International Journal of Agriculture Research and Development (IJARD) Volume 2, Issue 1, January-June 2020, pp.26-39, Article ID: IJARD_02_01_004 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJARD/issues.asp?JType=IJARD&VType=2&IType=1 © IAEME Publication

AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF

Nataliya Ozeranskaya Department of Land Management, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana - 010011, Astana, Kazakhstan

Rauza Abeldina Department of Cadastre and Evaluation, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana - 010011, Astana, Kazakhstan

Gulnara Kurmanova Department of Cadastre and Evaluation, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana - 010011, Astana, Kazakhstan

Zhuldyz Moldumarova Department of Cadastre and Evaluation, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana - 010011, Astana, Kazakhstan

Lyubov Smunyova Department of Cadastre and Evaluation, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana - 010011, Astana, Kazakhstan

ABSTRACT This article proposes the concept of the rational use of agricultural land, which is the basis of territorial planning in the region. The main measure in the system of sustainable rural development is the elaboration of projects for the territorial planning of agricultural enterprises at various levels. The article discusses the possibilities of locating agricultural production based on agro-ecological potential, as well as presents ways to improve the allocation of agricultural land uses. In the context of on- farm land management, it is recommended to optimize land use on the basis of a landscape-ecological approach. The implementation of this approach is illustrated through experimental design. Land planning in rural settlements should also be the task of rational land use in rural areas. Key words: Land Management, Land Resources, Rational Land Use, Territorial Planning, Landscape-Ecological Approach, Improvement of Land Use, Agricultural Land Use, Rural Areas, Rural Settlements

26 Nataliya Ozeranskaya, Rauza Abeldina, Gulnara Kurmanova, Zhuldyz Moldumarova and Lyubov Smunyova

1. INTRODUCTION The Republic of Kazakhstan, the ninth largest country in the world by area, has vast land resources. The land fund of Kazakhstan is 272.5 million hectares. One of the main objectives of the land policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is methodological and regulatory support for the rational use and protection of land resources through the formation of sustainable land use and the improvement of land relations and land management. The purpose of the development of the proposed concept is to identify key problems in the use of agricultural land and ways to solve them. The main measure in the system of sustainable rural development is the elaboration of land management projects for agricultural enterprises. The main objectives of ensuring rational land use and protection of land resources, considered in this work, are as follows: - to improve the model of regulating the sustainable development of rural areas through land management; - to carry out work on land use planning at all levels of the republic – regional, district, economic; - to allocate lands in rural settlements; - to locate competitive grain production on the basis of an analysis of natural and climatic potential; - to improve the allocation of land uses of agricultural enterprises: - to use a landscape-ecological approach in the development of agricultural land management projects; - to develop directions for the formation of optimal land use. This concept is recommended as a basis of integrated programs for the development and management of land resources and can be used as a methodological framework for drawing up territorial planning and development schemes for administrative units.

2. METHODS The study used both general scientific and special research methods. Logical and historical methods as well as principles of dialectical logic made it possible to consider all the phenomena in development and interconnection. When studying the research problem, a monographic research method was used. Using statistical methods as well as graphical analysis, the source data were analyzed, and the factors and conditions of land management were evaluated. The database of typical objects was created through the use of geographic information system (GIS) technologies. With the use of GIS technologies, a set of specialized maps was compiled for on-farm and inter-farm land management projects for the territory of objects (rural districts, , agricultural enterprises) of . With the use of graphical modeling and GIS technologies, maps of erosion processes and large-scale landscape hypothesis maps were compiled for the territory of selected land uses. A resource forecasting method was used to improve the methodology of inter-farm land management, taking into account the complex agro-ecological potential. The study was based on the principles of a systematic approach, which involves consideration of the land use of a particular enterprise in the form of a set of landscape systems of various ranks – natural- territorial complexes (facies, tracts, subtracts). In accordance with the task of research, with the help of graphical modeling, land management projects were developed on a landscape basis for the territory of typical objects. All this allowed us to ensure the reliability and validity of the findings.

