Kingdom of Morocco
Activity
Activity Report 2012 Report
His Majesty King Mohammed VI
Contents
First Words...... 4
Major events 2012...... 6
Environment and Natural Resources ...... 10
Variety Creation ...... 14
Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery...... 18
Plant Protection...... 24
Animal Production...... 34
Rural Economy and Sociology...... 38
Food Technology and Quality...... 42
Research for Development...... 44
Communication and Documentation...... 48
Cooperation...... 52
Management of Human and Financial Resources...... 54
ACRONYMS...... 58
This Report can be accessed online : www.inra.org.ma First Words
NRA annual report reflects our commitment to make knowledge I dissemination and sharing one of our major concerns. Intended essentially for the development of our agriculture, for the prosperity of our rural communities, and for the conservation of our natural resources, INRA acts for the development of new technologies adapted to the reality of the rural world and responding to the expectations of our farmers, agribusiness as well as our partners. Accumulated research results and achivements must be valued within the new strategy of the agricultural advisory council.
In our permanent quest for a competitive agriculture, we rely on the indestructible support of our national and international partners through the constitution of solid and united scientific and technical consortiums and the implementation of joint and coherent programs meeting the national priorities.
Being completely involved in the implementation of the Green Morocco Plan, we aspire to allying to our cause all the governmental and non-governmental partners for the
4 INRA 2012 A Word from the Director
success of a sustainable agricultural development aiming to overcome the actual ecological challenges.
As it has been the case for the previous years, the year 2012 was characterized by great achievements that we have the pleasure to describe briefly in the following pages. They are the fruit of the ceaseless efforts of our staff, all categories concerned, guided by their instinct to excel and to serve ceaselessly farmers communities.
With the new agricultural situation characterized mainly by climate changes, economic competitiveness and food security challenges, investment in research and research-development is justified today more than ever in terms of knowledge and technology production which are imperative for accompanying country’s sustainable development.
Prof. Mohamed BADRAOUI INRA Director
Activity Report 5 Major events 2012
on WEB-SIG application, on internet at New varieties selected www.fertimap.ma . in 2012 The ferti-advisory units, planned for agricultural extension regarding rational The official catalogue of Morocco was and well-balanced use of fertilizers, can enriched by new varieties and selections use this system to generalize crops nutrition covering cereals, food legumes, oleaginous requirements plants and fruit trees. The key varieties concerned those of: National program of agricultural land • Al Mahdia, Al Gharbaouia, Al Maamora, suitability maps Chamsia, Hana and Aya for citrus fruits; This program concerns determination of the • Tassaoute, Agdal, Dalia, Mechkate and optimal use of soil resources to modulate Luck for the olive tree; intervention policies according to the region • Sedrat (INRA 3003), Daraaouia (INRA on potentialities. The extent of elaborated maps 1445), Bourihane, Al Faida, Al Amal, and is of about 6,1 million Ha, of which 1,3 Mabrouk for the palm tree date palm; million Ha was published and 4,8 millions Ha in validation phase. • INRAAT8-U8, Marcona x Ai (119) and Ardechoise x Bartre (35) for almond tree; Climate change integration project for • Missouria for apricot tree. Green Moroccan Plan Implementation: This project aims at building capacities at institutional level and at farmers level within Green Moroccan Plan Pilar II for a better Development of adaptation to climate changes. decision-making tools The project, witch is financed by FEM for integrating climate change adaptation options For a better adaptation to climate change, and resilient technologies, concers two major INRA opted for a decision making cereal regions : Zaer and Chaouia. tools development project whose main achievements are the followings: Moroccan System CGMS_MA of cereal harvests forecasting: Cultivated soil fertility maps project:
This pilot project concerns sustainable improvement of the agricultural productivity through i) reasoning of crops fertilization, ii) elaboration of an expert system SIG-WEB, iii) implementation of an information system on soil resources and their main characteristics and, iv) support for the agricultural advisory council on crops fertilization aspects. SIG-WEB expert system includes all the compiled soil fertility maps and are available
6 INRA 2012 Major Events 2012
INRA at the SIAM 2012
The 2012 main topic of the SIAM 7th Edition This system concerns cereal production was “Research & Innovation’’. forecast in Morocco with the publication of In fact, INRA participated with the consortium four (04) forecast bulletins. (IAV HII, ENAM, ENFI, CRP2 and DEFR) at Desertification monitoring and the «Technology sector» stand through the improvement of rangelands exhibition of the latest variety creations in management: fruit trees, namely citrus and olive tree as well as the new transformed products developed It concerns desertification control and by food technology researchers . improvement of pastoral species productivity. A map of the Moroccan dry rangelands was An important presence in the Region Pole, concieved for 3,5 millions Ha and with the through the exhibition of posters on INRA aim of a diversification of the rangelands achievements and innovations and the using plant material based on introduced display, in preview, of the atomizer prototype autochthonous species. «liquid and pesticide fertilizers» in the Innovation Pole, a machine intended for the small and average farmers characterized by its low energy consumption and protection of environment. In addition, INRA animated several conferences with an eminent audience during this edition, and the key conference remains, unquestionably, the one that relate to South- South cooperation entitled: «the Moroccan- Indian initiative for the development of food legumes» co-organized by INRA and the OCP foundation besides national and international partners namely IAV Hassan II, SWAMINATAN foundation, ICARDA and ICRISAT.
Activity Report 7 INRA at the SID 2012 ICARDA-INRA: A fruitful collaboration The 51th Session of ICARDA (International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) Board of Trustees meeting was held on October in Rabat Morocco. Hundred of decision makers on agricultural research met in order to review current and future possibilities of collaboration. This can be considered as a sign of the strategic importance of cooperation between Morocco and ICARDA, and the leading role which the national agricultural institutions of research play in North Africa and the Middle East regions. Also, a whole day was dedicated to For the third consecutive time, INRA took part presentations on i) fields of collaboration to the Morocco International Dates Fair 2012 between INRA and ICARDA, ii) Green in Erfoud, with the slogan «INRA to serve Morocco Plan, iii) elements of the National the development of the date palm sector». System of Agricultural Research, and INRA’s participation to this edition focused iv) projects’assessment achievements of on the presentation of a miniature laboratory Morocco-ICARDA cooperation. Both sides, of in vitro culture, the presentation of the INRA and ICARDA signed a new partnership latest selections «clones» of good quality agreement for the period 2013-2016. date palm trees resistant to bayoud: Sedrate, Al Faida, Bourihane and Al Faida and the noble varieties namely Majhoul, Najda, Bouffegouss and Bouzekri, in addition to posters summing up INRA achievements in date palm. During this edition, a scientific and technical day on date palm was co-organized by INRA and ANDZOA, with the major objective of informing date palm actors on state of the art achievements from national and arab experts and scientists.
8 INRA 2012 Major Events 2012
CIO approval for the laboratory of sensory analysis of virgin olive oil
INRA sensory analysis Laboratory (located at the CRRA of Marrakesh) responsible for the control of olive oil quality by sensory analysis, was approved by the International Olive Council (IOC) after having satified all requireront in 2012. It is a platform for promoting olive oil quality through protecting and guaranteeing the quality, informing and protecting the consumer’s rights, advising oil industries and cooperatives and leading research related to tasting and appreciation of olive oil.
Activity Report 9 Environment and Natural Resources
Expert systems aided Soil mapping is in progress on 1,27 million hectares (Tetouan, Al Hoceima, Nador, decision-making in Khemisset, Beni Mellal, El Kelaa des agriculture Sraghna and Agadir). Trials of fertilization standards were installed Project of cultivated soil fertility map in in six regions. Crops were selected based of Morocco” their economic importance in each region. Application tool was fully developed and Project of cultivated soil fertility map in all targeted areas were introduced in it. It Morocco” is now accessed at «www.fertimap.ma» at The project of «cultivated soil fertility map in INRA Server Morocco”» is elaborated (within the Green Morocco Plan (PMV) and aims at developing an approach allowing to contribute to the improvement of Moroccan agriculture through a better knowledge of the fertility of the Moroccan soils. Its global objective is to set up web based information system, offering a platform of exploration of soils and their main characteristics, as well as a tool of data processing and recommendations on fertilization adapted to the main crops in the Photo 1 : Geographical locations of regions studied country. during the second year of the project 2012. The second year 2012 activities concerned eight regions: • Rainfed areas: Sefrou, Sidi Kacem, Ben Slimane, Khouribga and Safi • Irrigated areas: Gharb, Tadla and Doukkala. Hence the total land area covered in 2012 is 1.486.400 Hectars with 12.000 soil Photo 2 : New portal of the web-based application samples analyzed. tool of Cultivated soil fertility map in Morocco : www.fertimap.ma.
10 INRA 2012 Major Events 2012
The National program of agricultural land suitability Maps In 2012, this program concerned two areas: the peripheral area of the Tadla perimeter, about 200.000 ha, and Al-Hoceima area, about 160.000 ha. Studied crops are cereals, fruit trees and legumes. Agricultural suitability of Tadla area
Tadla plain is suitable to cereals and Photo 3 : Map of soils fitness (aptitude) to lentils in food legumes at 47% level mostly in the average climate year. northern part and in the Dir.
35% of the soil of Tadla are highly to moderately suitable for olive plantations mainly in the Dir and Northern area Agricultural suitability of the Al-Hoceima area: Due to less favourable climate, topography and to poor soils dominance, Al-Hoceima area is less suitable for fied crops and average for the fruit crops, particularly for the olive tree. Indeed, only 17% of the soils Photo 4 : Map of soils aptitude to olive tree in are not suitable for wheat, the rest being average climate year. marginally. For the olive tree, 40% of soils are averagely suitable. Contribution to the Global Soil Observing System:
Within the European research project FP7- e-SOTER (http://www.esoter.net/), georeferenced database of the physical properties of soils was developed. Soil database covers Central area of Morocco at a 1/500.000 scale. Photo 5 : Map of the contribution to the Global Soil Observing System, e-SOTER project (www.esoter.net/).
Activity Report 11 A National crop monitoring and particularly doses and irrigation moments forecasting system of cereal harverst in the parcel. This application allows to establish a supplemental irrigation calendar «CGMS-MAROC» which determines the irrigation water quantities to supply to crops in order to CGMS-MAROC (A joint research program complement precipitations and respond to between EU-JRC, DMN and MARM- climate demand for a better efficiency in the DSS) is intended to support the ministry use of irrigation water and the stabilization mission for cereal harverst forecasting. of the yields. CGMS-MAROC (http://www.cgms-maroc. ma) is the first and only operating crop monitoring and forecasting system existing INRA environment web site in Morocco, institutionalized by a strategic INRA launched a website «Web partnership that allows its development and Environment «(http:// www.inra.org.ma/ sustainability. CGMS-Maroc enable Cereal environ/). This website is intended to inform harverst forcasting at national level, agro- on INRA’s research results in the field of ecological areas and Moroccan provinces. environment and natural resources and to offer a platform of data and information exchange for the general public.
