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A History of Newspapers in Warrington, Cheshire During The A HISTORY OF NEWSPAPERS IN WARRINGTON, CHESHIRE DURING THE 19TH CENTURY. BY L1SA MCDONALD A MASTER'S DISSERTATION, SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE OF THE LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. FEBRUARY, 1998. SUPERVISORS: DIANA DIXON AND OR. PAUL STURGES DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION STUDIES. © L. MCDONALD, 1998. ABSTRACT. This report looks at the main developments in the history of the newspaper industry in Warrington, Cheshire during the 19th century. It studies the content, politics, sizes and prices of the newspapers. It attempts, where possible, to provide biographical details of the proprietors, printers, publishers and journalisits involved in the production of newspapers in Warrington during the 19th century. The main source of information was the newspapers themselves, but additional material was used, including press directories, street directories, census returns, trade directories, local history sources and general newspaper history. The newspapers are presented in two chapters: chapter three looks at newspapers which only ran during the 19th century and chapter four looks at newspapers which ran into the 20th century. They are presented in alphabetical order by title. The conclusion discusses the general trends in the development of Warrington's newspaper industry, comparing those with the general trends in the history of the British provincial press. Additional information on the most important newspaper in Warrington's history is provided in the appendix, along with a complete list of all of Warrington's publications during the 19th century. ------ - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to thank my supervisor Diana Dixon for all her help and advice. I would also like to thank Dr. Paul Sturges for stepping into the supervisory role at the last minute and for his invaluable advice. This work is dedicated to my mother, Eileen McDonald and to Andrew Neary , my best friend, for all their help and support. ,------- - -- TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION PAGE 1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3 METHODOLOGY 3 CHAPTER TWO A HISTORY OF THE PROVINCIAL PRESS 6 CHAPTER THREE INTRODUCTION 13 Laverock's Advertiser 16 The Warrington Advertiser 18 The Warrington Borough Press 32 The Warrington Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 36 The Warrington Evening Post 37 Th"e Warrington Gazette, General Advertiser and Literary 43 Monthly Reader The Warrington Independent 44 The Warrington Intelligencer and St. Helens and Runcorn 46 Reporter The Warrington Mail 48 The Sporting Telegram 49 The Warrington Standard and Lancashire and Cheshire 50 Advertiser The Warrington Standard and Times and Lancashire and 51 Cheshire Advertiser The Warrington Times and General Commercial Advertiser 55 The Warrington Weekly Mail 59 CHAPTER FOUR The Warrington Examiner 60 The Warrington Guardian 66 The Warrington Observer 77 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 84 APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER ONE 1.1 AN INTRODUCTION The town of Warrington in Cheshire makes an excellent case study when examining the development of the provincial newspaper industry during the 19th century. Warrington, known as a town of many industries, developed quickly during the 19th century and it is from this era that the beginnings of the town's newspaper industry can be traced, with the exCeption of one newspaper - the Eyres Weekly Journal, which first appeared in 1756. During the latter half of the 19th century, 17 newspapers and an equal number of periodicals began publication, a large number of which, though by no means all, are preserved both in Warrington's public library and at the British Library's Newspaper Library in Colindale. It is surprising, considering the importance of Warrington as a centre of industry, that, with the exception of the town's longest serving newspaper the Warrington Guardian (excellently researched in Geoffrey Nulty's Guardian Country, 1853 - 1978), no research has been done into its newspaper industry. As the work of the Newsplan project has shown, newspapers are a vital source of historical information for both librarians and scholars, necessitating their preservation for future generations. A region's written heritage is the record of its civilisation but all materials are liable to decay because of the nature of their make-up and the conditions of.storage. The dramatic increase in the demand for paper during the 19th century caused many of the problems now faced by archivists and librarians. The mid -19th century saw the production of first chemical and then mechanical wood-pulp paper. Wood­ pulp paper has an extremely high lignin content and lignin being highly acidic it can break down the paper structure rapidly. It is with this point in mind that this study was undertaken. Owing to time constraints and word limits, this study by no means claims to be a complete history of Warrington's newspaper industry. In excess of 20 newspapers began publication during the 20th century, non