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Geothermal Resources in Latin America and the Caribbean” Project

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Geothermal Resources in Latin America and the Caribbean” Project Acknowledgment The Database of Geothermal Resources in Latin American & the Caribbean was compiled and built by Liz Battocletti of Bob Lawrence & Associates, Inc. for Sandia National Laboratories under Contract No. AS-0989. Special appreciation goes to John Finger of Sandia National Laboratories and Dr. Marshall Reed of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Geothermal Technologies for their support. The author also wishes to thank Manlio F. Coviello—United Nations-Economic Commission for Latin America & the Caribbean; Fraser and Sue Goff—Los Alamos National Laboratory; Gerald W. Huttrer—U.S. Geothermal Industry Corporation; Marcelo J. Lippmann—E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Ann McKinney—Geothermal Energy Association; Brenda Sturdivant—California Energy Commission; and the numerous other individuals, companies, and organizations who provided assistance and information. All mistakes which remain are solely the author’s. The photographs on the cover and title pages feature Nicaragua. The background photo is William Teplow, Vice President for Exploration of Trans-Pacific Geothermal Corp. standing beside a large steam vent at the El Hoyo Volcano in the El Hoyo-Monte Galán region (Photo credit: Trans-Pacific Geothermal Corporation courtesy of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Online Photo Library). From left to right, the smaller photos are the Momotombo Geothermal Power Plant and the Momotombo Volcano (Photo credit: Liz Battocletti). — February 1999 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...................... 1 Saint Kitts & Nevis ............... 110 Saint Lucia ...................... 113 CENTRAL AMERICA .................. 5 Saint Vincent & the Grenadines .... 117 Costa Rica ........................ 5 El Salvador ...................... 17 SOUTH AMERICA ................... 121 Guatemala ....................... 29 Argentina ....................... 122 Honduras ........................ 43 Bolivia ......................... 130 México .......................... 52 Chile ........................... 141 Nicaragua ........................ 72 Colombia ....................... 153 Panamá .......................... 88 Ecuador ........................ 160 Perú ........................... 167 THE CARIBBEAN .................... 95 Venezuela ...................... 180 Dominica ........................ 98 Grenada ........................ 102 CONCLUSION ....................... 187 Guadeloupe ..................... 103 Jamaica ......................... 106 INDEX OF SITES .................... 189 Martinique ...................... 107 Montserrat ...................... 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................... 192 Netherlands Antilles .............. 109 Geothermal Resources in Latin America & the Caribbean February 1999 Introduction Latin America and the Caribbean, from México to • Power Profile - basic information on the country, Argentina to the islands of Saba and Statia south to Saint e.g., population, installed capacity, power generation Vincent, have approximately 50,770 MWe of geothermal breakdown, electricity prices, etc.; power generation potential (see table on pages 3 and 4). Currently, however, for many reasons, only 1,169 MWe, a • Power Summary - brief description of the county’s mere 2% of the region’s enormous geothermal resources power sector and privatization; has been developed. • Government / Legislation - relevant government The Database of Geothermal Resources in Latin agencies and laws; and America and the Caribbean details geothermal resources suitable for power generation in the countries of Central • Geothermal Sites / Projects - includes a Site America, the Caribbean, and South America. This report is Summary for each: a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional Database. 1. Name 2. Location The Database includes information on 152 specific 3. Status geothermal sites, representing at least 5,000 MWe in 4. Installed Capacity (MWe) potential (potential is not known for all sites). Information 5. Potential (MWe) is not included for those countries and sites which do not 6. Temperature (EC) have high-enthalpy resources suitable for power generation 7. Chronology (defined here as temperatures over 100EC). Data thus is 8. Notes not included for the numerous sites across the region which are suitable for direct use applications. General data contained in the Database comes from several sources including the CIA World Factbook 1998, the The Database includes: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Geothermal Resources in Latin America & the Caribbean 1 Caribbean (ECLAC) of the United Nations1, and La For immediate dissemination to the industry, the Database Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (OLADE)’s