Protection and promotion of the agro-pastoral resources Participative control of desertification Photo 6 : www.cgms-maroc.ma and poverty reduction in the dry eco- Application tools aided fruit trees systems of Oriental Morocco high irrigation management in Morocco plateaus (PLPCDRP-HPO)) Development of simple application tool Degradation of the high plateaus steppe in order to help farmers to better manage rangeland reached alarming levels. Aware of the irrigation crops in Morocco. SmartIrrig this problem, competent authorities set up (version 1.1) is an IT application dedicated several programs and development projects to the users of the drip irrigation system in of this zone, namely the PDPEO and the order to calculate the duration of watering PLPCDRP-HPO. For the implementation of of fruit trees. the various components of the PLPCDRP- «Global Av.Irr» is an application elaborated HPO, in particular that of the «Biophysical in order to estimate crops water requirement monitoring at the level of the Oriental
12 INRA 2012 Major Events 2012
Morocco high plateaus», the partial results types of interventions: pressure reduction, accentuate the positive character of the agro- production improvement, promotion sylvo-pasoral arrangement actions undertaken strengthening and marketing development. in this framework. Although performances are very contrasted from one site to other, Rehabilitation of Moroccan pre-Sahara whatever is the action introduced, results degraded rangeland with adapted have always been better inside than outside fodder shrubs and rainwater collection the managet program site. Reforestation contributes substantially to the reduction of In Morocco, white artemisia occupies a erosion rates in this site. Development of strategic place in cattle feeding and the annual vegetation along the furrows shows development of rangeland. It constitutes the immediate effect of the technique. with alfa (Stipa tenssicima) two important Rainwater harvesting technique were also essences of Moroccan rangeland. In spite promoted to develop vegetation for pastoral of its exceptional resistance to drought and areas. grazing, Artemisia herba alba is however in continual regression in several regions of Elaboration of eco-systemic management Morocco. There is a lot of variability among plans for the truffles sector white artemisia species. For this purpose, 164 entries were studied. Due to the potentialities and constraints This research showed that white artemisia of the bio-physical and socio-economic yield of essential oil according to its origin environments and their interrelations, the varies significantly from 0,35% to 2,3% eco-systemic management plan (PDGES) (expressed in % of the dry plant material). specific to truffle envisages the rational and The best yields were registered for Idelsi sustainable management of the pastoral entries followed by Boudnib. eco-system. Yield Thanks to this work, it was possible to 2,50% 2,31% spatialize various types of data on several 2,00% thematic maps, concerning the biophysical 1,50% 1,42% environment, types of pressure, main plant 1,13% 1,00% 0,97% developments, location of truffle sites and 0,56% 0,50% 0,47% kinds of truffle, distribution of planning 0,35% 0,00% Bo Bo Miss instruments, location of sector programs, Za Id Ta lt de Mi el ak zn ud ou am ri me si
location of sponsors’ programmes and the ou b ni d iat si ht eco-systemic management scheme of the r i... truffle sector. Analysis of spatialized results allowed to Figure 1 : Yield of essential oil from Artemisia herba conceive a guiding plan expecting four alba asso entries according to their origin
Activity Report 13 Varieties Creation
while the variety test produced 21 q/ha and New creation 8 q/ha of oil. Syn3 will be presented to the official catalogue. The new variety of bread wheat HI50 from anthers culture, was registered in the official catalogue in 2012. It has a semi early cycle, Fruit cultivation with grains stretched out and of an average height. It is a variety resistant to Hessian Almond tree fly, to brown and yellow rusts and drought tolerant. The HI50 variety is recommended Crossbreeding programme conducted for arid and semi-arid rainfed areas . last years allowed selection of almond tree hybrids on the basis of productivity, lateness of blooming and auto-compatibility. Introduced varieties were used as parents in the crossbreeding programs. The lateness in blooming is a character highly appreciated for the new varieties of almond tree. The evaluation of the descendents of these crossings for a period of 4 years allowed to select 37 hybrids of almond tree carrying the auto-fertility character. Two hybrids (T×Fer) 4 and (X Fer) 6 are distinguished by Photo 12 : Regeneration of haploid plants their higher yields. Hybrids L2A26, L1A22, from anthers culture is the first phase of the L2A28, L2A26 and L7A4 combine the dihaploïdisation which allows a shortcut in fast characters of productivity, auto-fertility and stabilization of the lineages lateness of blooming besides other interesting pomological characteristics. Lines under registration These hybrids will be tested on a large scale in comparison with the standard varieties. Colza Carob tree Three synthetic lines (Syn1, Syn2 and Syn3) were put to yield trial to assess their Carob tree propagation (Ceratonia siliqua L.) agronomic and technological performances by sowing gives male and female plants in in order to suggest the best of them for equal proportions, besides the variation of registration in the Official Catalogue. Syn3 other characters with regard to mother feet. In had an average grain yield which exceeds 26 order to produce more females, it is necessary q/ha and an average yield of oil of more than to find another way of multiplication. The 10,5 q/ha with a content exceeding 40%,
14 INRA 2012 Varieties Creation
development of the multiplication method by semi-grafting allowed a true multiplication of the outstanding genotypes, a method surer than the others (propagation by cuttings and in vitro culture).
V49-2263
V42-2893
Photo 13 : Successful grafting at two levels on rootstock in the field V15-2233 Fig tree Synthesis of evaluation results of the fig tree plant material collection at the Experimental station of Aïn Taoujdate allowed to retain five (5) varieties of fig tree, two (2) of which V28-2278 are national varieties as shown in photo 14.These 5 varieties will be distributed to nurseries for multiplication. Apricot IX-2 Apricot varieties most in demand are red skin and late maturity ones. New introductions Photos 14 : Fruits of the varieties selected and having these characters besides fruits with distributed to nurseries for the multiplication of 47g of weight, a round shape with length authentic plants and width relationship very close to 1 were crossed with the best Moroccan genotypes. Asni, Moulay Brahim, Essaouira and Safi was Fruit development rate obtained from these evaluated by means of the molecular markers crossings varies between 0 and 60% with an ISSRs. Results obtained revealed the existence average of 23%. of an important diversity (Figure 2). Populations of this collection contain a level of diversity intra Caper population (Asni and Safi) superior to the inter Genetic diversity of 41 genotypes of caper population level. Asni and Safi sites contain all collected in 5 different zones of Marrakech, the diversity measured in this collection.
Activity Report 15 Citrus fruit Besides, a genetic card of the Citrus 1084 cM kind was elaborated for a population of Molecular characterization of mandarin, hybrid clementine tree x pomelo chandler orange, grapefruit, lemon trees, as well as by means of 961 molecular markers among pomelos and lime tree and rootstock was which some SSR, SNP and Indels. So, 9 undertaken. The polymorphism degree connection groups corresponding to 9 basic of 14 couples of microsatellite primer at chromosomes of Citrus were established. 140 individuals referring to 33 varieties of mandarin trees was defined. These Argan tree individuals identity checking was fulfilled by comparing Moroccan and Corsican authentic Studies to optimize the techniques of in varieties. Analysis of the genetic diversity vitro propagation of this species, were of the other groups of citrus fruits (orange undertakaen. The effect of environments and trees, grapefruit trees, lemon trees, pomelos hormone concentrations on different plants and lime trees) was also fulfilled by means of were studied in order to develop efficient SSR markers. protocols both for organogenesis and for Obtained results allowed to establish the somatic embryogenesis of the argan tree. identity of a numerous individuals of INRA Preliminary results obtained are encouraging. citrus fruits collections for a better use in A collection was made up in order to have variety creation programs by conventional a morphological and genetic database, methods (sexual hybridizations) but also by aiming at a complete characterization of the biotechnology tools such as the protoplasts Moroccan argan tree. fusion. The molecular characterization of this The structuring of the populations studied germplasm is of capital importance for the was highlighted by a differentiation of certification of the plant material delivered the populations which are genetically to the professionals of the citrus fruit sector.
131% Asni (1) G1 10%
121% 10% Essaouira, Safi, Asni Moulay Brahim
5% Essaouira, Safi, Asni
G2
5% Marrakech
Moulay Brahim, Safi
Figure 2 : Dendrogram of the matrix distances of Nei between the populations of different sites.
16 INRA 2012 Varieties Creation
distinguished by their allele frequency yields are found in sites having altitudes of significantly different from the other more than 500m. The qualitative analysis populations of the argan tree (Figure 3). of T. capitatus essential oil allowed the identification of 25 compounds. Carvacrol is the main compound, its average proportion varies between 68 and 82%. Other compounds were identified such as the p-cymene, the Y-terpinene and the linalool. The analyses made showed a high chemical homogeneity in the essential oil of Thymus capitatus both in the individual and the collective feet. Mint
Essential oils (EO) of nine populations of Mentha spicata were extracted by hydro- distillation and were analyzed by coupling Photo 15 : In vitro culture of the argan tree gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. 20 constituents representing 85 to 95% of the total essence were identified from these samples collected on populations of different and distant geographical origin. Two of the seven constituents (carvone and limonene) represent 70 to 80% of the total essence and explain the important variations of the composition observed between the populations. The yield of EO changes from one population Figure 3 : Projection on a 2D plan made up of to another. It varies according to the drying the first 2 axes of the AFC explaining 13,8% of variability of argan tree populations techniques and plant vegetative stage. In case of drying, the yield is very high (1,33% to 2,35%) compared to that without drying Aromatic and medicinal (0,26% and 0,68%). Production optimum of EO corresponds to the period of full blooming plants (month of July). Thymus capitatus
Collection of Thymus capitatus took place in western Rif mountains in about fifteen sites of the region. The yield of essential oil varies between 0.5 and 3.7%. The highest yields (1.6 to 3.7%) correspond to the low and average altitudes (56 - 500 m). Most poor Photo 18 : Mentha spicata
Activity Report 17 Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery
in agriculture, tests were made in the region Improvement of the of Tadla on wheat, beet, silage corn and red agricultural productivity pepper. Concerning wheat, an increasing response both to water and nitrogen was Improvement of wheat production in observed in grain yield and water productivity. Yields exceeding 6 T/ha were achieved. Tadla perimeter A water productivity of about 1.5 kg/m3 was also obtained. For beet, early sowing This program’s objective is to improve wheat improved root and suger yield. The yield gain yields through informing farmers of the is of about 20%. A record yield of 101 T/ha improved techniques of production. The planned was obtained using a water regime without activities in the project were fulfilled under limitation and a date of early sowing. Water supplemental irrigation conditions in Tadla. Five productivity with regard to root production platforms were installed at wheat producers and was also affected by hydric diet and sowing five others at seeds multipliers. The improved date. The best water productivity, 18 kg/m3, technological package for wheat production was obtained under the intermediate water was introduced into these platforms which regime in an early sowing. The production of were set up with the participation of farmers silage corn was affected by the sowing date and ORMVAT extension agents to insure a and the applied water regime. The delay of better distribution. Next to these platforms, two the sowing improved the yield by 11% with others were carried with the introduction of a maximum yield of 67 T/ha under the most deficit irrigation. The introduced technological favourable water level. As the silage corn package clearly improved wheat yield in all the is led in summer period, the relative water platforms. The yield gains achieved with regard productivity is negatively affected by the to the various chek plots vary from 37 to 143% increasing of irrigation water. The best water at the seeds multipliers and for more than 50% application (17 kg/m3) was obtained with the at the producers. This last gain exceeds by most limited water regime. 100% the average yield of the entire region. The deficit irrigation, (reduction of 30% of the water quantity normally applied) confirmed its positive Improvement of tolerance to water impact on the economy of irrigation water in stress of the fruit rosaceae by the use of wheat production and in the improvement of water use efficiency and productivity. the arbuscular mycorrhization The objective of this research is the use of Improvement of water productivity in mycorrhizal symbiosis in order to improve Tadla perimeters the efficiency of difict irrigation on young plants of peach and plum tree. In order to develop and disseminate integrated Water stress was applied during all the and sustainable options of water management growing cycle of young plants, from March
18 INRA 2012 Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery
to November. Mycorhization was reached by Conductance stomatique (mmol.cm2.S-1) the mixture of two arbuscular mycorrhization strains: Glomus intraradices (250 spores. 120 plant-1) and Glomus mosseae (250 spores. 100 plant-1), known for their versatility. 80 Evaluation of mycorrhizal symbiosis impact 60 showed that shoot growth (primary and 40 secondary) of young peach tree and plum 20 tree plants, was reduced by 38% on average 0 T100M- T100M+ T50M-T50M+ under the influence of a 50% water stress. Figure 5 : stomatal conductance of peach tree under However, this effect eased of 66% with the various hydric treatments with (M+) and without the use of the arbuscular mycorrhization (M-) mycorrhizal symbiosis , measured in April. symbiosis. The growth of the shoots of the Indice de la concentration en chlorophylle young mycorrhizaed plants was reduced by 0 March April May June 13% only under the influence of the stress -1 applied. The effect of the water stress was -2 reduced by using mycorrhizal symbiosis -3 -4 which improved the stomatal conductance by -5 T50M- -6 45% and the content of chlorophyll by 30% T50M+ -7 under wather stress. -8
Longeur des pousses (cm.ml-1) Longeur des pousses (cm.ml-1) Pêcher Figure 6 : Reduction of chlorophyllPr unieindexr under the 160 160 effect of the hydrica stress of 50% ETc with (M+) and b a b 140 140 without (M-) mycorrhizal symbiosisc . c 120 120 d 100 100 d Establishment of fertilization standards, 80 80 recommendations and fertilizer 60 60 40 40 formulae for citrus fruits in Tadla region 20 20 0 0 The results of these works showed the T100M- T100M+ T50M-T50M+ significantT100M- T1 00 effectM+ T5 of0M -T the 50M+ nitrogen and the Longeur des pousses (cm.ml-1) Longeur des pousses (cm.ml-1) Pêcher Prunier potassium doses on the production and the 160 160 b a b a quality of citrus fruits. 140 140 c c Rendement (en T/Ha) 120 120 d 80 100 100 70 d 80 80 60 50 60 60 40 40 40 30 20 20 20 0 0 10 T100M- T100M+ T50M-T50M+ T100M- T100M+ T50M-T50M+ 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 Figure 4 : Growth of the shoots of young peach tree and the plum tree plants under the various hydric Figure 7 : Effect of the nitrogen dose on fruits yield treatments with (M+) and without (M-) mycorrhizal in (T/ha) of Sidi-Aissa clementine (D0 to D3: 0; 28; symbiosis 111 and 250 units per hectare).