27 Agricultural Land Management in the System of Sustainable Rural Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

3. LITERATURE REVIEW It should be noted that the process of the formation of agricultural economic entities is still underway in the country. Along with the formation of new business entities, there is a disintegration and reorganization of the previously created ones. Problems in the field of land management have led to the following: - the lack of approved land management projects has led to the non-observance of intensive technologies for agricultural production by owners and land users. Peasants often neglect even crop rotations, believing that they result in the loss of planted areas, which leads to an increase in land degradation processes and a decrease in soil fertility; - the violation of the stability and compactness of farms has arisen due to the lack of land management projects at the stage of privatization of state and collective farms during the period of privatization [1, 2, 10, 8]. The solution to this problem is aggravated by the fact that most of the land was granted for the maximum possible period of 49 years, although the law provides for 5 years. The peasant surely cannot lose his cultivated land, but in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, the provision of land in the future must be based on land management documentation [9]. Rational land use is ensured in the development of land management projects for agricultural territories and their strict observance. Among the priorities are the following activities: - zoning of rural areas with regard to an assessment of agrobiological and socio-economic potential and location of productive forces on its basis: main production and infrastructural links; - realization of integrated inter-farm land management; - elaboration of full-fledged projects of on-farm land management [3, 16, 14]. The methodological basis for the stability of agricultural production is the stability of land use. All dynamic processes must be associated with the dynamism of land size, land use and land quality. The stabilization of agricultural production should start with the stabilization of the land use system, which consists in stabilizing the size, allocation, borders and legal regime of land uses. Such shortcomings as strip farming, interspersion and cutting in require land planning to improve land use [10, 8, 3, 16, 14]. The problems of rational land use in relation to the specific conditions of the organization of production and the territory of agricultural land use are resolved by on-farm land management as a system of diverse (environmental, social, economic and other) measures. Territorial planning during land management both contributes to the solution of economic issues related to the use of the resource potential of landscapes and determines their environmental sustainability. Based on the research, a landscape-ecological approach is proposed for the territorial planning of agricultural enterprises [16, 6, 14, 15, 4, 7, 5, 12].

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Allocation of land use and land tenure of agricultural enterprises based on territorial zoning by the complex resource potential In the process of research, factors that influence or depend on land management decision making and identify the potential of competitiveness of the studied objects, or, in this case, districts of Akmola region, have been identified. Factors for ranking to be carried out have been

28 Nataliya Ozeranskaya, Rauza Abeldina, Gulnara Kurmanova, Zhuldyz Moldumarova and Lyubov Smunyova

divided into two groups: the first group of factors is related to the resource capabilities, the second one – to the actual performance results of grain enterprises. As shown by the results of our research as well as by the study and analysis of natural and socio-economic factors determining the economic efficiency of the manufacturing of marketable agricultural products, territorial zoning is expediently to be carried out in the following methodical sequence: - critical analysis of the existing methods of territorial zoning; - collection, processing and systematization of materials necessary for territorial zoning, preparation of research tools; - analysis of the natural, socio-economic and, in general, complex resource potential of the administrative districts of the region; - assessment of the complex resource potential of the territory for land management purposes; - territorial zoning for the purposes of inter-farm land management and rational location of the production of marketable products; - allocation of land use and land tenure of agricultural enterprises based on territorial zoning by the complex resource potential; - development of pilot projects of inter-farm land management. Based on the assessment of the agrobiological and socio-economic potential of the territory, it is possible to develop a method of territorial zoning and recommendations for locating the production of marketable products. In the case of Northern Kazakhstan, it is primarily about the production of marketable grain. The scale of productivity levels for grain crops, developed by the method of A. N. Kashtanov, made it possible to assess the use of land in the districts of Akmola region. Data were collected and systematized not only on the fertility of arable land (ball-bonitet), but also on its qualitative condition according to the adopted land-cadastral classification. The assessment indicators, which were included in the general integrated indicator, are given in Table 1.

