inspiration in this South Parade in the 1840s, shows how The Parades partly visible today behind Marks and landscape - particularly in its ‘wilder’ this view was already drastically altered (the North and South Parades) Spencer’s) towards St.James’s Church aspects amongst the wooded cliffs and even before the building of St.John’s The Parades, built on high arches over and the South Gate. Inside the wall quarries. Though this had a profound Church some 20 years later. The view part of the old Abbey orchard by the there was a priory garden and stable effect on the development of the from the North Parade has been less river, were started by John Wood in area (later known as the Shury or Picturesque ideal, few topographically affected, although the Sports Centre 1740 as part of a larger development on ‘Shoe-ery’ Garden), with access recognisable views were produced. and other buildings in North Parade the Ham. Although this scheme was through a gate in the wall into the Ham However, some notable engraved Road now occupy much of the not continued, the paved areas along Meadow. However 17th century maps panoramas had already been foreground. the north and south sides (now also show an ornamental garden published, and in the 1750s Thomas roadways) which linked up with the The former Prior’s House (now North outside the gate, just below the wall, Robins produced many remarkably Terrace Walk nevertheless became Parade Buildings, formerly Gallaway’s which appears to have been laid out to authentic topographical drawings and fashionable promenades. Thanks to Buildings) enjoy the view looking south across the prints of the scenery around Bath, their elevated position the Parades A house known in the late 17th century site of the present Ham Gardens. perhaps aided by a Camera Obscura or provided a ‘pier’ or platform as ‘Mrs.East’s Garden House’ which Although this garden was replaced by other optical device. During the latter overlooking the river from which views stood on the city wall on the east side houses in 1709, a summer-house or half of the 18th century, skilled could be taken of the surrounding of the Abbey Green appears to have refreshment room, called ‘Marchant’s engravers and printmakers began to countryside; to the north, Lansdown been part of the former Prior’s House Folly’ after its owner, appeared about settle in the city, and printed C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 123 Appendices Appendix 7

topographical views of Bath became published in 1742 but reprinted and 1. Beechen Cliff Lyncombe Hill area throughout the 19th widely available. Indeed, by the early revised well into the early 19th century. This has always been the main viewing century, good views can still be 19th century published prints became Described as ‘a very useful airing point from which the city can be seen obtained between Calton Road and the so numerous that only a general companion and director’ it was in detail, as recommended by John top of Jacob’s Ladder. indication has been given here of the evidently designed to be folded and Wood; ‘.. for the Eye to distinguish the b. From the crest. most popular view-points. For similar used as a guide to the surrounding particular Buildings of the City … such as What appears to be the earliest oil reasons, early landscape photographs sights and scenery. After the mid-19th would View them more distinctly must painting of Bath, Bath from the south of Bath are rare until the publication of century however, the character of the ascend to the Summit of Beaching Cliff,’ east was taken from the brow here, mass-produced picture postcards and guidebooks began to change, placing However, different parts of the Cliff probably by a Dutch artist such as Van photo-litho illustrations at the very end more emphasis on the outlying villages offered different angles of view, i.e: Diest in the mid 17th century [Illus.1b]. In of the 19th century. which could, by then, be easily reached a. From the eastern end, around the 1750s a summer-house or by local railway passenger services, or Literary representation Lyncombe Hill and Jacob’s Ladder. refreshment room [Illus.1b, Cozens] was eventually by tram and char-à-banc. The frequent literary references to the The earliest primitive illustrations of the built at this point by the then owner of scenery and sights around Bath The Views city [illus.1a], by Wenceslas Hollar and the Cliff, Edward Bushell Collibee, an correspond well with the descriptions Jacob Millerd in the 17th century, look apothecary and shrewd property included in the published Guidebooks The following prospects are marked north-west from this point - a view owner in the neighbourhood who which begin to appear from the 1760s with their respective numbers on the which continued to be popular with later became twice Mayor. Although there is onward. These were based on John accompanying map, together with an illustrators [Illus.1a; Hollar, Millerd, Grimm, little information about this structure, it Wood’s original descriptions in his arrow indicating direction of view. Also Clark]. However, as the city expanded, remained a prominent land-mark for Essay, which were merely brought up shown on the map: there was a tendency to look northward, many years, and was evidently a useful to date as the city developed. [The Red lines: to take in the Pulteney Estate, or even observatory, as indicated by the report relevant extract from Wood is included Ralph Allen’s carriage drives around the eastward, towards Bathwick Hill and of the theft of a spy-glass from the below in the Appendix, together with skyline – taken from his estate map. Widcombe. A particularly fine oil building in 1763. Later in the century it the description from the 1763 guide for painting entitled Panorama of Bath was visited by Robert Southey, and was comparison. Also included is a typical Green lines: [illus.1a] was taken from this point by presumably the point at which Jane account by an anonymous author Popular walks identified from literary J.W.Allen in 1833, showing the SE part of Austen’s Catherine Morland passed describing a variety of walks that were descriptions and guidebooks the town in great detail – not long before critical comment on the city landscape available in the early part of the 18th Blue lines: the view was considerably altered by in Northanger Abbey. The summer- century] Sites of ferries over the river Avon used the building of the Great Western house appears to have been Railway in 1840. From hereon, the demolished in the early 19th century, Also available to the visitor was Thomas by walkers and riders Railway Viaduct and Station provided a and all that remains is its platform, later Thorpe’s unique map of the Bath Purple outlines: new and interesting subject for used as a triangulation point and today neighbourhood, An Actual Survey of Pleasure gardens and other places of printmakers and early photographers. occupied by a park seat. the City of Bath, in the County of interest Despite the development of the Somerset, and of Five Miles Round, first C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 124 Appendices Appendix 7

c. From the summit. Odd Down. However, despite the towards Norfolk Crescent. The practice the early 18th century. From the 1780s Some time later, in 1824, a 360-degree formation of a consortium of of identifying landmarks from this the view was used by artists such a Panoramic View of Bath (BRL) was shareholders (Bath Panorama Ltd.) to location was continued into the 20th J.C.Nattes and T.Clark [Illus.2a] to show taken by Harvey Wood from a point raise the £50,000 capital for its century when the illustrative plaque in the new developments in Green Park further back towards the summit housing (perhaps in an inflatable tent), front of the path above Magdalen and Norfolk Crescent. [Illus.1c]. This large lithograph, 13ft long it only appears to have been otherwise Garden was installed in the 1920s at the b. Some views were taken from the by 1ft high and in seven sections, exhibited in London and its present instigation of the then Mayor, Cedric new Wells Road which was opened includes the whole southern prospect whereabouts is unclear. Chivers. The plaque, which shows in through Hayesfield at about the same between Prior Park and Twerton Round outline key features of the city between d. From the western end, time, and in the early 19th century Hill, and is annotated to show key sites Kelston Round Hill on the west and around Magdalen Gardens others were produced looking towards in the town and surrounding landscape. Sham Castle to the east, now has and the ‘Dolly Steps’ Twerton and Kelston (from the top of Such an undertaking would have antique value itself, as practically the For illustrators, this was aesthetically the King Edward Road and the Bear Flat) represented a considerable whole of the lower city has subsequently best view from Beechen Cliff, as it was [Illus.2b]. However, most of these views achievement for its time, and is the been re-developed since it was made possible (looking north-east) to include progressively disappeared with the nearest thing to a photograph of the [Illus.1d]. Magdalen Garden, formerly the picturesque details of Magdalen development of Oldfield Park and countryside around Bath at the end of part of the city water-works, remains a Chapel and the roofs of the buildings in Hayesfield in the late 19th century. the Georgian period. A more restricted public park and still provides a fair Holloway for foreground composition. view was taken not long after the arrival vantage point. Various houses which 3. High Barrow Hill The earliest example appears in 1723, as of the railway by J.Syer [Illus.1c]. Since surrounded the Garden were (Twerton Round Hill) an illustration in William Stukeley’s the creation of Alexandria Park in the demolished after WWII (‘Prospect Although this provides a fine view of Itinerarium Curiosum [Illus.1d.], but in early 20th century, practically all these Buildings’ on the west side, and Bath even today, it was too distant from 1757 a much larger and more detailed views have become obscured, either by ‘Beautiful View’ and ‘Bath View’ on the the city to portray any identifiable panoramic view was engraved by the growth of trees on the cliff and east side of the Dolly steps), their sites features and was only occasionally Thomas Robins entitled A Southwest around the Park, or by the building of now occupied by vegetation and trees. used by printmakers and Prospect of the City of Bath. Dedicated Beechen Cliff School on the south side. photographers. In earlier times it would to the Mayor and members of the 2. Oldfield Park and Indeed, when a similar panorama was have had quite different associations. Corporation, it was among the first the new Wells Road produced in the 1980s, it was necessary Being a prominent local landmark, it illustrations of Bath to include a a. Oldfield Park, which occupies the for the artist to ascend above the trees served as the meeting-place for the numbered key, indicating 53 notable promontory at the western end of in a balloon. This project, by the Sheriff’s Tourn of the Hundred of features in and around the city [Illus.1d]. Beechen cliff, formerly provided a fine Twerton artist Roger Hallet, resulted in Wellow, although this had fallen out of A similar view with a key indicating 18 prospect towards Lansdown, A rare a 360-degree panoramic canvas use by the early 18th century. sites was produced as a lithograph in 17th century panorama of Bath by W. painting, 200ft long by 20ft high (said 1860, but by this time prints and Schellinks (The town from the heights) 4. The Avon Valley (West) to be the largest painting in the photographs from this point tended to is taken from this angle [Illus.2a], and a The path along the northern bank of country), which was exhibited at the look north-west as the city spread out Mr.Mullins had a summer-house there in the river downstream from Bath was abandoned Fuller’s Earth Works on C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 125 Appendices Appendix 7

one of the most popular walks for c. Although the riverside below the city replaced by the Bath Refuse Amenity ‘ .. went to the Crescent fields which is visitors from the time of Celia Fiennes in provided few opportunities for artistic Centre), and the Crescent in the the present Mall of Bath and I think the the 17th century through to Jane representation of Bath, there were background is now hidden behind the pleasantest I ever was in as one is Austen in the 19th. The main objective several notable exceptions. An aquatint trees of Victoria Park. litterally walking in the fields with a on this route was ‘Twerton Lock’ view from the Twerton Ferry near Henry most beautiful prospect all around at e. By the end of the 18th century, a (strictly speaking in the parish of Fielding’s Lodge (a few yards from the the same time that you meet all the good view of Green Park and Norfolk Weston) and the adjoining Brass Mill. present Locksbrook Footbridge) was company that is now here. There is Crescent was possible from the Lower included by J.C.Nattes in his Bath, something whimsical yet pleasing in a. From here one could continue to the Bristol Road near Brougham Hayes, as Illustrated by a Series of Views …, 1806, seeing a number of well-dressed vineyard in Old Newbridge Hill on the depicted by Spornberg in Warner’s to which he added ‘After passing [the people walking in the same fields Upper Bristol Road and admire the History of Bath [Illus.4e]. This view Ferry] a short distance, the view towards where Cows and Horses are grazing view towards Kelston and Newton St. survived until c.1870 when the Midland Bath becomes so pleasing, & affords so as quietly as if no such intruders came Loe [Illus.4a, Bonner]. Although John Railway yards were constructed in the good a mixture of the picturesque & among them ...’. Wood mentions the views in the region meadow shown in the foreground of beautiful, that it was determined to make of Henstridge Hill (Kelston Roundhill) Spornberg’s print, now occupied by Naturally a large number of printed drawing of it, although it does not and Prospect Stile, only the most Sainsbury’s Petrol Station and Home views of the Crescent were produced, comprise much of the town itself’ determined walkers would have Base. Similarly, the familiar view from generally taken from various points [Illus.4c]. This view is barely ventured this far. the area around the Old Bridge still along the Gravel Walk. Until the recognisable today, the foreground provided a rural setting before the construction of the Royal Avenue for b. An alternative was to cross the river along the riverside being filled in recent coming of the railway viaduct in 1840, the Victoria Park in 1830, the Crescent by ferry to the picturesque village of times with industrial units. as depicted by Benjamin Barker Fields remained completely open as Twerton which still remained in a d. Nearer to the town, an unusual late [Illus.4e]. far as the Lower Bristol Road, and separate rural parish - not yet covered 18th century oil-painting by Joseph some views were taken from the road with suburban overspill from Bath until 5. Crescent Fields Farington (1747-1821) entitled The Royal or from the opposite side of the river. after the mid-19th century. Indeed, in Unlike the earlier Georgian Crescent from the Avon [Illus.4d] The view from the Crescent itself 1801 the Woollen Mill there was singled developments, designed to form depicts the view from the riverside near seems to have been avoided by artists, out by the Rev.Richard Warner as an enclosed squares or circuses, the Royal the present Windsor Bridge [Illus.]. It although a public Camera Obscura object of curiosity, being one of the Crescent, completed in the 1770s, was also includes in the foreground what was available in the early 1800s just earliest examples of a mechanised the first that looked outwards and appears to be Westhall, a house below the Crescent near the present factory in this region. Even after the could itself be viewed from a distance. associated with the Limekiln Spa in Park Brock Street entrance to the Park. building of the GWR, the prospect from For this reason, the fields just below the Lane, although the spa itself had closed During the 1840s this became the site the wood above Twerton tunnel still Crescent soon became the most by this time. Today the scene is virtually of Bath’s first photographic studio, provided J.C.Bourne with an attractive fashionable promenade in Bath, unrecognisable. In 1817 the whole of the though only for portraits. An early 19th rural view for his lithograph of the accessed by the Gravel Walk, as foreground became the site of the Bath century scheme to improve the view western approach of the railway described by Betsy Sheridan in 1786, Gas Light and Coke works (recently from the Crescent by masking the towards Bath [Illus.4b]. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 126 Appendices Appendix 7

irregular old buildings along the Upper b. As today, the High Common (now visible, half built), it is remarkable for Campagna; ‘I shall never forget how I Bristol Road with an ‘handsome’ the Approach Golf Course) provided the great accuracy of the southern first passed over that land of the Dead, terrace [Illus.5] was not adopted. spectacular views across the valley, but skyline which can be seen extending far strewed with ruins and covered with for printmakers it was valued for the into Somerset and Wiltshire. green turf … This scene [Lansdown] 6. The Common view eastward, initially to show recalls to me my dreams and a. The Middle Common (now Victoria 8. Lansdown Lansdown Crescent and All Saints meditations there. The surface is Park) was already a familiar venue for Lansdown was one of the most popular Chapel (destroyed in the 1942 ‘blitz’) smoother, but it has the same dun visitors by the late 17th century. For of the Downs around Bath for riding [Illus.6b, Robertson], and later, colour, the same “death-like stillness” walkers it provided a popular route to out and airing. From the late 18th Cavendish Place and Cavendish and “dread repose”’. His mile-long ride Sion Hill via Cow Lane and the High century there was also the attraction of Crescent. laid out between the Tower and his Common, and for equestrians there was the races and, for artists such as house in No.20 Lansdown Crescent, a circular area for fashionable rides on 7. Sion Hill Thomas Barker, the old fair, which was consisting of gardens, plantations, and the high ground behind Marlborough For walkers, this was a popular route, still a notable event until the early 20th rustic seats with views over the Avon Lane known as the Ring Common or either to Lansdown (via St.Winifred’s century. Beyond Lansdown, Wick Valley, was all to be seen as a sequence ‘Hyde Park’. Nearby there were several well - valued for its curative properties), Rocks also attracted the artists, as well of linked landscape episodes which Riding Schools (one on the site of the or as a circular walk across the fields as those with an interest in geology. It is culminated at the summit. It is hardly present Bath at Work Museum and beyond Primrose Hill to Weston village. unfortunate that the gorge was surprising that when this well-known another in Monmouth Place) where It was this route that was taken by Jane subsequently turned from a landmark was sold after Beckford’s horses could be hired for airings on the Austen and her companion Mrs. picturesque landscape into an death, it was intended to be converted Common or, further afield, on Lansdown Chamberlayne in 1801, and by Katherine industrial one. For visitors such as John to a Public Tea-gardens - a fate only or along the London and Bristol Roads. Plymly, who in October 1794, ‘.. Penrose and William Jones, a visit to averted by the intervention of After the Ring was superseded by the accompanied Miss C.Isted to Weston a the Granville Monument (erected c.1720 Beckford’s daughter the Duchess of Victoria Park circuit drive, it remained in very pretty village about a mile from on the Civil War battlefield at the Hamilton. use for open-air events such as Circuses Bath. We took a round in going to it & northern edge of the Down) was and Tattoos, and today is the site of a from Sion Hill above Bath we had a fine obligatory. From here a fine view could 9. Belvidere seasonal Funfair and hot-air balloon view of this singular city’. For illustrators be obtained looking westward towards a. As its name implies, the area around events. For printmakers, the Middle however it appears to have been too Bristol, as shown in an engraving of the Belvidere was noted for its fine view Common was also the best site to view distant to portray recognisable details Monument by T.Cadell in 1793 [Illus.8], across the city to Beechen Cliff and the the Royal Crescent [Illus.6a, Cozens], of the city, a notable exception being before it disappeared behind the adjoining Downs, and individual houses until obstructed by Marlborough Thomas Robins who produced a screen of trees. were already being built there by the Buildings in the 1790s. No buildings were drawing in the late 1750s from a high early 18th century. Betsy Sheridan, In 1826 Beckford built his Tower on allowed on the Common itself except, point looking south from the fields near writing in 1786 recorded that ‘.. in the Lansdown to take advantage of what temporarily in the 1790s, for a small St.Winifred’s Well [Illus.7]. Besides Evening I walk’d with Mrs Paterson to a he proclaimed ‘The finest prospect in Public Cold Bath next to the stream just showing the new developments new Walk which has been made by Europe’, and which he likened to the below Marlborough Buildings. extending up the hill (the Circus is Belvidere, Shelter’d to the North by an paintings of Claude or to the Roman C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 127 Appendices Appendix 7

immense Hill where they purpose b. Below Belvidere, Walcot Street and 19th century [Illus.10, Cox, Syer]. as a private enterprise, this bridge gave building the New Crescent [Camden Walcot village still gave good rural Although the view from the summit improved access to the scenery around Crescent], and on the other side views over the river in the early 18th itself seems to have been avoided by Bathwick and Bathampton (described commands the most beautiful prospect century (John Wood describes it as a artists, this route would have been below), already popular with ramblers, immaginable...’. Prints and drawings of ‘noble strand’) - Thomas Robins’ suitable for the more energetic rambler and was greeted with fulsome praise by this view, some taken from lower down drawing of Bathwick in 1765 [Illus.9b] such as Jane Austen, who in 1799 ‘.. local commentator Captain R. in what later became Hedgemead Park was probably taken from the garden of took a very charming walk from 6 and 8 Mainwaring, in his Annals of Bath, [Illus.9, Watts, Wallis, and postcard], Cornwell House (now Ladymead up Beacon Hill, & across some fields to 1800-1830: were frequently produced in 19th House). The views from both sides of the Village of Charlcombe, which is ‘ .. The delightful walks which this century, and even in the 20th century the river near the Walcot/Bathwick sweetly situated in a little green Valley, bridge enables the pedestrian to was a subject for the post-impressionist Ferry [Illus.9b, West, Nattes] remained as a village with such a name ought to accomplish are, indeed, infinite and painter, Walter Sickert (1860-1942), in popular until the ferry was replaced by be’. Charlcombe today can still be unbounded. The beautiful scenery his Beechen Cliff from Belvedere, Cleveland Bridge. recognised in Collinson’s description; ‘.. which unfolds itself in every direction, Lansdown, Bath [Illus.9]. John Wood, the views round this rural spot are 10. Beacon Hill is enchanting to the eye of a whilst speculating on the course of the confined, but very pleasing; it being The new Prospect Walk along the front picturesque traveller, and affords a Roman road through Bath to Sea Mills almost surrounded with hills, which rise of Camden Crescent, mentioned above rich display of subjects for his prolific (outlined in the Itinerary of Antoninus nobly on every side, and are fringed by Betsy Sheriden, opened up a new pencil, particularly as the stranger - the so-called ‘Julian Road’), identified with fine hanging woods and route for ramblers below the face of turns towards the village of what he supposed to be a land-mark coppices…’. Beacon Hill. Following what is now Bathampton, whose cultivated valley, on its route; ‘.. At the North West Corner Camden Road towards Fairfield, one 11. Grosvenor in contrast with the sterile hills which of the Win Yards [Vineyards] there is a could continue around the side of the Accessible from the London Road was encompass it (bearing evident large Mount of Earth, by the side of the hill through the fields to Charlcombe. the Grosvenor Pleasure Gardens, remains of Roman encampments), Fosse Road [Guinea Lane] … It is a spot Soon after this date a small Public Cold opened in 1791, which provided a more present the varied effects of light and of ground so conspicuous to the whole Bath was erected on the site of the rural atmosphere than its rival, the shade, in endless succession.’ Country, for many Miles, that from it present Belgrave Terrace at the top of Sydney Gardens. Though designed on there are some of the most delightful In 1925 the bridge was acquired by the Gay’s Hill, and a little further on a Public an ambitious scale, its distance from Views I have ever seen; and they are Corporation who replaced it in 1929 Botanic Garden was opened up in 1793 the city proved to be a disadvantage, such as had once like to have seduced with the present toll-free ferro-concrete by local lawyer John Jelly on what is and by the 1820s had been converted me into a very great Expense, by structure which still continues to fulfil now Prospect Place. Although these to domestic gardens at the rear of erecting a House, in a military Taste, its original purpose. ventures were only temporary, for Grosvenor Place. However, in 1830 one upon it’. A rank of houses appropriately painters, printmakers and of the owners there, the local artist named Belmont Row was eventually photographers the route provided one Thomas Shew, built a footbridge built on this site at the corner of Guinea of the most popular viewing points of (Bath’s first suspension bridge) over the Lane and Lansdown Road by John the city from the north throughout the river from the end of his property. Built Wood the Younger in 1769. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 128 Appendices Appendix 7