Activity Report 19 Rendement (en T/Ha) 60 50 Improvement of the 40 agricultural production by 30
20 the organic farming 10 Improvement of soils fertility and corn 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 yield by the rotations with fodder mixtures Figure 8 : Effect of potassium dose on the fruits yield in (T/ha) of Sidi-Aissa clementine (D0 to D3: 0; 27; 107 and 240 units per hectare). In the Souss-Massa region, soil fertility is the central concern of the majority of Rendement (en T/Ha) 60 farmers. This work’s objective is to show
50 improvement of soil fertility and yield of corn led in rotation with fodder mixtures 40 made up of peas and barley as well as 30 of vetch and barley, compared to barley 20 monoculture. Tests were made during three 10 agricultural campaigns 2009/10, 2010/11
0 and 2011/12 in two sites: the experimental D0 D1 D2 D3 station of Melk Zhar and the Rural commune Figure 9 : Effect of the nitrogen dose on the fruits of Tizi N’Test. Results of these tests show yield in (T/ha) of Morocco Late variety (D0 to D3: 0; 28; 111 and 250 units per hectare). that mixtures with peas and with vetch lower ered pH to reach 7,6 for fodder peas in Tizi Rendement (en T/Ha) 70 N’Test. Crop rotations with fodder mixture 60 improve all soil fertility parameters. 50 40 Improvement olive tree young plants 30 growth by intercropping 20 10 A study in order to determine the most 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 suitable crop for the intercropping with Figure 10 : Effect of potassium dose on the fruits young olive groves was made in the regions yield (in T/ha) of Morocco Late variety (D0 to D3: 0; of Taounate and Ouazzane. 27; 107 and 240 units per hectare). The considered crops were bread wheat, Rendement (en T/Ha) 60 barley, bean, lentils and coriander. The 50 results show that in intercropping system
40 usually practised by farmers, growth of
30 the young olive tree plants is affected by cereals (wheat and barley), while it remained 20 unchanged with the association of the 10 coriander, and even improved in some olive 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 groves cultivated in association with food Figure 11 : Effect of the potassium dose on the fruits legumes (bean and lentils). yield (in T/ha) of Washington Navel variety.
20 INRA 2012 Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery
5 4,5 Negative effects of cereals are expressed by 4 a partial baring of twigs, particularly in their 3,5 base and median parts, associated with a 3 2,5 reduction of shoot growth and of the foliar MO (% ) 2 surface, estimated to 30% compared to olive 1,5 1 groves in monoculture. 0,5 0 Associated to cereals, young olive tree plants Orge Poids Vesce Orge Poids Vesce Fourrager Fourrager were put under stress, showing a reduction DEMZ Tizi N’Test of the stomatic conductance of 24% with Effect on the organic matter Figure 12 : regard to an olive grove led without crops in association. 0,4 This reduction of stomatal conductance 0,3 was associated to a decrease of leave water
l (% ) content of about the same rate (23%). 0,2 e to ta ot
Az Fodder mixtures also improve corn biomass 0,1 as well as the content of nitrogen, of
0 phosphorus and of potassium in corn leaves. Orge Poids Vesce Orge Poids Vesce Fourrager Fourrager DEMZ Tizi N’Test In a global way, the results obtained show Figure 13 : Effect on the total soil nitrogen that food legumes (beans and lentils) and coriander in inter crops do not affect 400 negatively the growth of the young olive tree plants, even if cultivated near trunks. 300 e bl
la An improvement of the growth and the mi si 200 nutritional status of the young olive tree e as mg /k g)
phor plants was obtained with the association of os Ph 100 food legumes. However, durum wheat and barley appeared stressful for the young olive 0 Orge Poids Vesce Orge Poids Vesce Fourrager Fourrager trees even when they were cultivated at 1m DEMZ Tizi N’Test apart fromthe trunks. Figure 14 : Effect on the available phosphorus
450 1000 400
800 350 300 kg ) 600 250 m iu re d’ UF C g/ e (m
bl 200 mb la
Po tass 400 No mi 150 si
as 100 200 50 0 0 Orge Poids Vesce Orge Poids Vesce Orge Poids Vesce Orge Poids Vesce Fourrager Fourrager Fourrager Fourrager DEMZ Tizi N’Test DEMZ Tizi N’Test
Figure 15 : Effect on the exchangeable potassium Figure 16 : Effect on the microbial biomass
Activity Report 21 35 Matière verte Matière séche Pousse de l’année (cm/ml) Surface foliaire (cm2) 30 140 6 a 25 a ha) b b 120 5 / l (t b b b b b b 20 b c 100 c c c 4 e végé ta 15 c c c c ss 80 c ma 10 3 Bio 60 T0 T0 5 2 40 T1 T1 0 Orge Vesce Poids Orge Vesce Poids Fourrager Fourrager 1 20 T2 T2 DEMZ Tizi N’Test 0 0 Olivier - Fève Olivier - Olivier - Olivier sans Olivier - Fève Olivier - Olivier - Olivier sans Figure 17 : Effect on the plant biomass of corn Lentille Coriandre culture Lentille Coriandre culture intercalaire intercalaire 4 Azote Phosphore Potassium
MS ) Pousse de l’année (cm/ml) Surface foliaire (cm2) 3,5140 6
ïs (% a a 3 b b 120 5 du ma b b b b b b 2,5 b c 100 c c c 2 4 s fe uilles c c c c 80
ns le 1,5 c 3 s da 1 60 T0 T0 ent 2 0,5 40 T1
s élém T1 0 20 Orge Vesce Poids Orge Vesce Poids 1 T2 Fourrager Fourrager T2 neur de Te 0 DEMZ Tizi N’Test 0 Olivier - Fève Olivier - Olivier - Olivier sans Olivier - Fève Olivier - Olivier - Olivier sans Figure 18 : Effect on theLent illecontentsCo riofandr nitrogen,e cultur e Lentille Coriandre culture phosphorus and potassium in corn leaves intercalaire intercalaire Figure 20 : Growth of shoots and foliar surface of the young olive trees in association with beans, lentils and Longueur des pousses (cm/ml) Surface foliaire (cm2) 80 5 coriander under different types of spatial activity. 70 a 4,5 a 4,5 a 4,6 a 70 4,5 65 b 67 b 4 60 3,5 50 c Reduction3,2 b of soil salinity by organic 50 3 40 2,5
30 2 amendments 1,5 20 1 10 0,5 The objective of this work is to study the 0 0 Olivier sans T0 T1 T2 Oliviereffect sans ofT0 organic T1matter onT2 the reduction of culture culture intercalaire intercalsalinityaire of soil irrigated with salty waters on Longueur des pousses (cm/ml) Surface foliaire (cm2) 80 5 4,5 a 4,5 a 70 a 4,6 a potato crops. This study was made in Skhirat 70 4,5 65 b 67 b 4 60 region characterized by an intense vegetables 50 c 3,5 3,2 b 50 3 productions using salty irrigation waters. 40 2,5 Results show that supply of organic matter 30 2 1,5 has a considerable influence on soil salinity, 20 1 on its physico-chemical properties and also 10 0,5 0 0 Olivier sans T0 T1 T2 Olivier sans T0 T1 T2 on its fertility and its yield. Supply of organic culture culture intercalaire intercalaire matter to the soil gives an 80% salinity Figure 19 : Growth of shoots and foliar surface of the reduction particularly for a 60 t/ha dose, young olive trees in association with durum wheat whereas salinity increased by 50% without under various types of spatial occupation (T0: system supply. This can be explained by the effect usually practised by the farmer; T1: intercalary crops of the organic matter on the improvement cultivated at 1m of the trunks of young olive tree of soil structure which results generally in an plants; T2: intercalary crops cultivated in the same easy leaching and the improvement of the way as for the treatment T1, but with the preparation of a basin around the trunks). retention capacity of an important part of these salts by clay-humic complex.
22 INRA 2012 Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery
3,5 The tested doses were of 50, 75, 100 and 150 m3/ha compared to water supply. 3 D0 The margines used is characterized by an 2,5 D1 acid pH of 4,6, a DCO of 78 g/l, a DBO5 of 2 D2 49 g/l, a content in phenols of 3.6 g/l and a D3 1,5 6.8 ms/cm salinity.
1 The used soil was alkaline with a pH of 8 and averagely rich in organic matter (1.4%). 0,5 In parallel, a test of coagulation-floculation 0 of the margines by the lime was made in Février Mars Avril Juin the laboratory in order to reduce content in Figure 21 :Average evolution of soil CE in (dS/m), polyphenols, electric conductivity and their in the horizon 0-20 cm, for different doses of matter supplied during the period from February to June, content in suspension material. 2012 (D0= 0; D1= 20; D2= 40; D3= 60 t/ha). Results show that Fenugreek and Coriander growth is influenced by the margines dose, As a consequence, potato yield increases supplied in basic fertilization. A clear with the supply of the organic matter. The improvement of the growth of plants having yield moves from 35 t/ha for D0 (without received a moderate dose of margines, from organic matter additios) to 63 t/ha for 60 t/ 50 to 100 m3/ha is noticed. ha of organic matter. This difference is due, With the application of these doses, pH and on one hand, to the doses of organic matter the soil salinity did not show significant supplied, and on the other hand, to the changes, in spite of the strong acidity and reduction of irrigation water salinity on soils. the salinity of the margines, due to the high soil buffer capacity. The content of total Use of the olive margines in basic polyphenols, having shown a light increase after the application of margines, decreased fertilization of coriander and fenugreek by biodegradation to non harmful levels after one month. On the contrary, the use of a crops relatively high dose of 150 m3/ha, appeared Margines enhacement by their applications unfavourable to plants development due to on farmlands has been studied since the its high level of salinity. 70s, namely in Italy, Greece, Cyprus and Besides, the test of coagulation-floculation Spain. The interest in agricultural application of margines by the lime showed that this of margines is due to to their richness in can reduce polluting power of the margines. fertilizing elements. The supply of 5 g/100 ml of lime allows to The behaviour of coriander and fenugreek decrease the content of polyphenols by 23%, was studied in pots according to four doses of the dry material in suspension by 16% and of margines supplied in basic fertilization. of the electric conductivity by 10%.
Activity Report 23 Plant Protection
low rainfalls, were generally unfavourable Cereals phytosanitary to the development of most wheat pests. situation Nevertheless, in some regions particularly Abda and the Middle Atlas, the impact of Importance of wheat diseases hessian and Russian aphid on wheat were respectively from average to high. In the The cartography of the fungal diseases in the case of barley crops, attacks of hessian fly main wheat production regions concerned with gall were remarkable especially in Abda 146 and 70 samples respectively from fields region. of durum wheat and bread wheat. Weather conditions of this campaign were favourable to attacks of diseases such as septoriosis and Dominance of bromines in wheat crops root rot followed by the brown rust on both in the Sais and the Middle Atlas species of wheat (Figure 23). The yellow rust was prevailing in the fields of bread wheat The cartography of weeds inventoried in with an average of 42%. Other diseases 100 wheat plots in the Saïs and the Middle such as the black rust, the powdery mildew, Atlas revealed a 92% contribution of the naked coal and the common smut were bromine populations with regard to the other detected in a sporadic way. adventitious with an average density of 323
100 feet/m². The Bromus rigidus was by far the Blé tendre (146 champs) 90 most invading species. In these conditions, Blé dur (70 champs) 80 yields varied from 2,1 and 46 q/ha according 70 to infestations with stiff bromine estimated 60 between 802 and 42 feet/m². Yield losses 50 were about 60,5%, an average estimation of 40 19 q/ha. Sebt Jahjouh, Ain Chguag, Agouray 30
20 and Khemisset were the regions mostly
10 infested with stiff bromine with an average
0 exceeding 560 feet/m². The practice of the MTSRBRJRNPROïd CN Carie cultural techniques, such as the rotation Figure 22 : Prevalence of wheat diseasess legumes-cereals and the introduction of the forage crop in the crop rotation system, Incidence of pests on wheat and barley allows a substantial reduction of the stiff bromine. The weather conditions of this campaign, characterized by low temperatures and
24 INRA 2012 Plant Protection
Importance of cycle-end weeds in the The results also revealed that the use of the Doukkala region dry weight as a discrimination factor is much more significant than the plants height as Cycle-end weeds in cereals fields of Doukkala there is a proportional relation between the region consist of 22 species with a dominance dry weight and the severity. of canary grass (Phalaris brachytachys) (75%) Genetic variability of the virulence of followed by fields bindweeds (Convolvulus wheat Cecidomyiidae populations arvensis) (66%) and wild oats (Avena sterilis) (59%). Phalaris Brachystachys covers the A genetic variability of the virulence of a biggest space of these fields, which makes collection of Cecidomyiidae populations it necessary to treat this annual weed in the (Mayetiola destructor say) of various regions Doukkala region. was made evident on wheat genotypes carrying seven resistance genes and four accessions with genes of resistance not yet Fight against the main characterized (Figure 24). This variability enemies of cereal and constitutes a permanent constraint to the genetic control of this pest and requires a food legumes continuous research for resistance sources to thwart its new biotypes. Research for resistance sources, basis of the genetic control Development of selection methods of wheat and barley for resistance to root rot Inoculation of young seedlings with some organic matter infested with Fusarium culmorum and Bipolaris sorokiniana allowed Photo 24 : Wheat Cecidomyiidae a better evaluation of barley cultivars. In these conditions, HL, Ferdaws and Tobkal varieties 100 (Lab) 90
e en % 80 (BM)
le nc 70
wwere the most resistant while Barley 628, ru (chao) 60 Vi 50 (KSragh) Rabat 071, Espanic and Mutation proved to 40 30 (DK) 20 be most sensitive. 10 (Fes-doy) 0 H5 Ka Mo MH KS93 Mo CM 829, H? AD CI 11 Ne Ar Mo ll RB 95 60 ri n, H1re sm (Ab) r19, H1-6 r19,H? -6 C1 FSN9 ha y, H1 2, H? WG6 RC 26, H2 4, H? a ne 1- 16 1 3
8- (Rh) 4 1, H9 H1 4H The selection method from plant holders 2 4, H2 15 (Tass) 3 allowed a differentiation of the resistance of Gènes ou variétés portant différentes sources de résistance à la cécidomyie (mek) Abréviation : Lab : laboratoire, BM:Beni Mellal, Chao : Chaouia, KSRagh : KelaatSeraghna, DK:Doukkala, Fes-doy:Fès-Douiyet, bread wheat varieties to root rot and gave Ab : Abda, RH : Rehamna, Tass : Tassaout,Mek : Meknès better results in terms of space and time. Figure 23 : Virulence of cecidomyiae (Mayetiola destructor say), of various regions of Morocco on Bread wheat varieties Wafia and Bezostaya differential varieties of wheat carrying resistance proved to be resistant, while Potam, Aguilal, genes Tilila, Saba, Arrihane and Merchouch varieties showed a high sensitivity to this diseases.