Table 1 Summary analysis of the natural and climatic potential of the districts of Akmola region for the production of competitive grain products Level of arable Arable Integrated indicator Bioclimatic land Level of land area, of the natural No. District productivity uncomplicated soil fertility thousand potential of arable level by negative utilization ha land signs 1 197,0 0,13 0,76 0,77 0,76 2 203,1 0,13 0,75 0,86 0,84 3 Astrakhanka 389,6 0,13 0,80 0,89 0,92 4 112,6 0,12 0,30 1,00 0,36 5 539,1 0,12 0,77 0,73 0,67 6 472,1 0,14 0,85 0,84 1,00 7 Zharkain 539,8 0,14 0,76 0,88 0,94 8 Zerendi 317,1 0,16 0,71 0,91 1,03 9 Korgalzhyn 132,0 0,09 0,92 0,82 0,68 10 Sandyktau 380,9 0,16 0,69 0,66 0,71 11 320,0 0,16 0,82 1,00 1,35

29 Agricultural Land Management in the System of Sustainable Rural Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The analysis shows that Akmola region is characterized by a significant natural and climatic potential for increasing the volume of grain production. Most of the regions have an average level of natural potential. The results of the analysis and assessment identified two districts in Akmola region with high potential – Zerendi and Shortandy. They should specialize in growing hard and strong wheat. In the Korgalzhyn and Ereymentau districts, the level of natural potential is low. The production of export grain in these districts is inexpedient; but the production of feed for livestock industries can be recommended. At the same time, a number of problems emerged that need to be addressed in the near future. The most important of them is arable land planning for the restoration and preservation of soil fertility.

4.2. Improvement of land use in inter-farm land management projects The results of our research show that the improvement of inter-farm land management in the current conditions for the use of agricultural land should be based on regional territorial planning schemes. The result of such land management schemes will be land use zoning by the level of land productivity, i.e. territories with high, medium and low levels of productivity, as well as unproductive and unsuitable for use in agriculture territories will be determined. In addition, such schemes will make it possible to determine the regional specialization of agricultural production and on its basis to develop a plan and methodology for land management activities for the region. With regard to regional land management schemes, it is necessary to develop land management schemes for the district, which must necessarily include new components – an assessment of the natural and climatic potential of agricultural enterprises and an analysis of the socio-economic factors of these enterprises for agricultural production. In these studies, these components were solved for agricultural enterprises, mainly those specialized in grain production, since the object of research was the main grain-producing region of the country. Inter-farm land management should be carried out on the territory of administrative districts in the following methodical sequence: 1. Assessment of natural and climatic potential. It is based on the updated materials of soil surveys and includes an analysis of soil cover not only by the ball-bonitet, but also by the physicochemical composition of the soil and by the presence of negative signs affecting fertility and the possibility of using agricultural land by relief. 2. Analysis of socio-economic factors. It allows us to identify a number of issues in terms of location of economic centers, service centers, sales of products, objects of the territory’s engineering equipment. 3. Determination of the rational size of land uses. Large deviations of the actual size from the optimal values lead to a mismatch of the land area and the location of the agricultural enterprise, i.e. to the emergence of such a shortcoming as the irrational size of land use. This shortcoming adversely affects the manageability and efficiency of production, transport or other production costs. It is necessary to analyze the impact on the efficiency of agricultural production. 4. Analysis of the land use system. It is held to eliminate the irrational structure of land, the spatial shortcomings of land uses and the environmental instability of territories. 5. With regard to the above factors, rural districts and agricultural enterprises are identified at the district level that require addressing the issues of adjusting the size and boundaries of land uses.

30 Nataliya Ozeranskaya, Rauza Abeldina, Gulnara Kurmanova, Zhuldyz Moldumarova and Lyubov Smunyova

6. Allocation and formation of land uses take into account the complex potential and design of new land use boundaries. 7. Economic justification of design solutions. 8. Development of proposals for investment of unused land; 9. Preparation of raw materials for the determination of land tax and rent, as well as for a large-scale assessment of agricultural land. 10. Formation of schemes and recommendations for on-farm territorial planning. In the process of the study, an analysis of the spatial shortcomings of land uses was made using the example of the land use of large agricultural enterprises in the of Akmola region. Based on the above data, we analyzed the need to improve land use in the context of rural districts, during which it was revealed that the most unstable land use structure and inefficient allocation is typical for two rural areas – Bozaygyr and Novoselovka. Analysis schemes were made using GIS technologies. For example, in Figure 1, farms that have such a spatial shortcoming as curvedness and strip holding are highlighted.