12. Batheaston Serene as ev’ning Sky my Soul, song ‘Solsbury Hill’. Late William Beckford in which he a. For the literary visitor in the 1770s, And hush’d is ev’ry Care. describes ‘the hills above Warleigh, with 13. Shockerwick and Warleigh the most famous attraction outside Hampton cliffs and the neighbouring Gainsborough produced several Another friend of Gainsborough in the Bath was Batheaston Villa, where woods, where Gainsborough, Wilson pictures for the Jacob family in the 1770s was the influential Bath carrier poetic competitions were held by the and Barker studied Nature so well, and 1760s, and would certainly have been and banker Walter Wiltshire, who lived hostess, Mrs.Miller. Many prominent where is shown the flat rock called familiar with this landscape. nearby at Shockerwick House and Park authors of the day attended the Gainsborough’s table, on which the first [Illus.13]. The artist evidently found meetings there, including Garrick, c. Another prospect nearby, recorded of this picturesque triumvirate so often inspiration here; one of the trees in the Anstey, and Graves, or, like Fanny in a drawing by Thomas Robins, was ate his rustic meal’. The allusion here to park was traditionally known as Burney, visited out of curiosity. from Nicholas Farm (the present Thomas Barker refers to his landscape, ‘Gainsborough’s Elm’, and one of his Charmy Down Farm) which at that time Hampton Rocks, morning, painted in b. However, the landscape around landscapes, owned by Wiltshire, is had a curious gothic summer-house the 1790s [Illus.14]. Batheaston and St.Catherine’s valley almost certainly derived from the above the farm with an unusual view was already attracting visitors, and by quarry scenery on Kingsdown Hill 15. Bathampton looking south towards the Limpley the 1740s a Public Cold Bath had been overlooking the House. Indeed, artists a. The Avon valley around Bathampton Stoke valley [Illus.12c]. established on the site of the present in general seem to have been familiar [Illus.15a, Bonner] was renowned in the Elmshurst House. The Rocks, a castle- d. The plateau of Little Solsbury Hill with the cliffs and quarries of the 18th century for its beauty (often like house belonging to the Jacobs however does not seem to have Limpley Stoke valley, particularly referred to as Arno’s Vale, from its family on the edge of a cliff at northern attracted much attention in the past, around Warleigh Woods, home of resemblance to Tuscany), but was end of Bannerdown, was of particular despite its spectacular views, although Louisa Skrine who also sat for relatively inaccessible from the city, as interest, having been celebrated in a the Iron Age Camp was of some Gainsborough. However, views of Bath noted by Philip Thicknesse in his New collection of poems by Mrs.Mary antiquarian interest. Like the taken from this angle do not occur until Prose Bath Guide, 1778; Chandler of Bath, dedicated to Princess surrounding Downs it was an open after the 1840s - about the same time ‘.. some of the Bridle-Roads being Amelia in 1738; common, but formed part of the that Mr.Wade Browne, a local quarry known to but few, should be pointed manorial field system of Batheaston owner, built the tower known as To Mrs.Jacob, On her Seat call’d The out ... The pleasantest of which is, and was therefore kept under Brown’s Folly on the crest of the cliff. Rocks, in Gloucestershire. from BATH to Claverton, the lower cultivation until well into the 19th 14. Hampton Rocks Way; passing ... from Bath Wick to Romantic Views these Prospects century. Now used for open grazing, it The old quarry workings on Bath Hampton … After entering that yield, remains the best example of how the Bathampton Down was another Village, a broad, handsome Road That feed poetic Fire; other Downs would have appeared in favourite haunt for artists in the late offers itself on the right Hand [later Each broken Rock, and Cave, and previous ages and still retains an 18th century [Illus.14, Hassell]. A rock in Bathwick Hill], which leads up to the Field, atmosphere of its own. For this reason this area known as ‘Gainsborough’s Race-Ground, on Claverton; but And Hill, and Vale inspire. it has attracted wider (if not Palette’ is presumably the same as the instead of ascending the Hill, take the international) attention in more recent These various, gay, delightful Scenes one mentioned in 1840 by Henry first left-hand Lane [Bathampton times as the subject of Peter Gabriel’s Like Paradise appear; Lansdown in his Recollections of the Lane], which leads through a Variety C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 129 Appendices Appendix 7

of beautiful Meadows, not far from the and the Limpley Stoke valley - which it which led over to the Spring Gardens overlooking Smallcombe Wood and Margin of the River, and afford[s] also remains to this day. Pleasure Ground in Bathwick Meadow. the view of the city in the distance. many picturesque Objects. This Road An unusual painting [Illus.16a] by The canal was not only seen as a 17. Sham Castle and the Fir Forest leads into the Village of Claverton, Thomas Robins entitled Prospect of picturesque object in itself, but also In the early 18th century the west side of where stands a goodly-looking Bath c.1750, is taken from this direction, provided many new views, frequently Bathampton Down overlooking the city Mansion-House, and one of the providing a panorama of the city illustrated, of the city from the east was called Bathampton Warren, having prettiest Parsonage-Houses in between the ferry and the South [Illus.15c]. Walkers could obtain been a rabbit warren since the middle England, now inhabited by the Parade from an imaginary high angle. refreshment in the village at ages. On acquiring Bathampton Manor Ingenious and Reverend Mr.GRAVES, Bathampton Lodge with its rustic b. An alternative attraction, described in 1742, Ralph Allen immediately covered the well-known poetic Friend of bath-house, or at the Folly tea-gardens by Fanny Burney, was the Bathwick this area of open grassland with a large SHENSTONE ... And if you are not (later the Cremorne Pleasure Gardens) Villa Gardens in a field on the east side plantation of scots and spruce firs tempted by the retired, and beautiful near the Grosvenor Bridge. of the village, but both pleasure known as the ‘Fir Forest’, together with Scenes, which this Ride has afforded, grounds were eventually superseded others at the top of Widcombe Hill and to return the same Way, you may pass d. Bathampton became even more after the completion of Pulteney Street across the top of Combe Down. These over Claverton Down, and enter BATH accessible with the building of the new with the opening of Sydney Gardens ‘extensive and noble plantations’, which by the Old Bridge. Just below the Warminster Road in 1834, and by the Vauxhall in the 1790s. This had the required some 55,146 trees according to Church at Bath Hampton, there is a GWR in 1840, the latter being effect of opening up new walks and Allen’s clerk of works Richard Jones, had Ferry-Boat, which conveys Horses and commemorated in J.C.Bourne’s rides to the east of the city, and for a considerable impact on the bare Carriages ... and lands you near Bath lithographs which includes a fashionable riding, a circular drive was skyline on the eastern and southern side Easton: but it is not always passable; picturesque view of the line where it laid out around the perimeter of the of Bath and were universally acclaimed and indeed it is necessary to smooth crossed the meadows near the Gardens. Many illustrations of the city (in Collinson’ words) as ‘the pride and the Brow of the Jezabel who is the Grosvenor Bridge [Illus.15d]. Indeed, taken from the slopes below ornament of the surrounding country’. Bateliere, as well as the Face of the the railway and canal were not seen as Bathampton Down were published in Waters, to pass over it calmly. eyesores, both being conspicuous in The site of Sham Castle was then the early 19th century showing the new Dicksee’s Bath from Bathampton occupied by a building (possibly also of b. Except for a drawing of the ferry- developments in Bathwick and along [Illus.15d]. medieval origin) called Warren House crossing in the 1750s by Thomas Robins, Beacon Hill on the opposite side of the or Anstey’s Lodge - presumably a including Bathampton Manor, Mill and 16. Bathwick river [Illus.16b, Bartlett]. It was also summer-house occupied by Francis village in the view [Illus.15b], few a. Until the development of the about this time that Bathwick Hill Anstey, the wealthy distiller and spirit illustrations of the area were produced Pulteney Estate in the late 18th century, (formerly a field-way leading to merchant of Stall Street. In 1762 Allen until the building of the Kennet & Avon the parish of Bathwick on the east side Claverton Down) became available for demolished the lodge for the ‘castle in Canal at the end of the century. From of the river was still entirely rural, and its views; either from the lower end, as the warren’ with the intention of hereon the canal towing-path became a for those such as John Penrose who in Bourne’s drawing of the approach of building a larger house on the extreme popular route for walkers (one of the wished for outdoor entertainment, the GWR to the city [Illus.16b], or for north-west peak of the Down. This first being Jane Austen) between Bath there was a ferry above the town weir the beauty spot near the summit, house would have become a prominent C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 130 Appendices Appendix 7

landmark, visible from the London could be attended by as many as 800 b. However, to see the outlines of the from Claverton Street over Lyncombe Hill Road as well as from the city, but carriages and at least 20,000 city in detail, the lower slopes between into Lyncombe Vale where visitors could Richard Jones talked him out of it on spectators. Even a grandstand and McCaulay Buildings and Widcombe drink the waters in Lyncombe Spa (now the grounds of cost. Collinson, writing stables were erected for this purpose, Crescent were preferred. Probably the the Paragon School), or view the flower in 1791, noted that the castle and probably near Claverton Down House best-known image of the city and its gardens in the Pleasure Ground known plantation together ‘..appear pleasing (now Rainbow Woods Farm). However, setting in the 18th century was The as King James’s Palace (now ‘The Court’). objects, not only from almost every part under Ralph Allen’s ownership of South East Prospect of the City of Bath, The latter title seems to have been of the city, but through a great extent of Claverton, these events were drawn and engraved by Samuel and adopted because of a tradition that King the country westward to the other side discouraged, and 20 years after his Nathaniel Buck in 1734 [Illus.19b]. Taken James II stayed with his consort Mary of of the Severn; the light colour of the death were eventually moved to the from an imaginary high angle, Modena at Lyncombe Vale during her stone forming a conspicuous contrast present site on Lansdown. somewhere above of the present treatment at Bath. Following the Lyn with the deep mass of shade thrown Abbey View or Tyning, this was not Brook, one could then continue down to A large part of the Down on the south from the grove close behind it’. The only the earliest panoramic view Bath, ‘Wicksteed’s Machine’, a cameo- side was occupied by private grounds, Castle is less visible today, being but also the first to include a numbered engraving studio next to Ralph Allen’s enclosed with a wall, known as the shrouded in deciduous trees, and is key indicating the surrounding villages carriage drive and railway which later Bishop’s Park. Even in Saxon times there best seen when illuminated at night. and landmarks as well as the principal became the site of another pleasure was a ‘riding wood’ in this area, but the Illustrations of the Sham Castle itself buildings inside the city. ground called the Bagatelle (now the site Great Park as it was sometimes called have always been popular, but printed of Bagatelle House and Ashley Lodge). was laid out by the Norman bishop of 20. Lyncombe Vale and views of the city from this point were Bath, John of Tours, after being granted Widcombe Village b. From here one could return to also produced, such as W.H,Bartlett [as the City for his see in 1091 by William a. A visit to Lyncombe Vale was an Claverton Street via the railway, or in Illus.16b, above]. Rufus. This was evidently the scene of essential part of the Bath experience in continue to Widcombe Hill past the 18. Claverton Down King John’s hunting expeditions during the 18th century, and for that reason the grounds of Mr.Bennet’s House (now The open grassland on the northern his visits to Bath between 1212-1216, route from the city was well called, wrongly, Widcombe Manor) and side of Claverton Down was one of the although the park was divided soon documented, being recorded among Thomas à Becket Church. Many most popular areas around Bath for its after this time, the western end being others by John Penrose, Betsy Sheridan illustrations of the surroundings views or for riding out, and there are given to the Prior of Bath Monastery, and Jane Austen. At the end of South (particularly of Prior Park) were frequent literary references to it, described below. Parade there are still some steps, produced from here, including an including Spencer Cowper, William Pitt formerly known as Whitehall Stairs, unusual drawing by Thomas Robins of 19. Widcombe Hill and Jane Austen. From 1722 the where one could cross by a ferry to the the view of towards Lyncombe Vale a. Widcombe Hill and its Corporation leased Claverton Down at riverside path in the Dolemead (Spring from the steps of the House. [Illus.20b] neighbourhood offered the best views £30 per annum for public use, Gardens Road) to view Ralph Allen’s Shown in the foreground is the garden of the city from the east, and numerous particularly for the horse-races which stone wharf and novel crane near the site mount, with spiral path leading up to a prints were produced from the summit were held over a two-mile course of the present entrance lock of the K&A Chinese pavilion on the summit, which above Smallcombe Wood [Illus.19a]. around the perimeter of the Down, and Canal. The usual route then continued was evidently built as a viewing point of C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 131 Appendices Appendix 7

the city and the neighbouring landscape 22. The Lodge 19th century even this had fallen into a can be more enchanting’. A view of the until it was planted with trees in the When Ralph Allen acquired the Park dangerous condition. It was finally city from just below Monument field mid-19th century. All the routes Lawns to the east of the mansion in demolished in 1953 and today only the appears to have been taken from one mentioned above met in Claverton 1750, he also obtained a substantial foundations can be seen showing of these drives [Illus.23]. Street where, instead of using the ferry, gothic building already standing there through the turf. Lodge Field, now 24. Combe Down one could return to the city via the Old called The Lodge. Possibly based on a known locally as ‘Monny’ [Monument] Ralph Allen’s Stone Mines on the Bridge, perhaps stopping at Thomas medieval hunting lodge, the most Field, is now used as a school sports summit of Combe Down, behind Greenway’s Cold Bath on the way. striking feature of this house was a ground and the view largely obscured Prior Park mansion, were also much tower at the front of the building which by trees. 21. Prior Park visited, as can be seen on a lady’s fan stood as a prominent landmark for a. Prior Park, formerly part of the 23. The Southern Skyline illustrating the rock face and crane in many miles around, visible in many of Norman deer park granted to the Priors The Dry Arch or Rustic Bridge which front of the miners’ cottages (now De Thomas Robins’ drawings [e.g. of Bath (mentioned above) which had still stands over Hanginglands Lane Montalt Place) [Illus.24]. At that time Illus.22]. Ralph Allen evidently took been reinstated by Ralph Allen, was (now known, wrongly, as Pope’s Walk) most of the Down around the mines great pride in this, as noted by Richard also an essential part of the visitors’ was built to carry one of the many was covered with Ralph Allen’s fir Jones in his Memoirs: itinerary, not only to view his mansion, driveways which Allen laid out around plantations which later in the century but also the gardens. Many famous ‘ .. she [Mrs.Warburton] caused to be his estate, reaching as far as were discovered to be a healthy guests were invited here, but the pulled down one of the neatest gothic Bathampton Down to the east, and summer retreat for invalids. As a result grounds were also accessible to the piles of buildings which stood in the beyond Fox Hill to the west. These the Down soon became the site of general public - although this was Lodge field which Mr.Allen took a drives generally followed the edge of convalescent dwellings, where the air restricted to certain days of the week. great deal of notice of to all gentlemen the Downs and were evidently was said to be ‘.. very fine … probably The route from Bath was, as today, that came, - to shew it - from it was an designed to take advantage of the fine rendered more salubrious by the along what was then Ralph Allen’s exceedingly fine prospect into Wales views. In total, Jones estimated that plantation of firs … which throw a solemn private drive and railway, the latter and Wiltshire and Somersetshire; then these drives (or ‘coach roads’ as he gloominess of shade, impervious to the being itself an object of curiosity, as can I could have £30 a year for that house called them) measured at least ten sun and winds, over a fine soft turf free be seen in Anthony Walker’s engraving, if she would have granted a coach miles in length, but only a few survive from underwood’. However, the trees Prior Park the Seat of Ralph Allen Esqr road from Claverton down, but her today around Bathampton and were already reaching maturity by this near Bath, Drawn from Mr.Allen’s Road answer to me was she would not be Claverton Down. In a letter of 1763, time, and by the mid-19th century had in the Year 1750 [Illus.21a]. overlooked by any person: poor Mrs. Samuel Derrick, a Master of almost all been block felled. Allen cried when she came to hear she Ceremonies in Bath, wrote, ‘The ride b. Naturally many printed views have Some walkers and riders such as Dr. had ordered it to be pulled down’. bordering the grounds is miles in extent been produced since then, not only of Pococke continued beyond the in which the views of the city, river and Prior Park, but also towards the city, It was not in fact entirely pulled down, southern edge of the Down into adjacent country are every minute so taken either from the Mansion itself as the tower was retained as a Horsecombe Vale and the Midford varied that to me it wears the [Illus.21b] or from the adjoining grounds monument to Ralph Allen by Bishop Valley. William Smith, whilst building appearance of a fairy ground, nothing around Perrymead and Blind Lane. Warburton [Illus.22], but by the late the new Somersetshire Coal Canal C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 132 Appendices Appendix 7

through Tucking Mill, was so impressed Exercise; some on Horseback, some in Inhabitant, who had lived almost to the by the Summit of that Part of the Hill: A by its beauty that he bought an estate Coaches: There are others who divert Age of one hundred Years: And the Region that sets Paradise itself before there for his own home. There were themselves with Reading in the fourth, and last Place is the first three ones Eyes; and as such it might have also various fine houses of interest in Booksellers Shops, as well as with Miles of the London Road, which is been the very Elysium Fields of the the neighbourhood, such as Combe Walking in Queen Square, and in the much frequented for Airing, in the Antients, as those Blessed Abodes Grove in Monkton Combe, Midford Meadows round about the City, Winter especially, and therefore no were confessedly in an Island of the Castle in Southstoke, and Combe Hay particularly in those by the Avon Side, greater Service could be rendered the Western World. Manor, and later in the 1790s some between BATH and Twiverton, the Publick than the Removal of every The Point from whence all this Beauty spectacular industrial novelties. The De Place where the first Lock upon the Impediment that affects this Road. is seen, Bears North East a Quarter Montalt paper mill in Horsecombe had River is situated, with the Canal leading THE Difficulty of ascending our Hills is Northerly from the Hot Springs; and lies the largest water wheel of its day to it, of near Half a Mile in Length, that not so great as is generally reported; at the Distance of about three Miles and [Illus.24, Tackler], and the trials of the was undertaken by Me … but when surmounted, what beautiful a Quarter from them; a Distance too experimental Caisson Lock on the Coal The first Place appropriated for taking Prospects do they give? And what fine great for the Eye to distinguish the Canal attracted many thousands, the Air and Exercise, in Coaches or on Air do the Invalids breath in upon particular Buildings of the City; and including the Prince of Wales. Jane Horseback, is a small Ring in Imitation them? I will venture to say, that thirty therefore such as would View them Austen wrote in 1801 of her uncle’s of the Ring in Hyde Park, near London; different Rides, each sufficient for a more distinctly must ascend to the intention to walk out to visit the Lock, it is six hundred Yards in Circumference, Morning’s Airing, with so many Summit of Beaching Cliff, looking down but this seems to have been something highly situated, defended from the beautiful Points of View, and Matters of from which, Bath will appear to them of a private joke. For a determined Winds, is Part of the Town-Common, Curiosity may be found about BATH, as much the same that Virgil declares walker like her, the three-mile journey and the Field out of which it is taken is conducive to the Health and Pleasure of Carthage to have appeared to Æneas … over hilly country would have been called Hyde Park: The next Place is … Mankind in general, as can be met with difficult enough, but for a gouty invalid From the 1763 Guide-book: Claverton Down, and on which there is in ten Times the Space of Ground in any this would not have been possible. The Roads about Bath grow every Day an excellent two Mile Course for Horse other Country. much better, by the Prudence and good Racing; but as this Down is private Appendix The Fosse Way leading from Aquae Management of the Commissioners of Property, the Corporation of BATH Solis to Venta Silurum, as above, passes the Turnpikes; as they are at this time From John Wood’s Essay formerly paid a Rent of Thirty Pounds just under that part of the Brow of not only very safe, but pleasant; and the (1765 Edition), p.439-441 per Annum for the Liberty of Airing [Lansdown] to which the Curious Access to the Hills, Claverton and WHEN Noon approaches, and Church upon it: Lansdown is the third Place, Resort not only to look down upon the Lansdown, (which were formerly very is over, some of the Company appear which, though as much inclosed as Cities of Bath and Bristol, together with difficult to ascend) is now rendered very on the Grand Parade, and other Publick possible, nevertheless affords many the Town of Cainsham, all situated upon safe and easy either on Horseback, or in Walks, where a Rotation of Walking is excellent Parts to ride upon; and the the Banks of the Avon, which from Carriages. When you arrive on the continued for about two Hours, and Healthiness of the Place is such, that, thence appears Meandring all along the Summit of Lansdown, you have a very Parties made to play at Cards at the not long since, every House upon it, as Bottom of [the Vale of Avon]; but to extensive Prospect for many Miles Assembly Houses; while other Part of was before remarked, had an the Company are taking the Air and behold the whole Region commanded around [The 1755 Guide adds; - Wiltshire C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 133 Appendices Appendix 7