Activity Report 25 Efficiency of resistance genes to yellow by a strong epidemic of the black rust Ug99 rust and its derivatives) revealed that among the 60 local varieties tested, 13 showed a The monitoring of the efficiency of genes’ good level of resistance to the black rust (in resistance to yellow rust was fulfilled in Njoro) but were very sensitive to the yellow Marchouch and Douyet conditions by rust (Figure 25). Among the 12 commercial the evaluation of a series of isogenic lines varieties, Tilila, Saba, Aguilal and Amal containing major genes (Yr). The results showed a good level of resistance to the obtained confirmed that the gene Yr27 does black rust, two of which (Tilila and Aguilal) not provide total protection against this were very sensitive to the yellow rust. On disease. However, Yr 1, 5, 10, 15 genes and the contrary, mostly cultivated varieties YrSp confer an absolute resistance in these in Morocco, namely Arrihane and Achtar, different conditions. This result explains showed an increased sensitivity to the black the extension of the yellow rust outside the rust under the conditions of Njoro (Kenya), neighbouring mountain zones namely Saïs which justifies the incorporation of the and Tadla, because the resistance of our resistance to the black rust in these varieties bread wheat varieties is provided by Yr27 as a precautionary measure (Figure 26). gene. Rouille noire (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Meknès)
100
Research for resistance sources n io 80 ct fe Bread wheat resistance to yellow rust 60 ent d’ in
and black rust dangerous races: national ic i 40 eff
program and international collaboration Co 20
0 6 6 2 9 15 19 31 87 39 In order to widen the genetic base of 00 76 27 27 27 71 27 2727 27 79 27 27 283 28 MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MG B2 MGB MG B270 cultivated plants and consequently reduce MG B270 MGB the risk of epidemic, 3 selection trials were Figure 24 : List of the local bread wheat resistant carried out for rust resistance involving local varieties. varieties of bread wheat, as potential donors of characters. Rouille noire (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Meknès) In a first trial made at Annoceur experimental 100 n io 80 field (Meknes), 4 and 20 local varieties among ct fe the 144 tested proved immune respectively 60 ent d’ in
from yellow rust and brown rust. On the ic i 40 eff
contrary, among the 12 commercial varieties Co 20
tested, the only variety which showed an 0 l a e ia la al ar nz la ba ne ir a li h... aja ht hd ui ss Sa ha Ti rc Ka R immunity towards the yellow rust is Arrihane Am Radi ri Ac Ag Ma Ma Ma slightly attacked by brown rust. Ar The second trial fulfilled simultaneously in Figure 25 : Reaction of the bread wheat commercial varieties to black rust and yellow rust Meknes and Njoro in Kenya (characterized
26 INRA 2012 Plant Protection
local varieties of Moroccan durum wheat Rouille noire (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Meknès)
n 100 resistant to the dangerous races of yellow io ct rust and black rust fe 80 60 ent d’ in
ic i 40
In the case of durum wheat, 21 and 76 local eff varieties, among the 173 varieties tested in Co 20 0 F E Y H A A D A M NE RA AR AK
Annoceur, were immune respectively to RI BI IN RI JA ISL RI RE K DEN H RG HAR RZ SA IR RA W TA MA SS KA AM AM NOU OU OMOU UA RO JA NASSI A T SM YA yellow rust and brown rust. In the Njoro MA OUM MA conditions, 22 local varieties, among the 62 Figure 27 : Reaction of durum wheat commercial tested, showed a good level of resistance varieties to black rust and yellow rust to this rust. On the contrary, the majority Pourcentages de lignées elites HF-ON de blé tendre résistantes à la cécidomyie, of these 22 varieties were sensitive to the basés sur les catégories de rendement (t/ha), à khemis Zemamara. 2011-2012 yellow rust while 6 varieties showed a 1% 8% 15% 4% 1 à 2 multiple resistance in the black rust and the 15% 2 à 3 yellow rust (Figure 27). In the case of the 3 à 4 evaluation of the commercial varieties in 4 à 5 these conditions, the severity of the black 5 à 6 rust varied from 20MR on ISLY to 70S on 6 à 7 13% 7 à 8 MAROUAN, whereas that of the yellow rust 15% super 8 did not exceed 30S on the most sensitive 29% variety (YASMINE) (Figure 28). Figure 28 : Categories of bread wheat lineages resistant to cecidomyidae, based on their yield at Performance of bread wheat Elites lines Khemis Zemamra. 2011-2012 resistant to cecidomyiidae, 96 bread wheat lineage resistant to cecidomyidqe and highly Bio-insecticides for aphids control outstanding were selected in INRA-Settat entomology laboratory from 288 entries In a series of tests of the insecticidal activity belonging to the cecidomyiidae resistance by fumigation of essential oils from Mentha nursery Elites F8 SBW HF ON generated by pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lippia ICARDA (Figure 29). Some lineages showed citriodora, Thymus Satureioides and Cedrus a potential of yield reaching 9 t/ha in the atlantica, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) showed irrigated at Khemis Zemamra where the a more increased sensitivity to these bio- incidence of the disease is rather high. insecticides than Schizaphis graminum
Rouille noire (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Njoro) Rouille jaune (Meknès) (Rondani). The effect of the Mentha
n 100 pulegium was most marked even in a low io ct
fe 80 concentration (10µl/l) on both aphid species. 60 On the contrary, the aphid activity of the oils ent d’ in
ic i 40
eff extracted from rosemary and from verbena Co 20 was significant only at a high concentration 0 4 9 5 1 65 62 85 82 12 64 60 (20µl/l). Essential oils of thyme and the Atlas 24 14 08 207 40 31 31 28 31 307 305 305 3 2997 305 4 305 8 30 30 0632 30 30 30 30 MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB MGB9393 MGB9399 MGB9302 MGB MGB MGB9 cedar (Cedrus atlantica) did not cause total Figure 26 : Reaction of the local durum wheat mortality even at a high concentration. varieties to rusts in Meknes and Njoro
Activity Report 27 Control of wheat weeds with (Metsulfuron sodium + iodosulfuron + mefenpyr diethyl) based herbicide led to a total • Comparison of efficiency of 5 herbicides for weeding of a wheat parcel. The difference in bromus control in a trial fulfilled at Douyet yield in comparison with a parcel of land treated experimental field, made evident a superior with «fop» herbicide (Clodinafop) is 18 q/ha, effect of the pyroxsulame molecule, applied which is 36% of losses. at 45g/ha, combined to the additive frigate or to the anti-dicotyledon, triasulfuron and décamba. This product stopped bromine Food legumes growth with a reduction of its density and its biomass of more than 94%. This led to phytopathology an improvement of more than 85% of the grain yield level and of water use efficiency Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for compared to the unweeded witness. resistance to anthracnose Mesosulfuron and sulfosulfuron based herbicides also stopped bromus growth during Within research for resistance sources to several weeks. The two treatments led to a anthracnose of chickpea, a germplasm reduction of the dry matter respectively by 93 composed of two nurseries, a national one with and 92% with water use efficiency for the grain 70 genotypes and the other one is international, respective by 11,2 and 8,1 kg/mm/ha. ICARDA, with 50 genotypes, was evaluated under artificial inoculation at Sidi El Aidi and • In a second trial at Sidi El Aidi experimental Khemis Zmamra experimental fields. One genotype field, evaluation of the efficiency of 9 herbicides proved resistant and 70 genotypes were averagely revealed a good efficiency of «Proxsulam + resistant. It is to be noted that, among these Cloquentoet-méthyle» based products. «2,4- genotypes, 38 lineages confirmed their reaction for D + Métosulam» and «2,4-D+florasulam” the second campaign (Figure 30). This material herbicides also showed a very high efficiency will be included in chickpea improvement on the majority of weeds species found in program for the development of outstanding this experimental site. The best grain yields and resistant varieties to anthracnose. were achieved with «2,4-D+Métosulam», 60.0 CNABT-12/khz «Flucarbazone-Sodium», «Proxsulam + CIABN-12/SED 50.0 Cloquentoet-methyl» and «Mesosulfuron CIABN-12/khz 40.0 Sodium + Idosulfuron sodium + Mefenpyey 30.0 diethyl» based herbicides with value 20.0
respectively of 58, 49, 48, 47Q/ha. 10.0
0.0 Control of the ray grass resistant to «fop» R MR S HS R : Résistant S : Sensible herbicides MR : Moyennement Résistant HS : Hautement Sensible Figure 29 : Distribution of the number of chickpea In a test in Tadla, led within the framework of genotypes belonging to the national and international a rotation Wheat/Sugarbeet, ray grass (Lolium nurseries according to their reaction to anthracnose spp) treatment resistant to «fop» herbicides at Khemiss Zmamra (KhZ) and Sidi El Aidi (SED) experimental fields
28 INRA 2012 Plant Protection
Tableau 2 : Reaction of the anthracnose and the grouping pathotype of 40 Moroccan isolates of Ascochyta rabiei towards the differential lineages
Lignées différentielles
Groupes Pathotypes Nombre d’isolats ICC 12004 ILC 3279 ILC 482 Garb
1 PI 8 Ra R R S 2 PI-II 2 R S R S 3 PII 10 R R S S 4 PIII 19 R S S S 5 PIV 1 S S S S a- Réaction basée sur l’échelle de notation de 1 à 9 avec 1 à 3 = R (Résistant) et 4 à 9 = S (Sensible), b- Variété locale hautement sensible à la maladie (Garbanzo).
Pathological and genetic diversity of This high genetic diversity could be explained Ascochyta rabiei associated to chickpea by the existence of a genetic recombination which plays an important role in the evolution Five groups of virulence of Ascochyta rabiei of the pathogenic as well as by a high genetic were revealed among which four represent flow and an exchange of genes by migration pathotypes already identified in other studies between all the populations. (PI, PII, PII and PIV) (Table 1). The analysis of the geographical distribution of these pathotypes revealed that the pathotype PIII, Development of direct highly virulent, is the most dominant and is injection sprayer present in all the regions prospected. The Chaouia region was the most heterogeneous Research works on the development of with the presence of 4 pathotypes. This spraying material by direct injection were study can constitute a basic tool for the completed during this campaign by the establishment of programs of control of this development of an electronic controller disease and for the selection of cultivars with for spraying regulation by direct injection sustainable resistance. on the basis of an electronic PIC-Ready1 and PLC 18F84 type, Microchip brand. Besides, the analysis of Ascochyta rabiei The subjection of pumps (of pressure and Moroccan populations structure in injection) was made with two modules of comparison with international populations PWM. The controller was implemented with (Syrian and Turkish) by the microsatellite the injection with a constant flow of dilution markers reveals a high total genotype (constant carrier flow) led on the basis of two diversity within the whole populations. The buckles of regulation allowing, on the one major part of this variability (84%) is due hand, the management of the rotation speed to the intra populations diversity which of the main pump, and on the other hand, the indicates that the heterogeneousness of these adjustment of the dose applied in real time. disease populations is independent of their geographical origin.