Figure 1 The scheme of large agricultural enterprises in the Tselinograd district identifying (a) curvedness and (b) strip holding During the development of project proposals, various ways of eliminating spatial shortcomings are used. Figure 2 shows an example of solving this issue by means of equal exchange. As a result, the design areas of land uses have not changed, but the characteristics of their allocation have significantly improved. One can note positive changes in the compactness of all farms and the design of their boundaries. In these experimental objects, spatial shortcomings have been eliminated by the method of equal exchange with regard to soil maps. The indicators of project proposals and their effectiveness are presented in Table 1. As a result of the exchange of land plots, the average transportation distance for on-farm goods in land uses has decreased and their compactness has increased. The measures taken to eliminate the shortcomings of inter-farm land management directly affect the economic efficiency of agricultural production. As the data in Table 2 show, the cost of grain, depending on this factor, decreases from 5.1 to 10%.

31 Agricultural Land Management in the System of Sustainable Rural Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Figure 2 Schemes: (a) spatial shortcomings; (b) project allocation of new farm boundaries by the equal exchange of land plots

Table 2 Summary table of the efficiency indicators of inter-farm land management projects in the territory of the Shortandy district Novoselovka rural area Krasnoyarsk rural area of the of the Shortandy Tselinograd district No. Indicator district factual project factual project Number of land uses with spatial 1 6 2 16 6 shortcomings 2 Ways of elimination Equal exchange Equal exchange Exchangeable area of agricultural 1821 1941 land, ha Average distance to the central farm, 3 14,5 11,8 17,5 13,6 km 4 Compactness factor 1,42 1,04 1,25 0,93 Reduction of the cost of grain 5 - 10,0% - 8,1% products, %

4.3. Modern approaches to the development of on-farm land management projects In the course of the experimental design, the main directions of optimization of on-farm territorial planning for the conditions of the steppe landscape zone of Northern Kazakhstan (by the example of a typical farm – Kultura LLP, Akmola region) were determined. Territorial planning was made on the basis of agrolandscape microzoning, based on a comprehensive assessment of landscape-ecological factors. Its main purpose was to identify areas that are homogeneous in natural factors and the degree of environmental disturbances (intensity of erosion processes, soil salinization, swamp formation, contamination of agricultural land, pasture degradation, etc.) in order to determine their types of economic use. In order to achieve this purpose in relation to the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, the following research tasks are defined:

32 Nataliya Ozeranskaya, Rauza Abeldina, Gulnara Kurmanova, Zhuldyz Moldumarova and Lyubov Smunyova

- accounting and assessment of landscape-ecological factors in on-farm land management; - agrolandscape microzoning of the territory of agricultural enterprises based on the allocation of homogeneous structural territorial landscape units; - development and justification of the land management project based on the landscape approach. In order to differentiate the ecological state of the territory and establish measures for the expedient use of land on the territory of farms of Northern Kazakhstan, it is proposed to allocate the following groups of agrolandscape microzones [1, 11, 12]: Group 1 – intended for nature protection purposes; Group 2 – with special modes of use; Group 3 – intended for restoration of agricultural potential; Group 4 – field landscapes; Group 5 – meadow landscapes; Group 6 – pasture landscapes. When analyzing the landscape conditions of land use, the main natural and anthropogenic components of the landscape that are part of the field anthropogenic systems were identified. Landscape mapping was carried out based on the study of the morphological and paradynamic structures of the natural landscape. With the use of graphical modeling and GIS technologies, maps of erosion processes and large-scale landscape hypothesis maps were compiled for the territory of selected land uses. They show morphological landscape units (facies, sub-tracts), combined into single groups by the ecological state and feasibility of use, as well as define appropriate measures. At the same time, the main feature of the project is the coordination of agrolandscape contours with the elements of territorial planning traditional for land management (land masses, crop rotations, pasture rotations, fields, working areas) [5, 15]. On the basis of agrolandscape microzoning, the organization of arable land of Kultura LLP was carried out (Figure 3). During the territorial planning of arable land on an agrolandscape basis, conditions are provided for its efficient and environmentally sound use.

