Systematic Studies on Male Genitalia of Coleoptera Species Found on Decomposing Pig (Sus Scrofa L.) Carcasses at Ankara Provinceψ
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HACETTEPE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY Research Article Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem., 2008, 36 (2), 137-161 Systematic Studies on Male Genitalia of Coleoptera Species Found on Decomposing Pig (Sus Scrofa L.) Carcasses at Ankara ProvinceΨ Senem Özdemir and Osman Sert* Hacettepe University, Department of Biology, Applied Biology Section, Ankara, Turkey Abstract In this study, decomposition processes of 12 pig (Sus scrofa L.) carcasses were examined and 40 Coleoptera species belonging to Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Dermestidae, Silphidae, Nitidulidae and Cleridae families were collected during one year period at Beytepe Campus, Ankara. According to their presence time on carcass, 22 of these species were accepted to be important. Identification key of these species was composed and male genitalia structures were described. The figures of male genitalia was drawn and discussed. Key Words: Coleoptera, carcass, male genitalia, decomposition. INTRODUCTION decomposition process, different families would be seen on carcass depending in which decomposition Decomposition is a continuous process (Goff, stage it was. With this study species belonging to 2000). Anderson (2001) indicated that every stage these families were identified, their male genitalia of decomposition is attractive to different group of were examined and drawn. sarcosaprophage arthropods, primarily insects. In this process Calliphoridae, known as blow flies, Staphylinidae is a broad family having more than come to carcass within minutes after death and start 30.000 identified species (Booth et al., 1990). Adults to oviposit their eggs (Anderson and VanLaerhoven, of Staphylindae are 1-40 mm in length (Booth et al., 1996). After blow flies, species belonging to 1990). They recognized by their typically elongate Coleoptera begin to come around the carcass. body and elytra being shortened (Borror et al., These species are found over, around and under the 1989). They are saprophagous or predacious on carcass from the second day of decomposition. other arthropods, ocurring in a very wide variety of Within the coming groups species belonging to habitats on the ground with a suitably high moisture Staphylinidae, Dermestidae, Cleridae, Nitidulidae, content, for example in soil, leaf litter, dung, carrion Histeridae, Silphidae and Scarabaeidae families are and fungi (Booth et al., 1990). The species attracted the most found. Besides them, species of Carabidae to carrion feed on maggots and the larvae of insects is also seen. (Kocarek, 2003). During the (Byrd and Castner, 2001). There are many studies conducted on Staphylinidae. Naomi (1985), * Correspondence to: Osman Sert Hacettepe University, Department of Biology, Applied Biology Anderson (1997), Assing (2002), Staniec (2005), Section, Ankara, Turkey Solodovnikov (2006) and Herman (2001) are some Tel: +90312 297 80 54 Fax: +90312 299 20 28 of these researches. Staphylinidae is not studied E-mail: [email protected] much in our country, however Assing (2001, 2003, Ψ This study was part of a MSc thesis conducted at Hacettepe University Biology Department which was accepted on September 13, 2007. 137 2006) conducted many studies on groups found in done on Nitidulidae like Kirejtshuk (2005), Kurochkin our country. and Kirejtshuk (2003) and Cline’s PhD. Thesis (2005). In Turkey, several species from Nitidulidae Dermestidae family has as much as 900 species. family was used in Gençer et al. (2005). Adults usually 2-13 mm in length, elliptical to round in shape and usually hairy or scaly. They usually Histeridae family has nearly 3000 species. Adults feed only on nectar or pollen, although some, for are 1-23 mm in length, heavily sclerotized and have example Dermestes species, feed on the larval food a characteristic form, being usually oval and convex to a lesser extent (Booth et al., 1990). Zhantiev in shape, but are sometimes flattened or cylindrical (1976, 2001), Hava (2004), Hava and Kalik (2005) (Booth et al., 1990). Their body colour is most and Gredilha and Lima (2007) could be given as frequently a shiny jet black, but in some species can studies on Dermestidae. In our country, Hava and be brown, red or metallic green (Byrd ve Castner, Tezcan (2004), Tezcan et al. (2004) are the 2001). Almost all parts of the body can bear examples of the studies done. taxonomically important striae and other sculpture (Booth et al., 1990). They usually found in or near Cleridae family has as much as 4000 species. decaying organic matter such as dung, fungi and Adults are 3-50 mm in length, often metallic or carrion but are apparently predaceous on other patterned and possess at least some long and erect small insects living in these materials (Borror et setae on the body or legs. They can be found under al.,1989). Also feeding on mites and other insects, the bark of dead wood, in the tunnels of wood-boring especially the immature stages of Diptera and insects, bracket