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Die Pontosgriechen — in Geschichte Und Gegenwart

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Die Pontosgriechen — in Geschichte Und Gegenwart Die Pontosgriechen — in Geschichte und Gegenwart Loukas Lymperopoulos Die Pontosgriechen — in Geschichte und Gegenwart Loukas Lymperopoulos Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, Hamburg Die Landeszentrale für politische Bildung ist Teil der Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg. Ein pluralistisch zusammengesetzter Beirat sichert die Überparteilichkeit der Danksagung Arbeit. Zu den Aufgaben der Landeszentrale gehören: — Herausgabe eigener Schriften An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei den Menschen, die bei der Ent- — Erwerb und Ausgabe von themengebundenen Publikationen stehung dieses Buches hilfreich beigetragen haben, recht herzlich bedan- — Koordination und Förderung der politischen Bildungsarbeit — Beratung in Fragen politischer Bildung ken. Einige unterstützten meine Arbeit als Privatpersonen, andere in ihrer — Zusammenarbeit mit Organisationen und Vereinen Eigenschaft als Vertreter von Organisationen, Vereinen oder Verbänden. — Finanzielle Förderung von Veranstaltungen politischer Bildung — Veranstaltung von Rathausseminaren für Zielgruppen Das „Archeion Pontou“ (Pontosarchiv) in Athen schickte mir die — Öffentliche Veranstaltungen gewünschte Literatur umgehend elektronisch zu und genehmigte mir, Fotos Unser Angebot richtet sich an alle Hamburgerinnen und Hamburger. Die Informationen und Veröffentli- aus seinem Archiv zu verwenden. Das „Kentro Mikrasiatikon Spoudon“ chungen können Sie während der Öffnungszeiten des Informationsladens abholen. Gegen eine Bereitstel- (Zentrum für Studien Kleinasiens KMS) stellte mir drei Bände zur Ver- lungspauschale von 15 € pro Kalenderjahr erhalten Sie bis zu 5 Bücher aus einem zusätzlichen Publikati- onsangebot. fügung mit den Berichten von ca. 450 überlebenden Pontosgriechen der Die Landeszentrale Hamburg arbeitet mit den Landeszentralen der anderen Bundesländer und der Bun- ersten Generation. Außerdem gestattete der Vorstand freundlicherweise deszentrale für politische Bildung zusammen. Unter der gemeinsamen Internet-Adresse www.hamburg. die Verwendung einiger Bilder aus seinem umfangreichen Fotoarchiv. de/politische-bildung werden alle Angebote erfasst. Ebenfalls Fotos sandte mir der Vorsitzende des „Vereins der Griechen aus Die Büroräume befinden sich in der Diese Veröffentlichung stellt keine Meinungsäuße- Pontos in München e.V.“, Herr Charalambos Fotiadis. Der „Verband der Dammtorstraße 14, 20354 Hamburg; rung der Landeszentrale für politische Bildung dar. Ladeneingang Dammtorwall 1 Für die inhaltlichen Aussagen trägt der Autor die Pontischen Vereine in Südgriechenland“, der „Pangriechische Verband Verantwortung. Öffnungszeiten des Informationsladens: Pontischer Vereine“, der „Panpontische Verband Griechenlands“ sowie Montag bis Donnerstag: 12:30 Uhr bis 17:00 Uhr, Der Autor dieser Publikation hat die Bildrechte Herr Professor Dr. Konstantinos Fotiadis gaben mir Auskünfte über die Freitag: 12:30 Uhr bis 16:30 Uhr eingeholt. Sollte dies nicht in allen Fällen möglich Pontosgriechen in Griechenland und in der Diaspora. Der Vorsitzende des gewesen sein, bitten wir die Rechteinhaber, sich an In den Hamburger Sommerschulferien: die Landeszentrale zu wenden. „Verbandes der Vereine der Griechen aus Pontos in Europa“ (OSEPE), Herr Montag bis Freitag: 12:00 Uhr bis 15:00 Uhr © Landeszentrale für politische Bildung; Hamburg Anastassios Ossipidis, half mit Informationen über die Pontosgriechen in Erreichbarkeit: Telefon: (040) 4 28 23-48 08 2020. Alle Rechte vorbehalten, Telefax: (040) 4 28 23-48 13 der Bundesrepublik. Auskünfte erhielt ich auch vom „Verein der Griechen insbesondere die der Übersetzung, der Sendung in E-Mail: [email protected] Rundfunk und Fernsehen und der Bereitstellung aus Konstantinopel“, vom „Verein der Griechen aus Imvros“ und von der Internet: www.hamburg.de/politische-bildung im Internet. „Vereinigung der Griechen aus Smyrna“. Der Vorsitzende der Vereinigung, Wissenschaftliche Betreuung/Redaktion: Herr Georgios Ath. Archontakis, sandte mir entsprechendes Material zu. Abut Can Ebenfalls stellten mir das „Lyzeum der Griechinnen“ in Athen und die Gestaltung, Illustrationen und Landkarten: Anat Frumkin „Griechische Gemeinde in Hamburg e.V.