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Hemp Pests Presentation Lukas Hemp Production Considerations -Insects and Diseases- Scott Lukas Assistant Professor Hermiston Agricultural Research & Extension Center What is hemp vs. marijuana? Cannabis sativa Hemp Marijuana ≤ 0.3% Total THC* > 0.3% Total THC* * The first American flag made by Betsy Ross was made from industrial hemp 1777 Where are we with hemp 2019 Oregon production • 63,000 registered acres in 2019, nearly six times more than in 2018 • 1,940 registered growers in the state • Most all of the crop is being grown for hemp essential oils with dependence on feminized seeds for production Expansive production and limited research, we are all learning at the same time. 1. Overview of insect pests that prey on or potentially may affect hemp 2. Diseases observed in 2019 hemp crops I will provide some management options but cannot list products or specific control options Products are under development and approval Research to support insect and disease control is underway Insects associated with hemp Group I: Below soil Group II: Leaf Group III: Stem/stalk Group IV: Flowers and seeds Wireworm Pacific coast wireworm Limonius canus Click beetle larvae Determine levels Bait stations Soil collection – sieve Soil inspection during tillage Will weaken or kill plants from damage or secondary infection Wireworm Pacific coast wireworm Life Cycle Move upward in soil in spring - Overwinter at 12”-24” depth Wireworm Group II – Leaf feeders Sucking and piercing Chewing (Leaf defoliators) Sucking & Piercing Leafhoppers Spider Mites Aphids Thrips Russet Mites CSU-W Cranshaw Cannabis aphid Phorodon cannabis Passerini • Feed on plant fluids • Winged and wingless • High populations lead to reduced growth, vigor, wilting, yellowing • Look for pest or excreted honeydew CSU-W Cranshaw Leafhoppers • Piercing/sucking • Jump from plant to plant • Feeding sites on leaves and stems • Often times cannot see damage • Not a significant feeding issue • Confirmed vector of disease in hemp CSU-W Cranshaw Beet leafhopper Circulifer tenellus Baker Beet curly top virus is transmitted to plants by the beet leafhopper Newly identified insect-vectored pathogen of hemp Hemp russet mite Aculops cannabicola Farkas • Usually on bottom of leaf • Can be on stems • Piercing to feed on cell fluid • Leave may appear dull in color • May see marginal leaf roll • Suppress leaf growth Watch for high population in flowers Hemp russet mite Hemp russet mite?? CSU-W Cranshaw Chewing Caterpillars Grasshoppers Beetles Earwigs CSU-W Cranshaw Defoliators Yellowstriped armyworm Yellow woollybear Beet webworm Significant late season Minimal damage on leaf Minimal damage on leaf damage Thistle caterpillar Beet armyworm Zebra caterpillar Minimal damage on leaf Minimal damage on leaf Minimal damage on leaf Damage worst late season in buds and seeds CSU-W Cranshaw Beetles Leaf feeding Generally not a concern Adults present = larvae Palestriped flea beetle Southern corn rootworm adult and damage Western black flea beetle Grasshoppers Stem feeding seems to cause the most injury by grasshoppers Looks like mechanical damage Extremely mobile CSU-W Cranshaw Group III – Stem / Stalk Borers Borers European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis ~2 generations /season Wide host range Pre WWII era publications mention European corn borer Entomology -UFL CSU-W Cranshaw / Canadian Hemp Alliance Borers Eurasian hemp borer Grapholita delineana Potential 3 generations Often feed on stem under flower buds CSU-W Cranshaw Group IV – Flowers / Seeds Group IV – Seed / Flower Stink bugs. (can also feed on leaves) Lygus bugs CSU-W Cranshaw Group IV – Flower Corn earworm Adult of corn earworm Helicoverpa zea Boddie Potential to cause significant damage to flowers. Late season pest Can be hidden within flower CSU-W Cranshaw Group IV – Flower CSU-W Cranshaw Precautions Volunteers - can sustain significant numbers of pests between seasons CSU-W Cranshaw Scouting /monitoring Sticky traps Loupe Pitfall traps Sweep nets Visually Pan traps CSU-W Cranshaw Biological controls With currently limited chemical options, consider biological control Syrphid flies Lady beetles Minute pirate bug Green lacewings Predatory mites Spiders & other arachnids Predatory Hemiptera CSU-W Cranshaw Products available to use now in Oregon https://www.oregon.gov/ODA/programs/Pesticides/Pages/CannabisPesticides.aspx Diseases observed in 2019 Material from HAREC Pathology Lab. Drs. Ken Frost, Hannah Rivedal Diseases observed in 2019 PNW Disease Management Handbook Pnwhandbooks.org Hemp Diseases Not diseases observed in 2019 Abiotic and genetic abnormalities Nitrogen Deficiency Herbicide Injury Genetic Disorder - Chimera Potential Diseases Canker (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Root rot, sore shin (Rhizoctonia solani) Brown rot of buds (Alternaria alternata) Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) Stem canker Be cautious of soil excess soil (Scleotinia sclerotiorum) moisture & moisture on crop canopy Promote airflow Diseases observed in 2019 Often times a complex of pathogens Pythium spp. Damping off Wilt Root rot Mid-season Pythium wilt Pre-plant soil test for pathogen suite! Diseases observed in 2019 Virus / viroid Sunn-hemp mosaic virus Beet curly top virus Tomato ringspot virus Hop latent viroid Potato virus Y Focal diseases 1. Fusarium root and crown rot 2. Beet curly top Focal diseases Fusarium root and crown rot symptoms • Soil borne • Stunting • Poor root system development • Red, brown, or black crown or root lesions • Vascular discoloration • Early wilting, premature flowering, or death • Peak in early to mid-August Focal diseases Fusarium root and crown rot management • Crop Rotation • Cultural Methods • Soil fertility management • Plant certified clean seed (Soil or seed transmitted) • Slight deficit irrigation early season • Reduce water stress at flowering • Promote the breakdown/removal of crop debris Focal diseases Beet Curly Top Virus • Not mechanically or seed transmitted • Vectored by beet leafhopper • Vector and virus have a broad host range (Vegetables, annual flowers, hemp) Beet leafhopper Focal diseases Beet Curly Top Virus Symptoms • Downward curling or cupping of leaves • Leaf distortion and puckering • Leaf yellowing • Thick, brittle leaves • Stunting • Reduced yield • Plant death Focal diseases Beet Curly Top Virus Management • Curly top has a broad crop host range • Monitor insect populations • Remove affected plants if possible Russian Thistle • Partial shading and/or floating row covers discourage the leafhopper vector from moving onto plants • Remove weed leafhopper hosts • Russian thistle (summer) • Tumble mustard, Filaree (winter) Tumble mustard and Filaree Disease ID Test, don’t guess! Diagnostic clinics can provide results that inform management decisions OSU HAREC Plant Clinic Acknowledgements Whitney Cranshaw Silvia Rondon Kenneth Frost & Hannah Rivedal QUESTIONS? [email protected] 541-656-8090.
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