A Estetização Nos Filmes De Quentin Tarantino

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A Estetização Nos Filmes De Quentin Tarantino LENILDO MONTEIRO GOMES “UM PRATO QUE SE COME FRIO”: A DIMENSÃO DA VIOLÊNCIA NOS FILMES DE QUENTIN TARANTINO Fortaleza 2006 LENILDO MONTEIRO GOMES “UM PRATO QUE SE COME FRIO”: A DIMENSÃO DA VIOLÊNCIA NOS FILMES DE QUENTIN TARANTINO Orientador: Prof. Dr. César Barreira Linha de Pesquisa: SOCIOLOGIA DA ARTE Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado em Sociologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará, como requisito à obtenção do título de Mestre em Sociologia Fortaleza Universidade Federal do Ceará 2006 “UM PRATO QUE SE COME FRIO”: A DIMENSÃO DA VIOLÊNCIA NOS FILMES DE QUENTIN TARANTINO LENILDO MONTEIRO GOMES Dissertação defendida e aprovada pela banca examinadora constituída pelos professores: ______________________________________ César Barreira (orientador) ______________________________________ Silas José de Paula ______________________________________ Maria Glaucíria Mota Brasil PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA / UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ Fortaleza, Outubro de 2006. Para: Nádia e Gabriel, o meu mundo é mais interessante com eles. AGRADECIMENTOS À FUNCAP – Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, pelo apoio financeiro que me deu mais segurança e tranqüilidade para desenvolver meus estudos e pesquisas durante o período do curso. Ao Professor César Barreira, meu orientador, pela dedicação e compromisso durante todo esse processo. Aos professores e professoras do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, que contribuíram com críticas e sugestões extremamente relevantes em relação ao meu trabalho. Aos professores Maria Auxiliadora Lemenhe e Silas de Paula, pelas contribuições durante meu exame de qualificação. Aos colegas de turma, que durante as disciplinas do Programa, fizeram comentários, apoiaram e participaram de todos os problemas, percalços e alegrias dessa caminhada. Aos vários amigos e amigas (a lista com os nomes seria enorme) que me ouviram, deram sugestões, compartilharam expectativas e discutiram, em diversos momentos, um pouco dos caminhos adotados para a finalização desse trabalho. À minha mãe, padrasto e irmãos, pela alegria da descoberta do sentido do convívio social. Sobretudo, e acima de qualquer coisa, à Nádia e Gabriel, por fazerem parte da minha vida, de toda essa história e por dar sentido a ela. Finalmente, ao cinema, dos Lumiére a Tarantino, por proporcionar momentos de alegria, raiva, prazer, medo e por ter me transformado em alguém mais humano, intensamente humano. RESUMO Alguns aspectos da sociedade contemporânea podem ser analisados a partir da leitura peculiar dimensionada no processo de produção artística. Dessa forma a arte surge nesse contexto histórico influenciada pelo consumismo pela sociedade da comunicação e pelos mass media, sendo relacionada ao esteticismo e à espetacularização, reconfigurando-a notadamente na produção voltada para a televisão e para o cinema. A arte é expressão da vida e objeto de análise das relações sociais e, seus pressupostos, remetem a problemática da estética. Nesse sentido a imagem é expressão para a compreensão dos fenômenos, notadamente no que diz respeito ao cinema e seu desenvolvimento ao longo da história, sua linguagem, técnica e estrutura narrativa. Os filmes de Quentin Tarantino redimensionam esteticamente a problemática da violência. Como arte industrial, referência do século XX que difundiu estilo de vida e comportamento, o cinema desenvolveu linguagem e estrutura próprias, tendo no tratamento estético e técnico uma forma de composição de sua narrativa. Os filmes analisados têm como característica comum a sublimação do ornamento e da alegoria mediante a explicitação da violência existente em algumas situações dramáticas. SUMÁRIO Introdução......................................................................................................................04 I - Do Espetáculo ao Vazio: Aspectos e Características da Contemporaneidade......................................................................................................25 1.1 - A “sociedade da comunicação” e a “cultura como espetáculo” 1.2 - A época do vazio, do narciso... II - A Imagem e o Cinema como Dimensão da Vida..................................................45 2.1 - O cinema: a arte como expressão da vida 2.2 - Cinema: reprodução, representação ou duplicação do real? III - O Cinema e a Violência: a Estetização nos filmes de Quentin Tarantino........63 3.1 - O cinema: arte industrializada, espetáculo estético e a dimensão da violência 3.2 - Sobre Quentin Tarantino, seus filmes e a violência 3.2.1 – Cães de Aluguel 3.2.2 – Amor à Queima-Roupa 3.2.3 – Assassinos por Natureza 3.2.4 – Parceiros do Crime 3.2.5 – Pulp Fiction – Tempo de Violência 3.2.6 – Kill