Downs, Mendip Hills, Part of Wales, chief Object, and towards it the walk Saw Mr Allen’s Brewhouse & the [Lyncombe Hill], there is one Large great Part of Gloucestershire, Malvern principal Front of the House is turned. Key for the Landing of the Stones, as House to Lodge in & a few near it, it is Hills near Worcester, Part of the Bristol Here also are a great Variety of Rides also Mr Morrisson’s walks [i.e. Harrison’s famous for a well of Water in high Channel; and at one Corner, a View of made thro’ the adjoining Lands, where walks, now the Parade Gardens] it Lays Repute hear Say’d to be as good as the Bristol and Bath at the same time]; and the real beauties of Nature appear in near the Grand Parrade but being very German Spaw water but will not keep the Air that you breath in, upon these great Abundance. Low is but Little frequented tho they [Lyncombe Spa]. I think it tastes as the Hills, is very beneficial to Invalids that Run by the Side of the River & is well water of Islington wells, the House is There are many more agreeable Rides ride to restore their Health; and Planted with Tree’s. Incloses [inclosed] by other High Hills for Airing about this City, especially especially on Lansdown, for the which makes it very Rural and there is when the Weather is cold or (6 Sep) walk by the River to Twiverton a Inhabitants of three or four Houses that abondance of Springs of water tempestuous, viz. to Kelston, London mile from ye City, partly planted with are built upon the Down, often live to the Esewing [issuing] out of these & allmost Road, and Bristol Road. In the Road to Tree’s & fine meddows on Each side the Age of one hundred Years and upwards. all the Hills round about Bath - from Kelston you have a great Number of River, past by [?]ause Hall a house of At the farther End of this Down is thence went to Wincomb [Widcombe] very fine Prospects, particularly of the Entertainment & Small Garden erected a Monument, to the Honour of a Mile from it a delighfull Situation for River Avon, which runs in a serpentine [Limekiln Spa] it has a water for Sir Bevil Granville, on the very same Summer it lays on the Side of the Hill & Manner for many Miles; in either of Drinking Good for Sundry Disorders, Spot, as near as possible, where the has a Butefull valley under it we say these Roads you become better called Limewater, at the town, is a Brass brave Gentleman was killed, in the [saw] the House & Gardens of Mr Bush sheltered by the Hills from the mill for wyer [wire] & Plate w[h]ere they Action between him and Sir William of Bath & also: of Mr Bennet the Inclemency of the Weather. The last make all sorts of things in ye Brass way Waller, in the Civil Wars, in the Reign of Member [M.P.], which is a fine Building Act of Parliament relating to Bath, is - & is a Large manufactory - saw Mr Charles the First. [Widcombe Manor] and Small Gardens strictly adhered to, as the Streets every Cawleys Vine Yard a fine plantation on of some others went to see Sr: Phillip Claverton Down is also a pleasant Place Night are extremely well lighted by ye side of ye hill [Newbridge Hill] & has Parker’s house it is in a Bottom an to take the Air; indeed, the Ascent up Lamps; and the City in general is kept a Good Veu [view] of the Bath. Indifferent place. the Hill is pretty steep; but when you very clean. Here is also a regular Watch (7 Sep) Rambled about the City & then surmount it, you have a delightful View: every Night, in Case of Accidents. (8 Sep) … took a walk to Mr Allen’s house walk upon the Hills to the Ring, half a Here you overlook the City of Bath, and & his Quary of Stone it is a Large & From Diary of an Unknown Traveller, mile out of the City it is the place where have an agreeable Prospect of the Vale Butifull Building ... & Stands upon the 1743. Bristol Ref.Library the Sick are Caryed for Air & others Air between Bath and Bristol; and from it, Brink of a hill Next ye Garden’s which [quoted by Fawcett, 1995] in Coaches, it Lays behind Queen you have some View of the last- look’s into a Deep Bottom ... the Quarry (5 Sep) Walk upon the Hill [Beacon Hill] Square & Say’d to be the Sweetest part mentioned City also, tho’ not much. is a Surpriseing place w[h]ere he diggs which is very delightfull to the village of of Bath, Near this place is a few house’s Near it is a Seat belonging to RALPH the Stone’s, which is done with Great Walcot from whence we had a fine Called Belvider, a fine Situation w[h]ere ALLEN, Esq. called PRIOR PARK, which Ease ... they drive in Iron wedges & then prospect of the City the River & some of ye people of Bath have commands a Prospect as delightful as Losen it with Iron Crow’s, which often Country about. in the afternoon cross’d Gardens & Houses, in the afternoon possible for the Imagination to Brakes of[f] p[iece]s of a prodigious the River & went to Bathwick, the went to Lincomb about a mille out. it conceive, the City of Bath being the Sise, then they fix a Large Chain round it mannor of ye Earl of Bath - a pleasant has a very steep hill to Assend to it C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 134 Appendices Appendix 7

& Crane it up - it goes by a horse, when References Peter Davenport, ‘Roman Bath Illustrative Sources at ye top of ye pit it is placed upon a Historic Roads and its Hinterland’, Bath History, Vol.V, James Lees-Milne and David Ford, Carrage of wood which has Iron weales Brenda Buchanan, ‘The Great Bath Millstream 1994 Images of Bath, Saint Helena Press 1982 about it 18 Inches High, - this goes on a Road, 1700-1830’, Bath History Vol.4, Christopher Pound, Genius of Bath, Iain McCallum, Thomas Barker of Bath, Grouve fixt in the Earth & when it comes Millstream 1992 The City and its Landscape, The Artist and his Circle, Millstream to the desent of the Hill, it is mannaged Millstream 1986 2003 by One Man ... [Mr Allen] has also Built a Brenda Buchanan, ‘Ralph Allen’s Long Row of Houses Near the Quary Quarries and the Turnpiking of the Rev.Richard Warner, Sue McKechnie, Jacob Spornberg, 18th w[h]ere many of his work men live [De Southern Link Road from Entry History of Bath, 1801 Century Artist from Finland, Tabard Montalt Place], he has also all his Iron Hill to the top of ‘Muncton’ (later Press 1971 Literary References work for the makeing his Instruments of Brassknocker) Hill’, BIAS Journal Janet Aylmer, In the Footsteps of Jane John Claude Nattes, Bath, Illustrated all Kinds for the use of the Quary - & also No.34, 2001-2 Austen, Copperfield Books 2003 by a Series of Views…, 1806 Carpenters &: - there is a Large Space of Mike Chapman, ‘Streetscape Ground Not got dugg up & tho the pitts Trevor Fawcett, , Susan Sloman, history and character’, Streetscape Bath Entertain’d Gainsborough in are very deep & is free from water yet he Ruton 1998 , Yale University Press, 2002 Manual for Bath & North- East Bath has a pump near one of them over a well Somerset, B&NES 2005 Trevor Fawcett, Voices of Eighteenth- Susan Sloman, ed., Victoria Art Gallery, which Supplys them with water. , Ruton 1995 Godfrey Laurence, Bathford Century Bath Bath. Concise Catalogue of Paintings (13 Sep) walkt to Bathwick ... it is a place and Drawings, Bath Museums Service Past and Present, Bathford Local Maggie Lane, A City of Palaces, Bath for the people of Bath to walk to [and] 1991 [topographical prints now History Society 1985 through the Eyes of Fanny Burney, many of them has Garden’s with available to public view in the gallery]. Millstream 1999 pleasure house’s to which they Resort. it John Wroughton, Stuart Bath, Fine Art Views of Bath (Ninety Six Fine has also a small number of Inhabbitants The Lansdown Press, 2004 Maggie Lane, A Charming Place, Bath Art Photographs, Bath and District) who are Gardeners which Supply the in the Life and Novels of Jane Austen, Landscape Histories published by Rock Bros. Ltd., London Bath with Greens & Roots. thro the Millstream 1988 Mike Chapman, Bath and the River EC2. [c.1910] whole town they have the Springs Run Avon, an historical analysis for Bath Rev.John Penrose, Letters from Bath, in a Troffe & at Each house they have a Topographical Guides & NE Somerset Council, 2005 1766-1767, Alan Sutton 1983 hollow Stone which contains water, The Bath and Bristol Guide, printed by which they laid out with a bole [bowl] Mike Chapman, A Guide to the Gavin Turner, Christopher Anstey, T.Boddely, Kingsmead Street 1755 for there use, the water is very Cleair & Estates of Ralph Allen around Bath, A Life in Eighteenth Century Bath, The New Bath Guide, or Useful Pocket Comes from the fine Rilles which Survey of Old Bath, 1996 Bristol Books 2005. Companion, 1763, printed by C.Pope, descend from the Hills Round them. Rev.John Collinson, Ellen Wilson, ‘A Shropshire Lady in sold by Leake, Frederick & Taylor The History and Antiquities of Bath, 1794-1807’, Bath History Vol.4, The New Bath Guide, &c, 1770, printed the County of Somerset, 1791 Millstream 1992 by Crutwell for H.Leake, W.Frederick & C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 135 Appendices Appendix 7

Map 9 Historic Places of Interest in the Georgian Period W.Taylor (Kingston Buildings, Church Street), booksellers The New Bath Guide, &c, 1773, printed by Crutwell for W.Taylor & A.Tennant (1s., with map 1s.6d.) J.W.Morris, ed., ‘The Environs of Bath – notes on the Principal Parishes within 4 miles of the city’, Handbook to Bath, Pitman 1888 (prepared on the occasion of the visit of the British Association). Philip Thickness, The New Prose Bath Guide, for the Year 1778 James Tunstall, Rambles About Bath & its Neighbourhood, 1847. [22 walks]. Re-published 1876 (by R.E.M.Peach), and 1889 (by Bath Herald). Mrs.Louie Wheatcroft, ‘Picturesque Village Rambles’, Bath & Cheltenham Gazette, 1898-1901 John Wood, An Essay towards a Description of Bath, 1765 edn. Please note: Appendix 8 'Historic Environment Record References' will be included in the final SPD

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 136 Appendices Appendix 9

Appendix 9 Principal Historic Routes into and out of Bath

The following deals principally with A Note on Local that in 1751 arrangements were made for came either through Devizes (the Bath’s main approach roads, which, for Turnpike Trusts the turnpike tolls paid by horsemen and present A365) or Chippenham (the most of its history constituted the main coaches on short outings to be present B3109, shown on Ogilby’s 1675 Until the early 1700s all the roads access into or out of the city or the refunded. Despite the inconvenience of road map). These roads however met through Bath (as shown on Thorpe’s means of enjoying its environs. Routes numerous turnpike gates, the new roads on the open down at Chapel Plaster, 1742 map) had grown up during the by water or rail are discussed briefly at also provided a great stimulus to the and from hereon all traffic had to Middle Ages (some based on even the end of this section. Each main road development of stage-coach services descend the notorious Kingsdown Hill earlier Roman roads) over terrain which is described as it would have appeared and, more particularly, to the through Bathford Village, one of the was only suitable for travellers on during the Georgian period when the introduction of the fast mail-coach, most difficult hills to negotiate in the horse-back or with pack animals. Celia resort was at the height of its initiated by John Palmer of Bath. Bath area. When the Bath Turnpike Fiennes, who visited Bath by coach in popularity, starting from 1707 onward Trust was first established, its the 1680s, noted that The Bath roads also began to link up when the first local turnpike trusts were ‘the ways to Bath jurisdiction was immediately extended with other local trusts set up about this established and the obstacles that are all difficult – the town lies in a bottom as far as the top of the hill (about five time, such as Bristol (established 1727) previously made the city so and it is steep ascents all ways out of the miles from Bath, just beyond the , and that and Wells (1752), all eventually forming inaccessible were progressively town’ ‘..there is little use of a county boundary), and by 1759 some part of a nation-wide system. From removed. From hereon better coach … for the ways are not proper for improvements had been made, . The magnificent views of the hereon it could be said that Bath information about the roads becomes coaches’ including a straightened section city from its approaches was a small possessed some of the best roads in available, particularly relating to the between the villages of Kingsdown and compensation for the danger and the country, particularly after the Bath Turnpike Trust whose jurisdiction Bathford. The abandoned section is still discomfort of negotiating its hills. famous road-maker John Loudon extended some three to four miles from traceable along Ashley Road in McAdam (1756-1836) become General the centre of Bath where visitors would It was already evident that the city could Bathford, although mostly as a farm Surveyor of the Bath Trust in 1826, first become aware of their approach to not develop as a premier resort unless track. Soon after, in 1761, the Brickers followed by his grandson William until the city. The end of this period is this problem was solved, and a Turnpike Barn Trust built a completely new 1861. The Bath Trust continued to marked by the decline in Bath’s Act was therefore granted in 1707 (one by-pass road (the present A4) at a manage these roads until 1878 when, popularity as a fashionable resort in the of the earliest in the country) which lower level through Box to Bathford in line with the national trend, it was mid-19th century, and the growth of the brought the approach roads under the Bridge, via Chippenham. However, replaced by the local authorities. railway system that eclipsed long- jurisdiction of the Bath Turnpike Trust. since most of the traffic still came via distance road travel for the next Improvements by way of road widening, The Roads Devizes, it was not until 1828, when the hundred years. Practically all the roads surfacing and drainage were soon present road between Blue Vein and described here are still in use today, carried out, and by the middle of the The London Road Box was joined up with the lower road, although a few sections, cut off by later 18th century, following several new Acts, Despite the importance of this route, that Kingsdown Hill was finally avoided deviations, survive merely as minor diversions and new roads built on easier the original Roman road from this as a major highway. roads or lanes. In most cases, the gradients also started to appear. Indeed, direction had long fallen out of use and In 1795 the Bradford on Avon Turnpike descriptions follow the in-bound the approach roads became so popular by the 18th century there was no single Trust opened up another new road (the journey towards the city. with visitors for excursions and ‘airings’ main road from London. Travellers C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 137 Appendices Appendix 9

present A363), from Bradford through was again discussed but not taken up. 1773), on easier terrain and with a fine traffic cutting across from the new Warleigh Woods, to join the main road Although a road bridge was eventually view of the Avon valley, universally Gloucester Road. at Bathford. As today, this does not built over the Avon at Bathford for the regarded as one of the finest pieces of Being level and easily accessible from seem to have been a very important recent Batheaston Bypass, the route landscape around Bath. At the Lam the city, the London Road soon route into Bath, but served instead as a into Bath via Bathwick was not adopted. Bridge, the London Road was joined in became one of the most fashionable bypass to the north after the opening at the 1790s by an important new road From Bathford the London Road for visitors wishing to ride out or take about that time of the new Gloucester from the north, built by the Cirencester crossed the 17th century Box Brook an ‘airing’. The broad strand between Road, mentioned below. In 1771 William & Bath Turnpike Trust, which became Bridge (still in use today), before Lower East Hayes and Grosvenor Place Pulteney, the owner of Bathwick, the (New) Gloucester Road (the entering Batheaston village over the was presumably laid out with this in proposed to seek an Act of Parliament present A46, now joined to the St.Catherine’s Brook Bridge at mind, and prints were frequently granting him powers to build a bridge Batheaston Bypass). Diverging from ‘Stambridge’. Here it joined the Fosse published of views along the road across the Avon at Bathford and put in a the old Gloucester Road (mentioned Way, then known as the Oxford Road, between Walcot village and Bathford. new turnpike road to the as yet below) at Dyrham, this provided a which descended from Bannerdown In the early 18th century Walcot village uncompleted Pulteney bridge. The much easier gradient from the via Fosse Lane. The present route down still remained in open countryside, and effect would have been to divert the Cotswold scarp at Nimlet Down Bannerdown Road on an easier the final approach to the city, along main London traffic across Bathampton through the Swainswick valley. Its gradient was adopted after 1757 when Walcot Street, could still give good to enter the city through the Bathwick turnpike gate was situated a little way the road was taken over by the Bath views over the river (according to John estate. Clearly Pulteney’s hope was for a up the road in Lower Swainswick, Trust as far as the turning to Colerne, Wood), before passing through the consequential rapid rise in land values where the toll-house still stands. just beyond the Three Shire Stones. North Gate into the Market Place. and profitable building development. Although this does not appear to have On the London Road, the first Nevertheless, the suburb of Walcot However, the Corporation was hostile to been a particularly busy route, visitors turnpike gate belonging to the Bath Street did not give a good impression Pulteney’s proposal, and by a decision of such as Richard Pococke who had an Trust stood at the top of Walcot of Bath. Wood complained that, a large majority, a counter petition antiquarian interest in the Roman road Street by St.Swithin’s Church, but this despite the presence of a few notable opposing the scheme was drawn up to would ride out along Bannerdown (still was soon removed to the end of buildings such as Ladymead House, the present to Parliament. It was also unenclosed) to villages along the way Walcot village, at the bottom of Snow street was also occupied by ‘Hovels for opposed by the Bath Turnpike Trust at a as far as Nettleton. A turnpike gate was Hill. After the development of the Refuse of the People’. However, as large meeting packed with initially sited at the Colerne junction, Grosvenor Place it was moved yet the upper part of the town began to represen¬tatives from Bath including but in the 19th century was moved back again to the top of the rise there at develop, many stage-coach lines took Ralph Allen, John Wood and other to the London Road junction where it the entrance to the later St.Saviour’s the opportunity to continue along the notable citizens. In the face of such could control both roads. Road. There was also a gate in Paragon (opened up in the 1770s) to a collective opposition Pulteney Batheaston Village, initially outside new terminus outside the York House eventually abandoned the idea. In the Following the Fosse Way, the remaining Batheaston House, but this was Hotel and General Post Office in 1830s the opportunity to build this road section of the London Road, through relocated in 1829 next to Bailbrook George Street. in combination with Brunel’s route for Batheaston High Street, provided a Lane with a side-bar to intercept any the GWR between Bath and Bathford better prospect for the visitor (illus., C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 138 Appendices Appendix 9