fungi, leaf litter, carrion, also in Coleoptera. They live in a wide variety of bird an nests of bees, wasps and termites and in various mammal nests and sometimes in stored products stored products. Some adults can also be found on (Booth et al., 1990). Some species are found in the flowers where they may feed on pollen (Booth et al., main and larval galleries of wood-boring insects like 1990). Schroeder (1999, 2003) could be given as an Ips sexdentatus (Börner), Orthotomicus erosus example of studies. In Turkey, because there is no (Wollaston.) and Ips mannsfeldi (Wachtl) (Yüksel, or few study, that it was not encountered. However 1998) and are potential biological agents (Booth et in Yüksel’s study (1998) Thanasimus formicarius al., 1990). There are a lot of studies done and many (L.) was found in the main and larval galleries of Ips examiners studying on Histeridae. Kryzhanovskii sexdentatus (Börner) and Blastophagus piniperda and Reikhardt (1976), Mazur (1997), Yelamos (L.) and in Kaygın and Sade’s study (2004) it was (2002), Penati (2002) and Ohara (2003, 1994, 1989) found that Korynetes caeruleus (DeGeer) could be were studies on Histeridae. Tezcan and Yelamos used as a biological control agent on Anobium (2004), Lackner (2004) and Lackner and Hlavac punctatum (Deg.). (2002) were some studies done in Turkey. Nitidulidae family has approximately 3000 species. Silphidae, known as carrion beetles, has more than Adults are 1-14 mm in length, generally dull-brown 1500 species. Adults are typically ranging between or black insects and oblong to hemispherical, and 10-35 mm in length,usually medium to large in size often convex in shape. Many nitidulids are (Byrd ve Castner, 2001). Elytra are short and phytophagous, including pollen feeders, others feed truncate apically exposing few segments in on various dead or decaying plant remains, on tree Nicrophorinae and rounded at the apex and almost sap or are mycophagous, while a few are carrion cover the abdomen in Silphinae (Borror et al.,1989). feeders (Booth et al., 1990).There are many studies Body usually black and some orange, yellow or red 138 patterns could be found (Byrd ve Castner, 2001). MATERIALS AND METHODS While most are predaceous, some are feeding on decaying materials and some on vegetation, family This study was part of a MSc thesis conducted at name was given depending on few species feeding Hacettepe University Biology Department which was on carrion. They are typically polyphagous accepted on September 13, 2007 and supported (Demirsoy, 2003). Species from Silphinae occur in with 06D-02 601 001 numbered project by various types of decaying animal matter, some in Hacettepe University Scientific Researches Unit. fungi and a few in ant nests. A few are predaceous The study was conducted at two different wooded on maggots and other animals that occur in sites of Hacettepe University’s Beytepe Campus in decaying organic matter (Borror et al.,1989). Hava Ankara, Turkey (39°52’17” N; 32°44’8” E) between (1995) and Ruzicka (2005) could be given as March 2006-March 2007. The Coleoptera fauna on examples. Hava et al. (1998) and Tezcan and Hava pig carcasses was determined and male genitalia of (2001) are examples of studies done in Turkey species were examined. although the family was not studied much. Specimens were collected by forceps and hand. Looking at the examined six families, male genitalia Specimens were directly killed by either ethlyacetate structures are as followed; Staphylinidae, articulated jars or put in 70% ethanol. Ethanol killed insects type, Histeridae and Nitidulidae annulated type, were preserved in 15 cc plastic specimen containers Dermestidae and Silphidae trilobate type and and ethylacetate killed insects were pinned and put Cleridae vaginate type. in collection for identification and observation. Laboratory examinations were done by using Leica In articulated type, aedeagus usually asymmetrical, MZ 16A Stereomicroscope and DFC320 imaging basal piece mostly not sclerotized and apparently system. Photographs were taken by same system absent, parameres are connected to penis with a and Nikon DSLR D70s digital camera. The true articulated condyl. In trilobate type, aedeagus symmetrical, basal piece sclerotized and well- photographs of collected 22 species are given in developed, parameres connected articularly to basal Appendix. piece, penis and basal piece are connected with “first connecting membrane” allowing restricted Procedures given in Borror et. al. (1989) is followed motion and handled as the most primitive type of for the genital examination and drawings of genitalia in Coleoptera. In vaginate type, basal piece collected specimens. Specimens, which their is elongated with parameres and produced a tube genitalia was going to be examined, were put in or duct in which the penis moves, parameres usually distilled water for one day in a petri dish. Softened poorly motioned and sometimes penis is too specimens then operated with two insect pins to shortened and the most of the copulation is done by take out the genital organs from the last or two tegmen. In annulated type, basal piece forms a apparent abdominal segments.