33 Agricultural Land Management in the System of Sustainable Rural Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Figure 3 Territorial planning of arable land on a landscape basis Since there is a moisture deficit in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, the effect of organizational and technical measures is estimated by their moisture-saving action. Therefore, on the territory of Kultura LLP, a soil-protecting crop rotation with perennial grass crops is introduced, which is located in the zone of restoration of agricultural potential. The rest of the arable land belongs to the field landscapes of intensive use; therefore, field crop rotations, saturated with spring wheat, are introduced here. The basis of territorial planning was the contour organization of the territory. This caused the reorganization of the arable land, in which almost all existing field roads were changed. This, of course, resulted in certain costs for the creation of new field roads. In addition, the transition from the rectangular shape of the fields to their irregular configuration, due to the contour following of the terrain, caused unproductive expenditures of agricultural equipment for agrotechnical processing of the fields. However, in modern conditions one should take care not only of the economic efficiency of the project, but also prioritize its ecological feasibility. For example, the ecological feasibility of agrolandscape land management of Kultura LLP lies in the fact that the boundaries of new land management forms created within the project (crop rotations, fields, working areas, linear elements) are tied to the boundaries of landscape stripes, which made it possible to “fit” the anthropogenic elements into the natural environment, thereby increasing the ecological sustainability of the landscape. In addition, the introduction of soil and water conservation measures helps to prevent erosion processes, reduce soil flushing on sloping lands and transfer surface runoff into subsurface, thereby increasing the ecological sustainability of the landscape.

34 Nataliya Ozeranskaya, Rauza Abeldina, Gulnara Kurmanova, Zhuldyz Moldumarova and Lyubov Smunyova

To assess the effectiveness, the costs of organizational, technical and agrotechnical measures were determined. As a result, the total cost of anti-erosion measures within the project amounted to $20.9 thousand (Table 3). However, due to the fact that moisture-saving measures provided an additional yield of gross wheat production ($138.3 thousand), the project proved to be cost-effective. This confirms the need for on-farm land management on a landscape basis.

Table 3 The main indicators of the agrolandscape land management project of Kultura LLP Measureme Indicator Factual Project nt unit Technical indicators Total area of arable land ha 5148 5148 Area of soil-protecting crop rotation ha 1847 1847 Number of fields / working areas pcs 15/19 17/26 Average working area ha 270 198 Average length of the working area in the longitudinal m 2100 1750 direction Area of fields with contour processing ha - 3227 Area of fields with deep processing ha - 1511 Number of residual triangles and wedges pcs 3 14 Length of new roads km - 26 Economic indicators thousand - Cost of moisture-saving measures 20,9 USD thousand Additional output due to moisture-saving measures - 138,3 USD thousand Additional net income, total - 117, 4 USD

4.4. Improvement of land and economic projects on the territory of rural settlements The abrupt change of political orientations and the global reform of the entire life of society affected the structure of the territory of rural settlements. 17 million hectares of agricultural land were transferred to the jurisdiction of rural administrations for the needs of personal subsidiary farming. Currently, these lands are used only for grazing. Such plots are low productive and do not even solve the problem of providing green fodder for livestock on private farms. As a result, there is a shortage of feed, which leads to its high cost. However, most of the main types of livestock products in the country are produced by personal subsidiary farming. In turn, personal subsidiary farming is able to satisfy the needs of the entire population of the country in livestock products. This requires the preservation and strengthening of the peasantry, as well as the restoration of rural social, engineering and industrial infrastructures. In the countryside, it is necessary to master the achievements of scientific and technological progress, and to comply with legislative and regulatory acts. Large- scale design work should be carried out. It is necessary to draw up plans and projects for land management, for the development and location of productive forces, for rural land management, for rural planning, development and landscaping, for designing houses, public buildings, etc., for engineering communications.