The Old Gloucester Road the top of Weston Lane, but until the end of Lansdown was realigned. Swineford. As conditions improved, the The York House was also a convenient building of Beckford’s Tower in 1826 the Originally it passed directly in front of road often became busy with local terminus for traffic arriving down only other landmark was the old Hare the Granville Monument, on the east traffic, particularly with coal wagons Lansdown Road. Known as the and Hounds Inn (originally known as side, instead of the west, as today, and from the Kingswood Coalfield, and for Gloucester Road until superseded in Lansdown House), at the crest of the would have descended a very steep this reason was often avoided by the early 1800s by the new Gloucester hill into Bath. slope on its way down past Dr.Jerry travellers. Indeed, many preferred the Road (mentioned above), this was the Pierce’s Lilliput Farm (the present slower but more civilised wherry The steep slope of Lansdown Hill was main route from the north, over ‘Battlefields’). Until the 19th century the service along the River Avon after it perhaps even more dangerous than Lansdown, which entered the North Wick road also turned off at the was made navigable in 1727. Kingsdown, and it was here in 1703 that Gate of the city via the suburb of Broad Monument, but this was re-routed on a Queen Anne’s horses were so Nevertheless, the road remained Street. It is thought to have been a better gradient around the present exhausted that her coach ran generally popular for riding out and branch (later adopted by the Romans) S-bend lower down the hill, and the old backwards into a ditch - an event that airings as far as Bitton, mainly because of the so-called ‘ Way’, a road, which climbed steeply along the presumably contributed to the granting it provided the best views of the Avon prehistoric trackway along the side of Beach Wood, has since of the Turnpike Act only four years later. Valley between Kelston Park and Cotswold Edge towards the Somerset disappeared. The most likely site of this incident Newton St.Loe, much praised for its marshes. In 1707 the Bath Trust’s would have been between the site of The Upper Bristol Road beauty by John Wood and others. For jurisdiction only reached to the summit Belvedere and St.Stephen’s Church, the The ‘Upper’ Bristol Road, which this reason a view from the top of Old of the hill, with a turnpike gate at the most difficult section even today. Maps followed the northern bank of the river, Newbridge Hill, engraved by Jacob top of Broad Street, but in 1757 this was of the 1740s show that the road appears to have been largely based on Spornberg, is included in Collinson’s extended to the county boundary at originally ran on a steeper slope in a the course of the Roman Road from , 1791. Although this the Granville Monument. The road direct line between these points Bath to the Severn at Sea Mills (the particular view is now partly obscured along the top of Lansdown ran across (approximately following St.Stephen’s so-called ‘Via Julia’). Though the two by buildings, the valley is still a open grassland and was very popular Road and Camden Road), but was Bristol Roads had fewer gradients than spectacularly sight from this road, with visitors for riding out and airing. diverted, according to John Wood, those approaching from the downs, especially in evening light. Indeed, complaints were made when along its present course in 1707. their condition was no better, and were the Down was finally enclosed in the Crossing the river below, was a ford frequently foundrous in bad weather. In 1790s, and a subscription was even Some time later the Broad Street used by local traffic that was removed 1707 the Bath Trust’s jurisdiction along proposed to keep it open, but only the turnpike was moved to the upper end in the 1720s to make the river navigable this road (also known as the Bitton broad verges remain today. It was also of this section, at the junction of and replaced in 1736 with bridge by Road, now the A431) only ran as far as about this time that the first race Charlcombe Lane (now Richmond Ralph Allen’s clerk of works, Richard Lox Brook Bridge, but in 1757 this was meetings were held here, in preference Road), probably after 1757 when the Jones. In 1759 the ‘New Bridge’ was extended to meet the Bristol Turnpike to their previous site on Claverton Bath Trust extended its jurisdiction to adopted by the Bath Trust who built Trust at Buckle Brook bridge below Down. As late as the 1830s the ancient join the Chippenham to Bristol Road connecting roads each side to link the Kelston Park, and again in the 19th Lansdown fair was still held annually on (the present A420) at Wick. It was also Upper and Lower Bristol Roads, with a century to Coombe Brook towards the green in front of the old chapel near after this time that the road at the north new turnpike gate called the ‘Cross C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 139 Appendices Appendix 9

Post’ at the Lower Road junction next another turnpike amongst a group of Street to the West Gate. This is now a Newton Park and Mansion, newly to a group of Coal Pits in Newton St. buildings associated with a mineral one-way system for out-bound traffic, landscaped by Capability Brown in 1761. Loe parish. However, it is unlikely that spring there called Limekiln Spa - the main in-bound route being along The Globe Inn was a notable landmark this link road was initially very popular. named after a limekiln overlooking the Charlotte Street, opened up to Queen along this part of the road, surrounded Besides the steep connection with the road. One of these buildings was a fine Square in the 1820s. (until the mid-19th century) by the Upper Road (now Old Newbridge Hill), house called ‘West Hall’ which The Lower Bristol Road Newton Coal Pits, and standing at the the bridge itself was very steep and presumably served visitors taking the Although the Lower Bristol Road (also junction of two other roads. One of narrow, requiring (according to Wood) waters. However in 1817 the Bath Gas known as the Keynsham Road, now these was previously an old route a fair degree of courage to cross. Light and Coke Works was built on the part of the A4) was a longer route to leading westward through Corston, Indeed, it collapsed during a bad flood south side of the road next to the river, Bristol than the Bitton Road, it was with connections to the Bristol to Wells in 1774, and had to be rebuilt with a and by the mid-19th century ‘West Hall’ often preferred by travellers who Road (the present A38). This was taken stronger arch and with proper graded had disappeared, to be replaced by wished to avoid the traffic from the over in 1761 by the Bath Trust as far as ramps on each side. Even so, it was still road-side terrace housing. Kingswood coalfield. The views of Avon Rush Hill in Ston Easton and known as narrow, and the two-lane traffic which Until the end of the 18th century the valley were not as fine as the Upper the Lower Wells Road (the present it carries today was only made possible stretch of road below the Town Road, but it was still popular for riding A39), thereby avoiding the steep by J.L.McAdam who widened the Common and Crescent Fields remained out and airing, passing through almost gradients on the Upper Wells Road, bridge in 1831. At the same time, to relatively open, providing a fine view of completely open countryside on fairly described below. Despite many avoid Old Newbridge Hill, a new the Royal Crescent to the north and the level ground between Keynsham and improvements, this was a long detour diversion (the present Newbridge riverside meadows to the south. Bath. Until the 20th century, Saltford and does not appear to have been very Road, now part of the A4) was built Katherine Plymley, returning from village did not extend up to the road, popular with travellers other than coal between Lox Brook Bridge and the Bristol on 1794 was moved to write; ‘It and the traveller would only encounter hauliers from the North Somerset bottom of the Hill. On the opposite side was dark before we reach’d Bath, the the Crown Inn at the top of Saltford Hill Coalfield. Leading south-east also from of the river the T-junction at the Cross lamps, particularly in the Crescent & and the Ship Inn and toll house at the the Globe was the ancient Frome Road Post was changed to a fork and Landsdown Crescent, seen from the bottom (all of which still remain). In 1707 (or Salisbury Road), crossing provided with a new central toll house road, had a beautiful effect’. This the Bath Trust’s jurisdiction ran only as Pennyquick Bottom and climbing past (demolished in the 1960s) to control appears to be the first notice, even far as Twerton Church, but in 1757 was High Barrow Hill to Rush Hill on Odd both roads. before the days of gas lighting, of the extended to meet the Bristol Turnpike Down. From there it continued on During the 18th century the only ‘Lights of Bath’ at night for which the Trust at the Globe Inn in the parish of across the Midford Valley as the building between Kelston village and city later became well known. In the Newton St.Loe. There appears to have Warminster Road (discussed below), Lox Brook was ‘Halfway House’ (now early 18th century the main road been a turnpike gate in Twerton High and therefore formed an important ‘Warlands’), near the junction of Penn entered the western suburb of the city Street, but this would have been route between Bristol and Salisbury. Hill Road where there was later a at a turnpike gate by the King’s Arms superseded by the Cross Post gate This is the most likely road taken by the turnpike gate. Towards Bath, at the Inn in Monmouth Place before opposite Newbridge after 1759. At the Duke of Monmouth in 1685 when he led bottom of what is now Park Lane, was continuing on through Monmouth Globe one could turn off to view his army from Keynsham, calling on C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 140 Appendices Appendix 9

Bath, on his way to Norton St.Philip and opened up from what is now Howe Hill nearby this whole stretch became across the Cam and Wellow valleys. In (finally) Sedgemoor. It was presumably through Twerton Wood in the 1820s, engulfed in industrial buildings as 1707 the Bath Trust was only given for this reason that it was quickly taken but this only lasted until 1839 when it far as Bath Bridge. jurisdiction as far as ‘the top of Odd over by the Bristol Trust in the early was demolished for the Great Western Down’, where the Wansdyke crossed The Upper Wells Road 1730s as far as the top of Midford Hill. Railway. In its place, Brunel built the the road at the parish boundary of In the early 18th century travellers Although entirely by-passing Bath, it present stretch of road along the north Lyncombe & Widcombe. The ‘Burnt approaching the city from the south nevertheless provided a link between side of the railway embankment House Turnpike Gate’ was set up here, were still obliged to cross the Avon by all the main roads leading south from between Ferry Lane and Twerton but in 1759 an extension was granted as the medieval St.Lawrence’s Bridge, the city and may well have served as a Lower Mill which completely by-passed far as the ‘White Post’ a few miles south with its oratory chapel and fortified useful circuit for excursions. However, the whole of Twerton village. of Radstock at the meeting with the gateway at the southern entrance, as time went on, it seems that new Wells Turnpike Trust. The rest of the route to Bath, between before continuing along the suburb of routes between Bristol and Salisbury the last house in the village (Fielding’s Southgate Street to the South Gate. In Various long diversions with better were becoming more profitable, and Lodge, now Fielding’s Road) and Bath 1707 a tollgate was erected in front of gradients were soon carried out, powers over this road were abandoned Bridge, passed through open meadows the old gate at the southern end of the particularly on Dunkerton Hill (thereby by the Bristol Trust in the early 19th with fine views of Green Park and the bridge, but as traffic increased, the preserving much of the Fosseway, now century. Unfortunately the records of western side of the town, as depicted in narrow bridge became such a nuisance a public trackway), but the result was the Bristol Trust have not survived. an engraving by Spornberg in Warner’s that in 1754 it was rebuilt (again by never regarded as satisfactory, and Beyond the Newton meadows and 1801 History of Bath. Indeed, this view Richard Jones) and the turnpike moved even a tunnel was proposed. There is Cross Post turnpike, the rest of the (taken from the present junction with elsewhere. Confusingly, the new Bath still a stable near the summit of the hill, Lower Bristol road towards Bath (now Brougham Hayes) would have Bridge came to be known as the ‘Old opposite the former Crossways Inn, part of the A36), crossed Newton remained unchanged until 1869 when Bridge’ - to distinguish it from the ‘New which until the 20th century provided Brook by the ‘Avon Bridge’ (a the meadow in the foreground became Bridge’ on the Bristol Road. trace horses to assist with heavy loads corruption of its earlier name, ‘Eden the engine depot and goods sidings of in the ascent. Also at the Crossways Three turnpike roads converged at the Bridge’). The present bridge, rebuilt by the Midland Railway. A few yards was an alternative route to Wells, bridge; the Wells Road, Lower Bristol the Bath Trust in 1824, is a fine structure further on, to the right, was the site of a leading through Paulton and Tunley Road and Bradford Road. The most which still carries today’s heavy traffic. turnpike gate in the early 19th century, (the present B3115) to the Lower Wells important of these was the Wells Road Following the river Avon along but this appears to have been removed road, which John Leland used in the (now part of the A367), particularly ‘Twerton Flat’ to the Twerton Lower to the bottom of Brook Road when 16th century, and was still shown as the during the early middle ages when Mill, travellers had then to negotiate a St.James’s Cemetery was laid out in the main road on Ogilby’s map in the 17th communication was required between steep climb before reaching Twerton adjoining field by Major Charles Davis. century. However, it was never the cathedral city of Bath and its High Street. This slope, below St. Opposite Green Park, there were some turnpiked and has remained a local diocese in Somerset. Most of this route Michael’s Church, remains today as a fine villas built beside the road in the road ever since. followed the old Roman Fosse Way short slip-way called Connection Road. early 19th century, but after 1858 when which, on its straight course, typically An increasing problem on both roads A more gradual by-pass for the hill was the Stothert & Pitt foundry was built ignored the long and difficult gradients towards the end of the 18th century C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 141 Appendices Appendix 9

was the quantity of heavy traffic, however continued in use until the corpse hung up in chains to the longe streate as a suburbe to the cyte particularly colliers’ wagons from 1980s, and its rusting silos remain a view of passing travellers. of Bath; and [in] this streat is a chapelle Timsbury and Radstock in the North prominent feature of the Down today. of S.Mary Magdalen … Bytwixt the Below the summit there were extensive Somerset Coalfield, a situation only bridge and the south gate of Bath I In the vicinity of the junction of Combe quarry workings (some still visible partly alleviated by the opening of the markid fair medows on each hand, but Hay Lane, traditionally known as ‘The today) with a fine view towards Bath Somersetshire Coal Canal through to especially on the lift hond, and they ly Burnt House’, a building called ‘Odd before Cottage Crescent was built in Bath in 1801. Near the base of by south west on the toun. The cite of Down House’ is shown on Ogilby’s 1675 1801. At the bottom of the hill the Wells Dunkerton Hill the canal bridge can still Bath is sette booth yn a fruteful and road map. Later maps, from 1742 Road converged with the Warminster be seen under the main road, together pleasant botom, the which is environid onward, show nothing on this site Road from Entry Hill road (described with the sites of several wharves just on every side with greate hilles …’. except the turnpike gate, which below) on the level area known as the above the ancient Swan Inn where suggests that at some time between ‘Bear Flat’. Throughout most of the 18th There has recently been some doubt William Smith first penned his these dates this house was destroyed century this remained an open space whether this part of the Wells Road geological discoveries. Also crossing by fire, its blackened ruins remaining a except for the Bear Inn at the northern actually followed the course of the the road next to the Inn was the GWR gaunt landmark for travellers for many end towards Holloway, and it was on Roman Fosse Way, and indeed there is viaduct which by-passed the years. Since the present Wellsway was this site that the ancient ‘Holloway Fair’ good evidence for an alternative route abandoned canal in 1910, but this was not built until 1803, the original road continued to be held annually until the diverging from the Burnt House (along demolished with explosives in the 1970s continued along the (Upper) 1830s. At the summit of Holloway there ‘Old Fosse Lane’) on a more westerly and only the embankments remain. Bloomfield Road to the northern was a turnpike gate until the late 18th course following the parish boundary Unlike the other downs, Odd Down had summit of Odd Down where it crossed century when the present Wells Road to the Avon below the Royal Crescent. been mainly enclosed by the 18th the Frome Road. In the 18th century the was built. To control both roads, it was However, the antiquity of the suburb at century, and it is probably for these only building on the crossing, later replaced by a toll house in the the foot of the hill is not in doubt, and is various reasons that this part of the nowadays known as Noad’s Corner, middle of the Flat, at the fork between now recognised as the Saxon village of Wells Road was not popular for was the Red Lion Inn which served of the Wells and Warminster roads. ‘Cliftune’, the original manorial centre of excursions except for those with traffic negotiating the steep ascent Lyncombe and Widcombe, mentioned The steep descent through Holloway antiquarian interests. Indeed, industry from Bath. Later, when Wellsway was in a charter granted to the monastery provided a fine view of the town, and all continued to feature prominently along built to avoid this gradient, the old Inn at Bath in 970. the early commentators seem to have this road in the 1880s when a fuller’s was abandoned and the present Red entered from this direction. The earliest, By the mid-18th century Holloway earth mine was opened on the crest of Lion Inn built next to the new John Leyland, who visited Bath in the contained some moderately the Down above Combe Hay. A wind crossroads to intercept the diverted 1530s noted that: respectable houses, but like Walcot engine that powered the machinery traffic. Just beyond the Red Lion Street, it gradually declined as a result (the largest windmill in the country at crossroads, at the crest of the hill, was ‘Or ever I cam to the bridge of Bath of increasing commercial activity. To that time) provided a spectacular the site of a gallows, and in 1748 a that is over Avon I cam doun by a avoid the narrow climb up Holloway, landmark on the Down until it was convicted murderer was executed here rokky hille fulle of fair springes of the present Wells Road diversion destroyed by fire in 1904. The mine in the presence of a large crowd and his water: and on this rokky hille is sette a through Hayesfield was completed in C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 142 Appendices Appendix 9

the 1780s, but the junction at the bridge it would seem that a stone bridge had old road is Pack Horse Farm, formerly early 18th century, it was still very open, foot where the three turnpike roads already been long established here the notorious 17th century Pack Horse with few buildings to be seen except converged remained one of the busiest before the 16th century. Positioned at Inn, known for its tea-smuggling the newly-built Cross Keys Inn at the thoroughfares into the city. By 1800 the junction of two valleys, the hamlet activities. Cut off by the new road Southstoke junction which was the Holloway had became a disreputable of Midford later became the focus of diversions, and with the resulting loss staging post for the Salisbury and district avoided by visitors, and for other communications systems, and in trade, the inn was eventually closed Southampton coaches. Whilst the Bath many years remained a thorn in the the road today still features remains of in the 1850s and its name transferred traffic could turn off here towards side of the City Corporation who had two abandoned railway viaducts (of the to the present Pack Horse public Entry Hill, traffic coming from the no jurisdiction in that parish until later. Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway, built house in Southstoke Village. opposite direction could take a turning In 1840 it was further isolated by the 1872, and the GWR, built 1910) and about a quarter of a mile further on The jurisdiction of the Bristol Trust construction of the Great Western canal bridge (of the Somersetshire which led eastward (the present began a little way beyond the crest of Railway viaduct and the clearance of Coal, built 1801). A3062, across the summit of the Entry the hill where, like the Wells Road, the houses clustered around the bridge, Hill and along Combe Down) to the This part of the road was taken over in Wansdyke crossed the road on the and by the 20th century had become Bradford Road at the top of 1752 by the Bath and Warminster Trust boundary of Lyncombe & Widcombe very run-down. Finally in the 1970s the Brassknocker Hill, described below. At (generally known as Black Dog Trust, parish. This was also the crossroads of a lower half of the street was almost this turning was a tall glass furnace after the inn used as its headquarters) medieval route between Bath and entirely demolished and dug out for the cone which provided a notable as far as the summit of Midford Hill on Southstoke which led on to Wellow and roundabout under the railway viaduct, landmark visible for many miles around. Odd Down, where it met the Bristol Mells. By John Leland’s time however, it leaving the upper half as a cul-de-sac. Built in the late 17th century, ‘Mr. Trust. This was a steep climb, and offered a useful diversion into Bath Bennet’s Glass House’ had already The Warminster Road several deviations on a better gradient from the Bristol to Salisbury Road. His gone out of production by the early As mentioned above, in the past the were put through land belonging to description of this route provides a 18th century and had been converted road from Warminster and Salisbury Midford Castle, probably in about 1775 vivid impression of the open Down in to a farm, ‘Glasshouse Farm’, but the (the present B3110) was not only a main when the house was being built. A those days: cone remained standing for use as a route to Bath, but also to Bristol, and turnpike was established by the I ... passid over a ston bridge where cart-shed and did not disappear until it therefore more important than today. bridge, and about the same time two ranne a litle broke there they callid collapsed in a storm in 1764. The farm Approaching from Norton St.Philip, it new inns also appeared; the Fox on the Mitford-water … From this bridge to was eventually demolished in the 1970s crossed the Midford valley at the south side of the bridge, and on the Bath 2 good miles al by mountayne and replaced with a block of flats. confluence of the Cam and Wellow north side, the White Hart (later ground and quarre, and litle wood in When Wellsway was built in the early Brooks where signs of an earlier Roman changed to the ‘Hope & Anchor’ when syte. About a mile from Bath I left the 1800s, a link road (the present Midford road to Bath can be traced across the the Coal Canal was built next to it). way that ledith to Bristow for them Road) was extended to the Cross Keys, fields towards a crossing further These buildings still survive, and the that use from Saresbyri to Bristow’. cutting off part of the Old Frome Road downstream. The name Midford (or Old Midford Road, cut off by the and creating a new crossing over the Mitford, Old English, ‘meeting ford’) is deviations, is still in use, though little Although the Down had become Bradford Road which is still known evidence of a route in Saxon times, and more than a lane. Near the top of the enclosed for pasture grounds by the locally as ‘The Glasshouse’. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 143 Appendices Appendix 9