Activity Report 29 The aqueous extract of rosebay leaves Fruit trees integrated presents a low toxicity towards chrysope protection larva; The two reference products used in these Control of post-harvest diseases trials (deltametrine and fenthion) have a clear In a trial of evaluation of the efficiency effect on the target auxiliaries. of various antifungal products against un jour avant traitement deux jours après traitement six jours après traitement Penicillium italicum, agent of citrus fruits 100 90 80 ce
blue decay in post-harvest, it was shown that: en 70 és 60 50
With the treatment with Philabuster controls ag e de pr 40 30 cent
ur 20
at 100% in vivo fungus with a 2 ppm dose, po 10 0 only 75% of inhibition is obtained compared œufs larves adultes œufs larves adultes œufs larves adultes T EAU T EAP MELIA T FENTHION
with the same in vitro dose. The CI50 is Traitements appliqués sur les trois stades suivies situated between 0,026 and 0,23 ppm; Figure 30 : Effect of the aqueous extract of melia For Orthophénylphenol, the total inhibition pulps on the different stages of the green chrysope in of the fungal colony is obtained by exceeding comparison to reference chemical product 5000 ppm with a CI50 of 16,4 to 74,5 ppm; As for Imazalil, a 100% inhibition is affirmed Role of the variety and clone firmness on at 0,2 ppm with a CI50 from 0,025 to 0,067 the fruits resistance to ceratitis infestations ppm; Trials were made in fruit orchard in the Gharb In the case of Thiabendazole, P. italicum region on different clones of three varieties control was achieved from 12 ppm with a Navel, Clementine and Maroc late, in order CI50 from 1,51 to 5,89 ppm; to develop a package of integrated control of Myclobutanil showed in vitro a good ceratitis (Ceratitis capitata). The conclusions efficiency for blue decay control at 3 ppm. obtained showed that, on the one hand, the In the in vivo conditions, the total inhibition resistance reaction to the insect’s bites differs of the fungus was achieved between 3 and according to the variety and the clone studied, 10 ppm with a CI50 from 0,13 to 0,47 ppm. on the other hand, the laying of the ceratite females depends essentially on the fruits Development of biopesticides characteristics particularly the firmness factor Research works on the potential effects of and the intrinsic nature of the fruit clone. bio-insecticides with large scope of action on fauna showed: Biodiversity of the auxiliary fauna In laboratory conditions, an absence of the associated with citrus fruits orchards toxicity of the aqueous extracts of hot pepper The study of the specific wealth of the natural (Capsicum annuum) fruits and of melia pulps enemies associated to citrus fruits orchards (Melia azedarach) on the green chrysope gave the following results: (Chrysoperla carnea) was noted; In natural conditions, the aqueous extract of melia The most abundant parasitoides are (M. azedarach) pulps does not affect the populations Aphytis hispanicus, Aphytis lepidosaphes, of Coccinella septempunctata (Figure 31); Aphytis melinus, Aphidius spp., Cales
30 INRA 2012 Plant Protection
noacki, Comperiella bifasciata, Leptomastix cloning of the small groups containing a set dactylopii, Citrostichus phyllocnistoides and of Moroccan strains from different regions Semielacher petiolatus; and years of isolation. The strain originating Four species really contribute to the decrease of from Agrouray, (isolated in 2007), is the link some pests populations. These are A. Melinus for with the rest of the strains. Aonidiella aurantii, C. noack for Aleurothrixus Genotype results show that the Moroccan strains floccosus and C. phyllocnistoides and S. do not belong to the same clone complex and petiolatus for Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton; are also very far from the Italian strain studied. The Psyttalia concolor parasitism on the ceratitis is without real impact; Integrated weed control in olive groves The most abundant predators are Adalia Research to elaborate a strategy of integrated decempunctata, Aphidoletes Aphidimyza, weed control in olive tree groves in Taza Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinella septempunctata, region made evident the following results: Cybocephalus spp., Episyrphus balteatus, Glyphosate application at a 1080 g/ha dose Rodolia cardinalis, Rhyzobius lophantae, allowed a 96% reduction of the density of Scymnus spp. and Stethorus punctillu. weed populations; The acarids populations are essentially The use of the glyphosate at 360 and 720g limited by the S. punctilllum ladybird S. and m.a/ha dose with a porridge of 200 l allowed some species of the kind Euseius, Iphiseius, a better efficiency for adventitious control; Phytoseiulus, Neoseiulus, Typhlodromus. Bean intercropped culture in olive tree groves Development of Erwinia control allowed a very good control of weeds and improved olives productivity and quality. strategies Pseudomonas savastanoï pv. savastanoï, a The cartography elaborated during this campaign bacteria which threatens olive tree groves. for the Erwinia disease in the apple tree and The preliminary study of the biodiversity of quince tree orchards shows, in a general way, a P. savastanoï population, agent responsible low expression of this bacteria in the majority of for olive tree tuberculosis, made evident: the contaminated zones after the unfavourable weather conditions. In some humid localities of The presence of the disease in Meknes- Ifrane-Midelt and Azilal, the attacks concerned Tafilalt and Fes-Boulemane regions. about 70% of the orchards. However, the disease High infestations in Taounate were noted was absent along the axis Meknes-Ouazanne- with incidence levels reaching 100%. Chaouen. The disease affects all olive tree varieties Resistance test of Erwinia amylovora population, planted in these regions namely the Moroccan isolated since 2007, year of appearance of the Picholine, Menara and Haouzia. bacterial fire, showed a strong resistance of some strains to streptomycin. This could be explained The presence of this bacteria was confirmed by the origin of this population from the countries both at the biochemical and the molecular levels. where the use of the streptomycin was authorized; Four strains isolated from P. savastanoi Typological analysis of the MLVA profiles tumours showed characteristics belonging to [Multi-Locus Variable - number tandem the Pantoea agglomerans species. repeat (vntr) Analysis] reveal one group
Activity Report 31 Toxic activity of natural and synthesized Enrichment of the collection by 9 new bacterial strains antagonist to V. dahliae. The molecules Verticillium dahliea biochemical characterization of these strains revealed their links with Bacillus kind among Research on the toxic activity of natural which six species were identified; and synthesized molecules of Verticillium dahliea, causal agent of the verticilliose, The study of the effect of two bacterial strains made evident (Figures 32 and 33): on V. dahliae sporulation in a soil beforehand disinfected, revealed a progressive decrease of nombre de rameaux the initial inoculum until total disappearance 16 of spores after a month of analysis. 14 Pichol-Maroc 12 Haouz-Maroc 10 Pichol-France Integrated control of the black cochineal 8 Ménara-Maroc
6 VarCh-Chypre (mealybug) in Essaouira region 4 VarSlo-Slovénie Study of the black cochineal (Saissetia oleae) 2 development cycle and of the different 0 jours techniques of control of this pest shows the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 interest in practising an integrated control in Figure 31 : Effect of the natural toxin on olive tree varieties Essaouira region (Figure 34) mainly through: Pruning practice to reduce wintering larva nombre de rameaux 16 populations in January, February and March;
14 Pichol-Maroc 12 Haouz-Maroc
10 Pichol-France
8 Ménara-Maroc
6 VarCh-Chypre
4 VarSlo-Slovénie
2
0 jours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Figure 32 : Effect of the synthesized toxin on olive tree varieties The high phytotoxicity of the LI7 molecule among 6 synthesized molecules esters based evaluated on Figure 33 : Diagram of the integrated control of the (mealybug) black cochineal on olive trees in Essaouira region the small cuttings compared to the natural toxin; The natural parasitism which is active during Determination of the minimal concentration of all the year and can reach 70% cochineal toxicity as well as the classification of 20 olive population mortality from March to September; tree varieties representing the main countries of the Mediterranean region according to a gradient Pesticides use is recommended, in case of severe attacks, namely in July when the of behaviour for toxic substance according to development optima of mobile larva of the molecules, concentrations and time. first one and the second stage meet. These two stages are responsible for the Biological control of olive tree verticilliose infestation scattering from an organ to the Research on the antagsonists of the other and from an olive tree to another one. verticilliose agent was pursued by:
32 INRA 2012 Plant Protection
An efficient control of this parasite is possible Control of date palm with a treatment glyphosate-based at doses Bayoud from 15 to 20 g/ha applied to an early stage of the cuscute (Before blooming). Antifungal activity of synthesized Bio-pesticides for crops protection and substances environment preservation. Different experiments are fulfilled in INRA with In vitro comparison of the antifungal the aim of evaluating antimicrobial and insecticidal activity of 8 synthesized molecules derived properties of different essential oils and of aqueous from benzimidazoles and of a fungicide and alcoholic extracts. In this objective: (Methylthiophanate) on V. dahliea, agent Essential oils of the oregano (Origanum of the olive tree verticilliose and Fusarium compactum), thyme (Thymus ciliatus) and oxysporum f.sp. albedinis, responsible for date coriander (Coriandrum sativum) showed an palm Bayoud, shows significant differences inhibitive effect of Erwinia amylovora superior according to the concentrations and the or equal to that of streptomycin (Figure 35). target fungus. Some molecules presented an inhibition percentage reaching 50% while the The aqueous extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella reference fungicide causes a total inhibition. foenumgraecum) and methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) and the cistus ladanifer (Cistus lanadiferus) showed a very interesting Integrated control of antifungal activities against Penicillium Italicum. Origanum elongatum distillate showed a cuscute in Tadla total insecticidal effect against aphids Aphis craccivora and Aphis pomi.
The control of the cuscute (Cuscuta suaveolens Intervalles de toxicité Ser.) can be done within an integrated control 100 é
it 80 strategy in highly infested land parcels. These al 10,22 7 X -
60 2 + 15,3 2 = 0,98 conclusions follow a study carried out on the 3 X R Y = -0,5 cuscute associated with sugar-beet in Tadla ag e de mort 40 Toxicité forte cent
ur té e 20 ci region with the following main results: Po Toxi oyenn Toxicité nulle m 0 One biological cycle Spring – Summer of the 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 cuscute germinating by the end of February Concentration du distillat en % (V/V) and fructifying by the end of May - beginning Figure 35 : Insecticidal effect of oregano distillate on of June, and coinciding with a phase of two species of aphids Aphis craccivora and Aphis pomi intense development of the crop; C. Suaveolens is very polyphage parasitic on about thirty species of weeds belonging to 15 botanical families; With the exception of the onion and some species of Asparagus, the cuscute does not affect monocotyledones particular poaceae; Late sowing and plan surface irrigation create favourable conditions to the cuscute development;
Activity Report 33 Animal production
In order to control artificial insemination Towards a control of the at Boujaad ewe, determination of the pre- artificial insemination of ovulatory LH peaks at ewes synchronized by FGA sponges (20 mg, intervet) followed by the local sheep and goat injection of two PMSG (300 vs 400 UI) doses was fulfilled. Artificial insemination at ewes by The study of the preservation effect during the fresh semen at 0,8 x 109 spc/ml in two times March-July on the sperm quality of the ram and 55h after withdrawal of the sponge the Boujaâd in fresh (5°C vs 15°C) and in frozen examination of which by ELISA SANDWICH conditions was fulfilled under different revealed that 58% of the ewes were gestating concentrations (0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 1,2 and 1,4 and have an average concentration of PAGs of 1x109 sperm cells/ml), and of dilieurs (Milk 2,67 ng/ml. As for ewes not gestating, they had and egg Tris-Jaune). The results showed that: average concentrations of 0,3 ng/ml. • the mass motility improved by at least 1x109 sperm Furthermore, the study of proteins associated cells/ml from May and the individual motility in with the gestation at the ewe was fulfilled by the egg Tris/jaune is raised in a highly significant way use of a commercial ELISA kit at Sardi ewes from with regard to the one reached in milk; private breeding. Results showed that commercial • the individual motility after freezing falls kit displays a lower concentration of 0,3 ng/ml and variel from 84 to 55%; and a maximal value of 2,1 ng/ml in the 18th • the temperature of 15°C provides better day after service. In the 30th day of gestation, this preservation when concentration is between kit showed a minimal concentration of 0,7 ng/ 1 and 1,2 109 of spc/mL and 0,8 and 1. ml and a maximal concentration of 2,9 ng/ml. 109 of spc/mL at 5°C. The kit results will be used as reference for the developing kits at INRA. For goad reproduction, the work entitled ‘Fertility rate of artificial insemination after induction and stimulation of reproductive bucks effects in local goat of Northern area during seasonal anoestrus’ allowed to set up a protocol of reproduction control Photo 25 : Preservation in fresh enabling to reach successful rates in artificial insemination (AI) equivalent to the classic hormonal protocols. Hence, the introduction of sexually active male, by luminous treatments, with females having received a progestating treatment of 11 days allows reaching fertility rates of 70,0 and 72,7% respectively after an artificial insemination fulfilled on the detection of heat or two AI fulfilled 65 and 90 hours after the withdrawal of sponges and the Photo 26 : Preservation in frozen introduction of male (Table3). This protocol
34 INRA 2012 Animal Production
allows to drastically reduce the treatment cost the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebra (LV). The of the reproduction control as well as the use of characters controlled are: Thickness of dorsal hormonal substances in breeding. fat, Thickness and Surface of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. The comparison of these Tableau 3 : Heat occurrence of LH pre-ovulatory two measurement sites on the basis of their peaks and of the fertility rate after exocervical AI precision indicates that the measurements taken between the 12th and the 13th are % Chaleur % Pic LH % Fertilité better particularly for the character surface of b TS1 100 100 70,0 the longissimus dorsi muscle with correlations b TS2 100 100 72,7 higher than 0,85 between the in vivo a Témoin 100 100 86,9 measurements and on the carcass (Table 4).
To guarantee high success rates in AI, results Tableau 4 : Correlation coefficients between allowed to recommend the dilutent Ovidil for characters measured in vivo on lambs and post- the preservation at room T° of the caprine mortem on carcass in the two sites semen. This diluent allows to obtain excellent Measurement Thickness of Thickness of Muscle results until 8 hours of preservation with a site dorsal fat muscle (LD) surface LD 4,5 mass motility and living sperm cells rate 12th – 13th 0,88*** 0,79** 0,92*** of 71%. At a 4°C temperature, the Ovidil chops diluent, a synthetic one, fruit of collaboration 3rd – 4th LV 0,85*** 0,75** 0,61** with Namur University (Belgium), guarantees a ** : p<0,01 *** : p<0,001. good quality preservation of the caprine semen.