35 Agricultural Land Management in the System of Sustainable Rural Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

If in the coming years no necessary research is carried out, no appropriate recommendations and guidelines are prepared, and no design work is initiated on the whole range of tasks for the problem of rural reconstruction, there will be: a) chaos in the location of infrastructure facilities, in rural planning and development; b) large unnecessary capital costs; c) political and social losses. In drawing up a project for the land and economic structure of a rural settlement, a number of tasks need to be solved, such as: - territorial planning of agricultural lands transferred to the jurisdiction of rural administrations; - arrangement of the location and size of household lands; - arrangement of abandoned and empty territories; - allocation of economic centers of peasant farms inside the residential area of the ; - development of nature protection measures, etc. There is a need to review planning decisions, taking into account modern socio-economic features, and land use in the process of land management. A scientifically substantiated and thoroughly tested approach to the methodology for drawing up this kind of design studies will have positive consequences. Consider the content and methodology of drawing up land management projects by the example of Pavlovka village, Ereymentau district. A total of 6,665 hectares of land are assigned to the village. The predominant area of the village is natural pastures, which occupy 5,924 hectares. The buildings occupy 314 hectares, under water – 267 hectares. The village has lands suitable for arable farming. As a result of the field survey, it was determined that these are lands adjacent to a settlement. But they are not used for the cultivation of grain, or even for the purposes of gardening. Along the Akmurza River, which flows through the rural district, there are also hay fields. However, both arable lands and hay fields are used exclusively for grazing. In the study of the pastures, it was found that in some places the pastures are heavily knocked out, and have low productivity (Table 4). Watering sites are not equipped.

Table 4 Required quantity and percentage of the provision of fodder for livestock on private farms for the pasture period Required Factual Number Fodder Total for Pasture Gross Settlement of for 1 all Pasture producti output, q Avail-ability livestock livestock livestock, area, ha vity, of fodder, % units unit, q q q/ha Pavlovka 20 89160 5884 1,4 8237,6 9,2 4458 village The analysis of Table 4 showed that due to low pasture productivity, there is a shortage of green fodder to meet the needs of livestock. In addition, there is a need for concentrated feed, silage, hay, etc. Currently, the development of personal subsidiary farming has become acute, and the problem of the irrational use of land resources within the boundaries of a rural settlement has arisen. The unsystematic grazing of livestock is carried out everywhere, which leads to the

36 Nataliya Ozeranskaya, Rauza Abeldina, Gulnara Kurmanova, Zhuldyz Moldumarova and Lyubov Smunyova destruction of the natural grass stand and a decrease in pasture productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to increase land productivity through the implementation of various measures [13]. On the basis of the conducted research, some options for the arrangement and use of agricultural land within the boundaries of rural settlements have been developed. The first option is to leave the land under the jurisdiction of rural administrations and to recommend the introduction of pasture rotations and the improvement of degraded land. The second option is to form a cooperative consisting of rural citizens engaged in maintaining personal subsidiary farming, which will carry out all the necessary measures for the care and use of agricultural land. As a result, feed will be produced at the lowest prices. There will be new jobs. Costs can be covered by selling surplus products (fodder). In order to implement the proper care and rational use of pasture territories, due to their large area (6,068 hectares in Pavlovka village), it is proposed to form three cooperatives that will directly carry out work on: - fundamental improvement of pastures; - maintaining herbage; - cattle grazing; - haying. Cooperative No. 1 will have the land near the settlement, within a radius of 2-3 km, as well as seven herds of dairy cows (1,484 heads) and one herd of mares (267 heads), covering an area of 2,503 hectares. Cooperative No. 2 will have six flocks of sheep numbering 4,700 heads, covering a pasture area of 1,758 hectares. Cooperative No. 3 will have the remote land, with three herds of young cattle (1,658 heads) and three herds of horses (870 heads), covering a pasture area of 1,765 hectares. Designing a summer camp is recommended here. Thus, each cooperative has a narrow specialization: in the first case – dairy, in the second and third – meat. At the same time, due to the low productivity of natural pastures on the farm (1.1-1.8 quintals per hectare in dry mass), there is an acute shortage of green fodder. Under these conditions, livestock productivity can be achieved by introducing measures on simplificated improvement and amelioration of natural pastures. This option requires large investments, but provides an increase in the productivity of herbage to 44 kg/ha, dry weight for hay – up to 11 kg/ha.