In 1707 the jurisdiction over the bridge over the Combe Brook (now Hill. In 1834 the bridge which carried deer park set up in 1091 by the Norman Warminster Road by the Bath Trust known as the Midford Brook) near its the road over the canal became Bishop, John of Tours, later shared with only reached to the top of Entry Hill, at confluence with the River Avon in the incorporated into the New Warminster Priors of Bath Monastery. Leland goes the Bradford Road crossing, but in 1757 Limpley Stoke Valley. Road viaduct (mentioned below) and on to note; ‘A mile a this syde Bathe by this was extended the extra quarter can still be seen in the canal tunnel southe est I saw 2 parks enclosyd with a In former times the route from Bradford mile to the Bristol-Salisbury Road at the under the viaduct. The tunnel now ruinus stone walle, now with out dere. followed a rather tortuous route Cross Keys. Entry Hill (sometimes called serves as a covered dock at the end of One longyd to the bysshope, an othar through Westwood, across the ancient Anthony Hill in the past, but spelled a short stretch of the waterway which to the prior of Bathe …’. In this instance bridge at Freshford and through Enterry Hill by the Turnpike Trust) has been brought back into use for a he appears to have taken the western Limpley Stoke village to the Combe dropped steeply down to the Lyn marina. The new intersection between branch which passes the section of the Brook bridge - as described by Leland Brook at the head of Lyncombe Vale the Bradford Road and the viaduct park belonging to the Prior, and would on another of his visits to Bath; ‘I passyd before joining the Wells Road on the remained a simple crossing until c.1910 therefore have entered Bath by turning firste ovar by Frescheforde bridge of Bear Flat. The Lyn Brook at that point when the GWR Camerton Branch off, as before, into Entry Hill. Since the stone on Frome. And a myle and more passes through a deep ravine which the railway was constructed beneath it. Dissolution of the Monasteries, the park beyond that at a new stone bridge I Bath Trust appears to have overcome Since the railway ran a little way below wall has been continuously repaired, passyd ovar a litle broke that aftar a litle at some early stage by building a the abandoned canal, the present and a large proportion of it still survives. lower goythe in to Avon’. In 1752 the massive viaduct over 30ft high with a dog-leg taking the Bradford Road over At Ralph Allen’s request, this stretch of Tinhead Turnpike Trust obtained single culvert arch (illus., c.1839). the viaduct was adopted to avoid the Bradford Road, from Brassknocker jurisdiction over this route, with an Despite its crude construction, this still building a second bridge. Hill to Entry Hill, was brought under the intended diversion from Freshford to carries today’s heavy traffic, and in the control of the Bath Trust in 1763. This join the Warminster Road at Midford, Still standing near the summit of the hill 19th century provided a picturesque was not only to the benefit to the but this was immediately dropped is the former Brassknocker Inn feature for artists. quarry owners on Combe Down, but when the Bradford on Avon Trust (originally known as the Crown), a fine also provided better access to the The Bradford Road acquired powers for a better route. This 18th century house converted back to a entrance of Allen’s mansion in Prior This road, which leads across Claverton followed the present B3118 through dwelling in about 1870. Beyond this Park at the crossing of his carriage Down, was probably the most popular Winsley and over the river Frome at point, the road divided as it joined a drive and quarry railway. for riding out and airing and provided Limpley Stoke where a new bridge circuit road around the top of Claverton the best views of the city. For this (confusingly known as the ‘New Down. One branch followed the circuit Continuing northward, the Bradford reason it was mainly known as the Bridge’) had just been built at Stoke westward along Combe Down towards Road diverged from the park wall and Claverton Road, but was also the main Ford in about 1740. the Glasshouse (the present A3062, headed north-west into the open and route to Bradford on Avon which then mentioned above); while the main road flat part of Claverton Down. At this In 1800 the Somerset Coal Canal was led on to Winchester and Portsmouth. continued through a turnpike gate and point, near what is now Limekiln Lane, built along the side of the Midford In 1707 the Bath Trust had powers as far followed the circuit northward. This there was a gallows where a Valley to join the Kennet & Avon Canal as the top of Brassknocker Hill, but in circuit road had become established highwayman, John Poulter, was at Dundas Aqueduct, cutting across 1757 these were extended as far as the around the boundary wall of the private executed and hung up in chains as a the road a little way up Brassknocker C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 144 Appendices Appendix 9

warning to others. It was also a reminder Pulteney, the lane to Bathwick village removed, but eventually all the houses quarries on Bathampton Down to a that the uninhabited downs had was taken over by the Bath Trust in 1759, on the north side of Claverton Street wharf on the K&A canal. Constructed on become an ideal haunt for highwayman and provided with its own turnpike gate were demolished for the Rossiter Road a sharp bend, this later became a and footpads to waylay the increasing at the junction. This road (the present by-pass in the 1970s. dangerous corner and was eventually numbers of wealthy people visiting Pulteney Road, part of the A36) demolished in the 1970s. Curiously, an The New Warminster Road Bath. This problem was only resolved remained something of a cul-de-sac earlier ‘Dry Arch’ which had been built The most ambitious of the later schemes later in the 18th century by the adoption until the 1830s when it was joined up over the old parish lane to Claverton in for new roads into Bath was undertaken of armed stage-coach guards and the with the new Warminster Road at 1810, and was by-passed by the new by the Black Dog Trust in 1834. This was development of the banking system. Sydney Gardens. Its present use as a road, still survives overlooking the bend. the new Warminster Road (now the After crossing the Down (site of the Bath route through to the London Road via A36) which ran on a completely new Today the road still presents a fine race meetings before they were moved Bathwick Street did not occur until the route between Woolverton and Bath via entry into Bath, towards Sydney to Lansdown in the 1780s) to the Cleveland Bridge was purchased by the Limpley Stoke and Claverton, its object Gardens from St.Georges Hill, and it is western edge, the road presented one Corporation and freed from tolls in 1929. being to avoid the hills at Midford on the unfortunate that there is little of the best views of the city as it Similarly, Ralph Allen’s Drive, originally old Warminster Road, as well as information on its use by visitors, descended Widcombe Hill between the route of his railway and private drive, Brassknocker Hill on the Bradford Road. possibly as a result of competition from Smallcombe Wood and Ralph Allen’s fir did not become fully opened as a public Forshadowing the railway age, it was a the Bath & Weymouth Railway plantations. Though one of the steepest thoroughfare until the 1920s. considerable engineering project which constructed in 1857. hills out of Bath, it was a popular The rest of the Bradford road, between met with much opposition, particularly excursion for many, including Spencer A note on other routes: the bottom of Widcombe Hill and Bath from the Kennet & Avon Canal Cowper who took great pleasure in all Bridge, eventually become congested Company who were concerned that the Waterways the local rides: ‘Every way the views are with housing during the early 19th road would cause land-slips onto the Even before the Avon Navigation was fine, and the Town, considering what a century, particularly after the opening canal below. Interestingly, one of the fully open to Bath in 1727 a passenger hole it is in, is seen from many to great of the entrance to the Kennet & Avon arbitrators who spoke in favour of the boat or wherry (manned by oarsmen) advantage, particularly one, wch shews Canal in Ralph Allen’s wharf. Previously, road was the engineer Isambard was running between Bristol and the New Square [Queen Square]... but the main obstacle on entering the Kingdom Brunel, who had just arrived in Twerton, but the first person to make my favorite one is from the road to suburb of Claverton Street was the the area to design the future Great the full journey to Bath was Lord Clerken [Claverton] Down …’. turnpike gate near the bottom of Western Railway. Falmouth on 3 January 1728. The At the bottom of the hill it met the Lyncombe Hill, where the road passed Navigation received the royal seal of However the new road was hailed as a junction of Bathwick lane, opposite the between Gibbs’s Mill and its millpond. approval a few months later when the success, and the viaduct across the White Hart Inn, before continuing over The road at this point was said to be so Princess Amelia, daughter of George II, Midford valley was much praised. the level crossing of Ralph Allen’s railway narrow that it was possible to jump whose dislike of road transport was By-passing all the villages along the at the entrance to his stone wharf by the across to the mill from the wall of the well known, made the journey to Bristol route, the only obstacle was the ‘Dry river. In anticipation of the development mill pond. In 1893, when the mill closed, in a wherry especially decorated for the Arch’ at Bathampton, a bridge built to of the Bathwick Estate by William the road was widened the pond occasion. Soon after, Samuel Tomkins, carry a tramway over the road from the C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 145 Appendices Appendix 9

the wherry owner, ran a regular service quite a technological innovation for Bath in 1869 with its extension to Bathford to Chippenham, Devizes and along the route, leaving for Bristol from the time. The steam packet City of Bournemouth and the south by the Trowbridge; from the Globe to Bristol; the Bath Bridge at 10 am each morning. Bath was still doing the run to Bristol Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway in and from the Glasshouse to Radstock, By 1740 two boats were running daily, during the 1830s. 1872, offered the visitor to Bath an even Midsummer Norton and Frome. The taking about four hours on the journey less favourable impression of the city. It trams were popular with the working The Kennet & Avon Canal, opened in at a fare of 1s. In the same year, Tomkins was hoped that the railways might help population of Bath who could escape 1810, provided a new and picturesque announced that he had added three restore Bath’s flagging fortunes as a from the city and take circular walks route from London, and a successful new pleasure boats to his fleet ‘.. with a resort, and the Corporation was already across country between each terminus. passenger service was soon in House on each, with Sash Windows, placing advertisements at railway As a result, tea-gardens and other operation to Bradford on Avon. By the &c.’, one of which was ready ‘to be lett, stations throughout the country by the amenities soon began to appear in 1830s fast ‘scotch boats’ to London at an Hour’s Warning, to any select 1850s, but the decline continued. previously out-of-the-way villages such could also be obtained several times a Company; being neatly ornamented, as Englishcombe or Tucking Mill. week, but again it seems that the main Postscript: Revival of the roads and designed for Expedition … Mann’d However, motorised transport provided use of the canal was for outings and However, throughout the rest of the with able London Watermen’. a more flexible alternative and the local traffic. Indeed, all passenger 19th century the city became instead a tramway was eventually abandoned in However, the main purpose of the traffic along both waterways residence for retired gentlefolk, for 1939. Since then the roads have Navigation was to carry freight, and it practically ceased after 1840 with the whom local rides and outings by road continued to regain dominance, is difficult to assess the how important arrival of the railways. or rail remained an important amenity. particularly after the construction of this route was for passengers. Outings Indeed, by the 1890s this activity had Railways the motorways in the last quarter of the along the river were certainly popular become available to all levels of the Bath was well-served with railways, the 20th century, a significant feature in the throughout the 18th century, but most population thanks to the invention of first being the main GWR Bristol to revival of Bath as a world tourist centre. passenger traffic to Bristol was the bicycle and the introduction of London line in 1840, together with its probably local. Though river travel horse-buses and trams in the city branch to Westbury and Weymouth in could be pleasant in good weather, suburbs. When the electric tramway 1857. Brunel’s landscaping and providing fine views of the city as it system was laid in 1904, the line was spectacular engineering along the line wound its way through the meadows extended for this purpose into the in this region contributed much to towards the town quay, it was surrounding countryside to three rural Bath’s prestige, as demonstrated by the dangerously unpredictable in adverse termini; The Crown Inn at Bathford (via views of the railway approaches to seasonal conditions. An alternative the London Road); The Globe Inn at Bath in J.C.Bourne’s prints. However, scheme for canal to Bristol was set up Newton St.Loe (via the Upper Bristol this was somewhat marred later on by in 1811, but this was never carried out. Road); and the Combe Down industrial activity which, like the The first steam-boat on the Navigation Convalescent Home (via Wellsway and waterways before it, was inevitably to Bath, a passenger packet doing a the Bradford Road). Further extensions attracted to the railway. For similar return trip from Welsh Back at Bristol were proposed, but feeder motor reasons the Midland Railway each day, was in operation in 1814, buses were adopted instead – from (Mangotsfield branch), connected to C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146 Appendices Appendix 9

Map 13 Principle Historic Roads into and out of Bath The historic main roads are delineated on the accompanying map with the following key: Red Lines Original (medieval) roads taken over by the Turnpike Trusts Green Lines Later diversions along these roads, with date of construction Yellow Lines Completely new roads built by the Turnpike Trusts, with date of construction Blue Lines Traceable routes of former Roman roads Also shown, at the approaches to the city: - Principal Inns In the days of horse transport, these were best sited at the summits of the hills, but villages on the main roads (principally Batheaston, Kelston and Twerton) naturally acquired two or three coaching inns. Except for a few dating from the 17th century, most were established during the first half of the 18th century. Turnpike gates All known turnpike gates are shown, although not all co-existent. Initially they were sited at the outskirts of the city suburbs, but were continually moved as the city expanded and the turnpike road system developed.

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 147 Appendices Appendix 10

Appendix 10 World Heritage Site Setting Study – Significant Historical Components

The following study, with cultivation, but others were of sufficient imperial control as a result of suggests that fuller’s earth, a rare accompanying maps, identifies the size to be classed as ‘villages’. opposition to Roman rule. The deposit specific to the neighbourhood significant historical components of the surrounding land, little of which lay of Bath, was being exploited for the 2. Early Roman (c.50 to c.270 AD) World Heritage Site surrounding Bath unexploited, was occupied by a large manufacture and laundering of textiles. The Roman town of Bath was first associated with the Roman and number of small farms, hamlets and established about 50AD to exploit its Bath stone was also produced for Georgian periods. villages which, unlike the town, position as a route centre at a river funerary monuments, an industry which remained at a low level of crossing near the present Cleveland received a considerable boost after the Roman Romanisation, many occupying or Bridge in Walcot (A), north of the 2nd century when cremation gave way replacing pre-Roman sites. They were Three main stages are recognisable in springs. Through here passed the Fosse to inhumation in stone coffins. Extensive nevertheless well organised. There are the development of Aquae Sulis and its Way (a) and roads from London (b), the Roman have been found indications of a network of local tracks hinterland throughout the Roman Severn crossing at Aust (c, the so-called bordering the roads leading out of the that enabled these settlements to period, i.e; Julian Way), Cirencester (d), and Poole town, a characteristic and prominent communicate with each other as well Harbour (e). Early remains found near feature in their day, such as the London 1. Pre-Roman/Iron Age as with the town centre, and there were this crossing suggest a military Road, reaching as far as Lam Bridge (i), The area of the hot springs was not several large villages based around a presence nearby, possibly a fort on the Bathwick (ii), Julian Road (iii), and on the only a place of special ‘spiritual’ street plan, such as Little Down (D), opposite side in Bathwick, and it was lesser roads such as Locksbrook gathering before the Romans, but also Warleigh Wood (E) and Bitton (F). stood at a ‘node’ of trade routes across probably for the soldiers guarding the cemetery (iv) and Partis College (v). the Cotswolds (north-south) and along crossing that the first baths were built The main agricultural output in this area Some were close to a suburban the Avon Valley (east-west). By the time separately over the springs (B) in the was cereals, cattle and sheep, settlement such as Sion Hill (vi) or of the invasion the landscape around late 60s or 70s. Whether the town supplemented with such industrial Crescent fields (vii), but several others, Bath was also highly populated and played any part in the administration of activities as ironworking and the always sited high up the surrounding intensively farmed, as indicated today the province is doubtful, but its manufacture of pottery and pewter, the slopes such as Haycombe Drive (viii), by the many remains of Celtic fields, productive agricultural and industrial latter employing lead from the Englishcombe Lane (ix) and Perrymead enclosures, hillforts and associated hinterland ensured that it grew into a Mendips, tin from Cornwall and coal cemetery (x), appear to stand isolated settlements surrounding the city. This flourishing market and manufacturing from the neighbouring coalfields. The and are less easy to interpret. centre, with a local trading influence extraction of Bath Stone from quarries was therefore one of the more wealthy It is very noticeable that hardly any villas extending over a ten-mile radius. in the surrounding Downs was tribal areas, where (in the early stages were built in this area before the mid 3rd Similarly its popularity as a resort grew probably even more important, at least) the Roman occupation was century, the Combe Down villa (10) to such an extent that the central part although the quarry sites are now not readily accepted. being the only one in the immediate of the baths complex was completely virtually impossible to identify. As well vicinity. Its early date and finds on the Although many Iron Age sites have been replanned in the late 2nd century. as local use, building stone from Bath site indicate that this was possibly the detected, archaeological information has been found as far afield as The Farm Economy. During this early headquarters of an imperial estate near about them is still scarce. Most appear Colchester, London, Silchester and period the hinterland of Bath as well as or around Bath controlling a large to have been farmsteads, usually sited Caerwent. A site at Combe Hay (9) also high up on the downs close to areas of the town itself remained under direct number of native farmsteads and C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 148 Appendices Appendix 10

villages. Nevertheless, for this and other The Villas. The effect of this boom on More notable perhaps are those which estates further afield, Bath would still the surrounding landscape was equally have been described as ‘Suburban have been an important distribution and spectacular. It has long been realised Villas’ on the outskirts of the town, export centre, and the presence of that, while villas tend to cluster around such as Wells Road (19), Daniel Street officials and soldiers supervising such towns, the numbers built around Bath (20), Norfolk Crescent (21), Lower estates would help to explain the early during this period are exceptional - the Common (22), and Sion Hill (23), all and quite separate development of the highest concentration in Britain. Within of which would have had view of, baths and temple precinct. its larger hinterland there were about and been visible from, the town. It is thirty or forty, half of which stood in the quite evident from their density on the 3. Later Roman (c.270 to c.400 AD) immediate neighbourhood of Bath. ground that they were not dependent However a most sudden and Indeed, it is highly probable that others on the land and probably served as spectacular change occurred in and may appear as archaeological retirement homes of imperial officials around Bath at the end of the 3rd and investigation proceeds. The grandest and soldiers who would have the beginning of the 4th century, and largest of these lie at the periphery appreciated the luxuries and amenities during which time the buildings within of the area, serving as the head of large of the health resort, or as suburban the springs precinct attained their outlying estates, such as Box (11), retreats for the more successful town greatest magnificence. There was also Atworth, Wellow and Keynsham, the residents such as magistrates, doctors, a considerable expansion of the town nearest being at Newton St.Loe (12). and priests of the temple. The mosaic itself, particularly along the approach to schools of Cirencester and Gloucester the precinct, the two eventually Most of these new estate villas occupied flourished here at that time, and even becoming united. The centre at Walcot prominent sites on the lower slopes ordinary houses, such as at the High was rebuilt, and a new suburban of the downs, some replacing earlier Common (24), were well appointed, market district was established behind farmsteads, such as at Church Farm, exhibiting an exceptionally high level the Royal Crescent at a junction of the North Stoke (13), Brockham End, of Romanisation. Sea Mills Road (C). Altogether the built Lansdown (14), Hollies Lane, Batheaston urban area covered about 60 acres. (15), Bathford Village and Meadows (16 and 17), and Hod’s Hill, Southstoke (18). These events occurred during the These sites were evidently chosen for administrative changes in the Empire the better managing their estates, but after a period of economic and political a magnificent view seems also to have chaos, when imperial estates and been a consideration. In several industries were sold off to aid the ailing instances two villas stand close treasury, and which, in this instance, together, presumably one serving allowed the wealth of Bath and its as a management centre, the other hinterland to be retained, creating a only as a luxurious residence. boom in both the town and the resort. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 149 Appendices Appendix 10

Map 10 Roman Historical Sites and Features Associated with the Outstanding Universal Value Symbols used from the air. Those on on the map: Charmy Down (8) are now less visible, partly Light green areas due to the construction Iron Age hilltop forts and of an airfield there during enclosures. WWII. Only half of these, Little Green triangles Solsbury (1), Littledown Known sites of Iron Age (2) and (at the periphery) occupation. Stantonbury (3) appear to have served some Light Blue areas local defensive purpose The built area of the town (the remainder, of Bathampton Down (4), Aquae Sulis, including the Berewick (5) and Baths Lansdown (6) being large and Temple precinct and enclosures used for the later market area agricultural and other around Julian Road. purposes), and none can Thick Red lines be regarded as Known roads. rudimentary ‘towns’. Nevertheless, with the Pecked Red lines exception of Berewick Probable roads. and Lansdown, all these Purple squares earthworks remain Villas. prominent landmarks around the city today. Red triangles Other occupation sites; Dark green areas farms, hamlets and Surviving remains of villages pre-Roman field systems. Yellow circles On Bathampton Down Coin hoards. Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office (7) the outlines of the © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 fields are still very Dark blue circles noticeable, particularly Burials and cemeteries. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 150 Appendices Appendix 10