“ Material zur Verfügung. Frau Dr. Lektorat: Ingrid Albertsen Monika Müller von der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky half mit Informationen über eine Homer-Handschrift, die im Druck: Kauffeldt, Ahrensburg Besitz der Bibliothek ist. Herr Dimitrios Konstantinidis aus Köln brachte ISBN: 978-3-946246-28-2 netterweise einige schwere Bücher aus Griechenland für mich mit. Die Zusammenarbeit mit Herrn Abut Can von der Landeszentrale für politi- sche Bildung in Hamburg ist immer sehr angenehm, produktiv und effek- Einführung tiv. Wir haben manche Veranstaltung bei der Landeszentrale gemeinsam bestritten. Ein ganz besonderer Dank gebührt Frau Erika Arndt. Sie hat das Ende der 1950er Jahre brauchte die Wirtschaft in Deutschland viele Arbeits- Manuskript übertragen, Erstkorrektur gelesen und konstruktive Hinweise kräfte. Die einheimischen Arbeitnehmer reichten nicht aus, um den Bedarf gegeben. zu decken. Die deutsche Regierung schloss mit den Regierungen mehrerer Mittelmeerländer, darunter im März 1960 auch mit Griechenland, Verträge über die Anwerbung von Arbeitskräften ab. In den Jahren danach kamen Tausende Griechen nach Deutschland, auch nach Hamburg. Etliche der Loukas Lymperopoulos Arbeitsmigranten stammten aus Nordgriechenland und waren Nachfahren Hamburg, im September 2019 der Griechen aus Pontos. Als Pontos wird in Griechenland seit der Antike das Gebiet an der Süd- küste des Schwarzen Meeres im Nordosten der heutigen Türkei bezeichnet. Aufgrund der politischen Entwicklung Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts ver- einbarten die griechische und die türkische Regierung im Januar 1923 den Bevölkerungs zwangsaustausch zwischen den beiden Staaten. Als Kriterium galt die Religions zugehörigkeit: Die griechisch-orthodoxen Griechen der Türkei gegen die muslimischen Türken Griechenlands. Es wird heute ange- nommen, dass etwa 1 500 000 Griechen und 500 000 Türken davon betrof- fen waren. Vor diesem Austausch waren im Osmanischen Reich von 1916 bis 1922 etwa 353 000 Pontosgriechen der Türkisierungspolitik zuerst der Jungtürken und später der Regierung Mustafa Kemals zum Opfer gefallen. Das griechische Parlament, die Parlamente manch anderer Staaten, einige Bundesstaaten in den USA, Australien sowie die International Association of Genocide Scho- lars haben diese Massentötungen als Völkermord anerkannt. Der ehemalige Bundes präsident Joachim Gauck sprach in seiner Rede vom April 2015 von „geplanten und systematischen Mordaktionen und von einer kalkulier- ten verbrecherischen Tat gegen die Armenier, die Pontosgriechen und die Assyrer oder Aramäer“. In diesem Buch wird die Geschichte der Griechen aus Pontos vorge- stellt. Es ist eine Zeitreise durch ca. 2600 Jahre. Sie beginnt in der Antike mit den griechi schen Kolonien in der Region und endet in Hamburg im Jahr 2019. Nach der Kolonisation folgen die hellenistische, die römische, die besetzt, so kam es bei deren Rückzug zu massi ven Übergriffen der Osmanen byzantinische, die seldschukische, die osmanische und die türkische Zeit. gegen die Pontosgriechen. Wenn letztere ihr Leben retten wollten, hatten Jeder Zeitabschnitt hat seine eigenen Schwerpunkte und Besonderheiten. In sie keine andere Wahl als die Flucht nach Russland. Im 19. und 20. Jahrhun- der byzantinischen Zeit hat sich z. B. das orthodoxe Christentum durchge- dert sind Tausende Griechen von Pontos aus nach Georgien oder Russland setzt und wurde zur Staatsreligion erhoben. Die Kirche war enorm wichtig geflohen. für die Identität der Menschen. Über Jahrhunderte definierten sie sich nicht Nach dem Bevölkerungszwangsaustausch kamen die Pontosgriechen über ihre ethnische Zugehörigkeit, son dern über ihre Religion. Die Pontos- nach Griechenland mit dem, was sie am Leib trugen. Sie hatten alles ver- griechen gehörten auch dazu. Um dies besser nachvollziehen zu können, loren. Die griechische Regierung siedelte die überwiegende Mehrheit in war es notwendig, etwas ausführlicher darauf einzugehen. Außerdem waren Nordgriechenland in der Provinz Makedonien an. Dort hatten die meisten die Kirchenvertreter oft nicht nur das religiöse, sondern auch das politische Türken gewohnt, die ihrerseits Griechenland verlassen mussten. Es war Oberhaupt der Gläubigen. Dies war auch im Pontos der Fall. sehr mühsam für die An kömmlinge, eine Existenz aufzubauen. Das Land Die Herrschaft der Seldschuken und später der Osmanen war von war nicht reich und die Ressourcen waren sehr knapp. Die Pontosgrie- immenser Bedeutung für das wwcksal des Christentums in Kleinasien. In chen hatten mit vielen Widrig keiten zu kämpfen und wurden nicht überall dieser Epoche fand die Islamisierung des Landes statt. Auch etliche Pontos- freundlich aufgenommen. Manche sprachen nur Türkisch. Deswegen griechen nahmen den Islam an. Viele konnten aber im Landesinneren, in waren sie in den Augen der Einheimischen keine „echten“ Griechen. Auch den Bergregionen, ihre Sprache und ihren Glauben bewahren. die politische Einstellung spielte eine Rolle. Sie waren Anhänger der repub- Entscheidend für das Schicksal der Pontosgriechen waren die letzten likanischen Partei von Venizelos und deshalb ein rotes Tuch für seine poli- Dekaden des Osmanischen Reiches, als die Großmächte der damaligen Zeit tischen Gegner, die Royalisten. wegen des „Erbes“ des Reiches im Konkurrenzkampf miteinander standen. Kaum hatten sie in der neuen Heimat Fuß
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