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National Management and Control Plan for the New Zealand Mudsnail (Potamopyrgus Antipodarum)

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National Management and Control Plan for the New Zealand Mudsnail (Potamopyrgus Antipodarum) National Management and Control Plan for the New Zealand Mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) Photo by Dan Gustafson, Montana State University Prepared for the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force by the New Zealand Mudsnail Management and Control Plan Working Group May 2007 New Zealand Mudsnail Management and Control Working Group Members Tina Proctor, USFWS, Region 6 Denver Billie Kerans, Montana State University Pat Clancey, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Eileen Ryce, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Mark Dybdahl, Washington State University Dan Gustafson, Montana State University Robert Hall, University of Wyoming Frank Pickett, PPL Montana David Richards, EcoAnalysts, Inc. Center for Aquatic Studies Robyn Draheim Waldeck, Portland State University John Chapman, Oregon State University Robert H. Wiltshire, Federation of Fly Fishers Dawne Becker, California Department of Fish and Game Mark Anderson, National Park Service Bob Pitman, USFWS, Region 2 Albuquerque Denny Lassuy, USFWS, Region 7 Alaska Paul Heimowitz, USFWS, Region 1 Portland Pat Dwyer, Fishery Consultant Ed Levri, Penn State University, Altoona NZ Mudsnail Management Plan i Executive Summary The New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) (NZ mudsnail) is indigenous to New Zealand and its adjacent islands. In New Zealand, the snails have been found in nearly every aquatic habitat including large river, forested tributary streams, thermal springs, ponds, glacial lakes and estuaries. Over the past 150 years, NZ mudsnails have spread in three continents. Three different clones of New Zealand mudsnails have been identified in the United States: the first clone is found in nine western States, having spread out from an initial population in the Snake River in Idaho; the second clone is found in Lakes Ontario, Erie and Superior and is the same as Clone A found in Europe; and the third has recently been identified in the Snake River near Bliss, Idaho. It is speculated that the eastern U.S. clone came in ballast water from Europe and the western U.S. clones came from the commercial movement of aquaculture products such as trout eggs or live fish from Australia or New Zealand. The introduced populations of these tiny snails (up to 6 mm) are mostly all female and the snails are live bearers. Males are present only rarely in North America. Densities of NZ mudsnails fluctuate widely, reaching 500,000 snails/ m2 in some locations. A database established on the New Zealand Mudsnail in the Western USA web site (http://www.esg.montana.edu/aim/mollusca/nzms/) is being used to track new populations and keep people informed about the latest research. A map showing affected watersheds is kept current by the Department of Ecology at Montana State University-Bozeman. In 2003, the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (ANSTF) established the NZ Mudsnail Management Plan Working Group (Working Group) to create a national management and control plan. The Working Group met three times in Bozeman, Montana in August of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The goal of the National Management Plan for NZ mudsnails is to prevent and delay the spread to new areas, reduce the impacts of existing and new populations, and continue developing information to meet this goal. The Working Group developed the following objectives: 1. Identify foci, pathways and vectors 2. Develop methods of detecting new populations 3. Develop strategies and methods to control and manage populations 4. Develop further understanding of ecological and economic impacts 5. Increase public understanding of the need to deal with NZ mudsnails and gain political support for implementing national plan objectives. The Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers and Habitattitude campaigns developed by the ANS Task Force are outreach tools to prevent the spread of NZ mudsnails. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point – Natural Resource Management (HACCP-NRM) planning is another general tool for managing invasive species pathways. HACCP-NRM plans identify potential pathways of introduction of invasive species and identify how the pathways can NZ Mudsnail Management Plan ii be broken to prevent the introduction. Development and implementation of HACCP-NRM plans for activities likely to transport NZ mudsnails can significantly reduce spread. Research to better understand the ecological impacts of NZ mudsnails on macroinvertebrates and higher tropic levels is moving forward. Research on possible control and containment methods continues. Because one of the major pathways of spread appears to be anglers, additional effort has concentrated on the best ways to eliminate the snails from fishing gear. It is clear that management decisions need to be made to prevent the spread of this invasive species prior to completely understanding the impacts. NZ Mudsnail Management Plan iii Table of Contents I. Purpose and Organization of the Plan............................................................... 1 II. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 3 A. Description of New Zealand Mudsnails ...................................................... 3 B. Summary of Biology and Ecology................................................................ 6 C. Summary of Applicable Federal and State Regulations ........................... 8 III. Objectives ........................................................................................................... 9 A. Objective 1: Identify Foci, Pathways and Vectors ................................... 9 1. Introductions and Dispersal in North America ......................................... 9 2. Vectors and Pathways of Spread............................................................. 13 3. Information and Data Management ........................................................ 16 4. Implementation ...................................................................................... 16 5. Research Needs ...................................................................................... 17 B. Objective 2: Develop Methods of Detecting New Populations ................ 19 1. NZ Mudsnails Sampling Methods and Procedures................................. 19 2. Education and Outreach.......................................................................... 21 3. Implementation ...................................................................................... 22 4. Research Needs ....................................................................................... 22 C. Objective 3: Develop Strategies and Methods for..................................... 24 Prevention, Control and Management 1. Risk of Future Introductions .................................................................. 24 2. Management Options for Pathways ....................................................... 24 3. Rapid Response...................................................................................... 27 4. Eradication ............................................................................................. 28 5. Control and Containment ....................................................................... 29 6. Preventing the Spread on Wading Gear................................................. 30 7. Education and Outreach......................................................................... 32 8. Implementation ...................................................................................... 32 9. Research Needs ...................................................................................... 33 D. Objective 4: Develop Further Understanding of Ecological .................... 35 And Economic Impacts 1. Ecological Impacts................................................................................. 35 2. Economic Impacts.................................................................................. 37 3. Implementation ...................................................................................... 38 4. Research Needs ...................................................................................... 38 NZ Mudsnail Management Plan iv E. Objective 5: Increase understanding of the need to deal with NZ mudsnails and gain political support for implementing national plan objectives .......................................................................... 39 1. Education and Outreach Needs ............................................................... 39 2. Examples of Outreach Needs.................................................................. 44 3. Implementation ....................................................................................... 45 4. Research needs........................................................................................ 46 IV. Implementation Plan ........................................................................................ 47 A. Priorities for Implementation ......................................................................... 47 Appendix A. Biology and Ecology Appendix B. State and Federal Regulations and State ANS Plans Appendix C. Detecting NZ Mudsnails Using Power Analysis Appendix D. NZ Mudsnail Risk Assessment and Management Criteria for the Hagerman National Fish Hatchery Appendix E. Controlling the Spread of NZ Mudsnails on Wading Gear Appendix F. Bibliography List of Figures Figure 1. Typical western clone of NZ mudsnail showing operculum ....................... 3 Figure 2. Two western U.S. NZ mudsnail clones ......................................................
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