Georgian The Sites (numbered 3. Lansdown and Claverton 5. Woolley Gunpowder Mills Sites of significance outside the city in clockwise on the map) Down Racecourses The manufacture of gunpowder at From the early 18th century, Woolley was set up in 1722 by a the Georgian period can broadly be 1. Lilliput Castle, North Stoke horseracing became one of the most partnership of Bristol Merchant divided into two categories; At the far end of Lansdown, below the popular entertainments outside of Venturers who wished to move its Grenville monument, a small retreat Public. Sites accessible to the public at Bath, and on occasions as many as 800 production away from Bristol into the was built in about 1738 by Dr.Jerry large included those designed carriages and at least 20,000 people neighbouring countryside. Among Peirce, who played an influential part in specifically for recreation and on foot or horseback attended the these were members of the Parkin the foundation of the Bath General entertainment as well as naturally meetings, with a grandstand and family who were then owners of Hospital. Named from its unusual and occurring landmarks and features of stables erected for their use. These Woolley, but it was their successors, the diminutive size, it was designed by interest. It is noticeable that the latter initially took place on Claverton Down, Worgans, who actually resided there John Wood the Elder and set in were predominantly of a novel but the turf was considered too hard and managed the works from 1740 landscaped grounds which included a technological or industrial nature. going, and in the mid 1780s the races onward. Although the mills are rustic arch and hermit’s cell, evidently Though often regarded as curiosities in were moved to the present site on mentioned by Collinson in his History of inspired by the ideas introduced by their day, many proved to be important Lansdown, where they have continued Somerset, this was a high security Alexander Pope, Ralph Allen and forerunners in the development of the ever since. operation and any interest by visitors others. In 1802 the original house was industrial revolution. would have been discouraged. By its incorporated into a larger building, the 4. Lansdown Fair very nature also it would have been Private. Less accessible however were present Battlefield House, An additional annual entertainment on avoided, as explosions were not private residences or estates, well to form its entrance hall. Lansdown was the traditional three- uncommon. The works were closed in known to the ‘company’ at Bath, whose day fair in August, instituted by the 2. Grenville Monument, Lansdown about 1802, partly as a result of the owners generally provided leadership Prior of Bath in the 14th century. This A well-known landmark for visitors abolition of the slave trade, and only in the political and cultural life of the occupied the open area opposite the taking an airing on Lansdown was the fragments of the buildings and water city. These residences often served as a old Chapel, adjoining the race course, monument to the Sir Bevil Grenville supply system now remain. meeting-place of ideas, the estates and although not a ‘genteel’ occasion, Monument at the northern edge of the themselves expressing the architectural was a source of picturesque interest for Down. This was erected in 1720 on the and landscape ideals of the time. Today many, including artists such as Thomas site of the Civil War battlefield of 1643 many are now either in public use or Barker, whose painting Lansdown Fair to commemorate the death of the accessible to the general public. gives some idea of the event in 1813. Royalist leader by his grandson George Thanks to its association with the race Grenville, Lord Lansdown. course, it later came to specialise in horse trading and was not discontinued until the early 20th century. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 151 Appendices Appendix 10

6. The Rocks, Marshfield 7. Shockerwick House and Park came to Bath to open the Royal long, and the mill was converted to This was a fine 17th century mansion Shockerwick House was built by John Victoria Park. The house now leather dressing in 1768. In about 1800 it built on the edge of a cliff at the Wood the Elder in c.1750 for John serves as a nursing home. was converted to a paper mill, reputed northern end of Bannerdown which Wiltshire, proprietor of Wiltshire’s for producing the best paper in the 8. Cold Bath Farm, Batheaston belonged to the Jacobs family Assembly Rooms on Terrace Walk and kingdom. Although nothing remains of From the 1740s, visitors to Batheaston throughout the 18th century. It was founder of a successful carrier’s the original mill, mill house or spa, high and St.Catherine’s valley could refresh already noted for its romantic setting in business. John’s son Walter, who went quality paper is still manufactured on themselves in a public bath which had 1738 when it was celebrated in a on to become three times Mayor of this site by Portals Ltd. been established at Cold Bath Farm collection of poems dedicated to Bath, had a particular friendship with overlooking the village. The house was 10. Bathampton Manor Princess Amelia by Mrs.Mary Chandler Gainsborough who found inspiration in later enlarged and is known as Eden In 1743 Ralph Allen acquired the manor of Bath. In the 1760s Gainsborough the park and surrounding countryside House, but the spring that fed the bath of Bathampton from his brother-in-law produced several paintings of the Jacob in the 1770s. Wiltshire conveyed can still be seen issuing into one of the Charles Holder, including the old manor family, and would have been familiar Gainsborough’s paintings to their basement rooms. It was in a field below house on an unusual site on the bank of with this landscape which included destinations safely without charge and, the farm provided by the then owner the Avon next to Bathampton Mill and ornamental woodland gardens and for his part, Gainsborough made Henry Walters that William Smith Ferry. In the 1750s he made various ponds below the cliff, now part of a Wiltshire gifts of some of his paintings. directed the unsuccessful sinking alterations to the building which forestry amenity known as the Rocks These were dispersed at a sale at of a coal mine in 1813. probably included its present elevation, East Woodland. In 1790 the property Shockerwick about a century later. together with a surrounding pleasure passed by inheritance to Isaac Webb 9. Trevarno Paper When Walter Wiltshire died in 1799, ground containing avenues of trees and Horlock who was a partner in the Mill and Spa, Bathford Shockerwick passed to his son, John, ornamental features along the river foundation of the Bath and In about 1740 water from a spring and it was in his time that William Pitt bank. Allen did not occupy the house Somersetshire Bank in 1775, one of the adjoining Bathford fulling mill was found the younger, having come to Bath to himself, but it remained the residence earliest in the city. It was probably Isaac to have strong mineral content with take the waters, visited Shockerwick in of later members of the Allen family Webb’s family who converted the good curative properties. As a result, December, 1805 to view the paintings well into the 19th century, although mansion to the present castle-like ‘Bathford Spaw’, as it was called, was by Gainsborough and other much enlarged, and the pleasure structure, and organised the well-known acquired by Dr.William Oliver, a founder distinguished artists. Whilst there, the ground reduced to a garden. It now fox-hunting meetings there in the early of the Bath General Hospital and Prime Minister received the despatch serves as a nursing home. 19th century. Although the B&S bank inventor of the Bath Oliver biscuits. John giving the news of the defeat at crashed during the 1793 slump in Bath, Wood the elder designed a pavilion over Austerlitz. For Pitt, who had been in the original building known as ‘Stuckeys’ the spring in 1746, and the whole failing health for several years, this was in Milsom Street is still run by the property including the mill and mill a fatal blow and he died in London a National Westminster Bank. house (used as an occasional residence) few weeks later. Princess Victoria, later was named ‘Trevano’ after Oliver’s Queen Victoria, visited Shockerwick family home in Cornwall. However, the with her mother when, in 1830, she spa does not seem to have lasted very C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 152 Appendices Appendix 10

11. Bathampton Lodge and Bath owned by Messrs.Bowsher & Co., design by Sanderson Miller who had in Claverton and his tomb remains in House, Bathampton formerly clerks to the Somersetshire been approached seven years earlier the church yard. He erected a school Soon after the opening the K&A Canal, a Coal Canal, who commissioned William with the intention of building a larger room for Graves (now a garage) whose residence in the High Street of Bennet, engineer of the canal, to design house on the extreme north-west peak most notable pupils included Malthus, Bathampton, originally a farm house, the tramway. Although initially of the Down. Although Jones thought it Prince Hoare (son of the artist), Henry was converted to a place of refreshment successful, the line became redundant would be too small to be visible, Skrine of Warleigh (author of the The for walkers along the towing path. By in the 1840s following the discovery of Collinson, writing in 1791, noted that the Rivers of England, etc., see below) and 1815 a large new wing had been added new and better sources of Bath Stone castle and plantation together the diarist and antiquarian Rev.John on the east side, suitable for at Box during the construction of the Skinner of Camerton. Graves’ garden ‘..appear pleasing objects, not only entertainments and dancing (and Great Western Railway. Along the steep and summer house belonging to the from almost every part of the city, but presumably for lodgings), and at the incline, now a public footpath, rows of rectory still remain. through a great extent of the country rear a pleasure garden including a bath sleeper blocks for the tramplates are westward to the other side of the ‘.. the Village of Claverton, where house. Although the premises have long still visible, as also a bridge or ‘Dry Arch’ Severn; the light colour of the stone stands a goodly-looking Mansion- since returned to residential use and the which carried the line over an old parish forming a conspicuous contrast with House, and one of the prettiest garden broken up, the charming ‘Hot road. The quarries above also survive, the deep mass of shade thrown from Parsonage-Houses in England, now and Cold Bath House’ in the style of a although the rock-faces for which they the grove close behind it’. inhabited by the Ingenious and gothic cottage, has survived, complete were so well known were demolished Reverend Mr.GRAVES, the well-known with its stone bath and interior fittings, with explosives for safety reasons. The Castle is less visible today, being poetic Friend of SHENSTONE ...’ and including a boiler house, well, and shrouded in deciduous trees, and is best 13. Sham Castle, Bathampton Down Philip Thicknesse in his privy at the rear. seen when illuminated at night. Sham Castle was built on a site New Prose Bath Guide, 1778 12. Hampton Rocks tramway, previously occupied by a building on 14. Claverton Manor, Claverton After Allen, the manor was acquired by Bathampton Down the edge of a medieval rabbit warren Dr.William Skrine, an eminent and John Vivian, an eminent barrister, who In 1808-10, when the Kennet & Avon on Bathampton Down called Warren wealthy physician in Bath related to the replaced the old house in 1819-20 with Canal was nearing completion, a House or Anstey’s Lodge, a summer- Skrines of Warleigh, purchased the the present Palladian building further self-acting inclined plane tramway was house, it appears, used by Francis manorial estate of Claverton from the up the slope of Claverton Down, opened up connecting quarries on Anstey, a wealthy distiller and spirit Bassett family in the early 18th century, designed by the architect Jeffry Bathampton Down known as Hampton merchant of Stall Street. In 1762 Allen and it was his son John who sold it in Wyatville. It is now open to the public Rocks to a wharf on the canal near demolished the lodge for the ‘castle in 1758 to Ralph Allen. Allen often as the American Museum in Britain. Holcombe Farm. Previously these old the warren’ to provide a picturesque preferred to live in the Jacobean manor quarry workings had been a favourite landscape feature outlined against a house and entertain his friends there, haunt for artists, including Thomas background plantation of fir trees. particularly Richard Graves who was Barker whose landscape, Hampton Although the work was carried out by the rector of Claverton and author of Rocks, morning, was painted in the Richard Jones, Allen’s clerk of works, it the best-selling novel ‘The Spiritual 1790s. At this time, the quarries were is thought to have been based on a Quixote’. Allen also chose to be buried C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 153 Appendices Appendix 10

15. Claverton Pump, K&A Canal small portrait of William Pitt the younger, 18. Conkwell Incline, Winsley 20. Combe Grove, Monkton Combe Soon after the completion of the canal, still remained in the house when the This was one of several self-acting This mansion was completed by 1706 in 1813, a pump was erected on the site contents were sold in 1956. It was Henry’s inclined plane railways which were built on the southern edge of Combe Down of Claverton Mill to supply additional son, also Henry, who built the present by Kennet & Avon Canal Company to overlooking the Midford Valley by the water to the section between Bradford Warleigh Manor House in 1815 to the supply stone from neighbouring Poole family, local landowners who sold on Avon and Bath. Designed by the designs of Neale Webb, a Staffordshire quarries for the construction of the Prior Park grounds to Ralph Allen. John canal’s engineer John Rennie to use the architect, in Tudor revival style. After canal. Built in 1799, it linked Conkwell Wesley stayed and preached here power of the river to lift its own water serving as the home of Warleigh Manor Quarry some 325ft above the canal to a when he visited Bath in 1764. A few some 48ft up to the canal, it is a unique School in recent years, it has now been wharf at the eastern end of Dundas years later it was acquired by Richard example of this kind of technology to converted to private residences. Aqueduct. Of no further use after the Graves, rector of Claverton and friend be applied in this country. Having completion of the canal, it was only of William Shenstone and Ralph Allen, 17. Dundas Aqueduct, K&A Canal remained in continual use up to 1952, retained until 1812 when the fittings were who probably landscaped its extensive This is by far the most spectacular and restoration was started in 1969, and it sold off, but the line is still very clearly grounds. It now serves as a hotel and architecturally noteworthy structure on now serves as a museum as well as defined and serves as a public footpath. country club. the whole line of the canal. Built performing its original function for the between 1796-98, below its heavy 19. Murhill Incline, Winsley 21. Tucking Mill. now popular waterway. cornice are two bronze dedication At Murhill is another of the self-acting William Smith, whilst supervising the 16. Warleigh Manor, Bathford tablets; one to Charles Dundas, inclined plane railways built by Kennet building the new Somersetshire Coal William Skrine of Bathford became a Chairman of the Company; the other to & Avon Canal Company to supply stone Canal through Tucking Mill (named doctor of high repute in Bath and John Thomas, Bristol Quaker and for the canal, opened in 1803 to after a former fulling mill) was so purchased Claverton Manor in 1714. Superintendent of the Works. When connect with Murhill Quarry. In this case impressed by its beauty that he bought Being in possession of some ground on the canal was reaching completion in it continued to be commercially useful an estate there in 1798 for his own the west side of the Hot Bath, he also 1808, Thomas purchased Prior Park after the completion of the canal and home. Below his house he created a became a centre of controversy by and Widcombe House (in anticipation it remained in operation until about 1880. fishing lake behind the canal to drive a digging down to tap the hot spring which is thought, of a considerable increase in There are some spectacular workings small mill which was intended to he proceeded to sell ‘for his own benefit.’ trade of Bath Stone), where he in the cliff above the where the incline provide income to support the estate. Later that century, Henry Skrine, known remained until his death in 1827. At the starts, about 300ft above the canal, All of this he lost after his bankruptcy in as ‘the tourist’ on account of the west end of the aqueduct is the original and although most of the line is now 1819. However, Smith’s house still extensive tours he made throughout gauging wharf and crane at the covered by an asphalt service road, remains, together with a gothic cottage Britain, became known as the author of a entrance to the Somerset Coal Canal original cast-iron rails still remain in situ which adjoined the mill, the latter number of works on travel. It was during which has been restored as far as the at the canal wharf which is scheduled having been demolished in 1927. The this time that the Skrines became Limpley Stoke Viaduct and converted as an Ancient Monument. fishing lake, after being filled in later for patrons of Gainsborough; Louisa Skrine to a marina and amenity centre known a fullers’ earth works, has been restored sat for him, and several of his works as the Brassknocker Basin. as an amenity the disabled. including Gentleman with a gun and a C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 154 Appendices Appendix 10

22. William Smith’s Constable and others. After the death 25. Caisson and Locks, 26. Combe Hay Manor, tramway and quarry of the partners the business was given Somersetshire Coal Canal Combe Hay In about 1811 William Smith acquired a up in 1841 and the premises put to other A most notable new technique The present house was built for the Bath Stone quarry on Combe Down purposes. It was notable in its day also adopted in the building of the Coal Smith family in about 1730 (possibly by from Charles Conolly, then owner of for size of the water wheel, 56ft Canal in the 1790s was Robert John Strahan, with alterations in the Midford Castle, which he connected by diameter, then said to be the largest in Weldon’s experimental Caisson Lock at 1770s), together with the landscaped means of a tramway to his mill at the country, although even this needed Combe Hay, in which boats could be park which includes a serpentine river Tucking Mill where the stone was sawn to be supplemented with steam power transferred inside a submersible vessel on the Cam Brook and an artificial lake. up into ashlar for export via the canal. in 1808. The building has a surprisingly to the required level. Many thousands John Smith followed Pitt as M.P. for Bath Unfortunately Smith was unable to pay fine architectural frontage, and despite attended to watch it in operation in and, as Grand Master of the Province of Connolly his share of the enterprise, for a long period of abandonment in later 1799, including the Prince of Wales, and Somerset, played an important rôle in which he spent a spell in the debtors’ times, survived in sufficient state to be Jane Austen wrote in 1801 of her uncle’s the development of the freemasonry prison in 1819 and was compelled to restored and is now converted to intention to visit the site. However the movement in the city. In the 1790s it leave Bath to find employment residential units. ground in which it was constructed passed to his son Col.Leigh-Smith, also elsewhere. Kingham Quarry, as it was proved unstable, and the Caisson Grand Master, whose friendship with the 24. Midford Castle, South Stoke known, can still be seen above Summer chamber had to be filled in and Prince of Wales (later George IV) This substantial but eccentric villa or Lane, and the lower section of the replaced by a flight of 22 conventional presumably led to the Prince’s visit to ‘Gothic Mansion’ in trefoil plan was built tramway now serves as a public locks, a considerable engineering feat Combe Hay to witness the operation of on the southern edge of Combe Down footpath where stone sleeper blocks completed in 1805. Although the canal the Caisson Lock in 1799. in about 1775 for Henry Disney Roebuck, are still visible in places. itself was eventually abandoned in after a design by John Carter. It is 27. Newton Manor and Park, 1898, there are considerable remains of 23. De Montalt Mill, Combe Down situated in extensive park grounds Newton St.Loe these works in the area of Caisson In 1803 the Ralph Allen estate was which still contain such picturesque This was an old park estate which House (the resident engineer’s inherited by Lord De Montalt who elements as embattled gatehouse, belonged to the Gore-Langton family mansion) adjoining the Caisson site. began the construction of a water stables, chapel, ‘priory’ tea-house and who played an active part in the Most of the 22 locks still stand in driven paper mill on the edge of Combe rustic hermitage, possibly inspired by political life of Georgian Bath. Joseph various states of dilapidation, together Down overlooking Tucking Mill. Prior Park nearby. It was later owned by Langton had the distinction of being with the foundations of the pumping Completed in 1805, the mill was run by Charles Connolly, whose business defeated by the celebrated politician engine, an inclined plane and various a partnership of booksellers and association with William Smith led to the William Pitt in the election for M.P. for ancillary basins and wharfs. The lock stationers in Milsom Street in Bath who latter’s imprisonment for debt in 1819. Bath in 1757. It was he also who built the flight is progressively being cleared by produced high quality writing paper for present mansion house in 1762-3, the Somersetshire Coal Canal Society the highly literate visitors to Bath. By designed by Stiff Leadbetter, together in collaboration with the present owner 1819 they were also producing artist’s with a reorganisation of the park and of Caisson House. water colour paper, particularly old castle grounds, including artificial favoured by Turner, but also used by lakes and cascades, landscaped by C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 155 Appendices Appendix 10

Capability Brown with additions by 29. Kelston Manor and Park, Kelston Joseph Repton. Newton Park is now Since Elizabethan times the park e occupied by Bath Spa University state at Kelston had belonged to the College under the ownership of the Harrington family whose members still Duchy of Cornwall. played an active part in the political life of Bath throughout the Georgian period, 28. Coal Pits, Newton St.Loe particularly in the medical field. In 1767 By the early 18th century pits supplying however the estate passed into the coal to Bath were already being worked hands of Sir Caesar Hawkins, surgeon in Corston by a member of the to George III, who demolished the Harrington family of Kelston Park, and Jacobean manor house and by the 1730s others had been sunk in commissioned the present mansion the adjoining parish of Newton St.Loe on the site of a former summer house. belonging to the Gore-Langtons. John The mansion was designed by John Wood gives a description of the Wood the Younger in collaboration with winding houses in the meadows Capability Brown who landscaped the adjoining the Globe Inn which would park grounds, creating a prominent vista have been an object of curiosity for across the Avon valley. Brown probably visitors passing along the Bristol Road. carried out the work himself, as he was By the 1780s pumping-engine houses paid the considerable sum of £500. It has also began to appear, and new shafts been suggested that Wood may have were in operation by the Cross Post been influenced by Brown in setting out turnpike house near Newbridge. the lawns below the Royal Crescent. However, by 1845 the pits in Newton had closed, all the coal in this neighbourhood being exhausted, and a new colliery was opened in the adjoining parish of Twerton. Today the sites of these early shafts can still be made out as black patches in the fields around the Globe after ploughing. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 156 Appendices Appendix 10

