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Lower Zambezi National Park and the Kariba Shoreline; and An Report No. 43373-ZM Report No.Tourism Impact ofNature-based Zambia Economic andPoverty 43373-ZM Zambia Economic and Poverty Impact Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized of Nature-based Tourism December 2007 Economic and Sector Work Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... i 1. INTRODUCTION: MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE SNDY................................................................... 1 A . STRATEGIC CONTEXT ................................................................................................................. 1 B. OUTLINE OF STUDY .................................................................................................................... 1 2 . TOURISM AS A GROWTH SECTOR: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ..................................... 3 A . INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3 B. GLOBAL TOURISM TRENDS ......................................................................................................... 4 C. REGIONAL TOURISM TRENDS ..................................................................................................... 5 D. PROFILE OF ZAMBIAN TOURISM ................................................................................................ 7 E. PROFILE OF ZAMBIAN TOURISTS .............................................................................................. 12 F . IMPEDIMENTS TO GROWTH ..................................................................................................... 17 3. NATURE TOURISM:-CONTRIBUTIONTO THE ZAMBIAN ECONOMY.......................................... 27 A . INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 27 B. SURVEY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 27 C. THE TRUE NUMBER OF NATURE TOURISTS ............................................................................... 30 D . TOURIST PROFILE..................................................................................................................... 30 E. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NATURE TOURISM ............................................................................... 31 F . INCREASING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NATURE TOURISM .................................................... 34 G. LINKAGES AND LEAKAGES ........................................................................................................ 35 4 . HOUSEHOLD WELFARE AROUND NATIONAL PARKS ................................................................ 38 A . INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 38 B. SURVEY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 40 C. SURVEY RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 43 D. WELFARE ................................................................................................................................. 46 E. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .................................................................................................. 49 5 . MANAGEMENT OF THE WILDLIFE ESTATE ............................................................................... 54 A . DESCRIPTION OF THE WILDLIFE ESTATE ................................................................................... 54 B. MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ......................................................................................................... 56 C . THE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTION: ZAWA ................................................................................. 59 D. FINANCING THE WILDLIFE ESTATE ........................................................................................... 63 E . THE TRANSFORMATION AGENDA ............................................................................................. 66 6 . CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 70 2 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 : Existing and projected growth in tourist arrivals to Zambia .............................. 3 FIGURE 2.2: Worldwide tourist arrivals by destination region (2005) ................................... 4 FIGURE 2.3: Tourist arrivals in south-eastern Africa ............................................................ 5 FIGURE 2.4: Tourist arrival trends in South-Eastern Africa .................................................. 6 FIGURE 2.5: Availability of nature tourist accommodation units by region ......................... 11 FIGURE 2.6: Availability of nature tourist bed nights by region .......................................... 11 FIGURE 2.7: Availability of nature tourist bed nights by accommodation type .................... 12 FIGURE 2.8: Tourist arrivals to Zambia by purpose of visit. 2005 ....................................... 13 FIGURE 2.9: Stated purpose of holiday visit. 2005 .............................................................. 13 FIGURE 2.10: Holiday and VFR visitors to Zambia by source region. 2005 ........................ 14 FIGURE 2.1 1: Holiday-makers in south-eastern Africa by source country (2005) ................15 FIGURE 2.12: Duration of stay by nature tourists................................................................ 15 FIGURE 2.13: Number of sites visited in Zambia by holiday-makers .................................. 16 FIGURE 2.14: Mean group size of nature tourists ................................................................ 16 FIGURE 2.15: Number of visits to Zambia by tourists......................................................... 17 FIGURE 2.16: Tourists’ average daily expenditure ($) ........................................................ 18 FIGURE 4.1 : Comparison of welfare of households living around national parks with national rural average .......................................................................................................... 45 FIGURE 4.2: Welfare of households in GMAs relative to those in non-GMA areas ............. 47 FIGURE 4.3: Welfare of households living in GMAs in comparison to the same households if their GMA was not designated a GMA .......................................................... 48 FIGURE 4.4: Differences in welfare between households participating or not in VAGsICRBs ........................................................................................................................ 50 FIGURE 4.5: Welfare of the same households whether they participate or not in VAGs/CRBs........................................................................................................................ 51 FIGURE 4.6: Comparison of welfare between GMA and non-GMA households for poor and non-poor households ............................................................................................................ 51 FIGURE 4.7: Comparison of the welfare of the same households in GMAs if the GMA effect was withdrawn, i.e. if its land was not in a GMA anymore ................................................... 52 FIGURE 4.8: Comparison of welfare between VAG/CRB participants and non-participating households ........................................................................................................................... 53 FIGURE 4.9: Comparison of the welfare of the same households whether they participate or not in VAG/CRB ................................................................................................................. 53 FIGURE 5.1 : Nature tourist’s willingness to pay park entrance fees .................................... 64 FIGURE 5.2: Willingness to pay conservation fee ............................................................... 66 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 : Budgets and visitor arrivals of selected African countries (2004) ....................... 6 TABLE 2.2: International tourist arrivals. tourism receipts and ratios .................................... 7 TABLE 2.3: National parks and number of visitors, 2003-2005 ............................................. 9 TABLE 2.4: Importance ranking of destinations by principal international tour agents ........ 14 TABLE 2.5: Booking materials preferred by nature tourists and their booking agents ..........20 TABLE 2.6: Progress against objectives in the Tourism Strategy and Action Plan ............... 23 TABLE 3.1 : Tourism receipts of selected African countries. 2003 ....................................... 27 TABLE 3.2: Distribution of tourists by location of interview ............................................... 28 TABLE 3.3: 95% confidence intervals for selected indicators.............................................. 29 4 TABLE 3.4: Visitor arrivals 2005: Area of origin by purpose of visit .................................. 29 TABLE 3.5: Number of tourists in the sample by origin and purpose of visit ....................... 30 TABLE 3.6: Nature tourists’ overall satisfaction with sites (YO)..........................................
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