3 Characterization of cattle 2,5 e 2 breeding in terminal crossing ssal 1,5 The terminal crossing (TC) of cattle gained a é ma
ilit 1 big importance on the national scale thanks
Mot 0,5 to the bonus established in 2010, at the birth of calves stemming from this crossing 0 Ovidil INRA 96 Lait Ovipro with imported meat races. In this scope, Dilueurs a study was made in Doukala region to characterize the breeding practising the TC. Figure 35 : Sperm Mass motility diluted at 600.106 The preliminary results of the study showed of spermatozoon/ml after 72 hours that the TC became an attractive activity for breeders, including the dairy farmers. In fact, for 93% of the farms, the TC with meat races Comparison of 2 sites of in constitutes the main activity. The average size of the bovine breeding is 27 heads which vivo measurement of carcass are of the type breeder-fattener with a mixed production (milk and meat) in 80% of the farms quality of lambs of Timahdite against 20% specialized in meat production. ovine races and INRA180 The genetic structure of dairy cows is characterized During this year, we carried out measurements by the predominance of the crossings (78%), in two different sites: measurements between improved pure dairies (19%) and local (3%). the 12 th and the 13th chop and between The main races improved dairy bred in the
Activity Report 35 region are Holstein (38%), la Montbéliarde (31%) and the Simmental (23%). The study Functioning of ovine also showed that the choice of insemination fattening meat races is done by the breeder in 60% of the cases and by the inseminator in The study of the functioning of ovine 40% of the cases, but also according to the fattening consisted in the characterization of availability of the semen. Also, 89% of the lambs in 12 private at Sidi Bettach region. farm cows are used in TC against 11% used It allowed to identify the different types of as pure dairy races (Figure 37), and that 47% lambs fattened and marketed in the big cities of the farmers declare that they can keep of Rabat and Casablanca. The first results the heifers stemming from the TC with meat showed that breeding is the main activity at races for breeding. It was recommended 55% of the farms and that the ovine race to pilot closely this activity to ensure its is dominant (61%) followed by the bovine sustainability and its success while protecting (28%) and the caprine (11%). achievements of the milk sector in Morocco. Feed of the fattening lambs is essentially based on barley concentrate as the main 11% ingredient (16%), followed by corn and commercial feed with respectively 15 and 8%. The sale of the fattened lambs is made in 64% of the cases for the unit, 45% in weight and 45% in sets. The fattening products are sold by 73% of the breeders to the butchers
89% (45%) to wholesale butchers (36%) and to supermarkets (9%). Vaches déstinées au CI
Vaches déstinées à la PL
Figure 36 : Distribution of cows intended for milk Use of proteaginous crops production and for the terminal crossing for lambs feeding The study of the effect of the ration containing lupine grains, at 23% MS of the ration, in comparison with bean and sunflower cake on the performances of lambs showed that: the three rations tested were iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous. The daily average gain of animals having received lupine was 176 g/d and that of the animals having received the bean or sunflower cake was 147 g/d. The average weight of the carcass allowed by lupine grains exceeds by 1 kg that one allowed by the bean and by 2 kg the one allowed by sunflower cake. The three sources of additional proteins allowed a similar Photo 27 : Conserving in fresh state of fattening. It was concluded that the incorporation of lupine grains in the ration
36 INRA 2012 Animal Production
improves growth performance compared to 1600
the two other protein sources tested. r) 1400
ou 20PEG 1200 40PEG 1000
iè re (g /j OPEG Characterization of feed it 800 600 ti on la and effect on animal 400 oduc production Pr 200 0 The study of the productivity and the 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 Jour de lactation nutritional quality of lucerne in Chaouia conditions showed promising results. In Figure 37 : Evolution of milk production by goat under PEG effect fact, with a 2500 feet/ha density and with a supplement irrigation during prolonged The work entitled «Characterization of the drought periods, plant of arborescent lucerne nutritional value of an ecotype collection reached a height of more than 2 meters from of Hedysarum in the natural pastures of the three years of age. The productivity of the North of Morocco» studied Sulla fodder value at a collection of 8 Hedysarum sp ecotypes. edible foliage from 1,4 and 2,6 kg MS/foot, Results showed that the ecotypes studied which is 51% of the biomass produced. have a high nutritional interest. In fact, they Content of raw proteins was at an average showed a protein content superior to 200 g/ of 21% MS, that of total fibres (NDF) was kg of DM, and a content in ethereal extract 36% MS and that of the mineral matter 7,5% exceeding 20 g/kg of DM. On the other MS. Like the foliage of arborescent lucerne hand, the analyzed ecotypes showed a high is very attractive, the digestibility of the dry in vitro digestibility of the dry and organic matter foliage is between 70 and 80%. matter (Figure 39); these latter vary from 61,29 to 68,64% and from 67,93 to 73,55% The work entitled «Effect of polyethylene glycol on the production and the quality of respectively. 90 the goat’s milk fed by a ration with high DMS (%MS) DMO (%MS) condensed tannins content» showed that the 80 supply of orally 20 g/day/goat of polyethylene 70 glycol to goats receiving a food ration rich in
o (% MS) 60 condensed tannins allows to limit their anti- tr 50 digestive effect and can produce more milk é in vi (1064 vs. 809g/d; figure 38) and to improve 40 ib ilit its dietary quality by increasing the desirable st 30 content in fatty acid (46,56 vs 38,75%) Di ge 20 and unsaturated (37,03% vs 21,43%) and 10 reducing the rate of saturated fatty acid 0 (62,96% vs 78,57%,). This recommendation E2 E20 E21 E22 E5 E6 E6B E7 has a great importance for the breeding of Ecotypes d’Hédysarum the North for which feed is based on the Figure 38 : In vitro digestibility of dry and organic use of pastoral resources rich in condensed matter (%) of the Hedysarum sp. collection from tannins. North Morocco region pastures (with standard deviation).
Activity Report 37 Rural Economy and Sociology
Prix économique de l’eau d’irrigation (Dh/M3) The bio-economic models, 1,70 1,65 a powerful tool for water 1,60 1,55 resource management at 1,50 1,45 the watershed level 1,40 1,35 SEPOCT NOVDEC JANFEB MARAPP MAYJUN JULAUG The main results of these models show Figure 40 : Evolution of irrigation water economic in important differences of water economy and Tadla basin during an average year prices among agricultural territorial units. Hence, In Tadla case, the demand of water Concerning the added value achieved for irrigating crops is relatively low from by the Tadla basin and estimated at 2.8 the beginning of the agricultural campaign Billion DH, the part of each agricultural until February. From March until August, zone and for all the crop productions, this demand becomes more and more without taking into consideration the higher and reaches a maximum in May with transformation and the conditioning of 222.87 Mm3. The total demand of water for agricultural production, is shown below irrigating crop is 1183.94 Mm3. It is satisfied (Figure 41). at 71.3% by surface water and at 28.7% by underground water. Répartition de la valeur ajoutée nette par zone agricole Bassin du Tadla
Demande en eau d’irrigation en Millions de M3 250 Zones agricoles 11% 7% UTA11 200 22% UTA12 150 UTA21 100 UTA22 50 UTA31 0 SEPOCT NOVDEC JANFEB MARAPP MAYJUN JULAUG UTA32 43% Figure 39 : Evolution of the demand for irrigation water 3% in Tadla basin during an average year 14% Figure 41 : Distribution of the neat added value by Concerning water economic, which reflects agricultural zone in Tadla basin the scarcity of water resource, it is noticed that it increases from April to September, UTA11: territorial unity large scale and decreases with the first rainfall coinciding hydraulics/ Beni Moussa, UTA12: territorial generally with October. Average irrigation unity large scale hydraulics / Beni Amir, water economy price calculated by the model UTA21: territorial unity rainfed and private for Tadla basin as 1,55 DH for one cubic meter. pumping/ Irrigated, UTA22: territorial unity
38 INRA 2012 Rural Economy and Sociology
rainfed and private pumping/ Bour, UTA31: the type of the farm. Besides, these prices territorial unity Disr Irrigated, UTA32: remain low with regard to the other prices territorial unity Dir/rainfed. of the other modes of access to water, what The territorial unity of the big hydraulics can be explained by the fact that these «Beni Moussa UTA11» contributes at 43% farms behave as if the resource is unlimited, of this added value, that is the equivalent of because there is no limiting constraint on 1.2 billion DH, while its area represents only underground resources, which makes it 21% of the cultivated land. On the contrary, necessary to take into account the effective the territorial unity «Bour UTA22» occupies scarcity of the resource through taxation of 39% of the cultivated area and represents the underground water. only 22% of the total added value of the For Massa traditional, Issen traditional and whole Tadla Basin. Sector G1 perimeters which use surface For the Souss basin, it is noticed that in Massa water, it is noticed that economic prices are Modern Public, Issen Modern Public and high for small, medium and large size farms, Sebt Alguerdane perimeters, which combine which indicates that enhancing water value the use of surface and underground water, does not depend on the types of farms for the large farms have the highest economic this way of access to water, but depends on benefits, which means that the large farms the production system and the agricultural do not enhance water resource value better zone concerned. in comparison with the other kind of farms. These results confirm the scarcity of water at Concerning Massa modern private, sector Souss basin. In fact, groundwater ressource Souss traditional, Souss private and S.A. are limited even during a normal year, (-6) modern public, which use underground Mm3 for Chtouka acquifer and (-54 Mm3) water, it is noticed that there is no variation for the Souss acquifer. This situation becomes of water economic benefits whatever is more difficult during years of drought.
Tableau 5 : Water resource value enhancing by different types of farms at Souss basin
Less than 3 ha Between 3 and 5 ha Between 5 and 10 ha Between 10 and 20 ha More than 20 ha
Massa modern public 1.44 1.36 1.33 1.14 1.50 Issen modern public 1.60 1.46 1.24 1.37 1.65 Sebt Al Guerdane 0.50 0.45 0.73 0.66 1.08 Massa modern private 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 Souss traditional 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 S.A. modern public 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Souss private 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 Massa traditional 2.39 3.31 6.06 1.64 3.15 Issen traditional 0.41 0.48 0.29 0.41 2.95 GI Sector 1.11 0.72 0.98 0.31 0.54
Economic price of water by type of farm and by mode of access to water
Activity Report 39 The «Conception an Local animal genetic accompaniment approach» resources: a national and «Cost-Benefit» analysis, heritage to be protected two important stages for the by the public policies
success of any reconversion: This work is done within the research project case of the localized irrigation «NextGen» sponsored by EU cooperation. It consists of analyzing political and economic within the climate change mechanisms governing the development of breeding the main bovine, ovine and caprine context species in Morocco and their implications The objective of this research is to evaluate regarding the management of local genetic both financial and economic profitability resources. of the reconversion to drip irrigation, by The results showed that choices and strategies considering potato and onion farming in El developed in Morocco since the independence Hajeb region. do not seem to favour an evolution towards Globally, results show that potato farming is the development of local breeds. On the more profitable than onion farming according contrary, regression of these adapted local to the two options considered, on the one breeds raises problems and difficulties in the hand, and that the drip irrigation mode leads future, marked by climate change, borders to profitability superior to that of the surface opening and globalization. These strategies irrigation mode for both crops, on the other may have negative consequences and very hand. These results can be explained by high economic, social and ecological costs. the importance of the subsidies assigned to In this regard, programs of selection, the localized irrigation within the PMV and preservation in situ and ex situ and of leading to strengthening the justification of enhancing the value of the local animal the reconversion from the traditional mode genetic resources products is imperative and of irrigation to the localized irrigation mode must be integrated within the Pilier II of the as financially and economically beneficial. Green Morocco Plan.
Tableau 6 : Rate of internal profitability (RIP) of the options according to the crops
Irrigation / crop modes RIP financial analysis RIP (Economic analysis)
Potato 39% 33% Localized Irrigation Onion 35% 29%
Potato 26% 28% Gravitational Irrigation Onion 21% 20%
*The financial analysis uses market prices; ** The economic analysis takes into account market failures and resources opportunity costs
40 INRA 2012 Rural Economy and Sociology
Tableau 7 : Current situation of the local animal genetic resources (AGR)
Races Recent tendencies Risk of abandoning Observations Bovine species Most spread, number in continuous regression and is - Atlas Decreasing Not with risk subject to crossing. Its number is regressing and a preservation program - Oulmes-Zaer Decreasing With risk is under progress. Completely disappeared due to its crossing with milk - Meknes Disappeared races of Black pie kind. Its number is reduced and can be a variant to Atlas - Tidili Stable Not with risk Brown. Ovine species Rustic race which adapts to all regions and is used in Timahdite Decreasing Not with risk industrial crossing. - The most represented and most appreciated by Sardi Increasing Not with risk consumers.
