Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster
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NIST Special Publication 1000-5 June 2004 Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Volume 4 Contains Appendices G, H, and I « J WS3 1 National Institute of Standards and Technology • Technology Administration • U.S. Department of Commerce i NIST Special Publication 1000-5 June 2004 Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster Volume 4 Contains Appendices G, H, and I June 2004 - U.S. Department of Commerce Donald L. Evans, Secretary Technology Administration Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Teclinology Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director Disclaimer Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National institute of Standards and Technology. Disclaimer The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document, however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline. Use in Legal Proceedings No part of any report resulting from a NIST investigation into a structural failure or from an investigation under the National Construction Safety Team Act may be used in any suit or action for damages arising out of any matter mentioned in such report (15 USC 281 a; as amended by P.L. 1 07-231 ). National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1000-5 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1000-5, 1,054 pages (June 2004) CODEN: NSPUE2 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 2004 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov — Phone: (202) 512-1800 — Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 Master Table of Contents Volume 1 < Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations IVletric Conversion Table Preface Executive Summary Chapter 1 Interim Findings and Accomplishments Chapter 2 Progress on the World Trade Center Investigation Chapter 3 Update on Safety of Threatened Buildings (WTC R&D) Program Chapter 4 Update on WTC Dissemination and Technical Assistance Program Volume 2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Metric Conversion Table Appendix A Interim Report on the Analysis of Building and Fire Codes and Practices Appendix B Interim Report on Development of Structural Databases and Reference Models for the WTC Towers iii Table of Contents Appendix C Interim Report on Analysis of Aircraft Impact into the WTC Towers Volume 3 Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Metric Conversion Table Appendix D Interim Report on Preliminary Stability Analysis of the WTC Towers Appendix E Interim Report on Contemporaneous Structural Steel Specifications Appendix F Interim Report on Inventory and Identification of Steels Recovered from the WTC Buildings Volume 4 Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Metric Conversion Table Appendix G Interim Report on Significant Fires in WTC 1, 2, and 7 Prior to September 11, 2001 Appendix H Interim Report on Evolution of WTC Fires, Smoke, and Damage based on Image Analysis Appendix I Interim Report on Assessment of Sprayed Fireproofing in the WTC Towers—Methodology June 2004 Progress Report Volume 5 Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations IVIetric Conversion Table Appendix J Interim Report on Experiments to Support Fire Dynamics and Thermal Response Modeling Appendix K Interim Report on Subsystem Structural Analysis of the WTC Towers Appendix L Interim Report on WTC 7 Appendix M Interim Report on 2-D Analysis of the WTC Towers Under Gravity Load and Fire Volume 6 Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Metric Conversion Table Appendix N Interim Report on Analysis of First-Person Accounts from Survivors of the WTC Evacuation on September 11, 2001 Appendix O Interim Report on Telephone Interviews Appendix P Interim Report on Emergency Communications Appendix Q NIST's Working Hypothesis for Collapse of the WTC Towers Table of Contents This page intentionally left blank. vi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations AAPOR American Association of Public Opinion Research ABC American Broadcasting Company ACI American Concrete Institute AISC American Institute of Steel Construction AISI American Iron and Steel Institute ALE Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Evlerian AMCBO Association of Major City/County Building Officials ANSI American National Standards Institute ANSYS fmite element model ARA Applied Research Associates, Inc. ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM ASTM International AWS American Welding Society BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators BOCA/BBC BOCA Basic Building Code BPAT Building Performance Assessment Team BPS Building Performance Study BSI British Standards Institution C/F cancer free CATI computer-assisted telephone interviews CBR chemical, biological, and radiological CBS Columbia Broadcasting System CERF Civil Engineering Research Foundation CFD computational fluid dynamics CIB International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction CII Construction Industry Institute CNN Cable News Network Q o List of Acronyms and Abbreviations l^CllllaJv I^ClClJvd. l^ClCloUn, IIIC \^ r Kj ppTitr^il nroppQ^iTi CT unit \_CUTi\ 1 cdiiivjU-C 1 ay Luuc 1 /^iiTir'il /~\ n loll t-i iiil/Hinrrc ciniH 1 [ fr\ o T^ 1—1 o r^i irii" V_ 1 JjocUrl V„UUI1L11 Oil 1 all DUllUlllgb dllU UlDall rldDllal LUClilClClllo Ui UlClIIlal CApdllblUll DlaZ-CLjlllClU. LJ\^/ r illC piUlCCHVC lllbUlallUll U-CaU lUaU. DTAP ij.idadiiiiiaii\jiiniccprninfition aiiu.finn tpr*nnip?ili^k^iiiiiL'ai adoidiaiic^acQictatipp vwnovciTinL/i\j^iaiii niTicrgcnLy ivicuicdi ocrvicc FlVfT JDiIlcigCliCy IVlCUlLal 1 Calll 1 , 1\ CV . 1 FRT rCUCldl DUlCaU Ui 111 VCaliyallUIl PP A nux Lurcu die- iNcw 1 uiK v^iiy riic ucpdriiiiciii r uo rirc i-zyiidiiiicb oiiiiuidiui FF IlllllC CiCiilClil FF A Tinitpiiiiiic ddiidiiplpTTipnt aiiaivoi^?in?i Ia/qi Q FF^/^ iiniic cicinciiL niouci PFN/T A recicidi jj/iiicrgency ividiidgcincni rvgciiLy FdciuryP r*^t~\t^ 7 iviuiudi\^ii^^iol ivCbCdrLiioc o vr* r\ v^urp.( /^t*n MiT"o xll^n 1 r»^n iT"o Tni"Ot*TQr*o r V ivi FlIlllC VUlUIIlC IViClllUU nPT vJUirrw/o'mVClimiCllLm on f F iUllllbllCUim i c n oH llllUlllldllUllTn Tr\t*m cif i r\n gldSSnlQcc UVClrwfc^f gldbbrrlocc vjnz glgdllCllZ(Ti no ri OT^''7 n\/lQ TIP vjiisdnz iViuiTdy oiciiccK, H A 7 ViOqI"ncdi diicClcU0TTO(^i'O/l ZUllC"v/^n o ilU^VJ]-Tncrr^ MiipIN Uv OL-llllU-lZ-ClNpnTin'f"7Pr J_<aolPiict HRR heat release rate HVAC heating, ventilating, and air conditioning lAQ indoor air quality IBC International Building Code I June 2004 Progress Report ICBO International Conierence oi Building Oriicials ICC International Code Council IMTI Integrated Manufacturing Technology JFK John F. Kennedy International Airport JIS Japan Industrial Standard LERA Leslie E. Robertson Associates LES Large Eddy Simulation T T LL live load LSTC Livermore Software Technology Corporation MBC BOCA National Building Code MCC Municipal Code of Chicago MPI Message Passing Interface NBC National Broadcasting Company NBFU National Board of Fire Underwriters NCSBCS National Conference of States on Building Codes & Standards, Inc NCST National Construction Safety Team NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NFPA National Fire Protection Association NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences XT T CT" NIS National Institute of Standards and Technology NYC New York City NYCBC New York City Building Code NYCDOB New York City Department of Buildings NYPD New York City Police Department NYSBC New York State Building Construction Code P.L. Public Law PANYNJ Port Authority of New York and New Jersey PAPD Port Authority Police Department PC&F Pacific Car and Foundry PDM Pittsburg-Des Moines PONYA Port of New York Authority R&D research and development List of Acronyms and Abbreviations RWDI Rowan Williams Davis and Irwin, Inc. SBCCI Southern Standard Building Code SDL superimposed dead load SDO standards development organization SEAoNY Structural Engineers Association of New York SFPE Society of Fire Protection Engineering SFRM spray-on fire resistant material or sprayed fire resistive materials SHCR Skilling, Helle, Christiansen, & Robertson SI metric SLB short legs back-to-back SMA Shielded Metal Arc SOD Special Operations Division SOM Skidmore, Ownings & Merrill SPH Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics SQL Structured Query Language SWMB Skilling, Ward, Magnussen, and Barkshire TL Truss Lower Chord TM Truss Middle Chord TU Truss Upper Chord UBC Uniform Building Code UL Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. use United States Code USM United States Mineral Products Co. VCBT Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed WABC WABC-TV New York WCBS WCBS-TV New York WF wide flange (a type of structural steel shape now usually called a W-shape). ASTM A 6 defines them as "doubly-symmetric, wide-flange shapes with inside flange surfaces that are substantially parallel." WNBC NBC4 New York . WNYW F0X5 New York WPIX