The Art of Description: Finding a Place for Works of Art in Archival Descriptive Standards and Practice
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The Art of Description: Finding a Place for Works of Art in Archival Descriptive Standards and Practice by Blythe W. Koreen A Thesis Submitted to the F âculty of Graduate Studies In partial Fulfillment of the Degree Requirements for the Degree of MASTEROFARTS Department of History (Archival Studies) University of Manitoba / University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, Manitoba @ November, 2006 THE IJNIVERSITY OF MÄ.NITOBA, F,A.CULTY OF GRÄDUATE STI]DIES tt*** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION The Art ofDescription: Finding a Place for Works of Art in Archival Descriptive Standards and Practice By Blythe W, Koreen À ThesislPracticum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Blythe W. Koreen O 2006 Permission hâs been granted to the Library ofthe University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the Nâtional Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the lilm, and to University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum, This reproduction or copy ofthis thesis has been made available by authority ofthe copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copi€d as permitt€d by copyright larvs or with express written authorization from the copyright olvner. Table of Contents Abstract It: Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Development of Archival Descriptive Standards in Canada 10 Chapter 2: Visual Records as Primary Sources 48 Chapter 3: Current Approaches and Possible Alternatives 71 Conclusion 110 Appendix A: Schematic of Alrangement and Desøiption 1 15 Appendix B: Franklin Carmichael fonds level description 116 Appendix C: Commercial At and Design series desuiption 120 Appendix D: Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana at the National Archives ofCanada - collection level description 121 Appendix E: Peter Winkwofh Collection of Canadiana at the National Archives ofCanada - ArchiviaNet item level description 124 Appendix F: Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana at the National Archives ofCanada - finding aid item level description 125 Appendix G: Fort George (Que.) and district reports series description 126 Appendix H: Fort George (Que.) and district reports series listings 129 Appendix I: Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) Core Categories 131 Appendix J: Library and Archives Canada, Item Level Description Description Procedures (minimal fields) for Works Of Art 134 Bibliography 135 Abstract A¡chival descriptive standards, while multi-media in intention, have been developed within the archival profession with the needs oftextual records in mind, This thesis examines the cunent descriptive standards for visual materials, highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the current approach, proposes possible improvements, and indicates areas that need further research and development. The traditional version ofhistory, as it has been taught, researched, and trusted, is now being challenged on a daily basis. History must now include those people, groups and regions that have previously been marginalized by society, habitually excluded from its history. This questioning ofthe traditional version ofhistory has caused an explosion of altemative histories to emerge, drawn from a variety of previously underused sources. Many ofthese new resources are visual. As works ofart become more and more sought after by the researcher as a means to illuminate forgotten and overlooked elements ofthe historical record, how these sources are treated in archival description and practice as viable primary source records becomes more important. Regardless of media, archival records must be presented as equal through description and practice. The Rules for At'chival Destiption (RAD) is the Canadian archival profession's embodiment ofdescriptive standards. However, all visual media, regardless ofhow distinct they may be, have been lumped into one place, RAD Chapter 4, on "Graphic Materials." If archives are going to give the time, funds, space and energy needed to house these visual items, and researchers are beginning to discover their value as primary source documents, the archival profession needs to examine better ways to describe visual records and present them to researchers. To understand how archival description neglects visual materials, this thesis traces the development ofarchival descriptive standards from the origin ofthe concept ofthe fonds to the landmark Dutch Manual of 1898, and on to present practice. Tlt'ough a qualitative analysis ofexisting literature on archival descriptive standards in Canada, this thesis discusses how RAD favours some forms of media, and neglects others. In addition, this study examines challenges to archival orthodoxy in Canada concerning description in general, and then in particular the description ofvisual materials. While the analysis and conclusions ofthe thesis may be applicable to other visual materials in archives, such as film, photographs, or cartographic records, the focus here is on works ofart (paintings, drawings, watercolours, etchings, prints, posters, etc.) that are found in the holdings of most archives. Postmodern insights highlight the need for increased visual literacy, as well as the need for more attention to the contextual origins ofworks ofart. Current approaches to the description ofart are examined, using examples from Library and Archives Canada and the Hudson's Bay Company Archives. The shortcomings ofthe RAD approach are exposed, exemplirying the need for more attention to context at all levels ofdescription. The altemative series system ofarchival description, as well as descriptive approaches developed outside of the archival profession, are explored to suggest ways of improving the cunent approach to the description ofvisual materials are made. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my mother and father, Diane and Richard Koreen, for redefìning the term "support." Their understanding, advice, and encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis has been invaluable. I would also like to thank my late grandfather, Adam Muzychuk, and the world's greatest Baba, Anne Muzychuk, for all oftheir love and suppofi. A special thanks to Ryan Koreen for peeling me away from my computer when it was clearly in my best interest, in particular, on July 1, 2005, Thank you Alisha Talbot for repeatedly saying "you will frnish," and for putting up with a very challenging roommate during those last dark days of writing. Lisa, Leah, Bronwen, Kathleen, and Heather, thank you for cheering me on no matter how miniscule my progress. Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank my advisor, Terry Cook, for his understanding, encouragement, suggestions, editing advice, unì ,.nr. ofhumour. You are the advisor everyone hopes for. Blythe W. Koreen Winnipeg, Manitoba November, 2006 Introduction Archival descriptive standards are a set ofrules and conventions developed to ensure that archivists in every kind of archival jurisdiction are describing their records in the same way. While multi-media in intention, these standards have been developed within the archival profession with the needs of textual records primarily in mind. Do these standards really work adequately for visual records? This thesis will examine the current descriptive standards for visual materials, highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the cunent approach, propose possible improvements, and indicate areas that need further research and development. Many see history as being rediscovered and revitalized by scholars drawing from previously overlooked sources. In addition to the records ofpreviously marginalized groups, these new sources are often visual or archaeological.l The traditional version ofhistory, as it has been taught, researched, and trusted, is now being challenged on a daily basis, History now needs to include those people, groups and regions that have traditionally been marginalized by society, and therefore excluded from its history. This questioning ofthe traditional version of history has I Richard Swift, "Myth and Memory: Truth in History is Elusive," New Intemationalist 247 (September 1993): 5. 2 caused an explosion of altemative histories to emerge, drawn from a variety of previously underused sources. Historian Richard Swift notes that in many key areas of the historical record, "the official stories that are supposed to give us meaning are looking more and more bedraggled."2 To those brought up on, and educated with, a history based almost exclusively on textual records, the written word had acquired a certain unquestioned status as the most-trustworthy documentary evidence. Yet Canadian archival theorist Hugh Taylor calls this a "deceptive precision." Taylor points out that archivists and historians are well aware that textual records can be biased, inaccurate, selective, and misleading - so why are they given more evidentiary value as primary source records than visual resources? Taylor argues that it is because these textual sources are presented chronologically, through well-worded statements and logical alguments, in archival finding aids.3 Simply put, they are researcher friendly, and perhaps \ryhat researchers think they are looking for. No one checks a book out ofthe library in a language that they cannot read. When researchers are given a choice between confusing item-level descriptions ofart, where contextual origins are not apparent or blurred, or poorly organized,