Beni Guil Decreasing With risk Competed by Ouled Jellal race in regions it populates
Shows important growth capacities and its number is Boujaad Increasing Not with risk increasing Progressive abandoning of its breeding due to milk Beni Ahssen Decreasing High risk breeding in the region Consanguinity in cradle area and crossing in the D’man Stable Not with risk other areas Was known only in 2010 and since that date it is White race - - subject to selection programs. Caprine species Barcha - Not with risk Known since 2007 Draa Stable Not with risk Populates South oases and was known in 2007 Atlas caprine - Not with risk Known since 2007
• Households below poverty line are generally The reference situation, a landless (75%: case of Tendrara RC) or study that can’t be ignored households possessing an agricultural land parcel of less than 10ha, with a small herd for monitoring economic of less than 50 heads. The leaders of these households suffer from the absence of any and social indicators diversification of their income (53% of the poor A survey made at 330 households from 11 rural households of Ouled Sidi Abdelhakem RC have communities and covering various types of no secondary activity). They are also households pastoral fields of Oriental Morocco high plateaus which reserve of 65% of their expenses to food showed that: goods. Besides, the average net income of these households is about 9903 Dh/year. It varies from • 36% of the households are below poverty line one rural community to another. Its minimum which is 3569 DH. This percentage varies from is recorded at the households of Bni Guil RC a rural communities to another. Ouled Ghzial (4437 Dh/Year/household) while its maximum RC presents the highest percentage of the is noticed at the households of El Ateuf CR households below poverty line with 63% while (27120 Dh/Year/household). Ateuf RC presents the lowest one with 10%.
Activity Report 41 Food Technology and Quality
Food-processing and Quality
Research in food-processing technology institution’s knowledge and the know-how and quality in INRA concerned the to professional groups, women associations study of the capacity to processing, to and cooperatives in order to improve their value-enhancing and to transferring the production capacities and techniques.
Tableau 8 : Main results in food-processing technology and quality.
Fields Results
• 16 pomegranate national and international varieties from Ain Taoujdate Experimental Station collection were studied Pomegranate juice for their capacity to processing as juice. A range of variety was recommended according to their technological value.
• Evaluation of the influence of the powder and the phenolic extract of two Moroccan aromatic plants namely Mentha suaveolens and Salva officinalis on the oxidative stability, during a heat treatment of oil for 8 hours showed that oil acidity increases slightly during the processing; Pomegranate juice Moulds and yeasts of olive • Analysis of moulds and yeasts isolated and identified trituration. in olives intended for trituration showed an important diversity of the mycoflore contaminating these olives, with predominance of species of the kind Penicillium representing moulds and of the kind Candida, in the case of yeasts. These latter can be exploited in biotechnology and in food-processing industry.
42 INRA 2012 Technology and Quality
• Elaborating a technology allowing to eliminate and to soften Quinoa seeds the bitterness of quinoa grains which can be consumed as couscous and bread devoid of gluten.
• Evaluation of the quality of traditional dates paste Tassabount and Toummit from the physico-chemical point of view which showed that these two pastes are identical: Dates paste humidity: 15.05 - 12.51; Water acidity: 0.59 - 0.58; Brix: 73.9 - 76.4; pH: 5.88 - 5.90; Acidity (mg citric acid / 100 g): 0.021 - 0.023.
• Study of the effect of incorporating thyme essential oil on refining goat cheese to not cooked pressed paste and the Goat milk study of the useful flora dynamics and alteration during refining time showed that acidity values in flavoured cheese are lower than those observed in witness cheese.
Photo 28 : Various products processed
Activity Report 43 Research and Development
Field Farmer School (FFS): Apple tree development at the Western a successful experiment High Atlas Six FFS on managing apple tree crop were set for improving farmers’ up in three rural communities of the Western technical level and High Atlas (Anougal, Oukaïmden and Asni). improving their income results were encouraging: • About one hundred producers and associations In order to encourage farmers to produce were trained on the production and integrated their own seeds and to use the new oat varieties, a FFS (Field Farmer School) was set protection techniques of apple tree. up around a trial at a farmer in Asjen region. • Productions at the FFS were averagely of 25 tons/ Four selected oat varieties recommended for ha, against 10 tons/ha for the peasant practice. the northwest, namely Allal, Amellal, Nasr and Tissir were tested. Obtained grain yields were able to reach 50 qx/ The caprine breeding: ha for Allal and Amellal late varieties, widely potentialities for the superior compared to yields obtained by the local varieties (Table 9). This attempt will improvement of farmers’ enable them to have seeds of plant material with good performance demonstrated in situ. income at the oases of the South (Guelmim and Assa-Zag)
The technical assistance of breeders at Guelmim and Assa-Zag for increasing ovine and caprine herds productivity and enhancing products value allowed: • Improving herds genetic structure by introduction Photo 29 : Test of oat variety propagation. of selected progenitor of local goat race Draa.
Tableau 9 : Results on oat variety propagation trial, Ouezzane, 2011-2012
Variété plants Installation /m2 Height in cm Grain/straw ratio Number of spikes/m2 Grain yield qx/ha Allal 129,6 123 0,508 167,54 50,80 Amellal 210 109 0,575 147,98 49,32 Zahri 253,7 102 0,634 262,53 39,38 Nasr 200,1 81 0,573 224,75 35,21 Moyenne 198,35 103,75 0,57 200,7 43,67
44 INRA 2012 Research and Development
• Improving breeding technics management by appropriate training and zootechnical Kits of low pressure drip and sanitary monitoring of herds. irrigation in mountainous • Enhancing goat milk value by supporting zones dairy cheese development. Tested according to an integrated eco- system approach based on the participation and interdisciplinary aspect, of drip irrigation technique were introduced at three municipalities of the South (Asgherkiss at Ait Baha, Taguenza at Amsekroud and Aguelmime at Taznakht). This technique allowed to improve crops yields (potato, hot pepper, eggplant, zucchini, lettuce, banana Photo 30 : Farmers during a field school. tree and saffron) by more than 100% and water economy by about 40%. It also contributed to improving water use efficiency and its Introduction of the fodder productivity by 200 and 100% respectively. Crops net profit varied from 10 to 20 dh/m² legumes in Souss Massa after three years of depreciation of kits cost. mountainous zones
Mixtures vetch/barley and forage peas/barley were able to fix averagely 130 and 100 kg of nitrogen/ha respectively in soils. They also enriched soil by mineral nitrogen along crops cycle. These mixtures also improved the rate of organic matter and soil content of total nitrogen, phosphor and potassium by about Photo 32 : Test of low pressure drip-to-drip irrigation 15 to 22% with regard to the initial state of soil. They also improved yield and nitrogen content, in phosphor and in potassium of Capacity building and corn farming in rotation with about 26 to 32% with regard to barley crop only. professional organization Among actions undertaken: installation of a nursery for arid and semi arid plants and aromatic and medicinal plants at Asgherkis, collection, inventory, identification and value enhancing of AMP both at Asgherkis and Taguenza, value enhancing of cactus products and by-products, identification of adaptation opportunities of Aguelmim women to the Photo 31 : Test of fodder mixtures introductions environment, garden-farming of Taguenza
Activity Report 45 women groupings and creation of women Tableau 10 : Response of wheat to various types of cooperative «Tayawine» at Asgherkis which irrigation accompanies and enhances the value of local Water Dissemination of Grain yield Water associations mission. consuming irrigation techniques (T/ha) productivity (m3/ha) Farmer’s 57 4680 1.22 practice full Doukkala 6,0 4680 1.28 irrigation deficit 5,9 3280 1.8 irrigation Farmer’s 57 4194 1.36 practice Photo 33 : Participatory approach for broadcasting full research achievements Tadla 77 4194 1.84 irrigation deficit 7,6 3020 2.51 Organic fertilization: irrigation enhancing the value of Trial plus one: a technique organic waste and manure for adapting to farmers’ and improving soil quality financial level Results of organic fertilization tests of the Trial plus one aims at demonstrating the potato at Asgherkiss showed an improvement technical and economic efficiency of every of the organic matter content in soil from improvement brought to a basic technical 1,12% to 4,17%, that is a 272% increase. itinerary. Different improvements are Nitrate content in amended soils with the integrated in a progressive way to give each compost (14,73 ppm) was superior with regard farmer the possibility to choose the optimal to the one recorded in soils amended with technological level which suits her financial dried manure (9,41ppm); which is a 56,53% capacities. The test + 1 gave very encouraging gain. Soil amended with the compost contains results in term of technical and economic 443,73 ppm of exchangeable potassium, this productivity. The implementation of a level is high compared to soils of the region. reasoned technical itinerary at the level of the Gharb area can ensure an additional economic gain from 4800 to 7600 DH/ha compared to Enhancing the value of the witness representing the technical itinerary irrigation water by the mostly followed in the region. deficit irrigation practice
Tests made in experimental fields showed the importance of deficit irrigation in the improvement of irrigation water productivity. Transferring this technique to famers was tested in real environment in Tadla and Doukkala regions for wheat, sugar Photo 34 : Trial plus one at Sidi Allal Tazi beet, corn and niora (See Table 10). experimental field
46 INRA 2012 Research and Development
date palm, olive tree, truffles and red meat Platforms of INRA sectors. Specific ecosystem management varieties: a tool to transfer plans were developed. research results Production of palm- At Sidi Allal Tazi experimental field, the results of a platform of twelve wheat varieties tree plants for the oases installed are summarized in table 11. rehabilitation Within the implementation of Morocco green plan and development of the date palm sector in particular, a national laboratory of tissue culture farming was set by INRA in 2011 for in vitro date palm propagation in Errachidia Photo 35 : Platform of 12 durum wheat and bread Regional Center. During this campaign, the wheat varieties, at Sidi Alla Tazi experimental field, laboratory was able to produce about 1000 2011-2012 plants, 6000 stocks and 6000 seedlings.
Tableau 11 : Technical results of the wheat platform installed at Sid Allal Tazi experimental field Organization of Species Varieties Yield (q/ ha) demonstration and Aguilal 48.5 Marchouch 59.0 information days Achtar 60.0 Bread wheat Rajae 57.0 More than 200 demonstration days in Amal 47.5 Arrehane 60.0 different regions of Morocco were provided Nassira 45.0 by researchers to more than 2000 farmers. Irden 45.0 These trials concerned cereals, food legumes, Amria 47.5 Durum wheat fodder crops, farm gardening, date palm, Karim 47.5 almond tree, olive tree, cactus, saffron, ovine Marouane 44.0 Chaoui 44.0 and caprine production...etc. Contribution to the elaboration of ecosystem management plans specific to date palm, olive, truffle and red meat production sectors
INRA participated with other partners to the Photo 36 : Demonstration and information day diagnosis and the participatory planning of
Activity Report 47 Communication and Documentation
Main editions Le guide du phoeniciculteur: Guide to date palm farmers a book on the practices and cultural techniques of the palm tree date palm, on the cultural and phytosanitary care, on the valuation of products and under products of the palm tree date palm. Valorisation technologique des dates: Technological valuation of dates: a work dedicated completely to the aspects of the technological valuation of dates. L’agriculture solidaire dans les éco-systèmes fragile du Maroc: The united Agriculture (Farming) in the fragile ecosystems in Morocco: a work with focus on the small agriculture (farming) in its functioning and its dynamics. L’élevage caprin : acquis de recherche, stratégie et perspectives de développement: acts of the first days of searches(researches) on goats. La prévision agro-météorologique des rendements céréaliers au Maroc : agricultural yields(efficiencies) in Morocco: this document presents the synthesis of the works made in the INRA since 1990, in the field of the operational agrométéorologie. Several media of institutional communication were published during the year 2012, such as INRA Annual Report in three languages (Arabic, French, English), the agenda 2013 and greeting cards, brochures, leaflets, posters... Photo 37 : Different documents edited by INRA in 2012
48 INRA 2012 Communication and Documentation
14 8
Scientific and technical 6 6 events
As for the previous years, INRA organized 8 and participated to scientific and technical events in order to share its agronomic research 24 achievements with the potential users for a Conseil et Comités Salons et Foires productive, sustainable, environment and Farmers school Congrès et Séminaires natural resources preserving agriculture. Journées d’information Forums et de démonstration
Figure 42 : Distribution of the scientific and technical demonstrations INRA
Photo 38 : Examples of events organized by INRA
Activity Report 49 in addition to an outfit of communication Press and media media received as inter-institutional relationship exchange with national and international research institutions. And, in order to satisfy In order to maintain a closer link with the their specific and increasing needs for new organs of the written press, audio-visual scientific publication, budgetary funds were and radio media, INRA made several granted to every Regional Center ‘CRRA’ for contacts with representatives of these latter, this purpose. particularly through press release, media coverage of the different scientific research events organized by INRA, animation of Performance of INRA television reports, interviews, in addition to central library an electronic magazine (prepared by INRA’s Documentation Unit) and disseminated by Web-news: weekly columns on current e-mail to all scientific institutions on a weekly events of Moroccan agriculture selected basis. from widely broadcast press. An E-watching newsletter (126th number with two special numbers every year) based on information 40 research tools: Alerts, RSS files, database. 10 30 10 Local database: library catalog database with 6200 references on the common documentation published and not published by INRA: • INRA database, available and can be 20 60 accessed via the web (http://webagris.inra. org.ma:120agris) or the central website:
Interviews et entretiens Emissions radiophoniques IST/Documentation/Base de données documentaries category http://www.inra. Articles de presse Emissions télé org.ma; Communiqués de presse Reportages télé • IAgridoc database to be accessed via the Figure 43 : Press and media relationship website: http://doc.inra.org.ma/agrido; • Iargania database: bibliographical database on argan tree aspects and can be accessed Documents management via the website http://doc.inra.org.ma/ argania; In 2012, INRA subscribed to 42 titles of • IINRA Publication 2005-2012 database: periodicals, all were inventoried, processed based on references of publication and compiled into a tables list widely communicated by INRA researchers. It is disseminated to the institution’s units and accessible on: http://doc.inra.org.ma/inra. inserted on INRA’s website. Also, the collection of documents of INRA central library International databases: more than 20 grew richer by the acquisition of 65 books international databases (CABI, Tropag, Agris,
50 INRA 2012 Communication and Documentation
Agricola, Sesame, Teeal) are available on 76% CD-Rom, a list of this material is on INRA Website www.inra.org.ma. 13,73% Bulletin des sommaires (Tables of contents): 10,27% a compilation of tables of contents of monthly magazines received as exchange and subscription: widely spread and available for consultation on the Web, Column IST Trafic de recherche Sites référents 4 132 visites visites 591 30 (Documentation) at www.inra.org.ma; Accès directs 5 527 visites Library consultation: more than 136 Figure 44 : Frequency of INRA website documents were borrowed from INRA consultation (40250 visitors). researchers, for their research works or their degree training course with support and assistance on bibliographical research.
