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Ethical Literacies in ​Undertale a Thesis Submitted To UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE LEARNING GOOD FROM SKELETONS: ETHICAL LITERACIES IN UNDERTALE ​ A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By DYLAN ALFORD Norman, Oklahoma 2019 LEARNING GOOD FROM SKELETONS: ETHICAL LITERACIES IN UNDERTALE ​ A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BY Dr. William Kurlinkus, Chair Dr. Bill Endres Dr. Gabriela Raquel Rios ©​ Copyright by DYLAN ALFORD 2019 All Rights Reserved iv Abstract Current studies of game narrative and design, particularly with regard to morality, have focused mainly on direct player engagement. However, this otherwise reasonable perspective omits the other ways in which people experience and engage with games. This project examines the discourse around the game Undertale and how its community engages with the game and its moral impostions, as well as the complications that are posed to the player-centric experience by Let's Players and Speedrunners, who transform games into grounds for spectacles on their own terms. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my mother, my father, and my extended family, to whom I owe everything and without whom I would never have considered going to graduate school. I would also like to thank my committee of Will Kurlinkus, Bill Endres, and Gabriela Raquel Rios. With their guidance and support during my writing process for this project, writing became a generative process rather than an extractive one. In the same spirit, I’d like to thank the rest of the English faculty at the University of Oklahoma, who each helped me in their own way when I needed it and without whose support I would have quite twenty times over. In particular, I would like to thank Amit Baishya, whose support as my mentor these last few years fostered a relentless intellectual curiosity that propelled me through this project, as well as many others, and likely those I’ve yet to explore. My appreciation cannot be overstated. I would also like to thank Larissa Runyan, Charles Lee, Hayden Bozarth, Ashley Jeffalone, and the other members of my English cohort. Without the mutual support, aid, and encouragement I received, I don’t know that I would have been able to complete this project or the program at all. Lastly, I would like to thank the bands Drug Church, Blanck Mass, Pallbearer, and deafheaven, whose music made my process possible. vi Table of Contents Page 1 — I. Introduction: How to Use This Thing ​ Page 3 — II. Source Code Page 94 — III. Bibliography 1 Dylan Alford Master’s Thesis Chair: Dr. William Kurlinkus Defense: 26 Apr. 2019 Learning Good From Skeletons: Ethical Literacies in Undertale ​ I. Introduction: How to Use This Thing This thesis is composed in a webpage-based format using the popular software Twine. Included with this document is the thesis in its native format and, as such, should be viewed first and foremost on those terms and not via .pdf format, otherwise the multimodal elements will go unseen. Also, it would probably be hard to read, as the formatting conventions are completely different compared to a normal text document. However, the following is an excerpt from the introduction within the project itself, which details why I created it in such a fashion: This is a multimodal, digital project that contains textual, audible, and visual elements including pictures, screencaptures, and video. The structure of the project is such that one might jump from one idea to another, creating a new web of understanding the particular topics at hand. I have chosen this kind of structure, as it not only emulates the networked way online discourse manifests, but also because it reflects choice structures that can be found in Role Playing Games. As online beings in the 21st century, we are no doubt keenly aware of the ways in which the Internet begs an ethos of wondering and wandering. 2 To view the project as intended, simply go to the folder containing the format suited to the kind of computer you are using and open the associated .html file on the root of the folder. One note, however: this project reads best when opened in Google Chrome. Firefox also seems to ​ work, however I make no guarantees beyond this. Safari has trouble with Twine files made on Windows computers. 3 II. Source Code The following pages contain the complete source code for the project with every passage represented exactly as it is written in the Twine editor. With this project, as in other Twine projects, the full source is viewable via the Proofing Copy function in the editor. Also, as I am not a programmer by nature or training, this code will likely be very frustrating to read in terms of formatting for those well-versed in things like HTML and CSS. 4 Learning Good From Skeletons: Ethical Literacies in Undertale ,, (font:"GHOUL")[<font size="+5">Learning Good From Skeletons: Ethical Literacies in Undertale</font>] By Dylan Alford - <a href="mailto: [email protected]" target="_blank">//[email protected]//</a> <figure><img src="images\sins.png" alt="The character Sans from Undertale during a fight sequence. The character thinks, "You felt your sins crawling on your back."" style="width: 75%;"> <figcaption>The character Sans in developer Toby Fox's game //Undertale// (2015). The dialogue comes from a late game encounter with the character after a violent playthrough.