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Charles S. Peirce's Conservative Progressivism

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Charles S. Peirce's Conservative Progressivism Charles S. Peirce's Conservative Progressivism Author: Yael Levin Hungerford Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107167 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2016 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Charles S. Peirce’s Conservative Progressivism Yael Levin Hungerford A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the department of Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Boston College Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences Graduate School June 2016 © copyright 2016 Yael Levin Hungerford CHARLES S. PEIRCE’S CONSERVATIVE PROGRESSIVISM Yael Levin Hungerford Advisor: Nasser Behnegar My dissertation explores the epistemological and political thought of Charles S. Peirce, the founder of American pragmatism. In contrast to the pragmatists who followed, Peirce defends a realist notion of truth. He seeks to provide a framework for understanding the nature of knowledge that does justice to our commonsense experience of things. Similarly in contrast to his fellow pragmatists, Peirce has a conservative practical teaching: he warns against combining theory and practice out of concern that each will corrupt the other. The first three chapters of this dissertation examine Peirce’s pragmatism and related features of his thought: his Critical Common-Sensism, Scholastic Realism, semeiotics, and a part of his metaphysical or cosmological musings. The fourth chapter explores Peirce’s warning that theory and practice ought to be kept separate. The fifth chapter aims to shed light on Peirce’s practical conservatism by exploring the liberal arts education he recommends for educating future statesmen. This dissertation makes clear that Peirce was not a crude utilitarian or simply concerned with “what works.” He was, moreover, not anti-metaphysical. Peirce has much to instruct contemporary thinkers. His is an anti-skeptical but modest theory of reality that remains valuable to contemporary readers. His message of caution in the practical realm is sound. Finally, his call for what a university ought to be and the liberal arts education that will best groom students for a life of action is still an important message. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 I. Peirce’s Kantian Influence ...................................................................................................4 II. Other Pragmatists ..............................................................................................................14 III. Peirce and Democratic Theory ........................................................................................41 IV. Peirce’s Epistemology .....................................................................................................65 V. Dissertation Overview ......................................................................................................70 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................71 I. Scholasticism, Modern Philosophy, and Peirce’s Proposal for a New Framework ...........72 II. Epistemological Underpinnings of Peirce’s New Framework .........................................76 a. Faculty of Intuition ....................................................................................................78 b. Intuitive Self-Consciousness .....................................................................................80 c. Power of Introspection ..............................................................................................85 d. Volition ......................................................................................................................86 e. How We Do Think: Peirce’s Early Theory of Semeiotics .........................................86 III. Consequences of Peirce’s Epistemological Framework ..................................................88 a. Consequences of there Being No Power of Intuition ................................................88 b. Peirce’s Early Theory of Semeiotics, Continued ......................................................93 c. Scholastic Realism .....................................................................................................96 i d. Reality and What Is Cognizable ................................................................................98 e. Individual Identity ...................................................................................................100 IV. Summary .......................................................................................................................101 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................106 I. “Grounds of Validity of the Laws of Logic” (1869) ........................................................108 a. Logic, Epistemology, and Peirce’s Answer to Skepticism ......................................108 b. The Theory of Reality as the Key to Philosophy .....................................................110 c. Analysis ...................................................................................................................112 II. Review of The Works of George Berkeley (1871) .........................................................114 a. Peirce’s Realism .....................................................................................................114 b. Logic and the Meaning of Our Conceptions ...........................................................119 c. Peirce’s Philosophical Project and the Relationship between Philosophy and Science .................................................................................................................120 III. “The Fixation of Belief” ................................................................................................123 a. Methods of Logic .....................................................................................................124 b. Logic, Psychology, and Mental Habits ...................................................................126 c. Belief, Doubt, and Inquiry .......................................................................................129 d. Four Methods for Settling Doubt: The Virtues of the Scientific Method ................132 (1) Method of Tenacity ......................................................................................133 (2) Method of Authority .....................................................................................136 (3) A Priori Method ...........................................................................................138 (4) The Method of Science .................................................................................140 (5) Peirce’s Philosophical Project ....................................................................145 ii IV. “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” ...................................................................................149 a. Logic and Clear Ideas .............................................................................................150 b. Doubt and Belief and Deriving the Purpose of Thought ........................................153 c. Peirce’s Logical Maxim ..........................................................................................156 d. Reality .....................................................................................................................160 e. Methods for Settling Doubt .....................................................................................161 f. The Nature of Reality and Truth ..............................................................................164 g. Reason .....................................................................................................................165 V. In Sum .............................................................................................................................166 Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................170 I. Pragmatism and Pragmatists ............................................................................................170 II. Pragmatism’s Grounding: A Reconsideration ................................................................173 III. Pragmatism’s Grounding ...............................................................................................175 IV. Revisiting the Meaning of Pragmatism .........................................................................178 a. Logic, Not Metaphysics ...........................................................................................179 b. Dismiss Make-Believes: Doubt, Belief, and Inquiry ...............................................180 c. Belief and Truth .......................................................................................................182 d. Critical Common-Sensism
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