has been converted to a PDF file for posting on the WWW Sistema de Información Económica-Energética (SIEE®). (site to be determined).2 Site- or project-specific data comes from publically available sources which are listed in the Bibliography. Dynamic Database The Database was designed to be dynamic rather than static. Created using Microsoft® Access 97, it can be easily updated or modified to include specific data which the industry would find most useful. In addition, the Database can be made more comprehensive by adding pertinent data, e.g., local population and market data, location of transmission lines and roads, etc., using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to the present structure. Finally, the Database can be adapted for the World Wide Web and searched using a variety of variables such as country, desired temperature of resource, estimated power potential, and other parameters. 2 PDF files can be read and printed using the free Adobe® Acrobat® Reader which can be 1 La Comisión Económica para América Latina downloaded at http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/ (CEPAL) acrobat/readstep.html). Geothermal Resources in Latin America & the Caribbean 2 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL IN CENTRAL AMERICA, THE CARIBBEAN, AND SOUTH AMERICA3 Geothermal Installed Geothermal Potential Number of Country Capacity (MWe) (MWe) Sites Argentina 0.67 2,010 4 Bolivia 0 2,490 10 Chile 0 2,350 13 Colombia 0 2,210 5 Costa Rica 152.5 2,900 15 Dominica 0 1,390 5 Ecuador 0 1,700 5 El Salvador 160 2,210 7 Grenada 0 1,110 8 Guadeloupe 4.5 3,500 1 Guatemala 29 3,320 16 Honduras 0 990 7 3 Data on estimated geothermal potential electrical capacity in megawatts (MWe), with the exception of Jamaica, comes from the Preliminary Report: Geothermal Energy, The Potential for Clean Power from the Earth, Geothermal Energy Association, April 1999. The figure used is an estimate of annual electricity production using the Enhanced Technology High estimate. Data on Jamaica is from Vimmerstedt, 1998. Geothermal Resources in Latin America & the Caribbean 3 Geothermal Installed Geothermal Potential Number of Country Capacity (MWe) (MWe) Sites Jamaica 0 100 0 Martinique 0 3,500 0 México 751.88 6,510 20 Montserrat 0 940 1 Netherlands Antilles 0 3,000 0 Nicaragua 70 3,340 13 Panamá 0 450 2 Perú 0 2,990 12 Saint Kitts & Nevis 0 1,280 3 Saint Lucia 0 680 1 Saint Vincent & the Grenadines 0 890 1 Venezuela 0 910 3 TOTALS 1,168.55 50,770 152 Geothermal Resources in Latin America & the Caribbean 4 Central America Power Summary Costa Rica Costa Rica’s total installed capacity as of December 1997 was 1,370 MWe of which Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), the public utility company, owned 88%. The remaining 12% is owned by four cooperatives, two Population (millions) - July 1998 3.6 municipal companies, over 20 private generators, and the Overall Electrification (% of population) 93% Costa Rican Petroleum Refinery. The majority of the GDP (billion US$) - 1997 est. $19.6 energy sector remains under state control. Real GDP Growth Rate - 1997 est. 3.0% Costa Rica has vast hydropower resources (9,155 MWe) of Inflation Rate (CPI) - 1997 11.2% which only 8% (754 MWe) are currently being utilized. The country produces approximately two-thirds of the Total Installed Capacity (MWe) - 1997 1370 power it consumes and imports the remainder, mostly crude Electricity Consumption per Capita (kWh) - 1997 1267 oil and petroleum products (Lawrence, 1998). Energy Demand Growth Rate 4.0% Hydroelectric power dominates the country’s power Prices (US¢/kWh) - June 1998 production accounting for over 90% of Costa Rica’s total Residential 5.04 power. Thermal energy production relies on fossil fuel Commercial 8.97 imports. Geothermal power produced at Miravalles Industrial 7.47 supplies about 11% of Costa Rica’s electrical demand. Estimated Geothermal Potential (MWe) 2,900 The market for power in Costa Rica peaked in 1993 as a result of the construction of the Sandillal, Toro, and Miravalles projects. The market decreased in 1994 partly Geothermal Resources in Latin America & the Caribbean 5 because of the Government of Costa Rica’s (GOCR) fiscal The investigation and development of geothermal fields problems. The GOCR froze almost every large falls exclusively to ICE. The private sector is only allowed infrastructure project in 1996 in order to cut public to generate electricity. spending as required by the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and IDB. Laws 7200 (1990) and 7508 (1995) - Independent Power Generation Act Costa Rica needs at least an additional 4,211 MWe by 2016, excluding current capacity scheduled for retirement. Laws 7200 and 7508 allow private developers to build and Of this amount, 137.5 MWe will come from geothermal operate geothermal power plants within the following sources, specifically Miravalles II (55 MWe), Miravalles parameters: III (27.5
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