Map 11 Georgian Historical Sites and Features Associated with the Outstanding Universal Value Colours used on the map: Light Blue areas Country estates and parks Purple Spots Manor houses belonging to the country estates Pink areas Smaller properties Red triangles Isolated features Blue line Kennet & Avon Canal Dark blue line Somersetshire Coal Canal Red lines Tramways Dark red outline – Built area of Georgian Bath

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 157 Appendices Appendix 11

Appendix 11 River Corridor Views Description

Historic Commentary Bath’s first pleasure grounds were For more serious exercise, visitors could The routes into and out of Bath Many visitors to Bath enjoyed exploring often built on the flat land next to the ramble into the country along the river. following the serpentine twists of the the city on foot and by horseback. river. The first appeared in 1709 below The great orientalist, William Jones, at river provided picturesque vistas for The river corridor and water the town weir overlooked by the city Bath in 1777 believed he got much the walker or rider. The Dean of meadows would have provided wall and Harrison’s new Assembly more out of wandering the hills and Durham told his brother that he had pleasant opportunities for exercise Rooms. (Prospect of Bath S.H.Grimm valleys than ”those who amuse enjoyed his strolls enormously “you along the flat river valley. In the city, 1788). On the opposite side of the river, themselves with walking backwards will find most beautiful and romantic close to Pulteney Bridge (1769-74 Spring Gardens, established in the and forwards on the parades” (Bath Prospects for your Entertainment… built by William Johnstone Pulteney 1730s could be reached by a ferry from the South S.H.Grimm 1788). Every way the views are fine, and the above the weir, or along the river bank Town, considering what a hole it is in, is to Robert Adam’s design with shops on An obstacle to walkers was often the via Ralph Allen’s wharf at Dolemeads. seen from many to great advantage… both sides) the pleasure grounds close lack of well maintained paths, in 1789 To the east, Grosvenor Gardens, also The River is generally foul and yellow, to the river provided a natural focus for the path by the Avon to Spring Gardens adjacent to the river provided a focus but is a great addition to the prospect”. promenading and taking the air. was in a dangerous state and others had for river walks. Further east the visitor been repaired by public subscription. By Further out a favourite walk was River trips were popular from Tomkins could enjoy the river as it passed out the end of the 18th century there were westwards towards the Spa at Westhall who hired out pleasure boats from the into the flood plain of Batheaston (view at least six river ferries and together with (In the neighbourhood of the present Bath Bridge. near Bath,S Middiman, 1750-1831). Along the three bridges made visits out from New Westhall Inn close to the junction the river there were opportunities for Terrace Walk on the banks of the river Bath more practical. of Park Lane and the Upper Bristol river trips and boat hire. was built on the former Bath Abbey Road) as far as the vineyards overlooking Cloisters in the 1700s provided Newbridge (The vineyards may have interesting views out from the city been on the south facing slopes of which included Sham Castle built by Newbridge off the Kelston Road) Ralph Allen on the hillside to the south. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 158 Appendices Appendix 11

Current View To the south views of the slopes above Travelling down river from Pulteney The quality of the river water is far Sham Castle, Widcombe, Beechen Bridge access to the river is still cleaner than in the 18th century, recent Cliff and of Prior Park Mansion are possible in places but unfortunately the records of otters passing through Bath still largely unchanged. Further down riverside path is not continuous due to indicate a clean river rich in wildlife. the river, the formal pleasure grounds later developments. Upstream above The local authority maintained are gone but the flood plain has kept the flood defences the banks of the footpaths and cycle ways along the much of the areas either side at Parade river are more natural with tree fringed river provide good access to the Gardens and the Recreation Ground banks and wild plants. Where access is country for walkers but in contrast, green and open. The banks of the river possible, there are views to the north horse riding is controlled to avoid the through the city have been canalised of the Georgian crescents and terraces conflict with walkers and cyclists. to prevent flooding but it is possible and the green city skyline above to walk along the top of the bank Beacon Hill. Further out from the city The views from the river out into the on at least one side of the river beyond the modern supermarket at city and beyond would be recognisable out from the centre. Kensington, the path along the river to many 18th century visitors. From the through Kensington Meadows Local Further west towards Twerton the river river in central Bath close to Pulteney Nature Reserve is rural with a willow has lost the working mills and factories Bridge views north towards the lined banks. To the south of the river but many of the buildings albeit with a Georgian Terraces and Crescents, the Cleveland Baths, now closed, can new use have been retained. Outside Beacon Hill and green hill sides are be seen in the winter, is close by the the city the valley and hillsides are green still possible and not dominated by Bath boating station which still rising up to the Cotswolds scarp to the recent development. provides boat hire and river trips. north with views of Beckford’s Tower and Kelston Manor. The Westhall Spa no longer exists but it is thought to be close to the New Westhall Inn. To the south towards Carrs Woodland and Newton St Loe outside the city boundary, the views are still rural in character. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 159 Appendices Appendix 11

R1 Close to the site of The Old Bath Bridge, Widcombe, R2 Looking towards North Parade Bridge with South R3 North Parade Bridge looking Beechen Cliff rising up to the south with the pedestrian Parade in the foreground and Parade Gardens from back towards North Parade foot bridge to the back of Bath Spa Station. the river and in the distance St Stephens Church

R4 Parade gardens to the west with Pulteney R5 Looking towards the back R6 Riverside path at Walcot, Part of the riverside Bridge. The locally distinctive former Empire Hotel. elevation of Pulteney Bridge. walk which is not currently continuous C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 160 Appendices Appendix 11

R7 Cleveland Bridge looking towards the R8 From the banks of Kensington Meadows Local R9 Close to the probable site of the Westhall cit with trees lining the banks of the river. Nature Reserve the views are wooded and green. Spa a favourite stop on the walk along the river out of the city towards Newbridge

R10 The river lock on Twerton Island R11 Newbridge (WH Bartlett 1830) R11 The current Newbridge crossing the Avon remnant of Bath’s industrial past. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 161 Appendices Appendix 11

Map 15 Location of River Viewpoints

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 162 Appendices Appendix 12

Appendix 12 Road View Description

The Upper Bristol Road Richard Jones, and became know as As the road enters the city, the high Kelston / Bitton the New Bridge and in 1774 after a walls of Italianate villas overlooking partial collapse, further improvements the valley still line the road. Historic Commentary were made by J.L. McAdam in 1831. The views from the road change from The “Upper” Bristol Road appears to However 18th century visitors preferred Newbridge inwards to Bath as the city have roughly followed the course of the the new more direct diversion along becomes built up. Victorian and later Roman Road (Via Julia) from Bath to the present Newbridge Road which terraces crowd the road and further on the Severn at Sea Mills. The road was gave attractive views of Crescent Fields the road descends following the stone originally in a poor condition until the and Town Common, (now part of Royal walls of Locksbrook Cemetery. Entering section from Swineford to Bath was Victoria Park and the Lower Common Bath, old industrial sites still lie between improved by the Bath Turnpike Trust. Allotments), to the north and riverside the road and the river to the south Local traffic then increased, in meadows to the south. particular the coal wagons from the including the redundant gas holders, Kingswood Coalfield and because of Katherine Plymley, returning from now part of the proposed Western this visitors to Bath tended to avoid this Bristol in 1794, wrote” It was dark Riverside development. The road road and preferred the slower wherry before we reach’d Bath, the lamps, passes by the end of Park Lane, the (ferry) service along the river. particularily in the Crescent and Lower Common and Royal Victoria Lansdown Crescent, seen from the Park which if it were not for mature The road from Bitton was popular for road had a beautiful effect” trees would still allow a view of Royal riding out and airing because of the fine Crescent recognisable to the 18th Current View views of the Avon Valley, Kelston Park century visitor before the road enters The road to Bath from Bitton and and the hills of Newton St Loe. A link Queen Square. road was constructed by the Bath Kelston is still pleasantly rural with Turnpike Trust to connect the Upper views of the Cotswolds Scarp rising and Lower Bristol roads (see “Kelston” to the north and the Avon Valley and by T Bonner,1791) but the bridge beyond to the south. Kelston Park crossing the river at Newbridge was still commands the valley but also narrow and steep and the link was not the railway line and the busy Lower popular. The bridge was later rebuilt in Bristol Road from Saltford. 1731 by Ralph Allen’s foreman, C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 163 Appendices Appendix 12

K1 As the road passes Kelston Park K2 The road narrows and twists as it K3 Old Newbridge Hill used to be unpopular to travellers because views of the Avon Valley and the western approaches the junction with Pen Hill of the narrow steep Newbridge crossing of the Avon which was fringe of the city can be seen and to the Road here walls and gardens of the villas avoided in favour of the route through Lower Weston left (north) views of the Cotswolds scarp. lining the right hand (southern) edge of the road close the views to the south.

K4 View down past Locksbrook K5 The view into the city with Lower Cemetery with the derelict gas Common on the left (north) and holders of Western Riverside Marlborough Buildings in the distance. concealing the distant view of the woods of Claverton Down. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 164 Appendices Appendix 12

Lansdown North This historic route from Gloucester Current Views into the City passes up over along the Cotswolds Lansdown Road still crosses the Scarp at Battlefields and across the Lansdown plateau from Battlefields Historic Commentary flat open plateau of the Cotswolds. The and the views would be familiar to the The Old Gloucester Road (Lansdown road passed Beckford’s Tower (1825-6 18th century visitor apart from Road) entered the City of Bath H Goodridge) with views to the north of developments at the Race Course and through the North Gate close to now rolling hills and to the south of the River scattered 20th century housing as the where the Podium shopping centre is Avon valley and the western edge of road approaches Bath. There are still situated. The present Lansdown Road Bath. From the edge of the plateau the panoramic open views of the city from is thought to be on the line of the road went down a steep and in places Beckford’s Tower and Cemetery of the ancient Jurassic Way which was later narrow hill into the city. This part of the Avon Valley to the south and of green L1 Flat plateau of the Cotswolds with adopted as a Roman road. During the road was considered dangerous for fields which have now been enclosed the racecourse to the right (west). 18th century the road was popular with coaches and horses and was the scene with stone walls. This view along lengths of the road visitors for riding out and taking the air of a royal accident in 1703, when Queen The entrance to the city from the north has not altered much since the 18th on the open grassland with its Anne’s horses were so exhausted that has been changed by the Ministry of century. Towards Bath the Lansdown pleasant views. Visitors and residents the carriage ran back into a ditch. who enjoyed riding there complained Defence buildings at Ensleigh and Park and Ride and playing fields are when access to the open ground was The hill descends past Georgian villas modern housing. As Lansdown Road partially concealed by generous restricted after the Downs were finally and turnings to Georgian terraces and descends into the city it passes roadside planting which obstructs enclosed in the 1790s. crescents past Ainslie’s Belvedere and Kingswood School, the Georgian open views to the south west and the fine Belmont Terrace (1768-73) terraces and turnings into Lansdown conceals much of post 18th century raised above road level by generous Crescent and further down Camden development. cellars and pavements. Crescent. Below Lansdown Grove the modern Balance Street housing development (Dr Howard Stutchbury 1969-1973) has replaced artisan terraces. These views still frame the distant city, the Abbey and the green hills above Widcombe. Further down the hill before the road meets George Street and the London Road the views along Bennett Street to the Assembly Rooms are largely unchanged. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 165 Appendices Appendix 12

L2 As the road leaves the plateau the L3 The road becomes steeper as it L4 The twist in the descending road L5 As the Lansdown Road historic view has been changed by the descends into the city and is lined passes Ainslie’s Belvedere (initially approaches the cross roads with the modern development of the Ministry with fine villas with leafy gardens. 1760) and views open out into the city, London Road (formerly the Oxford of Defence complex at Ensleigh To the left is Lansdown Grove Hotel in the middle distance the Abbey and road) the view down into the heart of and suburban housing either side (1770), previously a house. In clear beyond the wooded hills of the the city includes the Abbey and St of the road Descending from the weather glimpses can be seen of the southern rim. Further down it narrows Michael’s without (present church Cotswolds plateau along Lansdown Abbey framed behind by Beechen and is lined with fine terraces with 1834) with a back ground of Road, there are views of the wooded Cliff and the lower slopes of generous raised pavements. In the green hills of Widcombe and grounds of Kingswood School Widcombe. distance Prior Park Mansion and Beechen Cliff. (James Wilson 1850-2) and grounds and Rainbow woods a fine avenue of lime trees. complete the view. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 166 Appendices Appendix 12

Fosse Way into Batheaston Current Views and London Road The road from Oxford and Colerne provides attractive views towards Box Historic Commentary as it descends into Batheaston. Modern This road originally the Oxford Road is development has obscured the distant on the line of the Fosse Way from views as the road passes down through Colerne. This route was not popular for the upper parts of Batheaston and airing and riding out but visitors such as once in the valley the road turns west Richard Pococke who had an along Batheaston high street. Here antiquarian interest in the Roman road there are views of the shops and used to ride out along the Fosse Way to houses closely lining this narrow road Bannerdown. Bannerdown Common is with glimpses of the river valley and still unenclosed and provides good hills to the north which are largely views of the city. Following the Fosse unchanged from the 18th century. The Way into Bath the road descends into landscaping of the new Batheaston Lo1 The Fosse Way as it passes along the high wall Batheaston and follows the river into bypass which passes through the water near Ashwicke Hall before the descent into Batheaston Bath. Batheaston’s main street is meadows has been effective in hiding narrow and lined with modest 18th the road from Batheaston and century and later period houses, shops Bathampton. This is not the case with and the George and Dragon Inn. The the A46 as it passes north towards road would have included fine views of Swainswick through a hard concrete the Avon with a back cloth of cutting. As the road enters Bath the Bathampton Down and Brown’s Folly street scene of terraces and fine villas to the south and Little Solsbury Hill to would be still recognisable to the 18th the north. At Lambridge, the road met century traveller. the junction of the new Gloucester Road, the present A46. This route into Bath, the present A4, then followed the river into the city and was lined with fine Georgian buildings and terraces including Grosvenor Place Hotel (façade by John Eveleigh 1791) west to the junction with Bathwick Street. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 167 Appendices Appendix 12

Lo2 The views open south across the valley Lo3 The road turns right (west) at the bottom of Lo4 The road through Batheaston is narrow and with Bathampton Down in the background. this hill and passes the coaching inn of St George lined with 18th century and later, artisan cottages and the Dragon, views open up of the lower slopes and shops retaining an 18th century character. of Bailbrook with the eastern edge of Bath in the On the left (south) of the image is the wall of distance. The middle distant views include Batheaston House (1712) which was the home the copper roofs of the Snow Hill housing of the wealthy clothier Henry Walters. On the development and in the far distance the post right (north) is a chapel elevated on the Batch. The 18th century housing of Odd Down, Oldfield Batheaston bypass has relieved the traffic through Park and Twerton Round Hill on the skyline. the narrow high street and this has improved the appearance and character of the village. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 168 Appendices Appendix 12

Lo5 The outskirts of Batheaston village Lo6 Entering Bath along the London Road with Lo7 As the road approaches the junction with near Bailbrook looking towards the Kensington Place (Palmer 1795) on the left. Bathwick Street. To the right of the image, Batheaston bypass roundabout. Thomas Street, an 18th century terrace, rises steeply up the slope towards Walcott and the King William public house is visible on the corner. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 169 Appendices Appendix 12

Brassknocker Road, Claverton The road up Brassknocker Hill passed After crossing the Down (site of the If the traveller had turned west at the Down Road and Widcombe Hill the entrance to Combe Grove Manor Bath race meetings before they were summit of Brassknocker Hill they would and on the right a fine 18th century moved to Lansdown in the 1780s) the have passed the walls of the enclosed Historical Commentary house previously the Brassknocker Inn road descended Widcombe Hill with Prior Park and through the stone The line of the road from the south, and then The Crown. At the crest of the fine views of the city including Pulteney mining village of Combe Down Bradford on Avon, Winchester and hill, the route split and the traveller Bridge, Bath Abbey, the Georgian established by Ralph Allen for his Portsmouth has improved from being a could enter Bath by going east centre of the city and the terraces and workers. The route proceeded west tortuous route from Westwood across following the wall of the Prior’s Park churches of Lansdown. At the bottom and a choice of roads to enter down the ancient bridge at Freshford to the and from there through the unenclosed of Widcombe Hill the route passed into the city. present improved turnpike road. The Claverton Down. Further along this Widcombe Crescent and then the road present route from Bradford on Avon route at the junction of Limekiln Lane converged with Ralph Allen Drive at passes down Winsley Hill crosses the stood a gallows where a highway man The White Hart public house. At this Kennet and Avon Canal, the River Avon John Poulter was executed, a warning junction the road would have crossed and either climbs up Brassknocker Hill to all of the perils of travel. over the tram way from the Combe or passes along the modern (1833) Down stone mines which delivered Warminster Road around the base of stone to Ralph Allen’s wharf by the river Claverton Down, through Bathampton at Dolemeads before entering the city. into the city. (see Bath from Bathampton T.F.Dicksee 1845) C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 170 Appendices Appendix 12

Current View The road running west towards Combe As the road leaves Limpley Stoke and Down still has largely uninterrupted travels along the modern Warminister views out towards Salisbury Plain Road to the junction of Brassknocker between the developments of the Hill. The steeper winding climb up Water Headquarters, the Brassknocker Hill from the south modern Bath Clinic, Ralph Allen School. following the pre turnpike road has As the road passes through Combe views back along the valley of the Down village it meets modern housing Dundas Aqueduct, the canal and the and the artisan stone quarry workers railway. At the summit of the hill cottages which line the road. descending down into the City from the To the south the old wall of the Prior’s eastern route across Claverton Down Park (now the grounds of a school in some modern development lines the Ralph Allen’s mansion) still stop views road down Widcombe Hill but northwards. Further along this road it is Macaulay Buildings (1819-30) and built up with post 18th century W1 Looking back along the Avon Valley towards further down 18th century mansions development as it proceeded west to Limpley Stoke from Brassknocker Hill and terraces still characterise the meet the old roads into the city at Entry roadside view. The views from the road Hill or the Old Wells Road. are still open and give one of the best views of the Georgian city and the modern developments of Oldfield Park, Widcombe and Twerton beyond. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 171 Appendices Appendix 12

W2 At the top of Brassknocker Hill, turning W3 Top of Widcombe Hill W4 Macaulay Buildings left following the original wall of the Prior’s looking north towards the city. Park towards Combe Down village.