of which are examined here. Rather, it is an introduction to the main developments in each newspaper published in Warrington during the 19th century. This study covers several areas. Where possible it looks at the newspapermen themselves - those individuals who owned, wrote, printed and published the town's many newspapers and who made such an important contribution to the development of the English provincial press of the 19th century. Many individuals have unfortunately faded into history, a consequence of the small amount of research done previously in this area and are, therefore, only named. Secondly, this study covers content. It does not claim to be a full content analysis - the sheer numbers of newspapers in Warrington's rich history constrain this approach - but rather attempts to give a general picture of the contents of each newspaper as they are examined in order to give an idea of what a typical newspaper produced in Warrington at this 2 time would contain. Political affiliations, so important to the provincial press of the 19th century, are examined, along with the prices and sizes of each newspaper. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES. i. To produce a history of the newspaper industry in Warrington, Cheshire during the 19th century. ii. To present the contents, politics, prices and sizes of the newspapers produced in Warrington during the 19th century. iii. To give, where possible, biographical details of proprietors, publishers, printers and journalists involved in the production of newspapers in Warrington during the 19th century. iv. To give a general insight into the printing industry of Warrington during the 19th century. v. To use the newspapers of Warrington as a reflection of the general trends in the development of the provincial press in Britain during the 19th century. 1.3 METHODOLOGY. The first task undertaken for this project was to read into the history of the provincial press in Britain and its development from the mid 18th century. A bibliography to this effect was then produced. Significant events in the development of the provincial press were then identified. Bibliographies, press guides and the catalogue of the 3 British Library's Newspaper Library were examined in order to identify those newspapers which needed to be studied. Research was undertaken, briefly, into the history of the town of Warrington in Cheshire. The majority of the research was completed at Warrington's public library. The library's archive was examined. The number of editions of each newspaper studied depended upon the length of the run of each particular newspaper. First editions, final editions and anniversary editions were always examined. Other documentation was also studied, including trade directories, street directories, biographies, bibliographies, census returns for the 19th century and collections of articles/documents donated to the library or produced by its librarians. As the archive in Warrington's public library does not contain copies of all the newspapers produced in Warrington, it was also necessary to examine copies of those titles at the British Library's Newspaper Library. Before undertaking a study of the history of the newspaper industry it is necessary to first define the term 'newspaper.' For this purpose, the study presented uses the definition of a newspaper given by Ruth Cowley for the Newsplan project, this being: A daily or weekly printed publication on sale or issued freely, to the general public; which devotes the greater part of its space to local, national or international news; which 4 may also carry advertising, comment and other matters of interest; and which is not solely the organ of a particular body, society, party or interest group. (1) As a result of this definition and due to the confinments placed on this project, it was decided not to include publications which could be defined as periodicals and to only include those newspapers produced chiefly in Warrington, not those which were merely distributed in Warrington. The newspapers examined are presented in two chapters. The third chapter is concerned with those newspapers which only ran during the 19th century and is presented in alphabetical order by title. The fourth chapter is concerned with those newspapers which continued to be published into the 20th century and is also presented in alphabetical order by title. 1.4 REFERENCES. 1. Cowley, Ruth. Newsplan:report of the newsplan project in the north western region. September 1986 to January 1990. London: British Library,1990,p. xvi. 5 CHAPTER TWO. 2.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PROVINCIAL PRESS DURING THE 19TH CENTURY. The production of newspapers in the 18th and early 19th centuries was difficult and expensive. Advertisement tax ran at 3s6d. and stamp duty at 3d. (1). There was also a tax on paper. Large securities were demanded from printers and publishers and unstamped newspapers were heavily fined (2). During the 18th century the provincial newspaper had largely been a weekly newspaper, its reputation built on complete and impartial reporting of news mostly gathered from the London newspapers.
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