</figcaption></figure><blockquote>//ABSTRACT: Current studies of game narrative and design, particularly with regard to morality, have focused mainly on direct player engagement. However, this otherwise reasonable perspective omits the other ways in which people experience and engage with games. This project examines the discourse around the game //Undertale// and how its community engages with the game, as well as the complications that are posed to the player-centric experience by Let's Players and Speedrunners, who transform games into grounds for spectacles on their own terms.// </blockquote> 5 This is a multimodal, digital project that contains textual, audible, and visual elements including pictures, screencaptures, and video. The structure of the project is such that one might jump from one idea to another, creating a new web of understanding the particular topics at hand. I have chosen this kind of structure, as it not only emulates the networked way online discourse manifests, but also because it reflects choice structures that can be found in Role Playing Games. As online beings in the 21st century, we are no doubt keenly aware of the ways in which the Internet begs an ethos of wondering and wandering. I recommend starting [[here|Intro]]. However, if you don't prefer to wander around the text, I've included a table of contents in an order that most would probably appreciate, as it is easy to imagine the anxieties that can come with such wondering and wandering. Yellow links denote a new passage that can be read. Blue links denote passages that have already been read, although there is a quirk with them: clicking the 'undo' button in the top left-hand corner will go back to the passage you came from and makes the link yellow again, as though you unread it. The ideal method of moving through the project, as I see it, is constantly moving forward and going back to the table of contents if one is lost. But whichever way you decide to read it, feel free to read, reread, and skip around as you see fit! <font size="-0.5"><u>Table of Contents</u> 6 [[Introduction|Intro]], [[contd.|Intro 2]]<div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[Why?|why]]</div><div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[What Makes Games Special|what sets them apart from other media]]</div>//[[Undertale]]// [[Theoretical Lens|theoretical lens]] <div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[Literacy|make us feel like we know things]], [[contd.|a variety of different literacies]]</div><div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[Shame|shame]]</div>[[Genre Conventions|RPGs and Remediations]] [[Narrative Paths|narrative paths]]<div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[The Genocide Route|genocide route]]</div>[[The Audience|audiences]]<div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[Interviews with fans Tyler|Tyler and Dillon]] and [[Dillon|Tyler and Dillon 2]]</div><div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[Fan Discourse|fans]]</div><div style="text-indent: 4em;">[[Example 1|fans discourse]], [[Example 2|fans discourse 2]], [[Example 3|fans discourse 3]]</div><div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[How Performing Games Complicates Moral Choice Poetics|complication]]</div><div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[Streamers and Let's Plays section 1|Streamers]], [[2|streamers 2]], and [[3|streamers 3]]</div><div style="text-indent: 2em;">[[Speedrunners]], [[contd.|Speedrunners 2]]</div>[[Takeaways and Conclusions|Takeaways]], [[contd.|conclusion]] [[Bibliography|bibliography]]</font> 7 //<font size="-1">Title Font: <a href="https://somepx.itch.io/ghouls-font">"Ghouls"</a> by Eeve Somepx</font>// <font size="+4"><u>//Undertale//</u></font> <figure><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/1Hojv0m3TqA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <figcaption>Trailer for Undertale (2015)</figcaption></figure> //Undertale// is a game released in 2015 by Toby Fox. <a href="https://store.steampowered.com/app/391540/Undertale/" target="_blank">It was originally available solely on the PC</a>, but it could soon be found on a number of different consoles and platforms, with the latest version being found on the Nintendo Switch. In the game, you play as a nondescript protagonist figure wearing a striped shirt and whose name—Frisk—you're only likely to learn after multiple playthroughs. Thrust abruptly into an unknown world, you move the character through this space filled with encounters that oscillate between danger, comedic moments, intense sadnesses, and light-heartedness.
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