W5 Widcombe Hill looking north.across meadows. W6 Cottages lining the narrow W5 Views of Widcombe and St Matthew’s Church In the background Snow Hill, Beacon Hill and Little lower part of Widcombe Hill. close to the junction with Ralph Allen Drive. Solsbury Hill with Kelston Round Hill in the distance. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 172 Appendices Appendix 12

Upper Wellsway (Odd Down) The road had a number of coaching The old road then entered Bath down Current View and Wellsway (A367) inns and near the cross roads at Noads Holloway (see Aquae Sulis from the Top The road passes up the steep hill from Corner there was a gallows which of Southern Hill W Stukeley 1723) and Radstock across the plateau and then Historic Commentary reminded travellers of the dangers of (A Southern Prospect of the City of winds down the steep hill to Bath. Until The Wells Road (now part of the A367) highway robbery. Below the summit, as Bath Thomas Robins 1723). The road the road reaches Odd Down the views was the main route between the the road descended into Bath along the went past the Chapel of St Mary are rural looking across the Avon Valley cathedral City of Wells and its diocese current Upper Bloomfield Road Magdalen (built for Prior Cantlow of to Bristol and the Welsh hills beyond. in Somerset. Most of the route followed passing Bloomfield Crescent (formerly Bath 1495 and which is Bath’s only pre The visitor entering Bath down the the Roman Fosse Way, undeviating and Cottage Crescent, Charles Harcourt 16th century building). The Holloway Wellsway after 1803 would have had straight as it ignored the hills and Masters 1801) to Bear Flat, there were district in the 18th century was the spectacular views of the city including valleys into Bath. Parts of the route extensive stone mines and a fine view haunt of the Bath underclass who lived the 18th century terraces on the were heavily used by Collier’s wagons of Bath before later development in crowded slums lining the road. The northern slopes. The new Wellsway from the Somerset coalfields and at screened it. At the bottom of the hill the steep descent to the old crossing of the dual carriageway bypasses Holloway Odd Down the Fuller’s Earth works Warminster Road (Entry Hill) joined the Avon at the St Lawrence’s bridge with which has now been redeveloped with where the largest windmill of its kind at Wells Road at Bear Flat. its oratory chapel and fortified gateway the new terraces of Calton Gardens. the time would have been a prominent eventually became an obstacle to The original route along the northern land mark. This area had been enclosed traffic and was later rebuilt in 1754. by the 18th century in contrast to the summit of Odd Down and at Noads Cotswolds scarp to the north. The road Corner descended down Upper was not popular for outings and airings Bloomfield Road into the city through a perhaps due to the industrial character mix of 18th century cottages, Victorian of the countryside and the steepness of artisan cottages and modern housing. the hills. The road also still passes the end of Bloomfield Crescent (formerly Cottage Crescent). The road joins Bear Flat and enters the city on the modern route. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 173 Appendices Appendix 12

Wel 1 The Old Upper Bloomfield Road at the junction Wel2 This image shows the road near to the cross with Englishcombe Lane, the route from the south to roads with Combe Hay Lane, known as The Burnt Bear Flat and the city before the Wellsway was built House, an historic landmark which probably referred back to the burnt remains of Odd Down House, now demolished, which is close to the Odd Down Park and Ride site. The views would have included distant views towards Bristol and Wales beyond. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 174 Appendices Appendix 12

Wel3 The road gently begins the descent into Wel4 The road descent becomes steeper as it Wel5 In the distance the views open out of the Bath to the west of the Entry Hill Golf course with approaches the junction with the old St Anthony Georgian Terraces of Lansdown including Sion distant views of the crest of Alexandra Park and Hill (Entry Hill) and is lined with Victorian and Hill and Royal Crescent and Kingswood School.. Beechen Cliff School. Edwardian villas and the old coaching inn The Pleasantly framed by trees and green spaces Bear on the small plateau of Bear Flat which on the northern slopes of the city. was also the site of the ancient Holloway Fair. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 175 Appendices Appendix 12

Wel6 This view from below the junction with the Wel7 The view from the junction of the Bear Old Warminster Road (Entry Hill) and Wells Road Flat and the modern Wellsway. The old route shows the city opening up below in the valley. down Holloway winds down past St Mary Magdalen Chapel not visible on this image. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 176 Appendices Appendix 12

Saltford to Bath (A4) Current View This was a significant route into Bath Historic Commentary which avoided the steepest hills as it The route followed from Bristol through followed the river valley into the city Keynsham was preferred by travellers centre. The view points from Saltford to the more scenic Upper Bristol Road towards Bath are still dominated by the as it avoided the traffic from the green Cotswolds Hills to the north and Kingswood Colliery. The road through gentle hills to the south. Modern views the Avon Valley was popular for “riding of this approach to Bath are largely out and airing”. The weary traveller unchanged except for the encroaching would have been relieved and full of residential estates at Whiteway and anticipation at the first glimpse of Odd Down, the traffic on the dual Kelston Manor on the skyline as the carriageway and the railway. Once over road approaches the city. The Globe the historic Avon Bridge (Bath Trust Inn surrounded by the Newton Coal 1824) the experience of entering Bath LBR1 Descending the hill from Saltford, the valley pits was also an important landmark the road passes through a narrow opens up with the Cotswolds scarp to the left (north) and coaching stop on the approach valley lined with trees between the and gently rolling hills to the right (south) Distance to the city. The road then followed the river to the north and the Carrs Hill views of the Odd Down and Whiteway housing river ( see Twerton Near Bath J.C. woodland to the south now retained appear to the south and the modern buildings Bourne) until climbing a steep hill as by the GWR elevated section. Further of University of Bath can be seen on the skyline. it passed through Twerton. This part along, approaching Twerton from the of the route is now bypassed and cut west, the view has been changed by off by the raised section of the GWR modern improved roads, retail and before the road enters the city outskirts small industrial units, the formidable (see View of Bath from the Lower elevated railway line of the GWR, and Bristol Road J Spornberg 1801). Further Victorian suburban housing rising into the city the route passed through up the southern slopes. the industrial area of Westmoreland lined by mills, industrial buildings and artisan’s cottages. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 177 Appendices Appendix 12

LBR2 Along the flat river valley to the left (north) LBR3 The road passes into the previously industrial LBR4 The flat land between the steeper hills to the Kelston Manor and parkland is still a landmark along district of Bath, mills and small factories buildings south and the river narrows and former industrial with the villas bordering the road to Bitton. (Not line the route. The gas holders are landmarks and mills and factories line the route. The Bath Press visible in this image.) This part of the Avon valley in are part of the proposed Western Riverside building is visible on the right. The street scene is the floodplain is principally agricultural and playing redevelopment site. The road follows the river and busy and traffic dominated but views of Georgian fields and except for the railway embankment to the right (south) Victorian and later period artisan crescents and greenery of Royal Victoria Park can presents a green rural approach to the city. housing dominate the view. To the left(north) the still be glimpsed to the left (north). As the valley green hillsides and woodlands of the Cotswolds corridor narrows views to the right (south) are on the skyline form a backdrop to the terraces limited by the wooded slopes of Beechen Cliff. and crescents rising up from the city. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 178 Appendices Appendix 12

Map 14 Location of Road Viewpoints

Maps are reproduced from the Ordanance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Liscence number 100023334 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 179 Appendices Appendix 13

Appendix 13 Grading Categories for Assessing Impacts on the World Heritage Site

Significance (and, where Scale or Magnitude of Effects on relevant, sensitivity) of Assets Individual Assets or Attributes which may be Affected by (Table 2 on pages 182 to 184) Proposed Development This requires an assessment of the (Table 1 on pages 180 to 181) degree of change to the individual The assessment of significance of the assets or attributes which convey asset is the importance or value of the the Outstanding Universal Value. asset in conveying the Outstanding This needs to be assessed using all Universal Value. There are four grades; the available detail on any proposed high, medium, low and negligible. In development or other changes. some cases particularly in relation to A guide for grading the degree of archaeology there may need to be impact is given below. This seeks to a further category of unknown. incorporate published guidance and A guide for grading significance is good practice. Magnitude is assessed given below. This seeks to incorporate as high negative / moderate negative / published guidance and good practice. slight negative / neutral (negligible) / This list refers to aspects of the slight positive / moderate positive / Outstanding Universal Value and its high positive or no change. assets which may be affected by proposed development either within the World Heritage Site and impacting on the setting or within the setting and impacting on the Outstanding Universal Value. In practice there may be aspects of the Outstanding Universal Value which are in more than one of the categories. The list of assets should not be considered exhaustive. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 180 Appendices Appendix 13

Table 1 Significance (and, where relevant, sensitivity) of Assets which may be Affected by Proposed Development

Grading Landscape and Views (Visual Assets Historical Associations Other Assets Townscape Assets and Attributes) (Historical Assets and Attributes and Attributes and Attributes)

The distinct landscape and A Views from key buildings Historical assets which convey A Routes into and out of the City townscape character conveying and other assets conveying or provide understanding of B The River Avon and the Kennet aspects of the Outstanding or providing understanding the Outstanding Universal and Avon Canal corridors Universal Value and attributes of of the sites Outstanding Value and its attributes the World Heritage Site including; Universal Value and attributes C Other aspects of the A Roman and pre-Roman Outstanding Universal Value A The compact nature of the city B Views to key buildings and occupation and activities and its attributes not covered other assets associated with and that supported the town B The inter-relationship between under the other headings which provide understanding of the buildings and the topography B The Georgian town, buildings, the sites Outstanding Universal and green setting features, structures and other sites Value and attributes C The agricultural land-use and C Historic routes to and from C Views to the proposed site or trees and woodlands the city still in use (could be area subject to actual, proposed effectively covered under A D The distinct landscape or potential change from in the other aspects section) character and presence of viewpoints which also provide landscape features understanding or reveal the D Stone quarrying or mining Outstanding Universal Value E The ‘picturesque’ qualities E Key areas used by residents of the landscape of, or visitors to, the city during the Georgian period F Key viewing points overlooking the city (likely to be most effectively covered in the views section) G Key views from within the city or its immediate environs out to the surrounding landscape (likely to be most effectively covered in the views section) C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 181 Appendices Appendix 13

Grading Landscape and Views (Visual Assets Historical Associations Other Assets Townscape Assets and Attributes) (Historical Assets and Attributes and Attributes and Attributes)

High Assets which strongly convey Views which strongly convey Assets which strongly convey Assets which strongly convey or or reveal aspects of the or reveal aspects of the or reveal aspects of the reveal aspects of the Outstanding Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Universal Value

Medium Assets which moderately Views which moderately convey Assets which moderately Assets which moderately convey convey or reveal aspects of the or reveal aspects of the convey or reveal aspects of the or reveal aspects of the Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value

Low Assets which make a small or Views which make a small or local Assets which make a small or Assets which make a small or local contribution to conveying contribution to conveying or local contribution to conveying or local contribution to conveying or revealing aspects of the revealing aspects of the revealing aspects of the or revealing aspects of the Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value

Negligible Assets with no significant value Views which make no significant Assets with no significant value in Assets with no significant value in in conveying or revealing the contribution to conveying or conveying or revealing the conveying or revealing the Outstanding Universal Value revealing the Outstanding Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Universal Value

Unknown Where the value of the area has Where the significance of Where the value of the area has Where the value of the area has unknown potential in conveying a viewpoint has unknown unknown potential in conveying unknown potential in conveying or revealing aspects of the potential in conveying or or revealing aspects of the or revealing aspects of the Outstanding Universal Value revealing aspects of the Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 182 Appendices Appendix 13

Table 2 Scale or Magnitude of Effects on Individual Assets or Attributes

Impact Landscape and Views (Visual Assets Historical Associations Other Assets Grading Townscape Assets and Attributes) (Historical Assets and Attributes and Attributes and Attributes)

The distinct landscape and A Views from key buildings Historical assets which convey A Routes into and out of the City townscape character conveying and other assets associated with or provide understanding of B The River Avon and the aspects of the Outstanding and providing understanding of the Outstanding Universal Kennet and Avon Canal Universal Value and attributes of the sites Outstanding Universal Value and its attributes the World Heritage Site including; Value and attributes C Other aspects of the A Roman and pre-Roman Outstanding Universal Value A The compact nature of the city B Views to key buildings and occupation and activities and its attributes not covered other assets associated with and that supported the town B The inter-relationship between under the other headings which provide understanding of the buildings and the topography B The Georgian town, the sites Outstanding Universal and green setting buildings, features, Value and attributes structures and other sites C The agricultural land-use C Views to proposed sites or and trees and woodlands C Historic routes to and from areas subject to actual, proposed the city still in use (could be D The distinct landscape or potential change from effectively covered under A character and presence of viewpoints which also provide in the other aspects section) landscape features understanding of the Outstanding Universal Value D Stone quarrying or mining E The ‘picturesque’ qualities of the landscape E Key areas used by residents of, or visitors to, the city during the Georgian period F Key viewing points overlooking the city (likely to be most effectively covered in the views section) G Key views from within the city or its immediate environs out to the surrounding landscape (likely to be most effectively covered in the views section) C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 183 Appendices Appendix 13

Impact Landscape and Views (Visual Assets Historical Associations Other Assets Impact Landscape and Views (Visual Assets Historical Associations Other Assets Grading Townscape Assets and Attributes) (Historical Assets and Attributes Grading Townscape Assets and Attributes) (Historical Assets and Attributes and Attributes and Attributes) and Attributes and Attributes)

The distinct landscape and A Views from key buildings Historical assets which convey A Routes into and out of the City Major The proposed development or The development or other The development or other The development or other townscape character conveying and other assets associated with or provide understanding of adverse other change would severely change would severely erode the change would severely impact on change would severely impact B The River Avon and the aspects of the Outstanding and providing understanding of the Outstanding Universal (High impact on or erode the landscape heritage values of the heritage or erode the historical asset or on or erode the asset or attribute Kennet and Avon Canal Universal Value and attributes of the sites Outstanding Universal Value and its attributes Negative) or townscape asset or attribute asset in the view, or the view as a attribute the World Heritage Site including; Value and attributes C Other aspects of the whole, or the ability to appreciate A Roman and pre-Roman Outstanding Universal Value those values A The compact nature of the city B Views to key buildings and occupation and activities and its attributes not covered other assets associated with and that supported the town B The inter-relationship between under the other headings which provide understanding of Medium The proposed development or The development or other change The proposed development The proposed development the buildings and the topography B The Georgian town, the sites Outstanding Universal Adverse other change would impact on or would erode to a clearly discernible or other change would impact or other change would impact and green setting buildings, features, Value and attributes (Moderate erode the landscape or extent, the heritage values of the on or erode the historical asset on or erode the asset or attribute structures and other sites C The agricultural land-use Negative) townscape asset or attribute to a heritage asset in the view, or the or attribute to a clearly to a clearly discernible extent C Views to proposed sites or and trees and woodlands C Historic routes to and from clearly discernible extent view as a whole, or the ability to discernible extent areas subject to actual, proposed the city still in use (could be appreciate those values D The distinct landscape or potential change from effectively covered under A character and presence of viewpoints which also provide in the other aspects section) landscape features understanding of the Low The proposed development The development or other The proposed development or The proposed development Outstanding Universal Value D Stone quarrying or mining Adverse or other change would impact change would erode to a minor other change would impact on or other change would impact E The ‘picturesque’ qualities (Low or on or erode the landscape or extent the heritage values of the or erode the historical asset or on or erode the asset or of the landscape E Key areas used by residents Slight townscape asset or attribute heritage asset in the view, or the attribute to a minor extent attribute to a minor extent of, or visitors to, the city during Negative) to a minor extent view as a whole, or the ability to the Georgian period appreciate those values F Key viewing points overlooking the city Imper- The proposed development or The development or other The proposed development or The proposed development (likely to be most effectively ceptible / other changes would not affect change would not affect the other change would not affect or other change would not covered in the views section) None the landscape or townscape asset heritage values of the heritage the historical asset or attribute affect the asset or attribute (Neutral / asset in the view, or the view G Key views from within the Negligible) as a whole, or the ability to city or its immediate environs appreciate those values out to the surrounding landscape (likely to be most effectively covered in the views section) C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 184 Appendices Appendix 13

Table 2 Scale or Magnitude of Effects on Individual Assets or Attributes contnued

Impact Landscape and Views (Visual Assets Historical Associations Other Assets Grading Townscape Assets and Attributes) (Historical Assets and Attributes and Attributes and Attributes)

Low The proposed development or The development or other The proposed development The proposed development or Beneficial other change would enhance the change would enhance to a minor or other change would enhance other change would enhance the landscape or townscape asset or extent the heritage values of the the historical asset or attribute landscape and townscape asset attribute to a minor extent heritage asset in the view, or the to a minor extent and attribute to a minor extent view as a whole, or the ability to appreciate those values

Medium The proposed development or The development or other The proposed development The proposed development or Beneficial other change would enhance the change would enhance to a or other change would enhance other change would enhance landscape or townscape asset or clearly discernible extent the the historical asset or attribute the asset or attribute to a attribute to a clearly discernible heritage values of the heritage to a clearly discernible extent clearly discernible extent extent asset in the view, or the view as a whole, or the ability to appreciate those values

High The proposed development or The development or other The proposed development The proposed development or Beneficial other change would considerably change would considerably or other change would other change would considerably enhance the landscape or enhance the heritage values of considerably enhance the enhance the asset or attribute townscape asset or attribute the heritage asset in the view, or historical asset or attribute the view as a whole, or the ability to appreciate those values C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 185 Appendices Appendix 13

Table 3 Overall Significance of the Effects on the World Heritage Site Overall Significance of the Effects on the Impact Grading The Assets and Attributes World Heritage Site (Table opposite) Major adverse High or Medium Significance with Major Adverse Effect (High Negative) High Significance with Medium Adverse Effect The overall significance is obtained as a function of the significance and scale Medium Adverse High Significance with Medium Adverse Effect of effects of proposed development (Moderate Negative) or other changes on the Outstanding Medium Significance with Medium Adverse Effect Universal Value. This provides the Low Significance with High Adverse Effect measure of the significance of effects on the Outstanding Universal Value, Low Adverse Medium Significance with Low Adverse Effect authenticity, integrity and significance (Low or Slight Negative) of the World Heritage Site. Low Significance with Medium Adverse Effect A guide for grading the overall Imperceptible / None High or Medium Significance with Imperceptible Adverse of Beneficial Effect or No Effect significance of effects on the WHS is (Neutral / Negligible) given opposite. This seeks to Low Significance with Low Adverse or Beneficial Effect or incorporate published guidance and with Imperceptible Adverse of Beneficial Effect or No Effect good practice. Magnitude is assessed as Major Adverse / Medium Adverse / Low Beneficial Medium Significance with Low Adverse Effect Low Adverse / Imperceptible or None Low Significance with Medium Adverse Effect (negligible) / Low Beneficial / Medium Beneficial / High Beneficial change. Medium Beneficial High Significance with Medium Adverse Effect Medium Significance with Medium Adverse Effect Low Significance with High Adverse Effect

High Beneficial High or Medium Significance with Major Beneficial Effect High Significance with Medium Beneficial Effect C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 186 Appendices Appendix 14

Appendix 14 Definitions

Asset Heritage Asset Setting (of a heritage asset) See ‘Heritage Asset’ A building, monument, site, place, The surroundings in which a heritage area or landscape identified as asset is experienced. Its extent is not Attribute having a degree of significance fixed and may change as the asset and Aspects which convey or express meriting consideration in planning its surroundings evolve. Elements of a the Outstanding Universal Value decisions, because of its heritage setting may make a positive or negative of the World Heritage Site and interest. Heritage asset includes contribution to the significance which contribute to and enhance designated heritage assets and assets of an asset, may affect the ability to understanding of the Outstanding identified by the local planning appreciate that significance or may Universal Value . (UNESCO authority (including local listing). be neutral.(National Planning Policy Operational Guidelines 2011) Framework March 2012) Integrity Authenticity Integrity is a measure of the wholeness Significance (for heritage policy) Those characteristics that most and intactness of the natural and/or The value of a heritage asset to this truthfully reflect and embody the cultural heritage and its attributes and future generations because of its cultural heritage values of a place (UNESCO 2008). heritage interest. That interest may (English Heritage, Conservation be archaeological, architectural, artistic principles: Principles, Policies and Landscape or historic. Significance derives not Guidance for the Sustainable ‘An area, as perceived by people, only from a heritage asset’s physical Management of the Historic whose character is the result of presence, but also from its setting. Environment) Authenticity in a the action and interaction of (National Planning Policy World Heritage Site is expressed natural and/or human factors’. Framework March 2012) through attributes and assets which (Council of Europe 2000) truthfully reflect and embody the View-cone Outstanding Universal Value Outstanding Universal Value. (UNESCO A graphic representation of the width Cultural and/or natural significance Operational Guidelines 2011) of a view. The series of maps within which is so exceptional as to transcend the report are computer generated Georgian period national boundaries and to be of and so provide an approximation of For the purposes of this common importance for present those areas which are visible from key Supplementary Planning Document and future generations of all areas or from which key landmarks the Georgian period is taken to include humanity (UNESCO 2008). are visible. They have taken account the reigns of George I, II, III and IV and of intervening vegetation and buildings William IV from 1714 to 1837 and to and have been cut-off at a distance therefore include both the Georgian of 5 km to indicate those areas which and the Regency periods are potentially most significant. C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 187 Appendices Appendix 15

Appendix 15 References

1 New Shorter Oxford English 7 The Setting of Heritage Assets, Dictionary. Oxford University Press English Heritage (October 2011) and Seeing History in the View (May 2011) 2 National Planning Policy Framework, March 2012. Department for 8 Guidance on Heritage Impact Communities and Local Government Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties, ICOMOS 3 Conservation Principles, Policies and International (Draft May 2010) Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic 9 Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Environment, English Heritage. 2008 Impact Assessment, the Landscape Institute with the Institute of 4 Circular on the Protection of World Environmental Management and Heritage Sites, Department for Assessment (2002) Communities and Local Government. 2009 10 Seeing the History in the View: A Method for Assessing Heritage 5 Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning Significance within Views, English for the Historic Environment, Heritage (May 2011) Department for Communities and Local Government. 2010 11 Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World 6 The Xi’An Declaration on the Heritage Properties, ICOMOS Conservation of the Setting of International (Draft May 2010). Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas, ICOMOS, 2005

Please note: Appendix 16 'Bibliography' will be included in the final SPD