Bill – Volume 1 3.2.7 – Kill Bill – Volume 2 3.2.8 – Sin City – A Cidade do Pecado IV – Os Filmes... Realidade Social e Estética............................................................113 4.1 – Realidade e estética 4.2 – A sociabilidade dos tempos tarantinescos Conclusão.....................................................................................................................121 Bibliografia...................................................................................................................125 Iconografia...................................................................................................................129 Anexos...........................................................................................................................138 “Computadores fazem arte artistas fazem dinheiro cientistas criam o novo artistas pegam carona pesquisadores avançam artistas levam a fama” (Fred Zero Quatro - Mundo Livre S/A) 4 INTRODUÇÃO A violência urbana, na condição de fenômeno social objeto de um estudo sociológico, apresenta-se em consonância com os aspectos teórico-metodológicos que norteiam a Sociologia na contemporaneidade. Conceito e categorias de análise – notadamente aqueles originários da Economia e da Política, como luta de classes, desigualdade social, entre outros - até então tidos como referência para a compreensão de muitos fenômenos foram revistos e, em alguns casos, atualizados. As transformações ocorridas nas últimas décadas, principalmente, dão à violência uma condição de fenômeno com tal imprevisibilidade que se torna necessário buscar outros elementos além daqueles utilizados pela pesquisa tradicional para a sua compreensão. Elementos esses que podem advir do campo de outras categorias de análise, como as artes, por exemplo. No caso deste trabalho, a análise se dá sobre uma das especificidades do fenômeno e sobre um recorte específico. Falo sobre um tipo de violência que, em nossos tempos, aparece como uma atitude naturalizada, banalizada enquanto ação normativa e que parece provocar pouca repulsa, indignação. Assiste-se a tudo como algo comum. Cenas de assassinatos, mutilações, crimes hediondos das mais variadas espécies, entram em nossas casas e passam a fazer parte de nosso cotidiano. Convive-se com a violência de forma generalizada, mais do que isso, passamos a integrá-la como parte de uma rotina de vida. Nesse sentido, os meios de comunicação de massa, tidos também como uma forma de integração social bastante difundida na contemporaneidade, assumem um papel fundamental na releitura do fenômeno. O cinema incorporou essa forma de violência enquanto tema de algumas de suas 5 produções de grande sucesso, recriando-a com um refinado tratamento estético e tranformando-a numa sucessão de imagens e sons sem uma amplitude real do que realmente são: cenas de violência onde a morte e o derramamento de sangue passam despercebidos como tal e são consumidas como mais um dos muitos fenômenos espetacularizados e estetizados pelos mass media. A violência, nesse sentido, expõe a dimensão dos conflitos presentes na narrativa desses filmes. A ficção, nesses casos, aparece entrelaçada à noção de realidade. Para Marc Augé, “(...) A ficção é um fato antes de ser uma arte, ou antes que certas formas de arte se apoderem dela. Portanto, só podemos nos questionar sobre a maneira pela qual os indivíduos se ‘encontram’ numa ficção – num filme, por exemplo – se levarmos em conta o regime de ficção que a ela corresponde. Se efetivamente a ficção pode ser definida como um regime de percepção socialmente ajustado, segue-se, por um lado, que ela tem uma existência histórica que se traduz em instituições, técnicas e práticas e, por outro lado, que ela constitui um fato sociocultural que põe em jogo relações de alteridade, relações de diversos tipos entre uns e outros. (...)” (AUGÉ, 1998: 102) Portanto, o mundo dos mass media constrói seu próprio conceito de realidade. Melhor: reconstrói diante da velocidade dos fatos, do desenvolvimento hiper-real da história. Aliás, velocidade e realidade fluída são, nos dias atuais, aliadas à diversidade tecnológica, características assumidas pelo sistema capitalista e reproduzida no campo das artes. O século XX foi marcado por intensas transformações culturais, econômicas e 6 nas formas das relações sociais em geral onde se incluem as modificações no mundo do trabalho, na organização geopolítica, nos hábitos de consumo e a consolidação da organização das sociedades ocidentais em função da produção voltada para o lucro. Desse modo, os princípios gerais de manutenção da coesão social flutuam em volta de tal princípio organizativo e necessitam, para consolidar-se, materializar-se nos diversos segmentos integrantes da sociabilidade. O capitalismo, pela primeira vez na história, universalizou e generalizou a industrialização. Mais do que
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