Internet New hosted scientific websites related to Soil Fertility Maps, allowing access to the data on the cultivated soil fertility in Morocco are hosted in the main INRA web sit.
INRA’s Regional Websites To provide regional centers CRRA with a tool of information and communication with their respective public and to respond to the specificities of their regions, four CRRA (Meknes, Rabat, Kenitra and Agadir) received the necessary support for designing and implementing their respective Websites. Number of visitors of INRA website for 2012 increased by 19% in comparison with the same period in 2011. Visitors of the website were from 118 countries.
Photo 39 : Regional websites
Activity Report 51 Cooperation
2012, a fruitful year of national, regional and international cooperation activity
Tableau 12 : Assessment of INRA bilateral and multilateral cooperation
Cooperation Partners Field of cooperation
Universités Mohamed V, Cadi Ayad, Ibnou Toufail, Research and Research-Development, Cooperation with Abelmalek Saâdi, Hassan II, Development of olive tree, sorghum, national scientific Académie Hassan II des Sciences aromatic and medicinal plants, hygiene institutions et Techniques, Faculté de and biotechnology, environment and Médecine et de Pharmacie de food processing Rabat
Société KB group Sebaa Ayoun, Research and Research-Development Société Mostapha BENAMOUR, and technology transfer: evaluation Producteur de cactus à Rhamna, INRA – of new cereal varieties behaviour, Société SOFRANCOMA / Private sector resistance to salinity, cactus SEED- LOGIC, LLC, Société cooperation development, use of Mout Délevuré Inovag Processing, Groupe in crops fertilization in Saiss region, OCP, Société LESAFFRE Maroc, control of wheat weeds… Société Cali Maroc
Projets PORFERD, Projets dans cadre du Mécanisme Compétitif Government de Recherche Développement Research and Research-Development, partners et Vulgarisation au Maroc (MCRDV).
International relationship: African countries: Algeria, Research and technical support, Bilateral Mauritania, Senegal, Gabon, exchange of visits in order to develop cooperation Ivory Coast South-South cooperation South-South
52 INRA 2012 Cooperation
European countries: PRAD projects with France, International Research and Research-Development, CA2AFRICA project with relationship: plant protection, genetic improvement, CIRAD, Caprine project with Bilateral biotechnology, animal production and Spanish Agency for International cooperation erosion, conservation farming Cooperation and Development, ARIMINET, PCRD projects
Exchange of visits, Research- Development and Technology transfer America: USA, Canada (cerals…) and valuation of irrigation water…
Visits of Arab delegations and identification of research axis. Reception of Japanese senior volunteers Asia: United Arab Emirates and in phytopathology and control of Saudi Arabia, Japan, Korea pesticides and diseases. Project “Korea Africa Food & Agriculture Cooperation initiative in Biotechnology”
BID, ACSAD, OADA, AAAID, Consortium Agreement Crop Regional Monitoring as an E-agriculture Training, Research and Research- cooperation tool in developing countries Development, VITO ; SDLO ; UMIL ; JRC ; CAAS ; AIFER; JAAS ; MEMR
Agronomic research, exchange of visits and achievement of common International ICARDA, FAO, AIEA, AFRA, interest studies (Maps of agriculture soil organizations CNESTEN, COI, IPNI suitability, use of nuclear techniques in promotion, conservation of genetic resources & food processing).
Photo 40 : Foreign delegations in cooperation and work visits to INRA
Activity Report 53 Management of human and financial resources
Human resources Missions and participation to scientific events Staff : 161 missions abroad were fulfilled by In 2011, staff number was of 1065 agents, from managers and researchers to 31 countries. which 39 were deduced (29 retired foer age They concerned participation to meetings and limit, 5 deaths and 5 other vacancies. During workshops, conferences and international and the same year 2011, no new recruitments regional events on various topics of interests took place. With 1 reinstatement, the staff for INRA (Figure 48). number in 2012 was 1027 agents in 2012. Human capacity building Promotions : This training concerned all staff categories. 161 agents were promoted, approximately The topics concerned auditing, innovation 16% of INRA total staff number. These management, geographical information promotions affected 130 agents and 31 systems, bio-computing, biotechnology etc. agents on secondment. Other trainings for skill development and competence in foreign languages, computer Staff status : sciences, desktop publishing, accounting, continue to be granted to INRA staff as in Two projects of staff status amendment previous years. were elaborated and were submitted to the administrative supervision. A project 69% concerning scientific staff status, and another one aiming to extend measures of current dahirs and decrees to all INRA staff. Degree courses : 19% In 2012, 42 agents followed degree courses 2% 3% 3% as follows: 38 Doctorates, 2 Master and 2 2% 2% Bachelor. Maroc Etats-Unis Training abroad: Belgique Royaume Uni Chine France
in Europe (70%) and were financed by bilateral Italie cooperation and multilateral cooperation. These training courses are given according to Figure 45 : Distribution of degree courses by host host countries in figure 47. countries
54 INRA 2012 Gestion des Ressources Humaines et Financières
The investment budget is 101.000.000,00 Financial resources Dh, as follows :
Mission support: 35.423.095,00 Dh; • Central Administration: 11.822.000,00 Dh; 19% 11% 8% • Regional centers of agronomic research: 44.054.905,00 Dh;
8% • Agronomic search-training project within Berkane and Meknes agropoles: 27% 4.000.000,00 Dh; 3% France Sri Lanka Jordanie • Maps of soil fertility project: 5.700.000,00 Dh. Espagne Egypte Chine Pays-Bas Tunisie Corée du Sud These subsedies have been used for the Australie Allemagne Afrique du Sud following operations :
Italie Maroc CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION Figure 46 : Distribution of training courses by destination Buildings • Administration buildings renovation 8% 11% 6% 300.000,00 Dh; 6% 14% 5% • Layout, arrangement and installation 240.000,00 Dh; 4% Materials
16% • Purchase of office equipment and furniture 3% 8% 1% 2% 40.000,00 Dh;
Tunisie Liban Ethiopie Information, training and communication Espagne Turquie Corée du Sud
France Allemagne Finlande Information system : Chine Inde Qatar • Purchase of IT equipment 1.100.000,00 Dh; Jordanie Italie Uruguay • Purchase of software 500.000,00 Dh; Belgique Hongrie Autres • Subscription and documentation 822.000,00 Dh; Egypte Training 1.811.000,00 Dh; Figure 47 : Distribution of missions by destination Communication The functioning budget granted to INRA in • Publishing, seminars, workshops, membership 2012 was 171.855.451,00 Dh as follows: to organizations 7.009.000,00 Dh. • Staff expenses: 168.995.024,00Dh. Central Administration Total • Equipment expenses: 2.860.427,00 Dh. 11.822.000,00 Dh
Activity Report 55 REGIONAL CENTERS • Purchase of workshop material, equipment and others 30.000,00 Dh; Buildings • Purchase of audiovisual equipment • Buildings construction 2.551.980,00 Dh; 910.500,00 Dh.; • Buildings renovation 1.940.000,00 Dh; Regional centers total • Layout, arrangement and installation (*) 31.949.180,00 Dh 1.155.000,00 Dh; • Fence construction and arrangement 4.770.000,00 Dh; SOIL FERTILITY MAPS PROJECT Equipment works Materials • Wells digging and equipment • Purchase of scientific and of laboratory 520.000,00 Dh; materials 1.900.000,00 Dh; • Glasshouse construction and equipment • Purchase of IT equipment 1.100.000,00 Dh; 4.555.040,00 Dh; • Software purchase 300.000,00 Dh; • Irrigation networks arrangement of 50.000,00 Dh; Supplies • Automobile park 1.000.000 00 Dh; Materials • Purchase of fertilizers and chemical products • Purchase of scientific and laboratory 1.400.000,00 Dh; materials 10.458.460,00 Dh; • Purchase of farm implements 3.725.000,00 Dh; Total soil fertility maps project • Purchase of irrigation equipment 948.200,00 Dh; 5.700.000,00 Dh. • Purchase of meteorological equipment 335.000,00 Dh;
98%
Dépenses personnel
Dépenses de matériel
2%
Figure 48 : Distribution of operating budget
56 INRA 2012 Gestion des Ressources Humaines et Financières
INPUTS AND SERVICES: 47.528. 820,00 Dh; TOTAL GENERAL 101.000.000,00 Dh.
(*): inputs and services not included.
AGRONOMIC RESEARCH-TRAINING PROJETC WITHIN BERKANE AND MEKNES AGROPOLES • Payment for the achievement of Meknes Agropole. • Purchase of materials. • Purchase of scientific and laboratory equipments 3.100.000,00 Dh; • Purchase of computer materials 280.000,00 Dh; • Purchase of office materials and furniture 500.000,00 Dh; • Purchase of audiovisual equipments 120.000,00 Dh; Total agronomic research-training project 4.000.000,00 Dh;
Administration centrale Achat de matériel agricole
Construction de bâtiments Achat de matériel d’irrigation 11,70% 47,06% 7,25% Aménagement de bâtiments Achat de matériel météorologique 1,92%
1,14% Agencement, aménagement Autres matériels 0,51% et installation 4,51% Creusement et équipement Projet de recherche formation 0,05% de puits 10,35% Construction et équipement Projet cartes de fertilite des sols 3,69% de serres 5,64% 3,96% 0,93% 0,94% 0,33% Aménagement de réseaux Intrants et services d’irrigation
Achat de matériel scientifique et de laboratoire
Figure 49 : Distribution of capital budget according to fulfilled operations
Activity Report 57 Acronymes
AAAID : Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development ACSAD : Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Drylands AFC: : Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances AIEA : Agence Internationale de l’Energie Atomique ANDZOA : Agence Nationale pour le Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l’Arganier BID : Banque Islamique de Développement CGMS_MA : Crop Growth Monitoring System - Maroc CIRAD : Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement COI : Conseil Oléicole International CPG : Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse CRP2 : Centre de Ressources de Pilier II du PMV CRRA : Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique DCO : Demande Chimique en Oxygéne DEFR : Direction de l’Enseignement de la Formation et de la Recherche DMN : Direction de la Météorologie Nationale DSS : Direction de la Stratégie et des Statistiques ELISA : Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ENAM : Ecole Nationale de l’Agriculture de Meknès ENFI : Ecole Nationale Forestière d’Ingénieurs ETC : Crop Evapotranspiration FAO : Food and Agricultural Organization FEM : Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial FFS : Field Farm School FGA : Fibrinogen alpha Chain protein GPS : Global Positionning System IAV : Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II ICARDA : International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ISSR : Information System Security Representative
58 INRA 2012 Acronymes
IST : Information Scientifique et Technique MLVA : Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis (ou Analyse de plusieurs locus) MO : Matière Organique MS : Matière Sèche NDF : Neutral Detergent Fiber OADA : Organisation Arabe pour le Développement Agricole OCP : Office Chérifien des Phosphates ONSSA : Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits Alimentaires ORMVA : Office Régional de Mise en Valeur Agricole PAG : Protéines Associées à la Gestation PAM : Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales PCRD : Programme-cadre de Recherche et de Développement PDGES : Plan de Gestion Écosystémique PEG : Polyéthyléne Glycol PH : Potentiel Hydrogène PICCPMV : Projet d’Intégration du Changement Climatique dans la mise en œuvre du Plan Maroc Vert PLPCDRP-HPO : Projet de Lutte Participative Contre la Désertification et la Réduction de la Pauvreté dans les Écosystèmes Arides et Semi Arides des Hauts Plateaux du Maroc Oriental PMV : Plan Maroc Vert PMSG : Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin PRAD : Projets de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement PWM : Pulse Width Modulation (ou Modulation de Largeur d’lmpulsions) RMN : Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire SIAM : Salon International de l’Agriculture du Maroc SID : Salon International des Dattes à Erfoud SIG : Système d’Information Géographique SNP : Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism RSS : Really Simple Syndication TRI : Taux de Rentabilité Interne
Rapport d’activité 59 Division de l’Information et de la Communication Editions 2013
N° dépôt légal : 2013 MO 3383 Conception et suivi de fabrication : Nuances & Stratégies - Rabat Impression : Direct Print - 2013
Kingdom of Morocco
Activity
Activity Report 2012 Report