Table 5 Calculation of the area for grazing and mowing for the needs of personal subsidiary farming after amelioration (with three-fold release of grass stand) Required for all Productivity of pastures Area of pastures for Settlement livestock, q for amelioration, q/ha amelioration, ha herbage hay herbage hay for grazing for mowing Pavlovka village 267480 44580 44 11 2026 4052 The rational use, maintenance of high productivity and nutritional value of the grass stand of long-term cultivated pastures is carried out in the pasture rotation system. It is recommended to introduce a ten-year five-field pasture rotation, which is carried out in the system of pens of the next grazing: one field is for amelioration, two fields are for a three-time grazing, two fields are for mowing.

37 Agricultural Land Management in the System of Sustainable Rural Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

After amelioration (Table 5), the area of agricultural land makes it possible to cover the entire shortage of fodder, both green (for the pasture period) and coarse (for the housing period). Thus, the cost of fodder will be as low as possible, which directly affects the cost of livestock products and contributes to the development of personal subsidiary farming. The use of grazing lands should be carried out by introduction of a pasture rotation system, simplificated improvement with the seeding of perennial grasses or amelioration. The above disadvantages are characteristic of many villages. The approach to resolving these issues is associated with a number of features, the consideration of which will definitely affect their future appearance.

5. CONCLUSION The inter-farm land management projects have been developed by the example of Novoishim and Krasnoyarsk rural districts of the Tselinograd district of Akmola region as well as Novoselovka and Bozaygyr rural districts of the Shortandy district of Akmola region. The measures taken to eliminate the shortcomings of inter-farm land management directly affect the economic efficiency of agricultural production. According to calculations, the cost of grain, depending on this factor, decreases from 6.2 to 8.1%. 1. The state of territorial planning can be considered unsatisfactory at the present stage of formation of the land use system in the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2. An urgent task is to introduce the concept of agricultural land management, which can ensure the sustainable development of rural areas by elaborating land management schemes and projects for the territory of objects of all levels – administrative districts, rural districts, agroformations. This concept is a flexible territorial organization of the agricultural production system; it is ecologically, economically and technologically sound, ensuring the efficient production of agricultural products and the preservation of soil fertility. In this regard, it is necessary to solve the issues of state financing in the field of drawing up inter-farm land management projects to improve the land use of agricultural enterprises, as well as state support for on-farm land management projects of environmental protection. 3. Project land management organizations need to develop instructions for the spatial cooperation of small farms, since their erratic allocation in the first years of land reform has been leading to an increase in spatial shortcomings that reduce the effectiveness of the peasant farms themselves, as well as other land users. 4. The experimental design confirmed the economic efficiency of the development of on-farm and inter-farm land management projects. In addition, on-farm land management projects are necessary from an environmental point of view, because they provide the basis for taking measures to protect land resources and to create stable agrolandscapes. 5. For the rational use of pastures within the boundaries of rural settlements and for the preservation of their productivity, it is necessary to organize their use through land management projects. 6. The scientific novelty of this study is as follows: - The methodology for territorial zoning has been clarified on the basis of an assessment of its integrated resource potential for agricultural production; - Recommendations on the location of marketable grain production by administrative districts of Akmola region have been proposed;

38 Nataliya Ozeranskaya, Rauza Abeldina, Gulnara Kurmanova, Zhuldyz Moldumarova and Lyubov Smunyova

- The features of on-farm territorial planning on a landscape basis for the conditions of have been determined.

REFERENCES

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